高二上英语动词的时态

Reading materials: 1-1 "biosphere 2""Biosphere 2" (Biosphere 2) built in the desert of Arizona in the United States, its name is the earth as a Biosphere 1 ". Biosphere 2 is a simulation of artificial building ecological environment of the earth totally enclosed experiment field, also some people call it "tiny earth", or "prototype" Mars colony. This covers an area of 13000 square meters, eight storeys high dome shape sealing glass steel structure buildings, is people spent nearly $200 million and nine years to build up, the purpose of the experiment is to investigate human left earth biosphere 1 "" if I can survive. In this miniature world, there are Marine, plains, swamp, forest, desert, agriculture and human settlement, is a self-contained small ecosystem. "Biosphere 2" although isolated, but can be by power transmission, telecommunications and computer and external contact. Staff in biosphere 2 "" you can watch TV, can through radio contact with relatives and friends.In January 1991, eight scientists into the "biosphere 2". Scientists have planned to send staff to live in "biosphere 2" for two years, the human live on other planets to establish base for the future to explore. More than a year later, however, the "biosphere 2" ecological status plummet, oxygen (O2) content drops rapidly from 21% to 21%, and carbon dioxide (CO2) and the content of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) has soared, the atmosphere and water acidification, many species die, and the used to absorb CO2 morning glory is growing. Most vertebrates death, all the pollinators of death caused by pollen propagation and breeding of plants all died. Because of the rain is out of control, artificial into a jungle and desert grassland. "Biosphere 2" the deterioration of the air inside directly endanger the health of the residents, the scientists were forced to withdraw in advance the "garden of Eden". "Biosphere 2" the experiment ended in failure.Over the years, the human dream to dream out of the earth, into the universe. With the deterioration of the earth's environment, this desire seems to have added the colour of fleeing, people of endeavour, accelerated the pace of seeking "Noah's ark". Maybe "biosphere 2" on the error or equipment failure has the technology, maybe people in the future will be to no. 3 "biosphere", 4 "biosphere" challenge. However, from "biosphere 2" failure reflected the deep information far more ruthless than itself. It proves: like intangible, big YinXi sound. The earth's environment is formed after billions of years of ups and downs, the structure of this abnormal reliable, people eager to glimpse its context, nearly as well, but it is by no means simply artificial imitation reengineering can finish."Biosphere 2 failure warned us:" the human in the boundless universe is only the earth in their homes, fled and were are with enough. The earth is not laboratory, we can't afford to lose, only we treat and protect it is the real way out.Similarly, the coast of northern Japan in aomori village built six similar "mini" earth, covers an area of only 4700 m2, is three stadium style buildings are connected by a corridor of stainless steel.A complete set of facilities at a cost of $6500, built in 2000, researchers have begun preliminary tests at the moment. After the official start of the test there will be two scientists into the plants and animals and the air of the building is fully enclosed, a week at first, and then gradually extended to five months. Test purpose is to simulate a closed space within the oxygen and carbon dioxide cycle between plants, humans and animals.Quoting from: Peng Lili lead, environmental memo of the 20th century, Beijing: huaxia press, 2001, 6: p107; Fang ji, Meng Zhehong, Wang Yanjin, environmental education resource base, Beijing: huaxia publishing house.Now is experimental study on the artificial biosphere control technology in the world, known as "Closed biosphere life-support system" (Closed ecological life support system, J CELSS). Have been or are building CELSS test facilities has 3: namely, Arizona, USA "biosphere II", Russia's "BIOS - 3", and "biosphere j." of Japan. Britain is also built artificial biosphere, called a "Eotron" circle of controlled environment. To build artificial biosphere and the purpose of the scheme is based on artificial way, let the earth biosphere through simulation experiment was carried out in the laboratory, the artificial way change the biosphere, to understand the influence of the earth's environment, can even get in the base or base on the moon in the future to supply the technologies needed for food and air. That is to say, it is for us to protect the earth's biosphere, at the same time to the universe expand your circle of human life, will have important contributions. Being built laboratory "biosphere j." Japan earth simulation test content is the most diverse, contains the closest moon base facilities, enclosed plant test facilities, a repeat of the earth's biosphere geospheres and hydrosphere test facilities, etc. Finally, the combination of these two into a closed biosphere. At that time, and can simulate the surface including human environment. British "Eotron controlled environment circle" is the focus of the study simulated the influence of climate change on the whole ecosystem.The United States "biosphere II" (named as no. 2, because of its founders to see the earth as a biosphere 1), was designed to study ecological system may be set on Mars. It is based on the sonoran desert in the American Midwest region, at a cost of $200 million. Completion of four men 4 women and 4000 kinds of plants and animals were sealed in this huge "farm" life for 2 years. 1993 test and end in failure.Of atmosphere and water acidification, crops failed, many species to die. Biosphere residents from 200 pounds (note: one pound of the equivalent of 0.456 kg) dropped to 150 pounds. Atmospheric oxygen content has plummeted from 21% to 21%, almost is not enough to sustain the biosphere the existence of the residents, and the content of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide has soared to the extent of the damage to the brain. Carbon dioxide content is 571 x 10-6, and carbon dioxide in the outer circle is 360 * 10 to 6. Desert ecologist says: "within the circle of carbon dioxide every day changes than outside is bigger to the change of carbon dioxide in 10000". Circles of 31 round leaf morning glory grow rapidly, because no animals eat them, has spread to the whole circle, and covered the other plants, including crops. Insects in addition to the katydid, cockroaches and crazy ant, most of them are dead. Scientists are studying the details of summarizing this unfortunate incident. Some experts say the plan of "utopia" was unexpected problems and surprising things down. Reforming the biosphere is now planning work, by the failure of the "biosphere II", from the negative of the complexity of the ecosystem reflects the earth's biosphere, people constantly understanding and reveal the earth biosphere ecosystem, biological and the environment, the complex relationship between biology and biological, so as to achieve the artificial control and regulation. To the universe expand your circle of human life, just in the beginning, there is a long way to go. At the same time, it also makes us see the human to protect the earth's biosphere of special importance and urgent. In order to avoid the human in the hands of his own ignorance destroyed the earth's ecosystem to the survival of humans - the earth's biosphere.Quoting from: HuoLiLin, tian-jie li, Yang ju rong weaves his, let the earth eternal youth, Beijing normal university press, 1997, 11: p41Biosphere 2 ecological reflection and studyOne, forewordPeople is how evolution to? And how did the human progress? This topic in research and in the religious circles, is still a comment in succession and their expression of sustainable project. Nearly a century, the human population on earth a large number of sprout, created the human civilization, but also accelerate the development and the infringement on the earth's improper, caused the emerge in endlessly in the earth's environmental problems. Industrialization and the destruction of tropical forests, for example, led to the global greenhouse effect, seriously affect the climate of the earth's original type, changed the original ecosystem functioning. Human use of CFCS cause the hole in the ozone layer; The earth opened skylight, many biological habitats and population suffered persecution, and facing the crisis of survival. Human deforestation in the earth's surface, slope watershed exploitation of arbitrary construction land speculation, landslides caused by disasters, water cut, and in many parts of the desertification problem; And people in many parts of the extraction of groundwater, which further cause ground subsidence. In addition, human in production enterprise, the introduction of chemicals and heat and transformation of material substances or waste, and often polluted the earth's original environment (air, water, soil, human life). At the same time, the human on the surface of the reinforced concrete engineering, biological habitat fragmentation, denial of ecological corridors, and caused the loss of biodiversity, landscape and visual obstacle.Helplessly in the face of deterioration of the earth's environment, human beings seem to have a preliminary awakening. Many people devoted to save the earth environmental protection work, there are also many people want to immigration to the earth's environment to cross the raw tolerable region, there are some people who want to fly over the earth, for life in outer space. Human supernatural ability, in order to prove his nature, can not be bound by the universe the earth, and dominate the nature and the universe. Nearly a century, people of a lot of science and technology team, want to fly away from the earth, and to explore the possible signs of life in a second planet, looking for a second planet might be good for human life or a greenhouse. Under this kind of thinking, the end of the 20th century, the world of the "biosphere 2" plan. It especially humans create many dreams of the living space, and then also put an end to the human many virtual reality fantasy.Second, the profile of biosphere 2 projectIn A.D. 1986, the American billionaire Edward Bass (Edward Bass) in order to extend the new human living space, to invest $two hundred million in the Arizona desert area construction at the world famous and spectacular "Biosphere 2 (Biosphere 2, and Biosphere 2)". On September 26, 1991 AD, eight volunteers from all over the world (the so-called biosphere), participated in the biosphere 2 experiment plan.Biosphere 2 project, is designed to be used for material closed ecological and environmental research, the aim is to help human beings to understand how the earth works, and study on simulation of the earth's ecological environment conditions, is fit for human survival. Biosphere 2, is the world's biggest greenhouse structure of ecological engineering, and the simulation of the earth's ecological environment laboratory.Biosphere 2's plan, it is in the western United States (Arizona), Tucson, Arizona (Tucson) of the southern city of Oracle implementation. Plans to base area of about 1.27 hectares, the volume capacity of 203760 cubic meters. It is mainly constructed by glass curtain and steel simulation biome (biomes), including the tropical rain forest (rain forest and savanna (savannah), marsh(marsh), sea (ocean, including coral reef coast), desert belt (desert), and other five kinds of wild biota (wilderness biomes), as well as the human intensive farmland (intensive agricultural area), city (micro city), and technical circles (technosphere) and other three kinds of artificial regions. Biosphere 2 is a closed system, of which about dated (170000 cubic meters) in the air, fresh water (1500 cubic meters), salt (3800 cubic meters), soil (17000 cubic meters), biological (3800 ~ 4000), as well as human (four male and four female), and other important components.In the biosphere 2, the internal design, the city is configured with laboratory, medical equipment, kitchen, bedroom, restaurant, gym, toilet facilities, as well as the library and observation, etc. The greenhouse type of laboratory, and the energy needed for its operation is mainly rely on solar energy (sun - light) and the human to lose the power (electricity). And set two lung (lungs), to provide an airtight ecology laboratory air regulating function of heat or cold.Biosphere 2, is currently the only on earth to explore the earth's biological, geological and chemical interaction of large-scale experiment system and facilities, also is the world's largest glass hermetically-sealed ecological laboratory. For the earth's environment, biosphere 2 is a human laboratory simulation of the earth's environment medium ecosystems (mesocosms). Original biosphere 2 experimental thinking and idea, is the study of human, and about four thousand species of organisms (plants and animals), in a sealed and isolated artificial systems, whether can you through the air in the system, circulation and reuse of water, nutrients and can be healthy and happy to survive.Biosphere 2 experiments in 1991 and 1993, as the researchers found that many problems and the result of the accident, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of biosphere 2 composition proportion, failed to achieve balance; Cement building within the biosphere 2 affect the normal carbon cycle; Most animals and plants can't normal growth or reproduction, its extinction speed faster than expected. Such problems, through extensive and in-depth discussion, and the committee for review and summary to point out that the biosphere 2 experiment fails, have not reached the original designers of the intended target, it proves that under the condition of known to science and technology, the human left earth will be hard pressed to long-term survival. At the same time reveal: the earth is still human subsistence system can only rely on and trust.In January 1996, the investor Edward Bass (Edward Bass) officially biosphere 2 by the Columbia University (Columbia University) is the future direction of the management and planning, as ecology, environmental change research and teaching base. Columbia University is starting to Biosphere 2 existing ecosystem simulation experiment, and integration of new study plan in "the second Biosphere Center" (Biosphere 2 Center, B2C). The biosphere center and open to the outside world, as a center for research and learning, to explore our interaction with ecological environment influence human life.Third, ecological reflection of biosphere 2 planBiosphere 2 project experiment failed and the biosphere 1 also successfully? What is the biosphere 1? There is a impossible task biosphere 3? Actually the biosphere is the Earth's biosphere 1 (Earth 's biosphere), biosphere loosely around the planet has a thin layer of biological survival. Based on the planet earth is now known to have biological life, so for humans, the earth is the human population and the biosphere of life. The success of the biosphere 1, in fact, with the human ecological environment on the earth thinking related to conservation. A responsible environmental behavior, the earth's environment resource sustainable and ecological balance, is easy to achieve, and the sustainable development of human beings is with vitality.Many people always thinks himself to be the soul of the universe. In order to survive, and to prove whether universal science and technology, humans began a galactic astronomy and scientific experiments of the earth. After one hundred years for the preliminary study of earth science and environmental ecology, confirmed the human, after all, belongs to a member of the "earth" in the universe. Humans seem to struggle to break from the earth, and there is another possible long-term living planet; Let alone a advocate of human to live and work in peace and contentment, biodiversity and sustainable development. In front of the new century, therefore, we should deeply understand the environmental education point of view: "there is only one earth" (only the earth for people), "the first" earth (the earth's environment conservation is the first priority of human sustainable development), "spaceship earth" (spaceship earth is like running in the universe, the cabin in the limited resources, must by the use of appropriate, inside the biota resources can be recycling), "biodiversity conservation" (protection of colorful life on the earth, also is the safeguard of life of mankind not lonely and other biological sustainable survival).What if human wisdom! Want to live in airtight glass greenhouse, is now advising, and not a feather? Think about in this heritage and living in a closed system, the human will become a rich ethnic group on earth? In the absence of nature sounds, such as bird singing sound, the sound of wind, rain) environment survive, human auditory will degenerate? Less the rotation of the four seasons of natural landscape and colorful life, people's vision will degenerate? In the hardware of glass and steel skeleton life for a long time, whether as in a human cell, can only communicate with a few similar circumstances? This lack of diversity of natural elements interact each other, whether human emotion also hardened? Whether people thought vector and level will also be localized?If human living environment, just the life support system of machine operation, whether is like a ward in critically ill patients need special care? This way of life is what we are trying to pursue in the new century? This way of life can be sustained or long? Open flowers in the greenhouse, even more gorgeous, is also a short and difficult to perennial. This alone closed system in such a small amount of many nutrients, water and gas, can be used in continuous circulation and regeneration for long? Without the sun, uninterruptable power system fault, the nightlife is better?From the biosphere 2 experimental scheme, we seem to can reflection of the subject has a lot of! Human it's hard to use science and technology and engineering construction and replication complex natural ecosystems on the earth, and in order to maintain the life of human beings. Ecological culture derived from humans to interact with the earth's environment, is a blend of natural ecology and human culture, and is not only science and technology can get fit.From environmental point of view, this shows that the maintaining the earth between the diversity and integrity of the ecosystem and its interaction, to human survival and the maintenance of biodiversity, is extremely important. From the ecological philosophy and environmental education point of view, this is not warning we can't also can not deviate from the earth, should change are "parasites" earth short parasitic mode of operation, and to establish our co-prosperity coexistence of symbiotic relationship with earth.Although biosphere 2 plan experimental goal had been reached, but it also has a very good lesson in the human, after all, people is not everything, human beings survive still rely on the earth, will know how to comply with the human nature, heaven and earth praise of civilizing, to jointly with earth on sustainable development.Four, conclusionThe so-called "failure is the mother of success". Although the biosphere 2 program design of the experiment failed, but people, learn from the nature of ecological reflection is to provide the sustainable development of human and earth excellent environmental education subject matter. How to view the earth's environment window content? The program is suitable for installation in the earth's environment? Operating in the environment of earth for? "Biosphere" 1 - the earth when the machine, is also likely to restart again? We human beings learn "biosphere 2" experimental plan to fail.Current role, provided by the second biosphere center at Columbia University is not only a continuous simulation experiment research of ecosystem, for biodiversity (biodiversity), agroforestry (agro - forestry), atmospheric chemistry (atmosphere chemistry), biological geochemistry circulation (biogeochemistry), ecology, ecology, ecophysiology (ecophysiology) and so on scientific research. At the same time, the biosphere center is open for visit tour and the earth's environment education teaching.Environmental educators can participating the biosphere center provided by the variety of environmental research and education courses, and to study experience exchanges and promote each other. Look forward to in the 21st century, we can remove the old century remaining virus in the earth's environment, and through the ecological environment of education, to improve the relationship between man and earth's ecological environment.1。