人力资源英文文献翻译及参考文献-英语论文

关于人力资源管理的外文文献1. Human Resource Management Practices and Workforce Diversity: A ReviewThis article explores the relationship between human resource management (HRM) practices and workforce diversity. The authors review literature on HRM practices such as recruitment, selection, training and development, performance measurement, work design, and employee relations, to examine how these practices influence the success of workforce diversity. The article highlights the need for organizations to adopt effective HRM practices that support diversity and inclusion, in order to maximize the benefits of a diverse workforce.2. The Impact of Strategic Human Resource Management on Organizational PerformanceThis study analyzes the relationship between strategic human resource management (SHRM) practices and organizational performance. The authors examine the impact of SHRM practices such as recruitment and selection, training and development, performance management, and compensation and benefits, on key organizational outcomes such as employee retention, productivity, and profitability. The study concludesthat effective SHRM practices are positively associated with organizational performance, and that organizations need to prioritize HRM strategies that support their overall business objectives.3. Managing Human Resources in the Globalizing Economy: Challenges and OpportunitiesThis article explores the challenges and opportunities presented by the globalizing economy for human resource management. The authors examine how globalization has impacted HRM practices in areas such as recruitment and selection, training and development, compensation and benefits, and employee relations. The article also highlights the importance of cultural sensitivity in managing a diverse global workforce, and the need for HR professionals to adapt to changing business environments to effectively manage human resources.4. The Role of Human Resource Management in Corporate Social ResponsibilityThis study examines the role of HRM in promoting corporate social responsibility (CSR). The authors analyze the connection between CSR and HRM practices such as recruitment, selection, training anddevelopment, and employee relations, to determine how these practices can support and enhance CSR initiatives. The article emphasizes the need for HR professionals to align their practices with CSR goals in order to promote sustainable business practices and social responsibility.5. Employee Engagement and Retention: A Review of the LiteratureThis article reviews literature on the relationship between employee engagement and retention. The authors examine the factors that contribute to employee engagement, such as job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and leadership, and how these factors can impact employee retention. The article also highlights the importance of effective HRM practices in enhancing employee engagement and retention, and provides recommendations for organizations seeking to improve their retention rates through engagement-focused HRM strategies.。

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文献信息：文献标题：Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management（影响人力资源管理未来的挑战和机遇）国外作者：Dianna L. Stone，Diana L. Deadrick文献出处：《Human Resource Management Review》, 2015, 25(2):139-145 字数统计：英文3725单词，21193字符；中文6933汉字外文文献：Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of humanresource managementAbstract Today, the field of Human Resource Management (HR) is experiencing numerous pressures for change. Shifts in the economy, globalization, domestic diversity, and technology have created new demands for organizations, and propelled the field in some completely new directions. However, we believe that these challenges also create numerous opportunities for HR and organizations as a whole. Thus, the primary purposes of this article are to examine some of the challenges and opportunities that should influence the future of HR. We also consider implications for future research and practice in the field.Keywords: Future of human resource management, Globalization, Knowledge economy Diversity, Technology1.Change from a manufacturing to a service or knowledge economyOne of the major challenges influencing the future of HR processes is the change from a manufacturing to a service or knowledgebased economy. This new economy is characterized by a decline in manufacturing and a growth in service or knowledge as the core of the economic base. A service economy can be defined as a system based on buying and selling of services or providing something for others (OxfordDictionary, 2014a). A knowledge economy is referred to as the use of information or knowledge to generate tangible and intangible value (Business Dictionary, 2014a). Some economists argue that service activities are now dominating the economies of industrialized nations, and knowledge-intensive services or businesses are considered a subset of the overall service economy (Anderson & Corley, 2003).The rise of the knowledge economy has placed new demands on organizations and prompted changes in organizational goals and HR practices. Many of the traditional HR processes were designed during the industrial era, and thus focused largely on manufacturing organizations that were concerned with converting raw materials, components, and parts into finished goods that meet customers' expectations. However, many of the assumptions underlying those traditional HR processes may not be effective with the new service or knowledge organizations. For example, traditional HR practices assume that jobs should be narrowly defined, supervisors should control workers, and efficiency and short term results should be emphasized (Trice & Beyer, 1993). In contrast, knowledge organizations stress that employees' knowledge and skills have a major impact on organizational success, and employee retention is important because individuals' skills are not substitutable.Knowledge organizations also tend to design jobs broadly so as to encourage innovation, autonomy, continuous improvement, and participation in decision making. Given that individuals with unique skills and abilities are essential in knowledge organizations, the new job requirements have created a shortage and increased competition for talented workers in many fields (e.g., software engineering, nursing). Additionally, the change in the economy has resulted in the displacement and unemployment of people who do not have the skills needed for knowledge-oriented jobs (e.g., Bell, Berry, Marquardt, & Green, 2013; Karren & Sherman, 2012). These changes imply that nations need to alter their educational systems to meet job demands in new organizations (Gowan, 2012). The goals of knowledge organizations should continue to bring about changes in HR processes in the future (e.g., Schuler, Jackson, Jackofsky, & Slocum, 1996). For instance, it can be expected that HR practices will employ broad based recruiting to ensure that they uncover skilledapplicants, design jobs to emphasize autonomy and participation in decision-making, use team oriented structures to enhance collaboration and innovation, stress training and employee skill development, and provide incentives that foster employee identification, innovation, and retention. HR will need to shift its emphasis to employee retention, and meeting the varied needs of knowledge workers. Some of these new practices have already been implemented in organizations, but many organizations still use HR practices that do not support knowledge-oriented organizational goals. Future HR processes will need to be modified if knowledge organizations are to be successful. Research will also be needed to examine the effectiveness of these new practices.Although we considered the new knowledge economy as a challenge for HR in organizations, it can also be viewed as an opportunity for change. Given that the skills and abilities of knowledge workers are key to the success of new organizations, the transformation to a knowledge economy provides opportunities for the HR function to become a priority in organizations. As a result, we believe that HR will become more of a critical function in organizations, and the field should be viewed as more essential to the overall success of the organizations.2.Rise in globalizationA second factor calling for changes in HR processes is the rise in globalization. Globalization in this context refers to organizations that operate on a global or international scale (Oxford Dictionary, 2014b). Organizations operating in a global environment face a number of new challenges including differences in language and culture of employees, and variations in social, political and legal systems. Multinational corporations (MNCs) are large companies operating in several countries that are confronted with new questions, including how to create consistent HR practices in different locations, how to develop a coherent corporate culture, and how to prepare managers to work in a diverse cultural environment (Sparrow, 2007).Research on HR in the international context has focused on three approaches to understanding the issues that arise in global environments: international, comparative,and cross-cultural HR (Parry, Stavrou-Costea, & Morley, 2011). International approaches focus on HR strategies, systems, and practices in different socio-cultural contexts and different geographic territories (Parry et al., 2011). It also outlines the anatomy of MNCs, and considers the unique set of HR issues that occur in these contexts (Budhwar & Sparrow, 2002). Although researchers differ on the factors that affect HR practices in global environments, most agree that the following variables influence these systems: (a) contextual variables (such as the host country's legal system, cultural distance between host country and employees' country), (b) firm-specific variables (such as the stage of internationalization, type of industry, link between strategy and structure), and (c) situational variables (such as staff availability, need for control, locus of decision making) (e.g., Budhwar & Sparrow, 2002; Schuler, Dowling, & De Cieri, 1993; Welch,1994).Comparative HR explores the context, systems, and national patterns of HR in different countries, and discusses the idiosyncrasies of various institutions and economic environments (e.g., Aycan et al., 2000; Isenhour, Stone, & Lien, 2012a; Parry et al., 2011). Most of the research on comparative HR indicated that HR practices differ across nations, and are aligned with national cultures (Stone & Stone-Romero, 2008). Two examples of that research include a study by Schuler and Rogovsky (1998) that assessed the relations between Hofstede's national culture dimensions and the design of HR practices. These authors found that a national emphasis on individualism was positively correlated with a company's use of pay-for-performance pay systems. In addition, Gooderham, Nordhaug, and Ringdal (1999) explored cross-national differences in HR practices across European nations. Their results revealed that individualistic nations (e.g., UK, France, and Spain) were more likely to use calculative HR strategies (e.g., pay for performance) than collective nations (e.g., Scandinavian countries). Conversely, collective nations (Scandinavian countries) were more likely to use collaborative practices (e.g., employee participation) than individualistic countries (e.g., Germany, France and Spain).Finally, cross-cultural HR examines the degree to which individuals' cultural values influence the acceptance and effectiveness of HR practices (Aycan et al., 2000;Gelfand, Erez, & Aycan, 2007; Isenhour, Stone, & Lien, 2012b; Stone, Stone-Romero, & Lukaszewski, 2007). Most of the theories in HR and Organizational Behavior (OB) were developed in Western nations and assume that the cultural values of individuals in organizations are homogeneous (Gelfand et al., 2007). However, it is clear that employees' cultural values differ in U.S. and global contexts, and organizations need to align their HR processes with these cultural values (e.g., Gelfand et al., 2007; Stone & Stone-Romero, 2008). For example, cross-cultural research indicated that individuals' cultural values shape their reward preferences, and their reactions to negative feedback (e.g., Gelfand et al., 2007; Joshi & Martocchio, 2008; Stone, Johnson, Stone-Romero, & Hartman, 2006; Stone-Romero & Stone, 2002). In particular, individuals who valued individualism preferred reward allocation systems based on equity or proportionality, but those who valued collectivism preferred equality-based allocation systems (Sama & Papamarcos, 2000). As a result, pay-for-performance systems may motivate employees who are individualistic, but group-based or profit-sharing systems may be more effective with those who value collectivism (e.g., Joshi & Martocchio, 2008; Miller, Hom, & Gomez-Mejia, 2001). Furthermore, research by Stone-Romero and Stone (2002) revealed that individuals who endorse collectivism were more likely to accept negative feedback than those who stress individualism.Given that most organizations are operating in a global environment, we expect that the field will pay even more attention to these issues in the future. One reason is that the employment rates of U.S.-based MNCs have grown consistently over the past decades, and they now employ over 34.5 million workers in multiple countries (Bureau of Economic, 2013). It is anticipated that the numbers of MNCs will continue to expand over time, and HR practices will need to be congruent with these new multicultural and complex contexts. As a result, we expect that future research in HR will focus on the effectiveness and acceptance of HR practices in global environments.Even though we have considered globalization as a challenge for organizations, we believe that it also provides many new opportunities. For instance, globalizationshould expand markets for products and services, and may enhance creativity and innovation because organizations will become more culturally diverse. Research showed consistently that diversity increases innovation and creativity, and this should also apply to the field of HR (van Knippenberg, De Dreu, & Homan, 2004). In particular, HR in global contexts will have to use creative solutions for attracting, motivating, and retaining diverse employees. For example, they may have to use unique rewards systems (e.g., cafeteria or flexible reward systems) to ensure that they meet the needs of workers from different cultural backgrounds (e.g., Stone, Deadrick, Lukaszewski, & Johnson, 2015). Of course, research will be needed to examine the effectiveness of these new approaches.3.Growing domestic diversityApart from changes in the economy and globalization, organizations are also faced with major shifts in the composition of the U. S. population. In particular, it is expected that our population will be older and more ethnically diverse by 2060 (U.S. Bureau of Census, 2014). For instance, by 2060 one in five Americans will be 65 years of age or older, and the number of working age people in the population (ages 18 to 64) will decrease from 62.7% to 56.9%. Along with the age-related changes, the work values of younger generations are expected to be different than previous groups (e.g., Baby Boomers). As a result, organizations will need to develop HR practices that are aligned with the primary goals and the values of multiple generations of employees (Cennamo & Gardner, 2008; Twenge, Campbell, Hoffman, & Lance, 2010).3.1.Increased age and generational diversityAlong with the aging workforce come many new challenges for HR. For instance, given the shortage of skilled workers there is a growing concern about the retention of skilled baby boomers. One reason for this is that baby boomers often have unique skills and abilities that are critical to organizational success, and companies are justifiably worried about retaining them in their roles until qualified replacements can be found or trained. In order to retain these individuals, organizations will need toincrease flexible work arrangements, allow part-time work, provide a supportive environment, and employ recognition systems to motivate them to stay with the organization (Armstrong-Stassen, Schlosser, & Zinni, 2012; Cheung & Wu, 2013; Shacklock & Brunetto, 2011).Another challenge facing organizations is that they will be staffed by members of multiple generations, and members of generations differ in terms of work values, attitudes, and behaviors (Cennamo & Gardner, 2008; Twenge et al., 2010). As a result, organizations will have to modify their HR practices in order to attract and retain skilled members of all of these groups. For example, recent research indicated that baby boomers (born 1946 to 1964) placed a strong emphasis on hard work and achievement, valued intrinsic rewards, and stressed loyalty to the organization (Cennamo & Gardner, 2008; Twenge et al., 2010). In contrast, members of generation X (born 1965–1981) were more likely to value extrinsic rewards, leisure time, steady employment, work family balance, and promotion opportunities than baby boomers (Cennamo & Gardner, 2008; Twenge et al., 2010). Research also indicated that the values of generation Y were somewhat similar to those of generation X (born 1982–1999; i.e., they valued leisure time, work–family balance, extrinsic rewards, status), but they were more likely to emphasize freedom than either generation X or baby boomers. In addition, members of generation Y stressed extrinsic rewards less than generation X, but both generations X and Y reported greater intentions to leave organizations than baby boomers (Twenge et al., 2010).Given these differences in values, organizations are faced with the complex challenge of aligning reward and compensation systems with the values of multiple generations. For example, they may need to expand beyond merely static pay and benefits and incorporate more flexible reward systems. In particular, they might identify the reward preferences of individuals, and develop cafeteria reward systems that provide employees with a total sum for their overall compensation, thus allowing them to select different rewards and benefits (e.g., one person might select vacation time in lieu of pay, whereas others might select pay instead of time off from work; Stone‐Romero, Stone, & Salas, 2003).3.2.Expanded ethnic diversityThere will also be dramatic change in the racial and ethnic make-up of our society. Today, ethnic minorities make up about 37% of the population, but estimates indicate they will comprise 57% of the nation by 2060 (U.S. Bureau of Census, 2014). It has also been projected that the U.S. will become a majority–minority nation by 2043, and the numbers of Hispanic–Americans (Hispanic) will more than double in the coming years (U.S. Bureau of Census, 2014). By 2060, one in three people in the U.S. will be Hispanic.Even though there has been relatively little HR research on the cultural values of ethnic minorities in the U. S., some studies found that, on average, they have different values than Anglo-Americans (Bell, Marquardt, & Berry, 2014; Guerrero & Posthuma, 2014; Stone & Stone-Romero, 2008). For example, Hispanics, African–Americans, Asian–Americans, and Native Americans are, on average, more likely to endorse collective values than Anglo-Americans (Guerrero & Posthuma, 2014; Stone et al., 2006; Triandis, 1994). In contrast, Anglo-Americans are, on average, more likely to stress individualism than their counterparts, but it should be cautioned that there are within group differences in cultural values for all of these sub-groups (Betancourt & Lopez, 1993).Given the transformation in the composition of the U.S. population, current HR practices may be less effective with employees from diverse backgrounds than those from the dominant group. The primary reason for this is that traditional HR processes were designed for a homogeneous set of employees with individualistic cultural values, and the new workforce is likely to have value systems based on collectivism and familism (e.g., Gelfand et al., 2007; Stone & Stone-Romero, 2008). Thus, organizations will have to have their HR practices modified so that they are aligned with the values of new generations, and the cultural values of diverse employees. As noted above, members of different ethnic subgroups often have distinctive reward preferences, and unique work values, and should react differently than Anglo-Americans to traditional HR processes.Thus, in order to attract and retain subgroup members, organizations may have toalter their current reward and benefit systems to meet the needs of these employees. For example, many ethnic subgroup members are more familistic and collective than AngloAmericans (Phinney, 1996), so they may prefer that organizations offer opportunities for teamwork, work–family balance, time off from work, and group based reward systems. As a result, organizations that develop cafeteria compensation and benefits systems that provide flexibility in terms of reward and benefit allocations may be more attractive to the new workforce than traditional reward systems. For instance, those employees who value familism can choose an extra week of vacation time to spend with their families in lieu of pay or other benefits. Organizations will be able to use these flexible compensation plans to attract talented applicants from all ethnic groups.In view of the coming changes in generational and domestic diversity, organizations are likely to modify their future HR practices to meet the needs of employees with diverse values. To date, most of the research on domestic diversity has focused on unfair discrimination and relational demography (e.g., Stone‐Romero et al., 2003; van Knippenberg et al., 2004). We believe that future HR research will need to be expanded and dig deeper into the value differences, reward preferences, and unique work roles of the new diverse workforce.In our discussion above, we viewed changes in generational and ethnic diversity as a challenge for organizations. However, they can also be considered opportunities for organizations to utilize the many talents and skills that these individuals bring to the workforce, and should provide a wide array of individuals with the chance to display their skills and talents. Furthermore, the altered composition of the workforce should help organizations reach broader markets for their products and services, and increase the innovation and creativity in organizations (van Knippenberg et al., 2004). They should also prompt organizations to develop new HR practices that will meet the needs of all members of the workforce (e.g., cafeteria reward systems) (Stone et al., 2006).4.Emerging use of technologyOver the past 30 years, one of the major drivers of change in HR has been the increased use of information technology (hereinafter referred to as technology) to collect, store, and utilize data for decision-making (e.g., Gueutal & Stone, 2005; Strohmeier, 2007; Strohmeier & Kabst, 2009). Technology, especially, the World Wide Web, has transformed key HR processes in organizations (e.g., e-recruiting, e-selection, e-training), and modified the nature of jobs and the relationships between individuals and organizations (Kiesler, Siegel, & McGuire, 1984). For example, it has enabled organizations to use the Internet to advertise jobs, and made it possible for applicants to apply for jobs online (e.g., Dineen & Allen, 2013). In addition, organizations are using various forms of technology to deliver training to employees (e.g., the Internet, intranet systems, video conferencing, online simulations; Salas, DeRouin, & Littrell, 2005). Research on the use of technology to facilitate HR processes indicated that it typically enhances efficiency, and decreases costs associated with HR transactions (e.g., Dulebohn & Johnson, 2013; Dulebohn & Marler, 2005; Strohmeier, 2007). However, some researchers argued that there is no clear evidence that it helps HR meets its primary goals of attracting, motivating, and retaining talented employees (see Stone et al., 2015, for a detailed discussion of influence of technology and the future of HR).Despite the increased efficiency and cost savings associated with the use of technology in the field of HR, researchers maintained that there are a number of limitations associated with using current technologies to manage HR processes (e.g., Stone et al., 2015;Stone‐Romero et al., 2003). For instance, information technologies are often static and use one-way communication systems that do not allow applicants or employees to ask questions or gain advice from HR professionals (e.g., benefits). As a result, the technologies can be impersonal, inflexible, and create an artificial distance between supervisors and employees. Likewise, the use of technology for training may be less engaging than traditional methods, and may not give trainees the opportunity to practice or gain feedback. Furthermore, technology may actually transfer the work of HR departments to line managers or employees, which may reduce overall productivity in organizations (Stone‐Romero et al., 2003).In spite of possible limitations associated with using technology to manage HR processes, it will continue to transform the field in the future. Furthermore, it can be argued that new technologies will emerge that should decrease some of the major drawbacks associated with current systems. For instance, a number of researchers argued that the use of new interactive technologies (e.g., Web 2.0, social media, virtual simulations or job fairs, chat rooms, cloud computing, mobile devices) should decrease some of the weaknesses associated with current systems (see Dineen & Allen, 2013; Stone et al., 2015; Sullivan, 2014). For example, the use of social media, chat rooms, and high definition cloud computing should enable applicants and employees to engage in an interactive dialogue with recruiters or managers. Similarly, the use of virtual reality should provide applicants with opportunities to attend virtual job fairs, give supervisors the ability to mentor subordinates, and offer trainees the chance to participate in virtual training simulations. All of these virtual environments should increase the degree to which technology-based HR processes are personal, flexible, interactive, engaging, and decrease the interpersonal distance between employees and supervisors. Although these arguments seem plausible, research will be needed to examine the effectiveness and acceptance of these new HR processes.Despite the fact that we viewed technology as a challenge in the sections above, it should be noted that it also provides new opportunities for the field of HR. For instance, research showed that technology often decreases the administrative burden in HR, increases efficiency, and allows the field to contribute to the strategic direction of organizations (Stone & Dulebohn, 2013). To date, there is no evidence that it helps organizations achieve its primary goals, but we believe that new interactive technologies will facilitate the attraction and retention of critical employees (Stone et al., 2015). One reason for this is that it will allow supervisors and HR professionals to engage in more frequent interaction and communication with employees. As a result, they will be able to identify and meet the needs of critical employees, and ensure that they remain with the organizations. It may also enable organizations to make better HR decisions based on objective information or decision support systems (Dulebohn & Johnson, 2013). Furthermore, it may facilitate interactions with stakeholders insideand outside the organization. For example, supervisors may be able to communicate with external customers in order to improve employees' performance, and HR professionals should be capable of staying abreast of innovative practices used by other organizations (see Ulrich & Dulebohn, 2015, for a detailed discussion of these issues).中文译文：影响人力资源管理未来的挑战和机遇摘要如今，人力资源（HR）管理领域正面临着巨大的变革压力。

The Development of Human Resource Management In China IntroductionWith the advent of the 21st century, Human Resource Management, as a relatively new management subject, is playing a more and more important role in today’s business activities. This report mainly discusses 3 questions about today’s human resource management. The first section discusses the changing function of human resource management in terms of 3 aspects which are staff-company relations, HR model development and HR strategies. The second section describes the exploring stage of HRM in China. System building, recruitment and motivation are the three aspects to support the opinion. The third section discusses the new challenges that HR managers in China may face. In this part, challenges from the changing business age, HR managers’ abilities to deal with uncertainty and ambiguity and solitary to collective activity are discussed.Question 1Human resource management, as the quickly developing subject, without doubt, has changed a lot in its function in many fields. This section will mainly discuss the HRM’s change and expansion in the aspect of staff-company relations, HR model development and HR strategies as the following.In the aspect of the staff-company relations, the changing functions will be discussed from 3 aspects which are power factors, employees and motivational method. First, in terms of the power factors, 10 years ago the relationship between employees and the company was regarded as ‘Labor and Enterprise’ while nowadays more companies show understanding and respect for the human spirit. For example, Google China places a piano in the hall of the company and even set a kitchen and the washing machine for their employees (Jim Westcott, 2005). Second, in terms of the employees, employees are considered as thinking and rational beings around 10 years ago. The reason why they chose this company was the satisfactory salary. But today, staffs are considered as fully evolved, completely satisfied, mature human beings. Third, in the motivational methods aspect, the change is really huge. A decade ago, companies often drove employees through basic needs such as a big bonus. While therole seems to highlight people’s social and intellectual needs.In the aspect of HR model development, some human resource management functions have expanded during the past decade. One of the new products of human resource management is the HR outsourcing which support the core HR activities and business processes associated with HR administration. Outsourcing HR functions or processes is a viable decision for businesses, particularly those whose internal HR department has reached the limit of its effectiveness; businesses that want to access new programs or services (but don't want to incur the required investment), or those that want to focus on core competencies. The advantage of HR outsourcing is obvious: Obtaining access to (internally) unavailable expertise, skills, technologies; increased flexibility; reducing costs/reduce investment. This way has achieved great success in some countries, for example, Canada. Spending on HR outsourcing in Canada, is forecast to increase by more than 13%, on average, every year between 2005 and 2009 (Jim Westcott, 2005).The majority of HR strategies have been developed over the last decade. Twenty per cent of respondents indicate that an HR strategy has been in place at their institution for less than three years, 60% report that the HR strategy was developed in the past three to seven years and 20% indicate that the strategy is ten or more years old. These data reinforce the notion that HR management has taken on a much more strategic role within the past decade. The HR strategy in recruitment and retention can be discussed in long-term goals as well as shorter-term operational procedures. In terms of recruitment and retention some institutions are primarily concerned with short-term objectives. For example, one Canadian respondent stated that their HR strategy involves ‘an annual recruitment and retention plan that g overns academic staff hiring and retention for the following academic year’ (Ronold G Ehrenbdeg, 2005). Other responses highlight long-term objectives and broader issues relating to staff development and performance as well as policy and strategic planning for future institutional growth. For example, one Australian institution states that their HR strategy is concerned with ‘workforce planning, age profiling, attraction and retention issues, and reengineering the recruitment process’. The general focus of this strategyis on strategic planning for successive generations.Question 2With China's entering the WTO, modern enterprise management concept has been gradually accepted by Chinese enterprises and, human resources management has been developed and promoted in the majority of enterprises. However, as a management skill that gets access to China less than 30 years and faced with the cultural conflict, HRM in China still stays in the exploring stage.In the aspect of system building, human resources management system in China is imperfect still. According to the recent report of HR in China, less than forty percent of the enterprises have established the business development strategy combining with human resources management system. Furthermore, only 12.9% of them can really implement this strategy. What is more, employees’ career development planning, staff representation system, and the staff Rationalized suggestion are the 3 strategies that are not completed enough. Only 9% of the researched enterprise s establish and implement the employees’ career development planning (Zhao Yin, 2007).In terms of the recruitment, the forms of recruitment in Chinese enterprises are not diversified enough. Although the modern enterprises can recruit through more and more channels such as networks, an executive search firm, job fairs, campus recruitment, advertising media and so many ways that can provide companies with human resources information, the majority of the companies still choose form as job fairs. However, ac cording to the ‘2007 Human Resource Report’, the percentage of the surveyed companies which have been tried to recruit through network was 35%, which was 12% higher than that of the year 2006. Secondly, the technologies during the recruitment that the companies use are still in a growing stage. Only half of the enterprises plan to use professional test tool to find suitable staff. Ways like knowledge test, psychological test and presentation are introduced in China recently and are welcomed.The motivation in China is at a developing stage. Most Chinese companies have motivation strategies. Quite a few of them prefer to choose short-term and directmotivating strategies like paying. At present, China has 70% of the enterprises in accordance with different types of personnel to set different pay scales (Zhao Yin, 2007). Paying is a common kind of economic motivation. Paying incentives for executives directly show in their steady growth of income - wages, which is very intuitive. However, with the raise of exe cutives’ social status and overall ability, material and money are no longer the key point of motivation. Research from China Database, one of the most authority databases, show that 19.6% of the surveyed enterprises use virtual equity of the company as the long-term motivation methods and 18.9% of them use the form of giving share options as the long-term motivation, while 78.2% of the enterprises have not implemented the long-term motivation. As one of the ways to motivate staff, long-term also includes creating a platform for employees which may attract employees since they can exert their abilities fully. Question 3As the functions of human resource have changed since the 21st century, challenges are coming to the human resource managers in China. For China is still in the exploring stage mentioned in question 2, the challenges should be more than those in developed human resource management countries. In the information era, the economic era and the knowledge, the challenges for Chinese HRM managers are mainly from these three fields.The first challenges for HRM is the changing role of organizations from the Industrial Age to the Information Age. Work performed in factories by machines is being replaced by work in offices or at computer terminals. And instead of working with things, people increasingly work with ideas and concepts. Information and knowledge have replaced manufacturing as the source of most new jobs. Thus, taking charge of thousands of workers in a factory is not the typical functions of modern human resource managers. Although the numbers of employees may decrease, but the extent of difficulty will not decrease since employees are more knowledgeable and informative.Like the popular saying nowadays ’The only thing that doesn’t change is change’, with the development of the technologies, tools that human being use speed up thepace of people’s life. Thus the second challenge which may face the human resource manager is the abilities to deal with uncertainty and ambiguity. Static, permanent organizations designed for a stable and predictable world are giving way to flexible, adaptive organizations more suited for a new world of change and transformation. Emphasis on permanence, tradition and the past is giving way to creativity and innovation in the search for new solutions, new processes, and new products and services. Maintaining the status is less important than a vision of the future and the organization's destiny. We are used to dealing with certainty and predictability. We need to become accustomed to dealing with uncertainty and ambiguity.The next challenges will be the ability of HR managers to adapt from muscular to mental work (Alexandria, 1997). Repetitive physical labor that doesn't add value is increasingly being replaced by mental creativity. Routine and monotony are giving way to innovation and a break with tradition. In the past, people were considered to be merely workers, an old concept that associated people with things. Now people are considered purveyors of activities and knowledge whose most important contributions are their intelligence and individual talents. We are used to dealing with physical, repetitive manual labor; we need to become accustomed to dealing with mental, creative, and innovative work.What is more, another problem that may challenge HR managers in China is to organize employee to finish projects from solitary to collective activity (FangCai, 2005). With the rising difficulty of complex and technology, it is almost impossible for only one person to finish a project. Thus teamwork is supplanting individual activity. The old emphasis on individual efficiency (on which the total efficiency of the organization depended) is being replaced by group synergy. It's a matter of multiplying efforts, rather than simply adding them. We are used to individualized, isolated work; we need to change to high-performance teamwork. Thus the function of human resource managers is to offer the company the suitable person and coordinate the relationship among the team, especially in China, a country that highlights relationship and harmony very much.ConclusionThis article first analyses the changed functions of human resource management nowadays. In terms of the staff-company relations, a trend of closer and humane relationship between staff and companies emerges. The model of HR outsourcing is showing its strong competitiveness and may become one of the main way that HR management to use. Secondly, this article states that China today still stays in the exploring stage of human resource management. The uncompleted HRM system building, the single form of recruitment, the growing interview technologies and the lack of long- term motivation in Chinese enterprises, all these facts shows that China has a long way to go in the development of HRM. Thirdly, Challenges for HRM managers in China are tough and numerous. Changes from the Industrial Age to the Information Age, stability to change, muscular to mental work lead the challenges for Chinese HRM managers. To sum up, it is a long way to go for the development of human resource management in China.人力资源管理在中国的发展导言随着二十一世纪的到来，人力资源管理作为一个相对较新的管理问题，扮演了一个越来越重要的作用在当今的商业中。

外文文献翻译原文及译文（节选重点翻译）人力资源战略与变革外文文献翻译中英文文献出处：Handbook of Human Resources Management, 2015, pp 1-18 译文字数：5800多字英文Human Resources Strategy and Change: Competence Development in aChanged EnvironmentMichiel BergAbstractBuilding competence in a changing environment is a journey. It is a journey where it is essential to have communicated and envisaged a picture of the destination. The details of this envisaged picture will look different probably upon "arrival" at the end of the journey. However, communicating the destination is essential. It helps employees to understand what the direction is. It helps employees and managers to use existing competencies along the way. Moving ahead very often demonstrates unexpected strengths in colleagues one has not been aware of. Moving ahead with a plan can also show the team their current level of competence and the desired state of competence. Explaining and talking about these differences may often prove not to be that easy and clear for many involved.A changing environment shows also weaknesses of current practices, processes, and services. It requires strong managerial skills to keep discussions having a focus on the future and preventing these discussions to turn into complaint sessions of past events. Human Resources practices and processes are executed in a triangle of employees, managers, andHuman Resources. Therefore, building competence requires strong and dedicated involvement from these three groups of participants. Competence building is most effective when learning happens during day-to-day work events and the collective and individual learning has a meaning: something "tangible" will be achieved and recognized.Keywords: Competence building, Change management, Human resource management, Process analysis, Change program, HR processes IntroductionThis case study is about a response by the Human Resources Department of a major financial institute in the Czech Republic to the changing world of customer behavior, customer service, financial market crises with its impact on the country's economy, and social and welfare systems. The financial institution (hereinafter, bank) has been established almost 200 years ago and is for decades the major retail bank in the Czech Republic. The mission of the bank has been — and still is — "to help individuals and companies build a financial future fbr them.,^ The bank has for decades played an enormous role in the development of the social infrastructure that enables individuals and companies to take charge of their own future. This balance between social and individual CQ company responsibility is an exciting challenge for the bank.Two years after the financial crisis in 2008, the bank has seen itself confronted with a society where companies notice severe drops in their revenues. Across Europe governments and companies cut back theirspending. The decrease in revenues put pressure on wages for employees and reorganizations led to higher unemployment rates. This in turn led to lower tax income for governments and higher expenditures for keeping a certain level of social welfare.In the banking industry, competition has been increasing. eBanks gain a strong market presence in certain market segments. Contrary to regular retail banks, eBanks provide their services to customers primarily through the Internet and mobile technology; eBanks typically do not have an extensive network of branches. Consequently, these eBanks deploy a customer service infrastructure at a significantly lower cost level (due to, e.g., no expensive buildings to maintain and no staff needed for these branches) than the traditional retail banks can achieve. The traditional retail banks see themselves with no other choice than:Investing in the retail branch infrastructure (buildings, more modern customer desks)Investing in new hardware and software technologies (e.g., online banking) while having to maintain a high level of data security in relatively "old" technologiesDecreasing the price levels and at the same time increasing the customer service levels putting profit margins under pressureWhat Was the Problem/Challenge?Questions for the management team of the bank — The Board of Directors of the bank understands competitive measures are required. Formonths in a row, reports on declining customer satisfaction, on declining market shares, and pressures on product and service margins land at the desks of the Board. The overall complexity of the environment asks for deliberate actions. One of the objectives is to build upon the competitive advantages of the bank and improve in relative weak business areas. Another factor further complicates the daunting task. In 2010 a first wave of strong regulatory requirements makes a way through the banking industry (McKinsey 2010) such as:Requirements to significantly improve capital and liquidity situation in a short period of time. An estimated amount of 60 % of currently outstanding Tier 1 capital is required to be added in just 8-9 years.Expected drop in return on equity (ROE) for an average bank by 4 % on ROE levels that have already been under pressure in retail banks.When the results of the analysis are presented to the Board of Directors, the respective line managers are requested to prepare action plans on a business unit level that provide an adequate response to the aforementioned categories.The Human Resources Director discusses the strategic assignment from the Board of Directors with the HR management team. They agree to be in the group of first movers within the bank. One of the reasons why the Human Resources Director wants to be a front-runner is the identification of an extra dimension for Human Resources. The Human Resources Department needs not only to change itself; the department hasas well the chance to support other business units in going through a change process.What Was Our Plan on Solving the Problem or Mastering the Challenge?Situation in the Human Resources Department — The Human Resources Director notices that the Human Resources teams are good in execution of processes. There is a good atmosphere in the department. The internal customers are reasonably satisfied with the Human Resources services that are being provided. However, the Human Resources teams (recruitment, training and development, compensation and labor law) execute services that the business has demanded in past years. Some line managers have started with designing their own Human Resources services and solutions to respond to the changes in the business environment. Often the Human Resources Department is aware of such solutions months after these services have been deployed by the business. In the retail business line, even an own Human Resources department has been created executing recruitment for key positions and designing special training programs. In short, Human Resources is not considered a strong partner for business challenges but rather a department who makes sure the basic needs are fulfilled: timely and accurate run of the payroll, mass recruitment for the retail branch network (searching, selecting, and assessing candidates), and planning and organizing trainings.The focus on execution has led to fragmentation of HumanResources services — services which are being provided in isolation. The recruitment team focuses on delivering as fast as possible candidates for job vacancies. The compensation team delivers compensation data, benefits, and market benchmarks. The training and development team runs a "training factory.,, The teams act very much independent from each other, although they have regular meetings to provide each other an update on what has happened and what is next.An analysis of the work activities shows that the Human Resources department spends about 62 % of its time on administrative, operational, and transactional Human Resources services. Examples of these transactional and administrative Human Resources services are: The Human Resources Director proposes a plan of action to the team which is guided by an external consultant team. The plan is cut into three main phases. The end of each phase does not automatically trigger the next phase. Several requirements are critically assessed and an approval for entering the next phase is to be provided by the Board of Directors.The first priority is to stabilize key processes and services such as recruitment, payroll, and training logistics. The team sees itself confronted with an organization in change, and for the Human Resources Director, it is important that during the change program of the Human Resources Department, certain levels of services are maintained. A situation where the business will start complaining about the basics in Human Resources services will further complicate the very challengingassignment. Like the other teams in the bank, the Human Resources team needs to make a change in a changing environment.In a second phase, the Human Resources Director focuses on providing a strategic but limited list of Human Resources priorities. It is better to deliver a few projects excellently than having many projects in a never-ending process. Focus on a few projects also allows for having a continuous stream of quick wins and periodically the celebration of a major achievement. In this phase a clear split between a team working on setting the framework for (strategic) Human Resources direction based on the bank's strategic choices and a team working on the execution of Human Resources practices (e.g., staffing, performance feedback, personal experience, and career management and learning). The latter team shows and highlights what "happens" in the bank and what managers effectively do (Randall and Schuler 2007).In the third phase, the Human Resources Director sees a continuation of phase two based on efficient and effective processes and a continuous delivery on agreed strategic priority items. The third phase has a focus on putting Human Resources as a strategic partner for the business from a people perspective. As a strategic partner, HR can continuously support the development of people, advice and coach line managers in people management skills, and adapt together with the business to Human Resources services — instead of adapting Human Resources services based on Human Resources expertise.There is another component in the change program the Human Resources Director realizes that requires full attention. The whole change program will have a major impact on the job roles, skills, and competencies of the Human Resources employees. The Human Resources Director decides to use the change model of John P. Kotter (1996). She wants the employees to realize what it means to build new and strengthen competence in an environment where change is ubiquitous.What Was the Real Outcome?Staffing for competence building — The selection process is considered a critical step in the competence building for the Human Resources services delivery model. The selection process focuses on identifying the current level of competencies of the candidates and the potential these candidates have. Each candidate (both internal and external) for a Human Resources business partner job position goes first through a whole-day assessment center. Those candidates that pass the assessment center are put through interviews with a senior line manager and with a member of the Board of Directors. Each Human Resources business partner gets a personal development plan that is based on the feedback gathered throughout the selection process. The personal development plan focuses on behaviors and soft skills such as communication, negotiations, giving presentations, team cooperation, conducting constructive conversations, and interviews. The personal development plan is based on the 70-20-10 concept in learning:Seventy percent from challenging job assignmentsTwenty percent from colleagues, peers, and superiorsTen percent from formal learning courses (online, class room)A first assignment the Human Resources business partners (HRBPs) get is to introduce themselves to the respective business divisions and together with the business develop a working agenda with concrete objectives and action steps. This working agenda is discussed with an assigned mentor from the business line. The personal development plan is prioritized based on the working agenda. Important in the competence building is the exposure to situations where the HRBP uses the competencies and experience gained so far. Deliberately a decision is made to have the HRBP deal with all Human Resources and personnel matters concerning the employees and line managers. The Human Resources Director remains responsible for the Board of Directors. The HRBPs are exposed to challenges such as negotiating employment contracts with line managers, preparing a reorganization plan for the business divisions, and achieving buy-in for implementing new or changed Human Resources services and processes in the business divisions. Exposure to and responsibility in these situations provides a learning situation when these situations are continuously evaluated. Such continuous evaluation is possible when all parties involved treat each other with respect, is honest and constructive, and is open to receive feedback. After a couple of months, a difference in competencedevelopment between the HRBPs is observed. One of the factors that led to this difference has been the acceptance of the feedback received and the willingness to actively work with the feedback. Another factor that is noticed is whether the line managers accept feedback from HRBPs on what they actually do in day-to-day business.A similar approach to selecting HRBPs is used for recruiting employees for the Center of Competence. Candidates go through a whole-day assessment center where they are asked to demonstrate skills in strategic Human Resources analysis, bringing concepts and practices from international human resource management to a realistic and pragmatic Human Resources service for the bank, and ability to lead functional teams without hierarchical responsibilities. The candidates that pass the assessment center have a further interview with the Head of the Competence Center and the Human Resources Director. Also, the employees in the Center of Competence get a personal development plan.Demonstrate competence through processes and services — The team is using the Human Resources process data gathered during the development of the business case which is one of the input materials for new or updated Human Resources processes and services. Another input the team uses is process design examples of companies that already have implemented the HR business delivery model based on competence centers, Human Resources business partners, and a centralized center for personnel services and administration. The team selects those companiesthat have such a model for several years in place. An observation that is made is that many of these processes and practices — those that are lying now on the table — actually work though there are some key differences in how the same processes (e.g., recruitment, performance management, compensation management) are practiced. During the redesign of the processes and services, the team keeps in mind the following saying: "best principles help in catching the right wave, not per se the best practices.,5Processes and data are part of the infrastructure of providing effectively Human Resources services as well as managers and employees practicing people management principles. Some of the processes rely on speed, observation ability, and high volumes (e.g., mass recruitment for the retail branch network). The payroll process relies on data accuracy, 4-eye principles, high volumes, and data input dependencies. An effective performance and development management process is characterized for example by regular and ongoing communication, respect, and ability to gain experience.The team discusses the principles for each of the processes with the business. A difficulty in designing many of these processes has been the gap between desired state, current state, and "what is actually possible to achieve.,5 Human Resources processes and services that support a desired state but cannot be executed or practiced miss their purpose. Often it happens that such processes and services are becoming a hygiene conflictbetween Human Resources and managers. The dirt is getting back on the table as a discussion between Human Resources and managers over and over again. What happens regularly then is that Human Resources and managers do not discuss the purpose anymore but instead focus on side details and on complaining toward each other. Also, other people and Human Resources topics are then often not discussed anymore as each conversation tends to start with complaints. Therefore, the team makes an effort to keep the redesign of the process as realistic as possible. Mature and stable processes are selected for a first redesign.The recruitment department faces the challenge of mass recruitment for the retail branch network and specific and nonstandard recruiting for open job positions for staff functions and senior management positions. One of the limiting factors in execution is that the assessment centers for selecting candidates for the retail branch network in ten different locations are dispersed over the entire country, whereas the recruitment team is centralized in the capital city. The team does have a mobile phone with basic functionality but lacks the software infrastructure and smartphone and laptop technology to work effectively while traveling to one of these assessment center locations. There is no possibility to invest significantly in software and hardware improvements to support the desired situation. Hence, the team identifies the restrictions in the work environment, the business needs of the management for recruiting services, and the labor market situation. The recruitment team makes thedifficult decision to keep three from the ten assessment center locations. The business reacts in first instance negatively as they fear they will lose access to possible good candidates. The result is that three bases for assessment centers are equipped that are easily to be reached by public transport and car. Further, based on demand two other locations are selected where ad hoc an assessment can be organized. Rather quick several benefits from this decision bear fruit, such as:Competence of logistics of materials and people (candidates, managers, recruiters) is less complex providing a boost in quality (documents are printed and available on the location, assessors are present, candidates are present on the date and location they are expected).Travel time for recruiters is significantly reduced leading to less overtime hours, better accessibility for candidates and managers, and more time for building an internal and external network. The ability to build and maintain a network is a critical technical competence for recruiters.Sufficient amount of candidates per location to allow for better connection between workforce planning and staffing (building a pipeline of candidates) leads to an improvement in the indicator time to fill a vacancy.The assessment center locations can also be used for trainings, which decrease the cost for the bank significantly.The training and development department consists of three teams. One team is responsible for the logistics and administration of all training events. A second team is responsible for coaching and design of trainings for staff functions. The third team executes the more soft-skill trainings for the retail branch network. The retail business also has a team for training and development. This team focuses more on training the hard skills such as product knowledge and software trainings. Retail branch employees provide feedback that sometimes conflicting information is provided leading to confusion. Also, there is an imminent conflict between these two training and development teams on who provides which kind of trainings and training services. During the workshop sessions on designing the processes and services in the area of training and development, the decision is made to merge the two training teams that serve the retail branch network. The new department is positioned under the Head of Retail Business Development with a functional dotted line to the Head of Learning and Leadership Development in the Human Resources Department. After a period of getting to know each other, these two teams notice that by combining their strengths, they are able to provide much more interactive learning situations than before. The new team has now the capacity to develop and offer a much more improved blended learning environment combining aspects of on-the-job learning with peer coaching and with technical product trainings during a class room session.What Are the Lessons Learned?How to learn surfing — "What can be done when wanting to learn surfing on open water?"Learning how to manage competence building can be a life-changing experience. Consecutive actions are to be performed in a structured way to allow for feedback, observations, and reflection. Important has been as well that from the start a dialogue takes place on the desired level of Human Resources competence. The bank did not want a world-class Human Resources team; it wanted a Human Resources team that can identify Human Resources solutions and act upon business priorities and needs. Common understanding or at least awareness of what to achieve is essential in building competence.Choose the right competencies to learn first. It is easier to build upon strengths then to try and reach for something (relatively) unknown. Whenever the Human Resources employees take their strengths as a starting point, the learning experience is progressing. When going for unknown skills without too much guidance, the learning process was slowed down. During the entire competence building journey, the Human Resources Director always has tried to find colleagues in business or experts from outside the organization to keep competence building of Human Resources employees at a realistic stretch. Indeed, trust, respect, belief, and constructive feedback are important elements in this process of competence building.The same approach applies for building competence on process or service level. Take those Human Resources processes and services that are mature and stable.Start with piloting changes in small business events before reaching out to the entire organization. Using selective business managers in the competence building process has helped Human Resources to pilot Human Resources processes and practices. Also, assigning business managers to Human Resources business partners and specifying learning actions along a working agenda have supported the competence building on a personal level. Employees have to learn to stand on their feet in various situations.译文人力资源战略与变革：在变化的环境中的能力发展米歇尔•伯格摘要在不断变化的环境中建立能力是一个过程。

人力资源管理系统中英文对照外文翻译文献Human resource management systems (HRMS) have e essential tools for businesses of all sizes。

including small offices with just 20 XXX using HRMS。

firms can improve their efficiency and ce the time and money XXX。

HRMS XXX。

XXX difficult economic times。

XXX of their business。

including human resources.HRIS are packages are designed to address HR needs。

including planning。

employee n access。

XXX the company's current and future HR needs。

businesses can determine which HRMS features will be most useful for their specific needs。

For example。

HRMS can help with recruitment。

training。

performance management。

XXX.Once the planning stage is complete。

businesses XXX This includes automating tasks such as employee data management。

benefits n。

XXX employees。

providing them with access toimportant n such as company policies。

人力资源管理中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：The Mediating Effects of Psychological Contracts on the Relationship BetweenHuman Resource Systems and Role Behaviors: A Multilevel AnalysisAbstractPurpose The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effect of the psychological contracts on the relationship between human resource (HR) systems and role behavior.Design/Methodology/Approach Multilevel analyses were conducted on data gathered from 146 knowledge workers and 28 immediate managers in 25 Taiwanese high-tech ?rms.Findings Relational psychological contracts mediated the relationship between commitment-based HR systems and in-role behaviors, as well as organizational citizenship behaviors. Transactional psychological contracts did not signi?cantly mediate these relationships. In addition, the results also indicated that commitment-based HR systems related positively to relational psychological contracts and negatively to transactional psychological contracts.Practical Implications Commitment-based HR systems could elicit a wide range of knowledge workers’ behaviors that are bene?cial to the goals ofthe ?rms. Furthermore ,our ?ndings also provide insight into, how HR systems potentially elicit employees’ role behaviors. Organizations could elicit employees’ in-role behaviors by providing ?nancial and other non-?nancial, but tangible, inducements and facilitate employees’ extra-role behaviors by providing positive experiences, such as respect, commitment, and support.Originality/Value The study is one of the primary studies to empirically examine the mediating effect of psycho-logical contracts on HR systems and employee behaviors. IntroductionHuman Resource (HR) systems create and support employment relationships. Thus, psychological contracts can be treated as employees’ beliefs stemming from the HR system. Furthermore, psychological contracts represent employees’ beliefs about mutual employment obligations.Employees tend to perform what they believe, that is, according to their psychological contracts. Thus, psycho-logical contracts are positively related to employees’ role behaviors, turnover intentions, commitment, and trust. In other words, psychological contracts are not only formulated by HR systems but also in?uence employee behaviors. Consequently, psychological contracts can be viewed as the linking mechanism between HR systems and employee behaviors.In the past decade, most psychological contract research has focused on identifying the components of psychological contracts and the effects of the ful?llment or the violation of psychological contracts by employers. For example, Robinson et al. (1994) found that the components of psychological contracts included expectations of high pay,pay based on the current level of performance, training,long-term job security, and career development. Based on these ?ndings, Robinson and Morrison (1995) further pro-posed that employees are less likely to engage in civic virtue behavior when these expectations were violated. In summary, researchers have con?rmed that violated psychological contracts negatively in?uence employees’ role behaviors while ful?lled psychological contracts have positive in?uences. However, no studies have empirically examined psychological contracts as a linkingmechanism between HR systems and employee behaviors.Accordingly, the goal of this study is to empirically examine psychological contracts as a mediator of the relationship between HR systemsand role behaviors. Our results will provide insights regarding the reason for HR systems having an effect on employees’ role behaviors. Based on these insights, HR practitioners will gain a better under-standing of how to facilitate employees’ role behaviors (e.g.,by offering them speci?c inducements). Subsequently, we provide a brief review of psychological contract research, discuss relationships between HR systems and psychological contracts, and propose psychological contracts as mediators of the HRsystem�Cemployee behavior relationship. HR systems are considered as an organizational level variable, whereas psychological contracts and role behaviors are both considered as individual level variables. Thus, relationships between HR systems and these variables are considered cross-level relationships and will be tested accordingly. Psychological ContractsInitially, a psychological contract was de?ned as an implicit, unwritten agreement between parties to respect eac h other’s norms and mainly used as a framework that referred to the implicitness of the exchange relationship between an employee and his/her employer. It did not acquire construct status until the seminal work of Rousseau in the 1990s. According to Rousseau (1989, 1995), a psycho-logical contract is an individual’s belief regarding the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange agreement between employees and employers. Furthermore, psycho-logical contracts include different kinds of mental models or schemas, which employees hold concerning reciprocal obligations in the workplace.In accordance with MacNeil’s (1985) typology of promissory contracts, Rousseau (1990) also categorized psychological contracts into two types: transactional and relational. Based on Rousseau and McLean Parks’ (1993) framework, transactional and relational psychological contracts differ on the following ?ve characteristics: focus ,time frame, stability, scope, and tangibility. Speci?cally, transactional contracts focus on economic terms, have a speci?c duration, are static, narrow in scope, and are easily observable. Relational contracts simultaneously focus on both economic and socio-emotional terms, have an indefinite duration, are dynamic, pervasive in scope, and are subjectively understood.In summary, transactional psychological contracts refer to employment arrangements with short-term exchanges of speci?ed performance terms and relational psychological contracts refer to arrangements with long-term exchanges of non-speci?ed performance terms. Empirical evidence supports notonly the existence of these two different types of psychological contracts,but also the movement between them. For example, Robinson et al.(1994) found that as contracts become less relational, employees perceived their employment arrangements to be more transactional in nature.Hypothesis 1 Commitment-based HR systems will positively relate to relational psychological contracts.In contrast, when an organization applies a low commitment-based HR system, such as narrowly de?ned jobs, limited training efforts, relatively limited bene?ts, and lower wages, employees will perceive that the organization has committed to offer them little to no training or career development. These perceptions will shape employees’transactional psychological contracts, which primarily focus upon the economic aspects of their short-term reciprocal exchange agreement with the organization. Accordingly, we hypothesize that commitment-based HR systems will negatively relate to transactional psychological contracts. Hypothesis 2 Commitment-based HR systems will negatively relate to transactional psychological contracts.The Mediating Effects of Psychological Contracts on the Relationship Between HR Systems and Role Behaviors.Organizations and their employees can be considered as the parties in the social exchange relationships. Based on the organization’s actions, such asHR systems, employees will generate their own perceptions, which in turn will determine their role behaviors in reciprocation to their organizations. Inother words, employees’ perceptions regarding the exchange agreement between themselves and their organizations mediate the relationships between HRsystems and employees’ role behaviors. Consequently, psychological contracts are expected to mediate the relationships between commitment-based HR systems and role behaviors.Role behavior refers to the recurring actions of an individualappropriately inter-correlated with the repetitive activities of others, to yield a predictable outcome. There are two types of role behaviors: in-roleand extra-role behavior. In-role behaviors are those behaviors required or expected within the purview of performing the duties and responsibilities ofan assigned work role (Van Dyne et al. 1995). Since they are required for the work role, employers adopt formal reward systems which provide ?nancial andother non-?nancial, but tangible inducements in exch ange for employees’ in-role behaviors.The exchange of ?nancial and tangible inducements is a key feature of economic exchange (Blau 1964) and, thus, the exchange relationships between commitment-based HR systems and employees’ in-role behaviors could be treated as a kind of economic exchange. In other words, commitment-based HR systems elicit employees’ in-role behaviors by shaping perceptionsregarding the economic terms of the exchange agreement between themselves and their organizations. Since both relational and transactional psychological contracts focus on economic terms of exchange relationships (Rousseau and McLean Parks 1993), employees with transactional or relational psychological contracts will perform in-role behaviors in order to exchange those higher salaries and more extensive bene?ts in commitment-based HR systems. Accordingly, we hypothesize that both relational and transactional psychological contracts will mediate the relationships between commitment-based HR systems and in-role behaviors.Hypothesis 3 Both relational and transactional psychological contracts will mediate the relationships between commitment-based HR systems and in-role behaviors.In contrast, extra-role behaviors, such as organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB), are those behaviors that bene?t the organization and go beyond existing role expectations (Van Dyne et al. 1995). OCBs are not required for the work role, and employers do not formally reward them. Forthis reason, employees perform OCBs to reciprocate only when they have had positive experiences, such as involvement, commitment, and support, with the organization (Organ 1990; Robinson and Morrison 1995).Since commitment-based HR systems are labeled ‘‘commitment maximizers’’ (Arthur 1992, 1994), they are likely to facilitate employees’ OCBs by offering those positive experiences.The reciprocation of these positive experiences is a kind of social exchange (Cropanzano and Mitchell 2021). In other words, to elicit employees’ OCBs, socio-emotional terms need to be in the exchange agreement between employees and their organizations. Since transactional psychological contracts do not focus on socio-emotional terms of exchange relationship (Rousseau and McLean Parks 1993), they are not expected to mediate the HR system�COCBsrelationship. Accordingly, we hypothesize that relational psychological contracts mediate the relationship between commitment-based HR systems and OCBs. MethodsSample and ProcedureThe solid strength of Taiwanese high-tech industries is a critical factor in the global economy (Einhorn 2021).Knowledge workers,such as R&D professionals and engineers, have been viewed as a core human resource for high-tech ?rms, and these ?rms would like to adopt commitment-based HR systems in managing their knowledge workers (Lepak and Snell 2002).Since personal contacts signi?cantly facilitate company access in Chinese societies (Easterby-Smith and Malina 1999), we accessed high-tech companies through personal感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。

人力资源管理论文参考文献（英文）引言人力资源管理在当代组织中起着至关重要的作用。

为了更好地理解和研究人力资源管理领域的相关问题，学者们进行了大量的研究和研究论文。

本篇文章收集了一些经典的人力资源管理领域的英文参考文献，供读者参考和阅读。

文献列表1.Salas, E., & Cannon-Bowers, J. A. (2004). The science of training: Adecade of progress. Annual review of psychology, 55(1), 55-85.2.Cascio, W. F. (2018). Managing human resources: Productivity, qualityof work life, profits. McGraw-Hill Education.3.Wright, P. M., & McMahan, G. C. (1992). Theoretical perspectives forstrategic human resource management. Journal of management, 18(2), 295-320.4.Guest, D. E. (2017). Human resource management and performance:still searching for some answers. Human resource management journal, 27(1), 3-22.5.Lepak, D. P., & Snell, S. A. (1999). The human resource architecture:Toward a theory of human capital allocation and development. Academy ofmanagement review, 24(1), 31-48.6.Armstrong, M. (2014). Armstrong’s handbook of human re sourcemanagement practice. Kogan Page Publishers.7.Boxall, P., & Purcell, J. (2016). Strategy and human resourcemanagement. Palgrave.8.Snell, S. A., & Bohlander, G. W. (2012). Managing human resources.Nelson Education.9.Ulrich, D., & Dulebohn, J. H. (2015). Are we there yet? What’s next forHR?. Human Resource Management Review, 25(2), 188-204.10.Huselid, M. A. (1995). The impact of human resource managementpractices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance.Academy of management journal, 38(3), 635-672.结论这篇文章列举了一些经典的人力资源管理领域的英文参考文献，这些文献涵盖了人力资源管理的各个方面，包括培训、策略、绩效、员工流动等。

英语人力资源作文范文English:Human Resources (HR) is a crucial function in any organization, responsible for managing and developing the most important asset of a company - its people. The role of HR involves recruiting and selecting the right candidates for specific job roles, training and developing employees, implementing performance management systems, and ensuring compliance with employment laws and regulations. HR professionals also play a key role in fostering a positive work culture and employee engagement through various programs and initiatives. Additionally, HR departments are responsible for handling employee relations, resolving conflicts, and maintaining a safe and healthy work environment. Overall, the effectiveness of an organization's HR department directly impacts its success and profitability.Chinese:人力资源是任何组织中至关重要的职能，负责管理和发展公司最重要的资产- 其人员。

人力资源管理的外文文献参考引言人力资源管理（HRM）是一项重要的管理活动，用于招聘、培训、激励和管理组织中的人员。

在全球化的今天，了解并借鉴国外的人力资源管理经验是至关重要的。

本文将介绍几篇外文文献，以供参考。

文献一：《The Impact of HRM Practices on Organizational Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis》这篇文献是由Brian Becker、Markus Groth和Patricia S. Taylor等人在2017年发表的。

研究通过系统回顾和汇总分析，探讨人力资源管理实践对组织绩效的影响。

研究发现，高度关注员工参与、培训与发展、绩效激励和工作安排的组织通常表现出更好的绩效。

文献二：《The Role of Human Resource Management in International Joint Ventures: A Review》发表于2015年的这篇文献由Ibraiz Tarique和Randall S. Schuler共同完成。

文献中，作者回顾了人力资源管理在国际合资企业（IJVs）中的作用。

研究发现，IJVs面临着来自不同国家和文化背景的员工的挑战，良好的人力资源管理可以帮助解决这些挑战，并提高组织的绩效。

文献三：《The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Perceptions of Organizational Performance》这篇发表于2006年的文献由Naresh R. Pandey、Becky L. S. Ang和Damien W. C. Chng共同撰写。

研究关注人力资源管理实践对员工对组织绩效的感知的影响。

研究发现，员工对组织绩效的感知与人力资源管理实践是密切相关的，良好的人力资源管理可以带来更高的组织绩效。