英美文学学习笔记-Period-EL

English literature前言: 配合该笔记，看看选读的文章，有个大概的印象就行了。

学会对文章进行分析是考查的最终目标。

本人判断力不错，但记忆力不好,考前看了两遍，考了68分。

如果能记下要点，应该会考得更好。

这次考试的40小题选择题我做对了32题。

最后,希望我整理的笔记能提高大家的学习效率,I Old English Literature ----(450—1066)two groups: religious –-on biblical themes ----<The Dream of the Rood > Secular ---- heroic age ---- <Beowulf >--- a protector of people ,fight against the nature.II Medieval period ---(1066---14th Century)Fame :1066 Norman conquest ---- three changes—feudalism system established ( politically )--- Catholic Church ( Religiously )--- French, Latin, English(co-existed language )In comparison with old English literature: (1) wider range of subjects (2) themes concerned with the personal salvation (3) romance love (4) the language is simple and straightforward ‘The epic reflects a heroic age ,the romance reflects a chivalric one’ 骑士Chaucer : 1 titles: the English Homer , the father of English poetry (from<The Canterbury Tales>),2 verse : <The Canterbury Tales> first use 'heroic couplet' , realistic picture of his time , vivid characters from all works of his life , the characters are both typical and individual, his ideas is to pursue earthly happiness, opposed asceticism 禁欲主义, advocate humanism, replace alliterative verse with rhymed stanzas (古英语的押头韵变成中世纪的押尾韵)<The Legend of Good Women> first use rhymed 'heroic couplet'<The Romaunt of the Rose > octosyllabic 八音节诗3.novel: <Troilus and Criseyde> the first modern novel.III Renaissance (14th—17th)Fame : ① move from feudalist ideas to the interest of rising bourgeoisie.② recover from corruption of the Roman Catholic Church to the purity of the earthly church .England :the reign of Henry VIII -----England‘s Go lden Age in literature---- Bibles in English instead of Latin readable forcommon people-------- literary giants : Shakespeare, Spenser ,Jonson Sidney, Marlowe ,Bacon ,and DonneThe time of Tudos ---- change monasteries修道院 into schools anduniversities ------ the English Renaissanceflourishing-------first introduced printing into England andtranslated books in English(by William Caxton) Traits of humanistic poetry: meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should be combined to frame the emotional theme. Poetry was to be a concentrated exercise of the mind , if craftsmanship and of learning. The most famous dramatists : Shakesperar , Ben Jonson, and Marlowe Writers : Wyatt (introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England) Surrey (brought in blank verse)Sidney (brought in sestina and terza rima)Marlowe(brought mighty lines to the blank verse )Spenser( pastoral convention )John Donne, George Herbert ( metaphysical poets)Francis Bacon(the first important English essayist, the founder of modern science in England)I Edmund SpensorFame: Spenserian Stanza，the poet’s poet(他的诗节被称为“斯宾塞诗节”，他被称为“诗人中之诗人”)选读<The Faerie Queene> (Poem)contains 12 books, speaks of 12 virtues of the private gentleman, each of which tells a knight. Arthur—the heros of heros---plays a role in each of the 12 major adventures, serve as a unifying element. The theme is ‘Fierce Wares and faithful loves’.The knight here symbolized the Church (Anglican) , is the protector of Una (the Virgin) .Una stands for the true religion.Qualities of Spensor’s poetry: 1. a perfect melody (music sense) 2.a rare sense of beauty 3. a splendid imagination 4.a lofty moral purity and seriousness. 5.a dedicated idealismII. Christopher MarloweFame: be regarded as ‘University Wits’. Perfected the blank verse, brought strong emotion into the blank verse. He created the Renaissance hero for English drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition. (but his verse is not strong in dramatic construction and women ‘s characters are rather pale)Plays: <Tamburlaine> (the name of an ambitious ancient emperor. He rose from a shepherd to an overpowering king through his own effort. Bydepicting such a great king, Marlow voiced the desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority. )选读<Dr. Faustus> (Faustus is longing for knowledge and finally sells his souls to the evil. It celebrates the human passion for knowledge ,power and happiness)<The Jew of Malta>affection for his love.)<Edward II>Poetry:<the Passionate Shepherd to His Love>(It deprives from the pastoral tradition, in which the shepherd enjoys an ideal country life, cherishing a pure <Hero and Leander>III. William Shakespeare (1564—1616)Background:from merchant’s family .父亲是个当地镇里的多面手，有点名气。

英国文学与美国文学学习笔记摘抄I.Literature文学i)English Literature英国文学I .Old and Medieval English literature(450-1066)&(1066-15世纪后期）上古及中世纪英国文学Background：英伦三岛自古以来遭遇过3次外族入侵，分别为古罗马人、盎格鲁-萨克逊人&诺曼底人。

其中后两次在英国文学史上留下了深远影响。

中世纪时期(约1066-15世纪后期）即从诺曼底征服起到文艺复兴前夕，为英国封建社会时期的文学，盛行文学形式为民间抒情诗(the folk ballad)和骑士抒情诗(the romance)。

I）The Anglo-Saxon Period(450-1066)盎格鲁撒克逊文明兴盛时期（上古时期）文学表现形式主要为诗歌散文。

i代表人物和主要作品：第一部民族史诗(the national epic)《贝奥武甫》Beowulf,体现盎格鲁撒克逊人对英雄君主的拥戴和赞美，歌颂了人类战胜以妖怪为代表的神秘自然力量的伟大功绩。

"Down off the moorlands' misting fells cameGrendel stalking;God's brand was on him.大踏步地走下沼泽地，上帝在每个人身上都打下了烙印。

"II)The Norman Period(1066-1350)诺曼时期In the early 11th century all England was conquered by the Danes for 23 years. Then the Danes were expelled, but in 1066 the Normans came from Normandy in northern France to attack England under the leadship of the Duck of Normandy who claimed the English throne. For the last Saxon king, Harold ,had promised that he would give his kingdom to William, Duck of Normandy, as an expression of his gratitude for protecting his kingdom during the invasion by the Danes. This is known as the Norman Conquest.诺曼征服Middle English中世纪英语III)The Age of chaucer(1350-1400)乔叟时期The Hundred Years' War英法百年战争Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟-中世纪最伟大诗人、英国民族文学奠基者。

英美文学史期末复习笔记英国美国1.伊丽莎白时期的文学 1.殖民地时期文学2.17世纪和18世纪的文学 2.浪漫主义文学3.浪漫主义时期 3.现实主义文学4.维多利亚时期 4.自然主义文学5.20世纪的小说与诗歌 5.20世纪20年代的诗歌与小说6.二战后的诗歌 6.二战后的诗歌与小说7.二战后的小说7.美国戏剧梳理8.少数族裔文学1.Definition of epicAn epic is a long narrative poem.2.Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里。

乔叟the father of English poetry(literature) 英国文学之父the heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵)lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)AA BB CC DD EE代表作:The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事（英国文学史的开端）文艺复兴时期The Renaissance(1500-1660)1.the definition of RenaissanceRenaissance first rose in Italy in the 14th century and came to a flowering in the 15th and then in the 16th century it spread to other countries, notably France and thence to Germany and England and Spain and the other countries.核心：humanism ：admire human beauty and human achievement.文艺复兴三杰：达芬奇，米开朗琪罗，拉斐尔2.William Shakespeare(1564-1616)He is actor, playwright;totally 37 playsFour great tragedies:Hamlet (哈姆雷特)Othello(奥赛罗)King Lear(李尔王)Macbeth(麦克白)Four great comedies:The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》A Midsummer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》Twelfth night 《第十二夜》Ben Johson dedicated a poem in praise of him:“…Soul of the age.He was not of an age, but for all time”.3.Sonnet(十四行诗）Sonnet is a lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length: iambic(抑扬格的) pentameters（五步格诗）in English. The English sonnet (also called the Shakespearen sonnet after its foremost practitinoner) comprises three quatrains (四行诗)and a final couplet（对句），rhyming ababcdcdefef. An important variant of this is the Spenserian sonnet (introduced by Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser ), which links the three quatrains by rhyme, in the sequence ababbabccdcdee. In either form, the turn comes with the final couplet, which may sometimes achieve the neatness of an epigram.4.metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌）The term “metaphysical poetry”is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The name given to a diverse group of 17th-century English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious (精致的)use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits(幻想), strange paradoxes, and far-reaching imagery, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics. T.S Eliot and others revived their reputation, stressing their quality of wit, in the sense of intellectual strenuousness and flexibility rather than smart humor.Its main features:①the diction is simple②The imagery is drawn from the actual life③The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s beloved, with God, or with himself.5.John Donne(1572-1631)View of poetry: A blend of emotion and intellectual ingenuity, characterized by conceit or "wit".The most striking feature of Donne’s poetry is its tang of reality, in the sense that it seems to reflect life in a real rather than a poetical world.Special features: Conceits;wit;imagery;dramatic and conversational style.代表作：the flea《跳蚤》6.Francis Bacon(1561-1626)He is the precursor of materialism英国唯物主义的始祖（马克思和恩格斯语）；also the founder of modern science；the first British essayist.作品：Essays《随笔》(of studies is the most famous one of them)7.John MiltonDefense for the English People为英国人辩护;blank verse 素体诗作品：Paradise Lost失乐园Paradise Regained复乐园18世纪的启蒙主义文学1.the definition of enlightenmentA general term applied to the movement of intellectual liberation that develop in Western Europe from the late 17th Century to the late 18th century.(the period is often called the Age of Reason), especially in France and Switzerland.The enlightenment culminated(使达到顶峰) with the writings of Jeans-Jacques Rousseau and the Encyclopedia（百科全书）, the philosophy of Immanuel(以马内利，基督的别称) Kant, and the political ideas of the American and French Revolutions while the forerunners in science and philosophy included Bacon, Descartes, Newton, and Locke. Its central idea was the need and the capacity of human reason to clearaway ancient superstition, prejudice, dogma and injustice.Literary features:①Classicism: As a critical term, classicism is a body of doctrine thought to be derived from or to reflect the qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture, particularly in literature, philosophy, art, or criticism. Classicism stands for certain definite ideas and attitudes, mainly drawn from the critical utterances of the Greek and Romans or developed through an imitation of ancient art and literature. ②Neoclassicism:it emphasized the classical artistic ideals of order, logic, proportion, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste and decorum.③Sentimentalism came into being as the result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality.4 Pre-romanticism: In the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewed interest in medieval literature. In England this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-romanticism.Gothic novel is its most manifest expression.2.John Locke(1632-1704)one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers ;considered one of the first of the British empiricists经验主义者, following the tradition of Francis Bacon; best known for his satirical verse and for his translation of Homer《荷马史诗》;He is the third most frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations,after Shakespeare and Tennyson.3.Daniel Defoe(1661-1731)代表作：The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (英国文学史第一部小说)Moll Flanders《摩尔. 佛兰德斯》Robinson Crusoe celebrates the 18th-century Western civilization’s material triumphs and the strength of human rational will to conquer the natural environment. Robinson, apparently, is cast as a typical 18th-century middle-class tradesman, the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist.The hero is practical, diligent, shrewd, courageous and intelligent to overcome all kinds of obstacles. In another sense, Robinson is Everyman struggling to master nature.This novel is the representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development.4.Jonathan Swift(1667-1745)乔纳森.斯威夫特作品：Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》A Tale of a Tub 《木桶的故事》The Battle of Books 《书战》A Modest Proposal 《一个小小的建议》His writing features : Swift defines a good style as “proper words in proper places”. His language is always precise, simple, clear, vigorous as well as economical and concise.He is also a master satirist.5.Henry Fielding(1707-1754)The father of modern fiction(现代小说之父)代表作：《约瑟夫·安德鲁》Joseph Andrews《汤姆·琼斯》Tom Jones6.Oliver Goldsmith’s(1730-1774)代表作：The Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德的牧师The Deserted Village 荒村浪漫主义时期English Romanticism(1798-1830)1.the definition of RomanticismIt is generally said to have began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth & Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill《改革法案》in the Parliament. English Romanticism is a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason. The French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution exert great influence on English Romanticism.Romanticists show in their works their profound dissatisfaction with the social reality and their deep hatred for any political tyranny, economic exploitation and any form of oppression, feudal or bourgeois. In the realm of literature, they revol t against reason, rules, regulation, objectivity, common senses, etc. and emphasize the value of feelings, intuition, freedom, nature, subjectivism, individuality, originality, imagination, etc.2.two schools of Romanticism①The lake poets湖畔派诗人（escapist romanticists）：William Wordsworth华兹华斯, Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治and Robert Southey骚塞.They three were known as Lake Poets because they lived and knew one another in the last few years of the 18th century in the district of the great lakes in Northwestern England.②The Satanic school撒旦派（active romanticists):Byron, Shelly, and Keats.3.William Blake(1757-1827)十九世纪英国浪漫派诗人、画家、雕刻家作品：Songs of Experience《经验之歌》Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》The Marriage of Heaven and Hell《天堂与地狱的婚姻》The Chimney Sweeper《扫烟囱的孩子》The Lamb《羊羔》4.Robert Burns（1759-1796）（苏格兰著名农民诗人）作品：“A Red, Red Rose”《红红的玫瑰》5.William Wordsworth(1770-1850)He focused on the nature, children, the poor, common people, in his poem, he aimed at simplicity and purity of the language, so he used ordinary words to express his personal feelings.1843年获得桂冠诗人(Laureate)称号代表作：The Daffodils《水仙花》The Solitary Reaper《孤独的收割者》6.George Gordon Byron（1788-1824）Influence:(to world)Byron has enriched European poetry with an abundance of ideas, images, artistic forms & innovations. He stands with Shakespeare & Scott among the British writers who exert the greatest influence over the mainland of Europe.(to china)His revolutionary zeal and democratic ideals, as shown in his stirring lyricThe Isles of Greece and Childe Harold, strongly impressed the Chinese youth who were then waging struggles to overthrow the old feudal system.代表作Don Juan《唐璜》, 1818-1823When we two parted《当我们分手》She walks in beauty《她走在美的光彩中》Byronic hero：a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers,unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.(fiery passions unbending will, ideal of freedom, against tyranny(专制统治)and injustice, lonely fighters individualistic ends)7.Percy Bysshe Shelley（1792-1822）代表作：Ode To The West Wind《西风颂》Queen Mab 《麦布女王》8.John Keats（1795—1821）代表作：Ode to An Nightingale《夜莺颂》(“美即是真，真即是美”Beauty is truth, truth is beauty.是他的著名诗句。

英美文学史复习笔记5篇第一篇：英美文学史复习笔记英美文学复习时期划分——Early & Medieval literature 包括The Anglo-Saxon Period 和The Anglo-Norman Period ——Renaissance 文艺复兴——Revolution & Restoration 资产阶级革命与王权复辟——Enlightenment 启蒙运动——Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期——Critical Realism 批判现实主义——20th Modernism 现代主义传统诗歌主题：nature, life, death, belief, time, youth, beauty, love, feelings of different kinds, reason(wisdom), moral lesson, morality.修辞名称：meter格律, rhyme韵, sound assonance谐音, consonance和音, alliteration头韵, form of poetry诗歌形式, allusion典故, foot音步, iamb抑扬格, trochee扬抑格, anapest抑抑扬格, dactyl扬抑抑格, pentameter五音步文学体裁：诗歌poem,小说novel,戏剧novel起源：Christianity 基督教Bible圣经myth神话The Romance of king Arthur and his knights亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、1、The Anglo-Saxon period(496-1066)这个时期的文学作品分类：（pagan异教徒）（Christian基督徒）2、代表作：The song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》(national epic)（民族史诗）采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period(1066-1350)Canto 诗章受到法国影响English literature is also a combination of French and Saxon elements.1、romance传奇文学 Arthurian romances亚瑟王传奇2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight(高文爵士和绿衣骑士)是一首押头韵的长诗 knighthood 骑士精神三、Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里。

Chapter 2 The Neoclassical PeriodA basic introduction to the neoclassical period.1) What we now call the neoclassical period is the one in English literature between the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 17982) The English society of the neoclassical period was a turbulent one.3) Towards the middle of the eighteenth century, England had become the first powerful capitalist country in the world. It had become the work-shop of the world, her manufactured goods flooding foreign markets far and near.Briefly discuss "Enlightenment Movement" ---4) The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centures. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. They held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities. They believed that when reason served as the yardstick for the measurement of all human activities and relations, every superstition, injustice and oppression was to yield place to "eternal truth," "eternal justice' and natural equality."5) They called for a reference to order, reason and rules: the enlighteeners advocated universal education; They believed that human beings were limited, dualistic, imperfect, and yet capable of rationality and perfection through education. If the masses were well educated, they thought, there would be great chance for a democratic and equal human society. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing, became a very popular means of public education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.1) What is "neoclassicism"? ---1) In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about (导致)a revival of interest in the old classical works. The tendenchy is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers and those of contemporarhy French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary experssions, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.1) The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form--- the modern English novel, which, contray to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This --- the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century---is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution and a symbol of the growing importance and strength of the English middle class. Among the pinoeers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias, George Smollett, and Oliver Goldsmith.2) Gothic novels: mostly stories of mystery and horror which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles.3) Robert Burns and William Blake also joined in, paving the way for the flourish of Romanticism earlyu the next century.4) In the theatrical world, Richard Brinsley Sheridan was the leading figure among a host of playwrights. And of the witty and satiric prose, those written by Jonathan Swift are especially worth studying, his A Modest Proposal being generally regarded as the best model of satire, not only of the period but also in the whole English literary history.Daniel Defoe1) It's a real wonder that such a busy man as Defoe would have found time for literary creation. The fact is that, at the age of nearly 60, he started his first novel Robinson Crusoe, Which was an immediate success. In the following years, he wrote four other novels: Captain Singleton, Moll Flanders, Colonel Jack and Roxana, apart from the second and thethird part of Robinson Crusoe and a pseudo-factual account of the Great Plague in 1664-1665, A Journal of the Plague Year (1722)2) Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece.RobinsonCrusoe 1) Here Pope advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of Conceit orthe external beauty of language but to pay soecial attention to True Wit which is best setin a plain style.2) The poem, as a comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism, exertedgreat influence upon Pope's contemporary writers in advocating the classical rules andpopularizing the meoclassicist tradition in England.3)(节选) Some to conceit alone their taste confine, And glittering thoughts struck out atevery line; Pleased with a work whre nothing's just or fit, One glaring chaos and wildheap of wit. Poets, like painters, thus unskilled to trace, The naked nature and the livinggrace, With gold and jewels cover every part, And hide with ornaments their want ofart, true wit is Nature ot advantage dressed, What oft was thought, but ne'er so wellexpressed.An Essay on CriticismJohn Bunyan1) In prison he wrote The Pilgrim's Progress, which was published in 1678 after his release.2) Bunyan's other works include Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, The Life and Death of Mr.Badman, The Holy War and The Pilgrim's Progress, Part II.3) The Pilgrim's Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils. Besides, a rich imagination and a natural talent for storytelling also contribute to the success of the work which is at once entertaining and morally in structive.4) Vanity Fair seels all kinds of merchandise such as hourses, lands, honors, titles, lusts, pleasures. It symbolizes the society where everything becomes goods and can be bought by money.Alexander Pope1) As a representative of the Englishtenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England.2) Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711. The next year, he published The Rape of the Lock, a finest mock epic.The Dunciad , generally considered Pope's best satiric work took him over ten years for final completion.1) Robinson Crusoe is supposed based on the real adventure of an Alexander Selkirk who once stayed alone on the uninhabited island for five years. Actually, the story is an imagination.2) In Robinson Crusoe, Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a naive nad artless youth into a shrewd and handened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.3) In the novel, Robinson is a real hero and he is an embodiment of the rising middle-class virtues in the mid-eighteenth century England.4) Robinson Crusoe is an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time. so it verysuccessfulTo the RightHonorable theEarl ofChesterfield.1) The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, and The History of Amelia. The foremer is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature and the latter the story of the unfortunate life of an idealized woman, a maudlin picture of the social life at the time.2) Fielding has been regarded by some as "Father of the English Nove." fo his contribution to theestablishement of the form of the modern novel. Of all the 18 century novelists he was the first to set out,both in theory and practice, to write specifically a comic epic in prose." the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.1) Tom Jones, the full title being The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, is generallyconsidered Fielding's masterpiece.2) For a time, tom became a national hero. People were fond of this young fellow withmanly virtues and yet not without fault-honest, kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal, and brave, but impulsive, wanting prudence and full of animal spirits. In a way, the young man stands for a wayfaring everyman, who is expelled from the paradise and has to gothrough hard experience to gain a knowledge of himself and finally to approach perfectness.3) Tom Jones brings its author the name of the "Prose Homer." By this, Fielding hasindeed achieved his goal of writing a "comic epic in prose."Tom Jones, the full title being The History of Tom Jones Samuel Johnson1) As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the firstg English dictionary by an Englishman---A Dictionary of the English Language, a gigantic task which Johnson undertook single-handedly and finished in over seven years.2) Samuel Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the later eighteenth century.Jonathan Swift1) Jonathan Swift, in 1726, he wrote and published his greatest satiric work, Gulliver's Travels.2) Swift is a master satirist. His A Modest Proposal" is generally taken as a perfect model. By suggesting that poor Irish parents sell their one-year-old babies to the rich English lords and ladies as food, Swift is making hte most devastating protest aginast the inhuman exploitation and oppression of the Irish people by the English ruling class.3) Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. "Proper words in proper places."4) SWIFT'S CHIEF WORKS ARE: A taleof a Tub, The Battle of the Books, The Drapier's Letters,Gulliver's Travels and A Modest Proposal1) Gulliver's Travels, Jonathan's best fictional work, was published in 1726, under thetitle of Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, by Samuel Gulliver. Thebook contains four parts, each dealing with one particular voyage during which Gullivermeets with extraordinary adventures on some remote island after he has met withshipwreck or piracy or some other misfortune.2) As a whole, the book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms andsatires of all aspects in the then English and European life---socially, politically,religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally. its social significance is greatand its exploration into human nature profound." My gentleness and good behaviour had gained so far on the Emperor and his count,and indeed upon the army and people in general, that I began to conceive hopes ofgetting my liberty in a short time, I took all possible methods to cultivate this favorabledisposition."Gulliver's TravelsHenry Fielding1) In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of humanlife with a touch of his personal melancholy. The poet compares the common folk withthe great ones, wondering what the commons could have achieved if they had had the chance.2) Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc on them.Elegyh Written in a Country Churchyard Richard Brinsley Sheridan1) The year 1777 saw the appearance of his masterpiece The School for Scandal, which brought him quite a fortune.2) Sheridan was the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century. His plays, especially The Rival and the School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.3) Besides The Rivals and The School for Scandal, Sheridan's other works included: St. Patrick's Day, or the Scheming Lieutenant, a two-act farce; the Duenna, a comic opera; The Critic, a burlesque and a satire on sentimental drama; and Pizarro, a tragedy adapted from a German play.The School for Scandal.1) The School for Scandal is one of the great classics in English drama. It is a sharpsatire on the moral degeneracy of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the eighteenth-century England, on the vicious scandal-mongering among the idle rich, on the reckless life of extravagance and love intrigues in the high society and, above all, on the immorality and hypocrisy behind the mask of honorable living and high-soundingmoral principles. And in terms of theatrical art, it shows the playwright at his best. Nowonder, the play has been regarded as the best comedy since Shakespeare.Thomas Gray1) Horace Walpole, author of the famous Gothic novel The Old Castle of Otranto2) Thomas Gray declined the Poet laureateship in 1757.3) His masterpiece, "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" was published in 1751. The poem once and for all established his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially " the Graveyard School." hHis poems, as a whole, are mostlhy devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life,past and present.4) His other poems include "Ode on the Spring, Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College, Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat, Hymnb to Adversity, and two translations from old Norse: the Descent of Odin,and The Fatal Sisters.。

English Literature 英国文学史笔记The Development of English LiteratureFrom the academic angle, English literature can be divided into seven periods:1. Early and Medieval English literature;2. The English Renaissance;3. The 17th C. – The Period of Revolution and Restoration;4. The 18th Century –The Age of Enlightenment5. Romanticism in England in the 1st half of the 19th century;6. The Victorian Age;7. The 20th Century Literature –Modernism and Post-ModernismChapter1 Literature of Old and Medieval Period(449—1485)1) Anglo-Saxon Period /Old English Period (449-1066)The main literary contribution of this period is the Epic, and its masterpiece is the national epic The Song of Beowulf, which is a long poem of 3182 lines about the deeds of the Teutonic (条顿)hero Beowulf in the 6th century. It is the oldest poem in the English language and the oldest surviving epic in Anglo-Saxon literature.2）The Anglo-Norman Period /Middle English Period (1066-1485)The literature of this period is greatly influenced by the Norman Conquest (1066). After the conquest, the customs and ideals known as chivalry was introduced by the Normans into England and can be reflected in literature, such as the knightly code, the romantic interest in women , tenderness and reverence paid to Virgin Mary etc.. The prevailing form of literature in the Feudal England was Romance (传奇，骑士文学).The most famous Romance was Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.㈠Definitions of Literary Terms1. Couplet(对句): a couplet is two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme.2. Iambic pentameter: each line has five feet of iambs; in each foot, there is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.3.Heroic Couplet(英雄偶句／双韵体): two consecutive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. (an iambic pentameter couplet). The form was introduced into English by Geoffrey Chaucer and was widely used subsequently, reaching a height of popularity in the works of Alexander Pope.4. Blank Verse(无韵体，素体诗): unrhymed iambic pentameter.5. Epic(史诗): A long narrative poem on the adventures and great deeds of heroes.6. Frame story: a narrative that provides the framework within which a number of different stories, which may or may not be connected, can be told. (The Canterbury Tales isa collection of stories in a frame story)7. Romance: A tale in verse, embodying the life and adventures of knights. The content of Romance was usually about love, chivalry and religion.㈡Geoffrey Chaucer (about1340—1400) 杰弗里•乔叟“The Founder (Father) of English poetry‖A Londoner of bourgeois origin, the most important and influential poet in medieval England, established English as a courtly language. Geoffrey’s Chaucer’s works are often categorized in three chronological periods (the French period, the Italian period and the English period).Ⅰ.Chaucer’s Contributions①. He introduced from French the ―heroic couplet‖ to English poetry.②. He is the first important poet to write in the current English language.③. Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English language.Ⅱ.Geoffrey Chaucer’s famous work :The Canterbury Tales (1387—1400)《坎特伯雷集》an unfinished series of stories told by a group of pilgrims(about 29), who came from all layers of society(a knight, a prioress, a plowman, a merchant, a clerk, the wife from Bath, etc.), journeying from London to the shrine of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury. ―The General Prologue‖ told us Chaucer intended that each pilgrim should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two tales on the way back. But Chaucer had actually completed only 23 stories.Scholars are uncertain about the order of the tales, and The Canterbury Tales has been passed down in several handwritten manuscripts.Ⅲ. Other works:1)The French period (to 1372): Book of Duchess (1369) 《公爵夫人之书》2)The Italian period (1372—1385): House of Fame (1379—1384) 《声誉之宫》The Parliament of Fowls (1377—1382) 《百鸟会议》The Legend of Good Women 《贤妇传说》Troilus and Criseyde (1382—1385) 《特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达》3)The English period (1387—1400): The Canterbury Tales (1387—1400) Chapter 2 Literature of English Renaissance（1485—1616）The Renaissance as a cultural movement embraced all Western Europe roughly from the 14th century to the 17th century. It first sprang in Florence of Italy and then spread to the rest of Europe (to Germany and Spain and England). ―Renaissance‖, French for ―rebirth‖, refers to the revival of interest in ancient Roman and Greek culture.During this period, the classical arts and learning were discovered again and widely studied , so the term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Roman and Greek) arts and learning after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism , it also marked the beginning of bourgeois revolution .In the Renaissance period, scholars and educators called themselves humanists and began to emphasize the capacities of the human mind and the achievements of human culture, in contrast to the medieval emphasis on God and contempt for the things of this world. So humanism became the keynote of the English Renaissance. And the greatest humanist is Thomas More, the author of Utopia. The representatives in literature are Shakespeare and Bacon. The former has the greatest contribution in drama an d sonnets while the latter’s essays are condensed and witty.代表人物：1) Thomas More（1478—1535）托马斯•莫尔Utopia 乌托邦2) Thomas Wyatt 托马斯•怀亚特He introduced sonnet into English literature引入十四行诗的第一人sonnet(十四行诗)：form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵) in 14 lines iambic pentameter3) Edmund Spenser（1522—1599）埃德蒙•斯宾塞“the poet’s poet”(诗人中的诗人) English poet whose long allegorical poem(寓言性浪漫史诗) The Faerie Queene 《仙后》is one of the greatest in the English language. It was written in what cameto be called the Spenserian stanza.Spenserian stanza：A nine-line stanza with the following rhyme scheme: ababbcbcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The last line is written in iambic hexameter4) Christopher Marlowe （1564—1593）克里斯托弗•马洛“the most gifted writer of the University Wits”“the forerunner of English drama”“The Father of English Tragedy” (one-man tragedy) The greatest pioneer of English drama who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama.blank verse(无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格) 是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。

第三章I.Multiple choice1.In the history of literature, Romanticism is generally regarded as the thoughtthat designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to seethe individual as the very center of all life and all experience在文學歷史上，浪漫主義認為個人應是生命及實踐的中心。

我們還可以說浪漫主義是將人們的注意力從外部世界---社會文明移到內部世界---人類自已的精神文明的實質2.The Romantic Period is an age of poetry. Blake ,wordsworth,coleridge,Byron, Shelley and Keats are the marjor poets. Theystarted a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regardas the peotic revolution浪漫主義是詩歌的時代，代表詩人有布萊克，華茲華斯，科勒律治，拜倫，雪萊及濟慈. 他們發起了對新古典主義的反判，這便是後世所稱“詩人革命”3.In the romantic period, Poetry is the most prosperous 繁榮literary form浪漫主義時代也是詩歌的時代4.in the following writings by William Blake, which marks his entry intomaturity?Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂與地獄的結合一詩標志著威廉布萊克創作上的成熟, 該詩創作於法國大革命高潮期間，並擔負諷喻與革命預言的兩重角色，在這首詩中，布萊克探索了對立事物之間的關系，吸引與排拆，理智與精力，愛與恨等對立事物都對人類生存有著舉足輕重的作用，布萊克認為生活就是不斷的對立沖突，如給與和索取，善與惡，天真純樸與經驗世故，肉體與精神等，他認為沒有對立的矛盾，就不會有社會與個人的進步，婚姻對布萊克意味著矛盾的調和，並非一方從屬另一方5.The declaration that “ I know that This World is a World ofImagination&Vision” and that “ the Nature of my work is visionary orimaginative” belong to which of the following writingWilliam Blake生活在革命啟示光輝中的布萊克熱切的宣布：“我認為人世凡塵是一個充滿想象與幻想的世界，我的作品也如人世凡塵一樣充滿想象與幻象6.In William Blake’s peotry, the father (and any other in whose he saw theimage of the father such as God&his Priest, &King) was usually a figure oftyranny 專治7.the Lone of literature in “Songs of Experience” by William Blake is doleful經驗之歌描寫了一個充滿苦難，貧窮，疾病與戰爭的世界而天真之歌描寫了一個愉快而純潔的世界，盡管著這世界偶有苦難與罪惡8.William Wordsworth is reagrades as a “worshipper of nature”華爾華茲從少年時代，他就對大自然充滿愛戀, 被稱為“大自然的膜拜者”，我如行雲獨自遊“一詩是英國詩中的奇葩，把我們帶入華茲華斯詩歌宗旨的核心9.Which of the following writings is not created by William Wordsworth?A.I wandered lonely as a cloud 我如行雲獨自遊posed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3,1802 威斯敏斯特橋上有感C.The Solitary Reaper 孤獨的收割者D.The Chimney Sweeper 掃煙窗的孩子william black10.Wordsworth’s short poems can be classified into two groups: poems aboutnature and poems about human life按照主題，華的短詩可以分為兩大類，關於自然的關於人類生活的11.Which of the following poems is a landmark in English Poetry?Iyrical Ballads(抒情歌謠集) by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and WilliamWordsworth科勒律治合作的抒情歌謠集, 革命與獨立則成為抒情歌謠集中成功的結論，這在英國詩歌歷史上也是第一次12.Coleridge’s peoms”the rime of the ancient mariner, christabel and kublakhan are known as Demonic group包括他的三部代表作古航海家之歌，克麗斯特貝爾以及忽必烈汗這些詩歌的顯著特點，便是神秘與想象，詩歌的背景都設在詩人的記憶與夢幻之中，故事的發生，發展與絲毫不受理性的羈絆，這類詩歌的他作目的是將詩人自覺的意識與神的寬恕相調和13.Place me on Sumium’s marbled steep 讓我登上蘇尼姆大理石般的懸崖Where nothingSave the waves and I 那裡隻有海浪與我May hear our mutual murmurs sweep 能聽彼此的喃喃低語掠過There,swan like, let me sing and die 在那裡，象天鵝一樣，讓我歌唱後死亡A land of slaves shall ne’er be mine 一個奴棣的國家永遠不是我的國家Dash down you cup of Samian wine 把那杯薩莫斯的酒摔下These lines are taken fromThe Isles of Greece Byron拜爾的西臘島, 節選自唐璜14.“Don Juan” is Byron’s masterpiece, a great comic epic of the early 19thcentury唐璜是19世紀初斯的著名諷刺史詩15.In his lyrics 抒情詩such as “Ode 頌to Liberty”” Ode to Naples”, PercyBysshe Shelley expressed his love for freedom and his hatred towardtyranny 專治，暴政雪萊對自由的渴望及對暴政的憎惡都體現在詩作中，如自由頌，那不勒斯頌16.Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere 狂野的精靈，你吹遍四方Destroyer and preserver 毀滅者和保存者，Hear, O hear! 聽啊聽Two lines are found inOde to the west wind by shelley 西風頌，雪萊17.In Shelley’s “ To a Skylark”致雲雀the bird , suspended between realityand poetic image, pours forth an exultant song which suggests to the Poet Both celestial rapture and human limitation18.Shelley’s greatest achievement is his four-act poetic dramaPrometheus Unbound雪萊最有造詣的作品是他的四幕詩劇—解放了的普羅米修斯, 詩劇源於希臘神話及古希臘悲劇家埃斯庫羅斯的劇作“被縛的普羅米修斯”，普羅米修斯為人類的生存盜取天火，被刀神之王宙斯拴縛在高加索山上，飽受折磨，雪萊在序言中指出，他雖然沿用埃斯庫羅斯的情節，卻改變了普羅米修斯與宙斯和解的結局，而是將暴君趕下寶座，換來新生的宇宙天地，詩中普羅修斯與天帝的鬥爭表現了法國大革命失敗後，英國與歐洲資產階級革命家對封建反動勢力的不滿與反抗情緒。

I.Multle choice1.The 18th century England is known as the Enlightenment in thehistory英國的十八世紀也同時是啟蒙主義時代，或曰理性時代, 啟蒙運動是進步的知識分子運動，興盛於法國，後來席卷整個歐洲2.The Pilgrim’s progress is the most successful religious allegoryin the English language天路歷程是英文作品中最成功的宗教寓言，它的主旨是讓人們遵循基督教教義3.The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan is often said to beconcerned with the search for spiritual Salvation4.Among the representative of the Enlightenment, who was the firstto introduce rationlism to England?Alexander Pope 亞歷山大.蒲柏作為啟蒙主義時期的代表人物，蒲柏第一個將理性主義引入英國,他將現行的社會制度奉為理想的制度，但依然能看透那嚴重的道德，政治及文化上的腐朽沒落5.An essay on criticism , written in heroic couplet by Pope, isconsidered manifesto of English neoclassism論批評是用英雄雙韻體寫的說教詩, 倡導了古典主義標準，在英國普及了新古典主義6.Alexander Pope stongly advocated neoclassicism,emphasizing thatliterary works should be judged by classical rules of order,reason , logic , restrained emotion, good taste and decorum蒲柏是當時最偉大的詩人，他大力倡導新古典主義，強調文學作品的優劣應由古典的秩序尺度，理性，邏輯，情感的克制，高雅的品位及是否體面，正派來衡量7.The Dunciad is generally considered to be Pope’s best satiricwork群愚史詩是蒲柏最優秀的諷刺作品，他花了十年心血才將其完成8.Daniel Defore describes as a typical Englishmiddle-class man of the eighteen century, the very prototype of the empire builder or the pioneer colonistMoll Flanders 莫爾。

英美文学考研复习笔记英美文学复习笔记整理英国部分The Renaissance Period1. Renaissance :between 14th and mid-17th century.2. Renaissance means rebirth or revival, is actually a movementstimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscoveryof ancient Roman and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion.3. the Renaissance, therefore in essence is a historical period inwhich the European humanist thinkers and Scholars made attempt to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in Medieval Europe, tointroduce new ideas that expressed the purity of the risingbourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from thecorruption of the Roman Catholic church.4. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance(1) Capable of individual development in the direction ofperfection.(2) They inhabited was theirs not to despise by to question, exploreand enjoy.(3) By emphasizing the dignity of human being and the Importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not onlyhave the right to enjoy the beauty of this life(4) Tomas More, Christopher Marlow and William Shakespeare are the best representative of the English humanist.5 Metaphysical poetry: Metaphysical is characterized by passionate thought succession of concentrated image, exercise of elaborate ingenuity and “wit”, John Done was the famous of the Metaphysic al poet. The Metaphysical Poets were men of learning and to show their learning was their endeavour.Edmund SpencerMasterpiece: The Faerie Queene (allegory)Christopher MarloweUniversity witsImportant plays: Tambulaine, Dr.Faustus, The Jewof Meta Edmund II Marlowe voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance of infinite powers and authority(1) Perfected the blank verse.(2) Creation of the Renaissance hero to English drama ,it embodiesMarlowe’s ideal of human dignity and capacity.Dr.Faustus: aspiring for knowledge, the play’s dominant moral ishuman rather than religious, it celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness , it also reveals man’s frustrationin realizing the high aspiration in a hostile moral order and theconfinement to time is the cru elest fact of man’s condition.William Shakespeare1. Works: 154 sonnets, 38 plays, 2 long poemsComedy :Merchant of Venice.2 4 great tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, MacbethEach portrays some noble hero, who face the injustice of human fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation, each herohas his weakness of nature. Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma be tween action and mind: Othello’s inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force; the old King Lear who isunwilling to totally give up his power makes himself suffer, from treachery and infidelity; Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up hisambition and leads him to incessant crime.3 Merchant of VeniceIn this play, Shakespeare has created tension: ambiguity, a selfconscious and self-delighting artifice that is at onceintellectually existing and emotionally engaging . Thesophistication derives in part from the play between high,outstanding romance and dark faces of negating and hate thetraditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship betweenAntonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of greatbeauty , wit and loyalty, and to explore insuitable greed andbrutality of the Jew.4 Hamlet.The play has the qualities of a “blood-and-thunder” thriller and aphilosophical exploration of life of life and death, the timelessappeal of his mighty drama lies in its combination of injustice,emotional conflict and searching philosophic melancholy. Hamlet is obliged to inhabit a shadow world , to live suspended between factand fiction, language and action. His life is one of the constantrole-playing examining the nature of acting only to deny itspossibility. For such a figure, soliloquy is a natural medium, anecessary release of his anguish; and some of his questioningmonologue posses surpassing power and insight. By revealing thepower-seeking, the jostling for place , the hidden motives, thecourteous superficialities that veil lust and guilty, Shakespearecondemns the hypocrisy and treachery and general religiouscorrupting at the royal count.Francis Bacon1 Masterpiece: Essay; Novum Organum.2 Novum Organum: most impressive display of Beacon’s intellect. The argument is for the use of inductiveness of reason in scientificstudy.3 Beacon suggests the inductive reasoning, i.e, proceeding from theparticular to the general , in place of the Aristotelian method ,the deductive reasoning ,i.e. proceeding from the general to theparticular.4 Beacon’s essay are famous for their brevity, compactness andpowerfulness.John DoneMetaphysical poetryThe most striking feature of Done’s poetr y is precisely its tang ofreality, in the sense that it seems to reflect life in a real ratherthan a poetical world..Done frequently applies conceits.John MiltonThree major poetical works:Paradise lost , Paradise Regained, Samson AgonistsThe freedom of the will is the keytone of Milton.s creed.Paradise LostThe epic is the masterpiece of John MiltonThe story is drawn from the Old Testament of the Bible, which tells how Satan, after being defeated in his rebel against God, temps Adam and Eve to eat the apples for the Forbidden Tree, and causes theFall of Man.Satan, in the image of a rebel , still determines to fight backagainst God when he and his followers are cast into the Hell. Thefeatures of the character include his boldness, unbending ambitionand his unconquerable will. The poem, as in other writing, is fullof biblical and classical allusion, and is in a Latinized style withone sentence running perhaps across several lines. But, the majesty of expression suits well the sublimity o f the poet’s thought.【自考版重要资料汇总】【自考英语课程学习交流区入口】短消息发送邮件报告帖子引用回复返回顶部自烤成柴Nothing Can Be Everything会员等级: 超级版主发帖数量: 4,090精华数量: 2所持现金: 19271巴士币银行状态:正常用户积分: 16来自: 注册日期: 2006-02-06# 2 2006-02-16 13:57The Neoclassic Period1 Between the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with thepublication of lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 17981. Enlightenment or the Age of reasonThe Enlightenment movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept the whole western Europe at the timeIts propose was to enlighten the whole world with the light ofmodern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlightenmenterscelebrated reason or rationally, equality and science. They called for a reference to order, reason and rule , yield place to “eternaltruth” “eternal justice” and “natural equality”They believed that human beings were limited , dualistic andimperfect literature at the time , heavily didactic and moralizing.They believed in self-restraint, self-reliance and hard work. Towork , to economize and to accumulate wealth constitute the wholemeaning of their life. This aspect of social life is best-formed inthe realistic novels of the 18th century.3 In the field of literature , they believed that the artisticshould be order,logic, restrained emotion and accuracy . seekproportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expression, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings..4 Neoclassicism. In English literature and, the stylistic trendbetween the Restoration and the advent of romanticism at thebeginning of the 19th century is referred to as Neoclassicism.5 Heroic: It is a pair of rhymed lines of iambic pentameter. The form was introduced into English by Chaucer and widely used subsequently.短消息发送邮件报告帖子引用回复返回顶部自烤成柴Nothing Can Be Everything会员等级: 超级版主发帖数量: 4,090精华数量: 2所持现金: 19271巴士币银行状态:正常用户积分: 16来自: 注册日期: 2006-02-06# 3 2006-02-16 13:57John Bunyan1. Masterpiece: The pilgrim’s progress2. The “vanity fair” symbolizes human word, for all that comthis vanity Everything and anything in this world is vanity, having no value and no meaning. The vanity fair, a “market sellingnothingness” of all sorts, is a dirty place originally built up bydetails, but, this town “lay” in the way to the Celestial City,meaning pilgrims had to resist the temptations there when they made their way through. So, the depiction of the “Fair” in selling thingsworldly and in attracting people bad, r epresents John Bunyan’srejection of the worldly seekings and pious longing for the pure and charming “Celestial city”, his Christian ideal.Alexander PopePope, a very sensitive man, would strike back hard, and in theconstant verbal battles he developed a style of biting satire.He was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England, but was not entirely blind to the rapid moral, political and culturaldeterioration.For him the supreme values was order-cosmic order, political order , social order, aesthetic order, and this emphasis an order expression in all of his works. Pope made his name as a great poet with thepublication of an Essay on Criticism in 1711.Pope strongly advocated Neoclassicism, emphasizing that literaryworks should be judged by classical rule of order, reason, logic,restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.Daniel DefoeMasterpiece: Robinson CrusoeHis language is smooth , easy, colloquial and most vernacular. Defoe glorifies human labor and the puritan fortitude. It refers theenterprising sprit of the middle class.Jonathan Swift1. Chief works: A Tale of a Tub, The battle of the books, TheDrapier’s letters, Guilliver’s Travel and a Modest proposal.2.Swift is almost unsurpassed in the writing of simple, direct,precise prose. He defined a good style as “proper words in properplaces” clear, simple, concrete, diction, uncomplicated sentencestructure and economy and concise use of language mark all hiswriting-essay, poems and novels.3. As a whole , the book is one of the most effective anddevastating criticism and satires of all aspects in the then Englishand European life- socially, politically, religiously,philosophically, scientifically and morally.Henry Fielding1. Masterpiece : A History of Tom Jones, a Foundling2. Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the EnglishNovel” for his contribution to the establishment of the form of themodern novel.3. Fielding’s language is easy, unlaboured and familiar butetremly vivid and vigorous.4. Of all the 18th century novelist, he was the first to setout. Both in theory and practice. To write specially a “comic epicin poem” the first to give the modern novels its structure andstory; he use epistol ary form and “ the third-person narration”.5. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand,epical of the classical works but at the same time keeps fatithfulto his realistic presentation of common life as it is.Samuel Johnson1. Lexicographer: the author of the first English dictionary byan English man---A Dictionary of the English Language(1755)2. To the Right Honorable the Earl of----Chesterfield3. He was particularly fond of moralizing, and didacticism. His language in characteristically general, often Latinate andfrequently polysyllabic.Richard Brinsley Sheridan1 Masterpiece: The school for scandle.2 Sheridan has the only important English dramatist of the 18thcentury; important link between Shakespeare and Benard Shaw.3 In his play, morality is the constant theme.He is much concerned with the current moral issue and harshly at the social life of the day.Tomas Gray1. His masterpiece, “ Elegy in a Country Churchyard” waspublished in 1751, the poem once and for all established his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day especially” theGraveyard School”2. In his poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrow of life andthe mysteries of human life with a touch of his Personal Melancholy.3. His poem, as a whole are mostly devoted to a sentimentallamentation or mediation on life, past and present. His poems arecharacterized by an exquisite sense of form. His style issophisticated and allusive. His poem are often marked with the trait of a highly artificial diction and a distorted word order.短消息发送邮件报告帖子引用回复返回顶部自烤成柴Nothing Can Be Everything会员等级: 超级版主发帖数量: 4,090精华数量: 2所持现金: 19271巴士币银行状态:正常用户积分: 16来自: 注册日期: 2006-02-06# 4 2006-02-16 13:58Romantic Period1. Major Romantic Points(1) a rebellion against neo-classicism(2) express on imagination(3) priorities been given to passion, emotion and feeling(4) being close to nature for its purity while the society iscorrupting(5) tremendous interest in something remote in term of space and time(6) favor of modernism(7) supremacy of freedom2 Romantic period began in 1798 with the publication of wordsworthand Coleridge’s lyrical Ballads and have ended in 1852 with SirWalter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in theParliament.3. It was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against theneoclassical reason which prevailed from the days of Pope to those of Johnson1. Jean-Roseau: exploration new idea about Nature, society,Education.Tomas P aine’s Declaration of Rights of Man.5 The Romantic Movement expressed a more or less negative attitude the existing social and political conditions that came withindustria lization and the growing importance of the bourgeoisie.Thus, we can say that Romanticism actually constitute a change ofdirection attention to the outerworld of social civilization to theinner world of the human spirit6 Nature: for the most influential 18th-century writers, was moresomething to be seen than something to be known. But for theRomantics, it is just the opposite. Nature to Wordsworth is a sourceof mental cleanliness and spiritual understanding.7 Poetry has been traditionally regarded as an art governed byrules; but for Romantics, Poetry should be free from all rules.8 Gothic novel: its principal elements are violence, horror andsupernat ural, which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion.9 How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism? Provide briefevidence from the literary works you know best.a. Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order,logic , restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature, shouldbe judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literaryexpressions should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace.Pope’s An Essay on Criticism advocates grace, wit ( usually thoughsatire/ humour ), and simplicity in language (and the poem itself isa demonstration of those ideals, too); Fielding’s Tom Jones helpedest ablished the form of novel; Gray’s Elegry Written in a country Churchyard” displays elegance in style, unified structure, serioustone and moral instructions.b. Romanticism tended to see the individual as the very centerof all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong of feeling” and no matter howfragmentary those experience were ( Wordsworth’s “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud,” or “The Solitary Reaper,) 0r Coleridge’s “ KebleKhan”), the value of the work link lied in the accuracy ofpresenting those unique feelings and particular altitude.c. In a word, Neoclassicism emphasized rationality and formbut Romanticism attached great importance to the individual’s mind (emotion, imagination, temporary experience……….)短消息发送邮件报告帖子引用回复返回顶部自烤成柴Nothing Can Be Everything会员等级: 超级版主发帖数量: 4,090精华数量: 2所持现金: 19271巴士币银行状态:正常用户积分: 16来自: 注册日期: 2006-02-06# 5 2006-02-16 13:58William Blake1 (1) The songs of Innocence is a lovely volume poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evil and sufferings.(2) The songs of Experience paints a different world, a world ofmisery, poverty, disease, war and repress with melancholy tone(1) The two books hold the similar subject-matter, but the tone,emphasis and conclusion differs.2 Blake’s Marriage of Heaven and Hell(1790) marks his entry intomaturity. The Poem was composed during the change of FrenchRevolution and it plays the double role both as a satire and arevolutionary Prophecy. In this Poem, Blake explain the relationship of the contraries.“wit hout contraries, there is no progression. The marriage to Blake means the reconciliation of the contraries, not the subordination of the one to the other.3 Blake writes his poem in plain and direct language ,his poem often carries the lyric beauty with immense compressing of meaning. Hedistrusts the abstractness and tend to embody his views with visualimages, symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of hispoetry.William Wordsworth1 William Wordsworth, Samuel TAYLOR Coleridge and Robert Southey,the three man known as the “ Lake Poets”2 Wordsworth is regarded as a “worshiper of nature”3 Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literaryinterest.4 Wordsworth see the word freshly, sympathetically and naturally.5 The most important contributionWordsworth has made is that he hasnot only started the modern poetry of the growing inner self, butalso changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speechof the language and by advocating a reform to nature.Samuel Taylor Coleridge1 Coledrige’s portion(work) was to deal with supernature thing forhe wai more interested insomething remote strange on foreign.2 Two divers group: the demonic and the conversational(1) The demonic group: beyond the control of reason. The Rime ofthe Ancient Mariner “Christabel” “Kuble Khan”(2) The conversational group: “Frost at Midnight”3 Coledrige is one of the firstcritics to give close criticalaffection to language, maintainng that the true end of poetry is to give pleasure “ through the medium of beauty”4 He was recongnized as alyrical poet and literary critic ofthe first rank.His poetic themes range from the supernature to the domestic. Histreatises, lectures, and compelling conversational powers made himone of the most influential English literary critics andphilosophers of the 19th century.George Gordon Byron1 Masterpiece: Don Juan,Childe Herold’s Pilgrimate‘ I awake one morning and found myself famous2 Byron invests in Juan the moral positives like courage, generosityand franknessThe unifying principal in Don Juan is the basic ironic theme ofappearance and reality.3 Byron has enriched European poetry with an abundance of ideas,images, artistic forms and innovation.4Byronic heroThe creation of the Byronic hero is Byron’s chief contribution toEnglish Poetry, such a hero is a proud, mysterious rebel figure ofnoble origin. Passionate and powerful, he is to right all thewrongs in a corrupt society and he would fight single-handelyagainst all the misdoings, political, religious moral. Thus thisfigure is a rebellious individual social systems and customs.Because Byron’s poetry is one of texperience on the whoel, such a hero is more or less a surrogate of himself, He appears first in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage and then further develops in later works such as the “Oriented Tale” “Manfred” and “Don Juan”.Persy Bysshe Shelley1 In 1813 he published his first long serious work. Queen Mab: A Philosophical Poem.2 Masterpiece “The Cenci” “Prometheus unbounded”lyrics: “The Cloud” “To a Skylark” “Adonais”3 He held a life-long aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority,institutional religion and the formal shames of respectable society, condemning war, tyranny and exploitation.4 Shelley expressed his love for freedom and his hatred towardtyranny in several of his lyrics such as : Ode to Liberty,” “Ode toNaples,” “ Sonnet: England in 1819” and so on.5Best of all the well known lyric pieces is his “Ode to the west wine” it is rhapsodic and declamatory.6Shelley’s style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figure of speech which describe vividly what we see and feel, orexpress what passionately moves us.短消息发送邮件报告帖子引用回复返回顶部自烤成柴Nothing Can Be Everything会员等级: 超级版主发帖数量: 4,090精华数量: 2所持现金: 19271巴士币银行状态:正常用户积分: 16来自: 注册日期: 2006-02-06# 6 2006-02-16 13:58John Keats1. Work: Limia, Isabella, The Eve of St.Agne2. The Odes are generally regarded as Keats’s most importantand mature works.Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode to a Nightingale, Ode to Psyche3. Keats’s poetry is always sensuous, colorful and rich inimagery, which expresses the actuelness of his senses , sights,sound, scent, taste and felling are all taken in to give an entireunderstanding of an experience of others either human or animal.4. His realization of the empathetic power of the imaginationis of the greatest consequence to his work and is a faculty which,as his thought and technique matured, leads him to his most profound insights. Keats’s poetry, characterized by exact and closely knitconstruction, sensual description, and by force of imagination,gives transcendental values to the physical beauty of the world.Jane AustenWorks : Pride and Prejudice. Sense and Sensibility. Northanger Abbey As a realistic writer, she considers it her duty to express in herworks a discriminated and serious criticism of life, and to expressthe follies and illusions of mankind. She shows contemptuousfeelings towards snobbery, stupidity, worldliness and vulgaritythrough subtle satire and irony. And in style, she is aneoclassicism advocator, upholding those traditional ideals oforder, reason, proportion and gracefulness in novel writing.TO BE CONTINUED短消息发送邮件报告帖子引用回复返回顶部自烤成柴Nothing Can Be Everything会员等级: 超级版主发帖数量: 4,090精华数量: 2所持现金: 19271巴士币银行状态:正常用户积分: 16来自: 注册日期: 2006-02-06# 7 2006-02-16 13:58The Victorian Period1. The Victorian Period roughly coincides with the reign ofQueen Victorian from 1836 to 1901, the most glorious in the English history.2 Towards the mid-19th century,, England had reached its highlypoint of development as a world power.3 Darwin’s The origin of species and The Descent of Man shooktheoretical basic of traditional faith. Utilitarianism was widelyaccepted and practiced . In this period, the novel became the mostwidely read and the most vital and challenging experiences ofprogress thought4 Famous novelists like Charles Dickens , William MakepeaceThackery, Charlotte Bronte , Emily Bronte, Mrs. Gaskell and Anthony Trollope.5 Victorian literature has the high-spirted vitality, thedown-to-earth earnestness , the good-natured humor and unbounded imagination are all unprecedented短消息发送邮件报告帖子引用回复返回顶部自烤成柴Nothing Can Be Everything会员等级: 超级版主发帖数量: 4,090精华数量: 2所持现金: 19271巴士币银行状态:正常用户积分: 16来自: 注册日期: 2006-02-06# 8 2006-02-16 13:58Charles Dickens1 Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writers of theVictorian Age2 In language, he is often compared with Shakespeare for hisadeptness with the vernacular and large vocabulary with which he brings out many a wonderful verbal picture of man and scene.3 His humor and wit seem inexhaustible, character- portrayal is the most distinguished feature of his work.4His best-depicted characters, are those innocent , virtuous ,persecuted helpless child characters.5Dickens work are also characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos. He seems to believe that life is itself a mixture of joy and grief.The Bronte sistersCharlotte Bronte1Masterpiece: Jane Eyre2Jane Eyre is one of the most popular and important novels of theVictorian Age. It is noted to its sharp criticism of the existingsociety, e.g the religious hypocrisy of charity institution such asLowood School, where poor girls are treated constant starvation andhumiliation, to be humble slave, the social discrimination . Jane experiences first as a dependant at her aunt’s house and later as agoverness at Thornfield and the false social convention asconcerning love and marriage. At the same time, it is an intensemoral fable, Jane, like Mr. Rochester, has to undergo a series ofphysical and moral tests to grow up and achieve her final happiness3The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to theEnglish novel the first governess heroine, Jane Eyre, and orphanchild with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved, apoor, plain, little governess who dares to love his master, a mansuperior to her in many ways , and even is brave enough to declareto the man her love for him, cuts a completely new woman images. She represents those middle-class working woman who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being.That vivid description of her intense feeling and her thought andinner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.Emily Bronte1 Masterpiece: Wuthering Heights2 The novel is a riddle of view, it is a story about a poor manabused, betrayed and distorted by his social betters, because he isa poor nobody. As a love story, this is one of the most misery: thepassion between Heathcliff and Cathrine proves the most intense, the most beautiful and at the same time, the most horrible passion areto be found in human being.短消息发送邮件报告帖子引用回复返回顶部自烤成柴Nothing Can Be Everything会员等级: 超级版主发帖数量: 4,090精华数量: 2所持现金: 19271巴士币银行状态:正常用户积分: 16来自: 注册日期: 2006-02-06# 9 2006-02-16 13:59Alfred Tennyson1. His poetry voices the doubt and the faith, the grief and thejoy of English people in an age of fast social change.2. In 1850, Tennyson was appointed the poet laureate.3. Tennyson is a real artist. He has the natural power oflinking visual picture with musical expression, and these two with the feelings.4. His wonderful works manifest all the qualities of England’s great poets.The dreaminess of Spencer, the majesty of Milton, the naturalsimplicity of Wordsworth, the fantasy of Blake and Coleridge, the melody of Keats and Shelley, and the narrative vigor of Scott and Byron.Robert Browning1He is the most original poet of the time.Masterpiece: The ring and the Book2Dramatic MonologueA kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listens whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker’s life, and the dramaticmonologue reads the speaker’s personality as well as the incid ent that is the subject of the poem, an experience of a dramatic monologue is “My Last Duchess” by Robert Browning.3“My Last Duchess” : this dramatic monologue is the duke’s speech addressed to the agent who comes to negociate the marriage. In this talk about “Last Duchess” the duck reveals himself as aself-conceited , cruel and tyrannical man. The poem is written isheroic couplet, but with no regular metrical system. In reding, itsounds like bland verse.George Eliot1 Three great popular novel, Adam Bede, The Millon the Floss and Silus Mane. Her mind is always active, instinctively analyzing and generalizing to discuss the fundamental truth about human life. In her works, she seeks to present the inner struggle of a soul and toreveal the motives, impulses and hereditary influences which govern human action.2 As a woman of exceptional, intelligence and life experience,George shows a particular and social aspiration. In her mind, thepathetic tragedy of women lies in their very birth. Their inferioreducation and limited social life determine that they must depend on men for sustenance and realization of their goals, and they haveonly to fulfill the domestic duties expected of them by the society. Tomas Hardy1 real success in literature came with “Under Greenwood”major works: Tess of the D’Urbevilles , Jude the Obscurelong epic grama: The Dynasts2 He is both a naturalistic and a critical realistic writer.3 Hardy’s heroes and heroines are all vividly and realisticallydepicted. They all seem to possess a kind of exquisitely sensuousbeauty. They are not only individual cases but also of universaltruth. Their plight is not just their own; it applies to any one,any age. And finally, all the works of Hardy are noted for therustic dialect and a poetic flavor which fits well into theirperfectly designed architectural structures. They are the product of a conscientious artist.短消息发送邮件报告帖子引用回复返回顶部自烤成柴。

标题：英美文学精华笔记（第一章）一．文艺复兴时期：The Renaissance: marks a translation from t he medieval, means rebirth or revival ,is a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient of Roman and Greek culture .本质上：in essence, is a historical period in whicha. the Europe thinker and scholars try to get rid of the old feud alist[封建主张] in medieval Europeb. to empress the interest of the bourgeoisiec. and to recover purity of the early church1．意大利兴起(14th----mid-17th)2.人文主义humanism:a. The essence of the Renaissanceb. From: It started with the effort of restoring a medieval revere nce for the antique authorc. T Frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissanced. The reason: Greek and Roman people believe that man is the measure of all thingse. Conception: emphasizing[强调] the dignity[高贵] of the huma n beings and importance of the present lifef. Beliefs: man didn’t have right to the beauty of this life but c ould perfect himself and perform wonders3.文艺复兴文学渊源4。