中国传统文化翻译期末复习资料

一、刺绣(embroidery)是一种具有优秀传统的民间艺术，在中国艺术和手工艺品史上占有重要地位。

刺绣的长期发展离不开蚕的思想和纺丝技术的发展。

中国是世界上第一个发现和使用丝绸的国家。

早在5000年前，中国就已经开始饲养蚕。

丝线和丝织品的生产促进了刺绣艺术的诞生。

时至今日，丝绣几乎已经传遍整个中国。

最好的绣品通常被认为来源于下面四省：江苏（尤其是苏州）、湖南、四川和广东，各省绣品各具特色。

Embroidery, a folk art with a long tradition, occupies an important position in the history of Chinese arts and crafts. It is, in its long development, inseparable from silkworm-raising and silk-reeling and weaving. China is the first country in the world that discovered the use of silk. Silkworms were domesticated as early as 5000 years ago. The production of silk thread and fabrics gave rise to the art of embroidery. Today, silk embroidery is practised nearly all over China. It is generally agreed that the best commercial products come from four provinces: Jiangsu (notably Suzhou), Hunan, Sichuan and Guangdong, each with its ditinctive features.二、香港坐落在中国南端的一个弹丸小岛上。

Chapter 1 A General Introduction to Chinese CultureWords and Expressions:the descendants of Yan and Huang 炎黄子孙porcelain 瓷器The appellation of ChinaChinese history began with two legendary figures—Emperor Huang and Emperor Yan, who, together with their tribes, inhabited the drainage area along the middle reaches（中游）of the Yellow River. By the time of Xia Dynasty, after centuries of living side by side, these two tribes had gradually merged into（合并，融合）one. Consequently, the Chinese people usually call themselves “the descendants of Yan and Huang”.People at that time believed that the land they lived on was the center of the world, and called their state the "Middle Kingdom"(中国), thus giving China its country name.China is the appellation of our country given by foreigners. The porcelain china is the transliteration of the place name Changnan(昌南), which was the old name for Jingdezhen（景德镇）. The porcelain made in Changnan was smooth and bright, and earned another name of artificial jade. It became famous both home and abroad and was exported to Europe in large quantities.In Europe, people regarded Changnan porcelain as something precious and delicate and would take pride in possessing one. As time passed, people in Europe forgot the meaning of Changnan and switched the original meaning of porcelain of the word “china” to the place of its origin.Chapter 2 Chinese Philosophy and ReligionPart 1 Chinese Thoughts and PhilosophyWords and Expressions:Confucianism 儒家Taoism 道家The Analects 《论语》benevolence 仁慈，善行ritual礼制，仪式，惯例filial piety 孝，孝心The Development of Ancient Chinese PhilosophyThe philosophy in Pre-Qin times (先秦子学)The orthodox philosophy during the Han Dynasty (两汉经学)Metaphysics during the Wei and Jin dynasties (魏晋玄学)The buddhist philosophy during the Sui and Tang dynasties (隋唐佛学)Neo-confucianism in Song and Ming dynasties (宋明理学)Application philosophy in the Ming and Qing dynasties (明清实学)The philosophy in Pre-Qin times (先秦子学)The philosophy in Pre-Qin times was marked by the emergence of various ancient philosophical views.The most influential schools were Confucianism (儒家), Taoism (道家), Mohism (墨家) and Legalism (法家)1.ConfucianismConfucianism is a school of thought represented by Confucius and Mencius. Confucianism has influenced the Chinese for thousands of years and is deeply rooted in Chinese culture. It is an integration of intellectual, political, and religious tradition with the focus on the individual morality and ethics in daily life and the proper exercise of political power.Who is Confucius?Family name: Kong; Given name: Qiu; courtesy name: ZhongniHe is a great thinker, an educator, a statesman, a philosopher, the founder of the Confucian school and Confucianism.The landmark of Confucianism is the Analects, which was written by his disciples after his death. The core of Confucius’s philosophy are the concepts ofRen (benevolence)Ren(仁): Confucius defines it as “Airen”(爱人），that is , to love others.The Chinese character “仁”（benevolence) consists of “a person （人）” on the left and “two(二)” on the right indicating the relationship between people.Li (ritual)Li （ritual-礼）refers to the rules of human conduct and moral norms such as politeness, courtesy, propriety, proper etiquette and good manners ranging from speech and behavior to the performance of rituals which are usually codified and treated as an all-embracing system of socialnorms.Xiao (filial piety)Xiao(孝）refers to the filial piety, which was regarded as one of the greatest of virtues in Chinese tradition, denoting the respect and obedience that the children should show to their parents. Zhong (loyalty)Zhong(loyalty-忠）is a great virtue, which emphasizes the obligations and duties to the superior, to friends, family, and spouse.2. TaoismFounded by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, the school advocates the doctrine that the Dao is the course, the principle, the substance, and the standard of all things, to which all of them must conform. Based on the work of Dao De Jing, Taoism promotes the belief that a person should live a simple life, not to strive for wealth, fame or power, which will only give one worries and trouble. The school favours the political principle of “achieving good government through non-action”(无为而治)3. MohismBase on the teaching of Mozi, the school cherishes universal love which states that if all the people in the world loved one another, there will be no hatred, calamities, and hostilities.In politics and ethics, Mohism proposes honoring virtuous people, opposing fatalism (宿命论) and aggressive wars, and upholding thriftiness(节俭).4. LegalismLegalism, begun by Hanfeizi, espouses (主张) laying down laws to unify the thought of people, promoting agriculture to achieve affluence (富裕), waging (进行) wars to gain strength and power, and establishing a system of bureaucracy (官僚制度).The orthodox philosophy during the Han Dynasty (两汉经学)In the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wudi instituted the campaign of “banning all schools of thought except Confucianism(罢黜百家，独尊儒术)”. He chose officials from those who were steeped in Confucianism only. Consequently, Confucianism became an orthodox school that served as the ideological foundation of the feudal rule throughout the dynasties in China.Traditional Chinese ethicsTraditional Chinese ethics includes both good and bad elements. Some reflect the high standard ofmoral pursuit of the Chinese people, while others seem less relevant in modern society. For example, the three obediences and four virtues (三从四德) and the three basic rules and five constant virtues (三纲五常) have long been abandoned by the Chinese people.The traditional ideal of a woman is that she is a dependant being whose behavior is governed by “three obediences” (to father before marriage, to husband after marriage, and to son after becoming a widow: 未嫁从父, 既嫁从夫, 夫死从子) and four “virtues” (morality, proper speech, modest manner, and diligence: 品德、言语、仪态、女工).These were the social norms prescribed by feudal morality.The three basic rules: a king should rule over his subjects; a father, his son; a husband, his wife (君为臣纲、父为子纲、夫为妻纲).The five constant virtues: benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and fidelity (仁、义、礼、智、信).Part 2 Religions and BeliefsWords and Expressions:Heaven worship 祭天Ancestor worship 祭祖Confucianism 儒教The Confucian Temple 孔庙Taoism 道教The Five Elements 五行Buddhism 佛教Buddha 佛像，佛祖，佛陀nirvana涅槃Heaven worshipThe heaven worship was the bureaucratic(官僚的) belief system adopted by most dynasties of China until the overthrow(推翻) of the Qing Dynasty.Heaven was believed to manifest itself through the powers of the weather and natural disasters. Heaven was seen as a judge of humans.The emperors are Sons of Heaven(天子), and their power are authorized by heaven. Such beliefs actually consolidated(巩固) the authority of the Emperor.Ancestor worshipChinese worship of ancestors dates back to the prehistory. Chinese culture, Confucianism, and Chinese Buddhism all value filial piety as a top virtue, and the act is a continued display of piety and respect towards departed ancestors.Confucianism儒教Confucianism is not a real religion, it is just an ethical(伦理道德的) and philosophical system, which developed from Confucius’ thoughts and later was treated as a kind of belief to educate common people(教化大众).The Taoist ReligionA General Introduction of TaoismTaoism is the indigenous (土生土长的) religion in China.The Taoist religion evolved out of witchcraft (巫术), necromancy（方术) and self-cultivation techniques. Its highest belief is called “Dao”, its bible is called “Dao De Jing”. It had great impact on the thinking of the Chinese people, as well as on the political, economic and cultural life of the country.BeliefsYin-yang TheoryYin-yang are opposing, Yin-yang are mutually rooted, Yin-yang mutually transform, Yin-yang mutually wax and waneThe Five Elements/Wuxing“五行”The relationship between the five elements:The Generating CycleWood feeds Fire; Fire creates Earth; Earth bears Metal; Metal carries Water; Water nourishes Wood.The Overcoming CycleWood parts Earth; Earth absorbs Water; Water quenches Fire; Fire melts Metal; Metal chops Wood.BuddhismBuddhism is the most important religion in China. It is generally believed that it was spread to China in 67 AD during the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220) from Hotan（和田）in Xinjiang to Central China. During its development in China, it has a profound （深远的）influence on traditionalChinese culture and thoughts, and has become one of the most important religions in China at that time.Its Deity is Sakyamuni(释迦牟尼);Its doctrine is based on transmigration(轮回).What is the fundamental cause of all suffering?Desire!What did the Buddha teach?The doctrine of Four Noble Truths (四谛)⏹life is suffering,⏹the cause of suffering is desire,⏹the answer is to quench (抑制) desire,⏹the way to this end is to follow the Eight-Fold Path (八正道).What do Buddhists believe?Nirvana is a peaceful, detached state of mind.Achieving Nirvana means escape from the cycle of rebirth.Buddhism in China has developed into three sections, namely the Han, Tibetan and Southern Buddhism.Chapter 3 Chinese Characters, Calligraphy and PaintingWords and Expressions:Chinese Characters 汉字calligraphy书法calligrapher书法家Oracle bone script甲骨文The regular Script 楷书Four Treasures of the Study 文房四宝brush 毛笔ink stick 墨ink stone 砚台The origin of the Chinese characters1.Keep records by tying knots (结绳说）2.The Eight Diagrams (八卦说)3.Cang Jie created the characters(仓颉造字说)The evolution of Chinese characters font(汉字的字体演变)Oracle bone scriptIt refers to incised(雕刻的) ancient Chinese characters found on oracle bones, which are animal bones or turtle shells used in divination(预言) in ancient China.Bronze ware script金文It refers to characters found engraved on bronze vessels, utensils, weapons etc.The Seal Characters (篆书)Soft lines of strokes and upright rectangular shape keep the seal form characters more close to pictography (象形文字). Each of the characters has a balanced and symmetrical (对称的) pattern. The Official Script(隶书)It was the turning point in the evolution of Chinese scripts and is the foundation of the later script forms. It turned the remaining curved and round strokes of the seal form into linear (直线的) and flat square (扁方形) shapes.The regular Script (楷书)It is still today’s standard writing. It is square in form, and non-cursive in strokes.The running Script (行书)The running form is somewhere between the regular and the cursive forms allowing simpler and faster writing.The Cursive/Grass Character(草书)This style of calligraphy is smooth and lively with strokes flowing and characters linking together.The characters are often joined, with the last stroke of one merging into the initial stroke of the next. It is executed freely and rapidly so that parts of the characters appear exaggerated (夸张的).CalligraphyPlaying musical instruments, playing chess, calligraphy and painting were considered as the four essential skills for a learned scholar.The Chinese saying “The handwriting reveals the person” (字如其人), is directly related to calligraphy.Four Treasures of the Study 文房四宝brush毛笔ink stick墨paper 纸ink stone砚Famous Chinese Calligraphers in HistoryWang Xizhi —the sage of Chinese calligraphyZhang Xu (张旭）——the “sage of the cursive hand””草圣”Yan Zhenqing——the four greatest masters of Regular script.Liu Gongquan——a master of Regular Script and Running-cursive(行草)PaintingPaintingChinese Traditional Painting refers to ink - wash painting (水墨画) .Traditional Chinese paintings are not “purely” paintings. They combine fine art, poetry, calligraphy, and seal engraving to achieve an artistic unison (一致). Human figures, landscapes, flowers, birds, and pavilions are the most important themes of traditional Chinese painting.The classification of Chinese paintingAccording to subject matterFigure paintingLandscape paintingBird-and-flower paintingAccording to the techniqueThe xie yi schoolThe gong bi schoolChapter 4 LiteratureWords and ExpressionsCelestial Poet (诗仙)Saint Poet (诗圣)Romance of the Three Kingdoms 《三国演义》Water Margin《水浒传》Journey to the West《西游记》Dream of the Red Mansions《红楼梦》The Tang PoemThe Tang Dynasty saw the continued development of Chinese poetry. The Complete Anthology of Tang Poems (《全唐诗》), edited in the early Qing Dynasty, is the biggest-ever collection of Chinese poetry. It contains 48,977 poems by 2,208 poets who wrote in different styles.The development of poetry in the Tang Dynasty can be classified into four stages, namely Early Tang, High Tang, Mid Tang, and Late Tang (初唐，盛唐，中唐，晚唐）Early TangThe Four Literary Eminences(初唐四杰)Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Luo Binwang, and Lu ZhaolinHigh TangA whole generation of literary giants appeared during the High Tang period when society enjoyed prosperity and stability. Li Bai and Du Fu are regarded as the twin master poets of the Tang Dynasty.Li Bai, the “Celestial Poet (诗仙)”, has long been regarded the greatest romantic poet in Chinese literature. In his poems, imagination, exaggeration, diction and sonorous rhythms are blended effortlessly.Du Fu, the “Saint Poet (诗圣)”, has been considered as the greatest realistic poet in Chinese literature. A mirror of the times, his poems faithfully and profoundly reflect the social realities of Tang Dynasty in decline, like a poetic historical account. Because he reached perfection in developing a depressing literary style, his works have been considered as the classics of realism. The other poets in this period can be grouped into two categories: frontier poets (边塞诗人）represented by Gao Shi and Cen Shen, and pastoral poets (田园诗人）represented by Meng Haoran and Wang Wei.Mid-TangThe outstanding poet Bai Juyi succeeded Du Fu with poems reflecting the reality of society.Late TangWith the deterioration of the government in the late Tang Dynasty, the poems reflected, more and more, the hopeless and helpless feelings of the people. Poets turned to the theme of nostalgia (怀旧) for the former splendor (辉煌)of old times. The most talented of these were Li Shangyin and Du Mu, who were often called “Young Li Bai and Du Fu”.Fiction in the Ming and Qing DynastyIn the Song Dynasty, huaben (话本), the earliest novels written in colloquial language started to appear. By the Ming and Qing dynasties, novels grew rapidly as a lively and free literary form. The language of the novels was simple, easy to understand, and welcomed by the public.Four famous Chinese classical novelsRomance of the Three Kingdoms 《三国演义》Water Margin《水浒传》Journey to the West《西游记》Dream of the Red Mansions《红楼梦》Winner of the Noble Prize in Literature, Mo YanOn 11 October 2012, the Swedish Academy announced that Mo Yan had received the Nobel Prize in Literature for his work . Aged 57 at the time of the announcement, he was the 109th recipient of the award and the first ever resident of mainland China to receive it .Mo Yan has written 11 novels, and several novellas and short story collections.《红高粱家族》Red Sorghum, 《天堂蒜薹之歌》The Garlic Ballads, 《十三步》Thirteen Step,《食草家族》The Herbivorous Family, 《丰乳肥臀》Big Breasts and Wide Hips, 《酒国》The Republic of Wine: A Novel,《红树林》Red Forest, 《檀香刑》Sandalwood Death, 《生死疲劳》Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out, 《四十一炮》Pow!, 《蛙》FrogChapter 5 EducationWords and ExpressionsPrivate Schools私塾Official Schools官学the Four Books and the Five Classics四书五经Imperial Examination 科举Nine-year Compulsory Education 九年制义务教育V ocational Education 职业教育College Entrance Examination 高考Bachelor’s degree学士学位Master’s degree 硕士学位Doctor’s degree 博士学位Confucius Institute孔子学院Private SchoolsA private school refers to a school set up by a family, clan, or teacher that generally had just one teacher who gave individual tuition, and that had no set textbooks and no specified time span of study.In the Spring and Autumn Period, private schools prevailed and many scholars of different schoolsof thought spread their teaching in this way. Among them, the private school run by Confucius was the largest and most influential.Confucius’ private school:3000ciples(弟子); 72 virtuous and talented studentsConfucius’ educational ideas:“Education should be for all, irrespective of their social status.”（有教无类）“Six arts”: ritual, music, archery, chariot-riding, writing, and arithmetic.（六艺：礼、乐、射、御、书、数）Official SchoolsOfficial schools began during the Western Zhou Dynasty, and were sponsored by the official constitution called Xiangxue .Only children of nobles were admitted.The teaching materials were centered on the Four Books and the Five Classics(四书五经). Imperial Examination System (科举)Imperial Examination System in China began in the Sui Dynasty and lasted more than 1,300 years until the last examination was held during the Qing Dynasty.It was conducted at two levels: xiangshi(乡试) and huishi(会试)During the Ming and Qing Dynasty, the examination was designed to select jinshi(进士). It featured writing ,which involved the writing of an Eight-part Essay(八股文).After the Opium War in 1840 with the spread of the Western ideology and technology in China , it was under attack by people. It was abolished in 1905.Nine-year Compulsory EducationThe law of compulsory education came into effect on July 1, 1986, requiring each child to have nine years of formal education.China’s Nine-year Compulsory Education is composed of two parts: six-years in primary school and three-years in junior high school.In 1989, China launched two ambitious projects: Project Hope (希望工程) and the Spring Bud Project (春蕾计划) These two projects have helped children, especially girls, in poor areas to attend schools.The National College Entrance Examination is an academic examination held annually in China aimed to select high-school graduates for college admissions.Higher EducationMore than two thousand universities, colleges, and institutes in China offer four or five-year programs. Students who have earned Bachelor of Arts or Science degrees may apply for Master of Arts or Science programs and then three-year Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) programs. Confucius InstituteConfucius Institute is not a general sense of the university, but the promotion and dissemination （传播）of Chinese culture and Chinese language education.Chapter 6 Dress and Adornment CultureWords and Expressionsattire/ costume/trappings 服装、服饰The Silk Road 丝绸之路The Maritime Silk Road海上丝绸之路embroidery/im‘brɔidəri /刺绣;刺绣品Li Brocade 黎锦The Intangible Cultural Heritage 非物质文化遗产China has many ethnic groups with a long history. For thousands of years, generations of clothing designers have devoted themselves to building the Kingdom of Clothes, making the garments that cover the human body into an important component of Chinese culture.Cheong-sam(Qi Pao)Cheong-sam came from Qizhuang of manchu women’s costume. The cheongsam is easy and comfortable to wear, snugly fitting the female Chinese figure. Its neckline is high, collar closed, and its sleeves may be short, medium or full length, depending on the season or the wearer’s taste. The dress is buttoned on the right side, with a loose bodice, a fitted waist, and side-slits to the hem, all of which combine to set off the beauty of the female’s figure.Chinese tunic suit (Zhongshan suit /Mao suit)The modern Chinese tunic suit is a style of male attire known in China as the Zhongshan suit, and known in the West as the Mao suit (after Mao Zedong). Sun Zhongshan introduced the style shortly after the founding of the Republic of China as a form of national dress although with a distinctly political and later governmental implication.Tang CostumesA tang costumes (literally: "Chinese suit" ) is a Chinese jacket that originated at the end of the Qing Dynasty. The tangzhuang evolved from the magua (Chinese: 马褂), which the Han Chinese were forced to wear it during the Qing Dynasty. In modern times it has been adopted by common people. They are often worn by men, although women wear them as well.In Chinese communities, the Zhongshan suit, the western suit, and the Tang suit are the main forms of formal dress for men on many occasions.The Silk RoadThe Silk Road refers to the ancient trade route connecting Asia Continent and European Continent, usually it can be classified into Northern Silk Road on the land, and the Maritime Silk Road. Embroidery (刺绣)Embroidery is a traditional Chinese handicraft featuring flowers, birds and scenery on silk or other cloth in colored silk threads. Chinese embroidery dates back over 3,000 years. It has distinct regional and ethnic characteristics.Embroidery in China includes:Shu Embroidery (蜀绣) from Sichuan,Su Embroidery (苏绣) from SuzhouSu embroidery enjoys a good reputation of the first of the Top-four embroidery in China.Xiang Embroidery (湘绣) from HunanYue Embroidery (粤绣) from Guangdong.Li BrocadeAcclaimed as a "living fossil" of Chinese textiles, the Li-style brocade was chosen in the first batch of items for the Intangible Cultural Heritage list released by UNESCO in 2009. The Li brocade has been part of China's national cultural heritage, but as few people nowadays have the skills necessary to weave the special brocades, the practice is in danger of becoming extinct.Chapter 7 Part 1Food CultureWords and Expressionsfoodie 吃货culinary厨房的，烹饪的;烹调用的cuisine烹饪，烹调法;菜肴main food主食,主粮（staple food ）aroma芳香，香味seasonings调味品、调料A general introduction of Chinese foodChinese cuisine(菜肴)is widely seen as representing one of the richest and most diverseculinary(烹饪的) cuisines and heritages in the world.A meal in Chinese culture is typically seen as consisting of two or more general components: Zhushi (main food)---typically rice, noodles, or mantou (steamed bun), and accompanying dishes of vegetables, meat, fish, or other items, known as cai (dish) in the Chinese language. This cultural conceptualization is in some ways in contrast to cuisines of Northern Europe and the USA, where meat or animal protein(蛋白质) is often considered the main food(主食).Chinese cuisine is a complete presence of color, aroma(芳香，香味) and taste. (色香味俱全)In China, we have eight branches of cuisine.Shandong Cuisine山东菜系(鲁菜)Guangdong Cuisine广东菜系(粤菜)Sichuan Cuisine四川菜系(川菜)Hunan Cuisine湖南菜系(湘菜)Jiangsu Cuisine淮扬菜系(苏菜)Zhejiang Cuisine浙江菜系(浙菜)Fujian Cuisine福建菜系(闽菜)Anhui Cuisine安徽菜系(徽菜)Hainan CuisineHainan is noted for its "Four Best Known Dishes" -- Wenchang Chicken, Jiaji Duck, Dongshan Mutton东山羊and Hele Crab和乐蟹.Chapter 7 Part 2 Tea and Wine CultureA Brief Introduction to Tea CultureTea (茶) commonly denotes the drink made from steeping(浸泡）the processed leaves, buds（芽）, or twigs of the tea bush (茶树) in water.On both casual and formal Chinese occasions, tea is consumed regularly. In addition to being a drink, Chinese tea is used in Traditional Chinese medicine and in Chinese cuisine.It is universally acknowledged that China is the original tea-growing area, as well as the firstcountry to grow, produce and drink tea.At the end of the sixteenth century, the Dutch(荷兰人) brought word to Europe that there was a kind of magic leaf in the east, from which tasty drinks could be made, and this was the first time that Europeans heard of tea.In 1610, the East India Company(东印度公司) was the first to sell tea to Europe, after which the habit of drinking tea took root there. Britain is famous for its tea drinking.The Classifications of Chinese TeaGreen tea绿茶Black tea红茶Oolong tea乌龙茶Yellow tea黄茶White tea 白茶Scented tea花茶Compressed tea砖茶Unique customs of taking tea in different regions:Guangdong Morning teaFujian Kongfu teaSichuan “Covered-bowl tea”Tibetan Buttered tea(酥油茶)Inner Mongolia Milk teaHainan Laoba TeaHainan Laoba Tea“Laoba tea”(Laoba means father) is a special scene in Haikou, a pot of tea with some snacks, people sit around an old table,for killing time and strengthening the relationship with theirs friends, it hasn’t the limitation of time or place. Most of places of traditional Laoba tea are barely furnished, the prices of food and tea there are cheap. The teahouse of Laoba tea is a little world of society, a mirror of the traditional life in Hainan.The Functions of Offering TeaTo show respectTo apologizeTo express thanks to the elders on one’s wedding dayTea EtiquetteServing a cup of tea is more than mere politeness.When offered tea, it is considered polite to at least take a sip.When you pour tea, the rule of “full cup for wine and half cup for tea”should be observed. Chinese Wine CultureThe Origin of Chinese WineChinese wine, as a special form of culture, has a history of more than five thousand years . Chinese wine making can be traced back as far as 4000 BC, to the early period of the Neolithic Yangshao Culture (新石器时代的仰韶文化). During its long development, Chinese wine has developed distinctive characteristics.Types of Chinese WineHuangjiu (yellow rice wine)Huangjiu is one of three dominated brewed wines (beer and grape wine) in the world. Huang Jiu predates all the other liquors, with a history of several thousand years. Among these liquors the Shaoxing Rice Wine is the most famous.Baijiu(white wine)Being made from sorghum, corn, barley or wheatFruit WineFermented alcoholic beverages made from a variety of base ingredients (other than grapes); May also have additional flavors taken from fruits, flowers, and herbs.Red WineA type of wine made from dark-coloured (black) grape varieties. The actual colour of the wine can range from intense violet, typical of young wines, through to brick red for mature wines and brown for older red wines.BeerToast etiquetteChinese Drinking Etiquette(礼仪)The Chinese people care more about the people we drink with.That is Chinese drinking etiquette reflects the respect of the drinkersThe host and guests have their own seat and order of toast(敬酒顺序)When toast,the host come first,and firstly,they should toast the most honored guest.The wine vessel must be full.The younger should toast the elder and drink all of the wine.(先干为敬)Western Drinking EtiquetteThe drinking etiquette of west show the respect of wine.To distinguish wine we need to watch its color, smell its fragrance, taste its taste(观其色、闻其香、品其味). They drink for enjoying, so sometimes they drink themselves. They do not encourage others to drink, neither do they consider letting other drunk is a way to show their etiquette.Chapter 4 Traditional Festivals and CustomsWords and ExpressionsLegal holiday/ official holiday 法定节假日Solar calendar阳历Lunar calendar 阴历/ Agricultural calendar 农历Spring Festival （春节）Lantern Festival (元宵节）Tomb-sweeping Festival/ Qing Ming Festival (清明节）Dragon Boat Festival（端午节）Mid-autumn Festival （中秋节）Double Ninth Festival （重阳节）Intangible Cultural Heritage非物质文化遗产Spring Festival （春节）China’s most important festival falls on the 1st day of the 1st lunar month each year. Family members gather just as they do for Christmas in the West.CustomsSpring CleaningWrite and paste couplets(对联) on doorsSet off fireworksReceive Gift MoneyGreet each otherLantern Festival (元宵节）The Lantern Festival, celebrated on the 15th day of the first lunar month, is closely related to the Spring Festival. It marks the end of the New Year celebrations, following which life returns to normal. The most prominent activity of the Lantern Festival is the grand display of beautiful。

中国文化翻译_河南理工大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.What is《论语》translated as in English?答案:The Analects of Confucius2.What does “A married daughter is like split water” mean?答案:The daughter doesn’t belong to her family of origin.3.In China, when people move into a new house, they are likely to hold a________.答案:house-warming wine party4.Which one is the translation of “鱼香肉丝”?答案:Shredded pork with garlic sauce5.Which of the following has equivalent meaning to “a donkey in a lion’s hide”?答案:狐假虎威6.Avenue, Ring Road and Expressway mean_____, _____ ,____ respectively.答案:大道，环路，高速路7.Which one is the translation of “小寒”?答案:Slight Cold8.What is the English version of “糖醋鲤鱼” ?答案:sweet and sour carp9.In the sentence, “When the truck driver felt sleepy, he stopped by the side ofthe road to catch forty winks.”, the number “forty” shows ______ of numbers.答案:fuzziness10.In Chinese culture, what does “三伏” mean?答案:the hottest days in summer11. A well-known character in Lu Xun’s work “豆腐西施” is translated into“Beancurd Xi Shi (Xi Shi, a famous beauty in Chinese ancient times)”. What method is used? .答案:transliteration adding notes12.In Chinese philo sophy, “阴”refers to the __________ principle while “阳” refersto the _________ principle.答案:female, male13._____________ means to translate the source language text into target languageby following its literal meaning and structure.答案:Literal translation14.“昙花一现”can be translated into _____________________.答案:a flash in a pan15.“All roads lead to Rome.” When it is translated into“条条大路通罗马”, themethod used is ____________.答案:foreignization16.In Chinese, the moral of “狗” is generally ___________.答案:derogatory17.Who first found tea in China?答案:Shen Nong18.Which one is not “三书”？答案:Bribe letter19.In the solar term “惊蛰”, what does “蛰” mean?答案:Hiding20.“世外桃源” can be translated into the following versions except______.答案:heaven21.In a scenic spot, you meet a sign “前路段弯急路窄，请各位游客限速行驶，注意安全” with English version “The Road Segment Bent Nasty Road Ago Narrow, Asking Each Visito r Limits Soon, Drive, Notice a Safety.” Whatproblems does exist in this translation?答案:All the other three are right analysis.22.Which of the following idioms means “a weak part of someone’s character”?答案:Achilles’ Heel23.陇西二路in English should be ________.答案:Longxi Road (No.2)24.Which of the following Chinese idiom is not made up of two parts with thesame or similar meanings?答案:雪中送炭25.Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang(戴乃迭) translate 《红楼梦》as______.答案:A Dream of Red Mansions26.The Chinese verse “岐王宅里寻常见，崔九堂前几度闻” has been translatedas “How oft in princely mansions did we meet! As oft in lordly halls I heard you sing”, in which we can’t find“Prince Qi” and “Lord Cui” . So the vacant specific information need to be completed.答案:错误27.《论语》is translated as The Analects in English.答案:正确28.The idea of having "five tastes in harmony " reflects Chinese people's pursuitof flavor and their cuisine philosophy.答案:正确29.If “青梅竹马” is literally translated into “Green plums and a bamboohorse” , foreigners can understand its implication easily.答案:错误30."桃花“ in "桃花运“ and "人面桃花“ can be both literally translated into "peachblossom".答案:错误。

传统文化翻译重点梳理1.宰夫和之，齐之以味，济其不及，以泄其过。

厨师调和它们，使各种味道均衡适中，增添它不能达到的味道，并减少它过多的味道。

2.君臣亦然。

君所谓可而有否焉，臣献其否以成其可。

君所谓否而有可焉，臣献其可以去其否。

君臣关系也是这样。

国君所说的适宜的事情如果有不正确的地方，臣子告诉您它不正确的地方来成就它适宜的地方。

您所说的不适宜的事情如果有适宜的地方，我告诉您它事宜的地方来去掉它不正确的地方。

3.是以政平而不干，民无争心。

因此政治太平没有违逆，百姓没有争斗的心思。

4.若以水济水，谁能食之？若琴瑟之专一，谁能听之？同之不可也如是。

如果用水调和水，谁能吃它？像琴瑟只弹一个音，谁能听下去?追求相同是不适宜的就像这样。

5.唯有德者能以宽服民，其次莫如猛。

夫火烈，民望而畏之，故鲜死焉。

水懦弱，民狎而玩之，则多死焉。

故宽难。

只有有德行的人能用宽厚来使百姓服从，其次不如从严。

火猛烈，百姓远远地看到就害怕它，所以很少有死于火的。

水柔弱，百姓喜欢亲近并且在水里面玩耍，就有很多人死在水利。

所以宽大执政很难。

6.政宽则民慢，慢则纠之以猛。

猛则民残，残则施之以宽。

施政宽大那么百姓怠慢，百姓怠慢就要从严纠正过来。

从严那么百姓就受到摧残，受到摧残那么就要用宽大的管理方法来实行。

7.宽以济猛；猛以济宽，政是以和。

用宽大的政策来帮助从严的政策，用从严的政策来帮助宽大的政策，政治因此和谐。

8.夫人朝夕退而游焉，以议执政之善否。

其所善者，吾则行之；其所恶者，吾则改之，是吾师也，若之何毁之？人们晚上干完活然后在这里聚集，来评议政事好坏。

他们觉得好的地方，我就做；他们觉得不好的地方，我就改掉它，他们是我的老师，像这样为什么要毁掉乡校呢？9.我闻忠善以损怨，不闻作威以防怨我听说尽心竭力做好事来减少怨恨的，没有听说利用威权滥施刑罚来防止怨恨的。

10.岂不遽止？然犹防川：大决所犯，伤人必多，吾不克救也；难道不能迅速制止这些言论吗？然而这样就像筑堤堵塞河流一样，河道决口造成的伤害，伤害的人一定很多，我不能挽救局面。

1。

元宵节：Lantern Festival2。

刺绣：Embroidery3。

重阳节：Double-Ninth Festival4。

清明节：Tomb sweeping day5。

剪纸：Paper Cutting6。

书法：Calligraphy7。

对联：（Spring Festival）Couplets8。

象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters 9。

雄黄酒：Realgar wine10。

四合院：Siheyuan/Quadrangle11。

战国：Warring States12。

风水：Fengshui/Geomantic Omen 13。

昆曲：Kunqu Opera14。

长城：The Great Wall15。

集体舞：Group Dance16。

黄土高原：Loess Plateau17。

红臼喜事：Weddings and Funerals 18。

中秋节：Mid-Autumn Day19。

花鼓戏：Flower Drum Song20。

儒家文化：Confucian Culture 21。

中国结：Chinese knotting22。

古装片：Costume Drama23。

武打片：Chinese Swordplay Movie24。

元宵：T angyuan/Sweet Rice Dumpling （Soup）25。

越剧：Yue Opera26。

火锅：Hot Pot27。

江南：South Regions of the Yangtze River28。

《诗经》：The Book of Songs29。

谜语：Riddle30。

《史记》：Historical Records/Records of the Grand Historian 31。

《红楼梦》：A Dream of Red Mansions32。

《西游记》：The Journey to the West33。

除夕：Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival34。

SummaryThe passage discusses Confucius9theory of cultivating one's behavior toward family and society. It begins with the introduction of historical background of his time — the Spring and Autumn Period. It experienced a dramatic change of social system and prolonged chaos and fighting. As a result, the cultural tradition inherited from ancient times was corrupted. Confucius wanted to restore the great tradition abandoned (抛弃)by people and established harmonious social relationships among people. To realize this, Confucius proposed self-cultivation with the starting point from feelings to parents. The feelings are nourished and cultivated into family reverence. The love for parents extends to other people as one begins to Love holistically. In other words, a human's feelings start with family reverence toward intimate people, and spread over all of humanity. This is the way of self-cultivation which begins with intimate feelings to and close relationship with family members, and then extends to others with universal love. The process of self-cultivation is the development into humaneness (ren) which is the central concept of Confucianism. Along with humaneness is another theme value --- ritual propriety. Important as it is, Confucius regards it as secondary because he considers sincere humane love is more significant than ritual propriety because in human communication, the most important factor is one's feelings toward others, while the form of this sentiment comes second.《论语》是儒家学派的经典著作(classics)之一，该书记录了(records)孔子及其弟子的言行，传授儒家的主要思想(central theme ):仁、义(righteousness) ＞礼、智，其中仁是儒家的核心价值观(kernel value)。

英语复习一，听力(儒家文化，京剧，四大发明考听力，其他听力自行复习)1，复习网络段落听力（10个）2，复习网络图片听力（5个）二，Ture or False（10个）1,三大国粹(Three national quintessence) 国画，京剧, 中医2,京剧里面脸谱(facebook)：红色代表忠诚(loyalty)，白色代表阴险(sinister) 3,三江并流是：金沙江（Jinsha River）澜沧江（Lancang River）怒江（Nujiang River）发源地：青藏高原(Tibet Plateau)的大江4,中国武术(Chinese Martial Arts)中最有影响力的是：少林功夫(Shaolin Kungfu) 5，王羲之代表作：《兰亭集序》（Lanting preface）6，活字印刷术发明人：毕昇(BiSheng)三，词义搭配（15个）仁：benevolence书画：calligraph and paint篆体：seal script行书：running script隶书：offical script楷书：regular script草书：cursive script总量：total volume资源总量：resource reservoir对称性：symmetry饮食特色：delicacy活字印刷：movable type printing半虚构：semi-fictional游牧民族： nomadic peoples气势宏伟：splendor三，阅读4篇网络阅读，1篇课外阅读(24节气，中国自然资源，饺子，布达拉宫) 四，翻译少林功夫(Shaolin Kungfu)五，从五个话题中选一个写作文京剧(Beijing opera)字画端午节(The Dragon Boat Feitial)三国演义(Romance of The Three Kingdoms)十二生肖(The Chinese Zodiac Animal Signs)。

她认为离开了办公大楼,离开了政工部门,就是离开了政治,就听不到那些闲言碎语了,谁知是离开了咸菜缸又跳进了萝卜窖.(jump out of the frying pan into the fire老子煎熬了小半辈子，还让老婆跟着受委屈．•I have endured hardships for nearly half of my life, and my wife has suffered all along with me…Note: The native speaker of English may think that he has not suffered for some time in his life. So, for nearly half of my life should be changed into for all my life, for 小半辈子actually means the time from the birth to the time that the words were said.我们要高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜，全面贯彻“三个代表”重要思想。

•We must hold high the banner of Deng Xiaoping theory and carry out the important thoughts of "Three Represents".Note: “三个代表” is a political term in contemporary China. We better translate literally first and then add an explanatory note: Three Represents, meaning the Party must always represent the requirements of the development of China's advanced productive forces, the orientation of the development of China's advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China. Otherwise it will be hard for foreign readers to understand.从这一学期开始，全省公办义务教育阶段全面推行“一费制”•As the new school term begins, Fujian launches"single all-inclusive fee system" in compulsory education.Note: “一费制”, the "single all-inclusive fee system" refers to the practice that the provincial government decides on total charges based on the checked tuition, book fee and incidental expenses. And the schools will collect the charges once for all and no more charging is allowed. At the post boards of schools, itemized accounts of the charges should be provided.•“吾恐季孙之忧，不在颛臾，而在萧墙之内也。

中国传统文化一、“传统节日”单词预热vocabulary work烹调cooking cuisine鱼肉满架well stocked with fish and meat象征意义symbolic significance农历lunar calendar阳历solar calendar端午节Dragon Boat Festival元宵节Lantern Festival清明节Pure Brightness Day重阳节Double Ninth Day放逐be exiled忠臣loyal minister糯米粽子glutinous rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves 祭祀亡灵in memory of sb.龙舟比赛dragon boat races中秋节Mid Autumn Festival满月full moon月饼moon cake蜜饯preserved fruits豆沙bean paste蛋黄egg yolk海鲜seafood家禽poultry饺子dumplings八宝饭eight treasure rice米羹rice balls油条fried sticks麻花fried twisted stick炒面Chaomian叉烧包steamed bun with roast pork粥porridge芋头taro葱油饼pan-fried cake with sesame seeds and green onion有关春节的常用词放鞭炮let off firecrackers耍龙灯play the dragon lantern耍狮子play the lion dance拜年pay a new-year callChinese to English：1. 玉器是光辉灿烂的中华民族历史文化宝库中一枝异彩独放的奇葩。

中国玉器在新石器时代的河姆渡文化时期就开始出现。

7000年来一直延续不断，发展至今。