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一、殖民地时期1607-17651607年，captain john smith 带领第一批移民在北美大陆建立第一个英国殖民地--詹姆斯敦。
1765年，殖民地人民奋起抗议英国政府颁布的印花税。
文学特点：宗教色彩，讲经布道向欧洲读者或亲友介绍新大陆的小册子和游记书信著名作家：Captain john smith,Anne Bradstreet, 以夫妻恩爱家庭美满为题材Edward Taylor，清教徒，牧师，讲道二、启蒙时期&独立战争时期1765-18世纪1730s，爱德华兹（Johnathan Edwards）为首的清教徒掀起“大觉醒”运动，企图恢复清教主义的统治，失败。
启蒙运动代表人物Benjamin Franklin(文学家科学家政治家):《格言历书》poor richard's almanac,通过格言警句宣传创业持家，待人处事的道德原则和勤奋致富的生活道路《自传》Autobiography，开创了美国名人写传记的风气独立战争时期文学以理性的散文为主，主要是各派政治力量对于革命的必要性、革命的前途与方向、政府的形式与性质等重大问题展开讨论时产生的杂文、政论文和演讲词，即便诗歌也以政治为内容。
代表作家：潘恩Thomas paine 的《常识》commom senseThomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence汉密尔顿、麦迪逊、杰伊合写的《论联邦》The Federalist Papers威廉-希尔-布朗william hill brawn,第一部美国小说《同情的力量》三、浪漫主义时期1800-1865作家们强调文学的想象力和感情色彩，反对古典主义的形式与观点，歌颂大自然，崇尚个人和普通人的思想感情，并且寻根问祖，发幽古之思情。
素材完全取自美国现实，如西部开发和拓荒经历。
他们赞美美国山水，讴歌美国生活，反映美国人民的乐观与热情。
从杰斐逊1829 上台到南北战争(1860-1865),浪漫主义文学的全盛时期，美国文学史上“第一次大繁荣”。
美国文学复习整理一、殖民主义时期的文学（colonial settlements)＆理性和革命时期文学（revolutionary period）（文艺复兴时期)1.清教主义的shaping influence2.代表人物“T he Tenth Muse”第一位移民诗人2. Philip Freneau 菲利普·佛瑞诺有宗教隐喻，关注本土地貌、人文.写印第安人故事。
美国诗歌之父 father of American poetry代表作《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle3。
Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊起草了独立宣言 The Declaration of Independence 17764.Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因拥护独立宣言代表作：《常识》Common Sense《理性时代》The Age of Reason5.Jonathan Edwards乔纳森·埃德沃兹大觉醒运动的代表人物 the Great Awakening6.Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林代表作：《自传》The Autobiography《穷理查德历书》Poor Richard's Almanac美国梦的代表二．浪漫主义时期的文学(American Romanticism）早期浪漫主义（Early Romantic Period）1.背景：1> 时间：18世纪末到内战爆发前夕（1861）2> 条件：○1国家的快速发展，大量移民和工业化发展错误!小说的发展，期刊杂志（periodical)出现错误!受英国文学的影响2.浪漫主义的基本特征1>Stressing emotion rather than reason2>Stressing freedom and individuality3>Idealism rather than materialism4>Writing about nature, medieval legends（中世纪传说）and with supernaturalelements。
一．The Colonial Period （1607-1765）二．二. The Period of enlightenment and the Independence War (1765-1800) (一) Benjamin Franklin 富兰克林1，Poor Richard’s Almanac《格言历书》2，The Autobiography《自传》（二）Thomas Paine 潘恩1，Common Sense《常识》(三) Thomas Jefferson 杰斐逊1，Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》（四）Alexander Hamilton汉密尔顿James Madison麦迪逊John Jay 杰伊1, The Federalist Papers《论联邦》（三人联作）(五）William Hill Brown 威廉.希尔.布朗1，The Power of Sympathy《同情的力量》三．The Romantic Period （1800-1865）（一）Washington Irving 欧文（Romanticism）1，The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷的传说》2，Rip Van Winkle 《瑞普.凡温.克尔》3，The Sketch Book 《见闻札记》（二）James Fenimore Cooper 库伯(Romanticism)1，The Leather-stocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》（三）William Cullen Bryant 布莱恩特（Romanticism）first 1，To a Waterfowl 《致水鸟》2，The Yellow Violet 《黄色的堇香花》（四）Ralph Waldo Emerson 爱默生（Transcendentalism）1，The Dial 《日晷》2，Nature 《论自然》3，Self-Reliance 《伦自立》4，The American Scholar《论美国学者》（五）Henry David Thoreau 梭罗（Transcendentalism）1，Walden《沃尔登》2，On the Duty of Civil Disobedience 《论公民的不服从》（六）Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 郎费罗1，The Song of Hiawatha 《海华沙之门》（七）John Greenleaf Whittier 惠蒂埃1，Snow-Bound《大雪封门》（八）Walt Whitman 惠特曼（Romanticism）1, Leaves of Grass《草叶集》（九）Emily Dickinson 狄金森1，The Poetry of Emily Dickinson《狄金森诗集》（十）Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑non-transcendentalism，Gothic novel 1，The Blithedale Romance 《福谷传奇》2，The Scarlet Letter 《红字》3, The House of the Seven Gables 《带有七个尖角阁的房子》4，The Minister’s Black Veil 《教长的黑纱》5，Young Goodman Brown 《好小伙子布朗》6，The Birthmark《胎记》7，Rappaccini’s Daughter 《拉伯西尼医生的女儿》（十一）Herman Melville 梅尔维尔1，Moby Dick 《白鲸》（十二）Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.爱伦.坡romanticism，English Gothic 1，The Raven 《乌鸦》2，Ligeia《莉盖亚》3，The Fall of the House of User 《厄舍大厦的倒塌》4，William Wilson 《威廉.威尔逊》5, Murders in the Rue Morgue《莫格街谋杀案》6，The Purloined Letter 《被窃的信件》7，The Philosophy of Composition 《创作哲学》8，The Poetic Principle《诗歌原理》9，The Cask of Amontillado 《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》（十三）Harriet Beecher Stowe 斯托夫人oppose slavery1，Uncle Tom’s Cabin 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》四，The Realistic Period（1865-1918）南北战争-一战爆发（一）Sarah Orne Jewett朱厄特新英格兰local literature 乡土文学1，Deephaven and Other Stories《迪普黑文》2, The Country of Pointed Firs 《尖枞树之乡》（二）Joel Chandler Harris哈里斯southern local literature1，Uncle Remus：His Songs and Sayings《雷默斯大叔：他的歌和话》（三）Kate Chopin 肖邦southern local literature1,The Awakening 《觉醒》（四）Bret Harte哈特western local literature1,The Luck of Roaring Camp 《咆哮营的幸运儿》（五）William Dean Howells 豪威尔斯realism1，Criticism and Fiction 《批评与小说》2，The Rise of Silas Lapman 《赛拉斯.拉帕姆的发迹》（六）Mark Twain 马克吐温1，The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County《卡拉维拉县驰名的跳蛙》2, The Innocents Abroad 《傻子国外旅行记》3，The Gilded Age 《镀金时代》4，The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 《汤姆.索耶历险记》5，The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝里.费恩历险记》6，Following the Equator 《赤道旅行记》7，The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg 《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》8，The Mysterious Stranger 《神秘的来客》（七）Henry James詹姆斯世态小说novel of manners1，The Portrait of a Lady 《一位女士的肖像》2，The Wings of the Dove 《鸽翼》3，The Ambassadors 《专使》4，The Golden Bowl《金碗》5，Jolly Corner 《快乐的一角》（八）Stephen Crane 克莱恩1，Maggie；A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎麦姬》2，The Red Badge of Courage 《红色英勇勋章》（九）Upton Sinclair 辛克莱muckrakers 黑幕揭发者1，The Jungle《屠场》（十）Theodore Dreiser 德莱塞1，Sister Carrie 《嘉莉妹妹》2，Jennie Gerhardt 《珍妮姑娘》3，An American Tragedy 《美国的悲剧》五，The Period of Modernism (1918-1945) 一战后（一）Carl Sandburg 桑德堡1，Chicago Poems 《芝加哥诗集》2，The People，Yes《人民，是的》（二）Hart Crane 克莱恩1，The Bridge 《桥》* 区别Stephen Crane 克莱恩1，Maggie；A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎麦姬》2，The Red Badge of Courage 《红色英勇勋章》（三）Ezra Pound 庞德imagism意象派1, Selwyn Mauberley 《休.赛尔温.毛伯利》2, The Cantos《诗章》（四）T.S.Eliot 艾略特1，The Waste Land 《荒原》（五）Wallace Stevens 斯蒂文斯1，The Man with the Blue Guitar《带蓝吉他的人》（六）William Carlos Williams 威廉斯imagism 1，Paterson 佩特森（七）Robert Frost 弗洛斯特1，A Boy’s Will 《少年的意志》2，West-Running Brook 《西去的溪流》3，A further Range 《又一片牧场》4，Mending Wall 《修墙》5，After Apple-Picking 《摘苹果之后》6，The Birches 《白桦树》（八）Edward Arlington Robinson 罗宾逊1，The Children of the Night 夜之子（九）Elmer Rice 赖斯1，The Adding Machine《加算器》（十)Clifford Odets 奥德兹1，Waiting for Lefty 《等待老左》（十一）Eugene O’Neill奥尼尔1, Beyond the Horizon 《天边外》first opposing romanticism drama 2，Emperor Jones 《琼斯皇帝》expressionism3，The Hairy Ape 《毛猿》realism+expressionism+symbolism4，The Great God Brown《大神布朗》symbolism5，Strange Interlude《奇异的插曲》stream of consciousness6，Desire Under the Elm《榆树下的欲望》7, The Iceman Cometh 《送冰的人来了》（十二）F.Scott Fitzgerald typical “lost generation”writer 1, The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》2，The Side of Paradise《人间天堂》3，Tender Is the Night 《夜色温柔》（十三）Gertrude Stein斯泰因1，Three Lives 《三个女人的一生》（十四）Edith Wharton华顿realism1，The House of Mirth《快乐之家》2，The Age of Innocence 《天真时代》3，The Barren Ground 《荒芜的土地》*区别T.S.Eliot 艾略特The Waste Land 《荒原》4，The Romantic Comedy Actors《浪漫主义喜剧演员》（十五）Willa Cather 薇拉，凯瑟1，Oh，Pioneers 《哦，拓荒者们》2，My Antonia 《我的安东尼亚》3，A lost Lady《一个沉沦的妇女》4，The Professor’s House《教授的住宅》5，Death Comes to the Archbishop 《死神迎接大主教》（十六）Sinclair Lewis 刘易斯first American Nobel Prize Winner 1，Main Street 《大街》2，Babbitt 《巴比特》（十七）Sherwood Anderson 安德森1，Winesburg，Ohio 《俄亥俄州瓦恩斯堡镇》2，The Egg 《鸡蛋》3，Death in the Woods 《林中之死》（十八）John Dos Passos 多斯.帕索斯1，Three Soldiers 《三个士兵》2，Manhattan Transfer 《曼哈顿中转站》3，U.A.S 《美国》三部曲：（1）The 42nd Parallel 《北纬四十二度》（2）1919 《一九一九年》（3）Big Money《赚大钱》（十九）Ernest Hemingway 厄内斯特，海明威lost generation 1，The Sun Also Rises 《太阳照常升起》2，A Farewell to Arms 《永别了，武器》3，For Whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》4，The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》（二十）John Steinbeck 斯坦贝克1，The Grapes of Wrath 《愤怒的葡萄》2，Dubious Battle 《胜负未决的战斗》（二十一）William Faulkner 福克纳1，The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》2，Snopes Trilogy《斯诺普斯》三部曲（1）The Hamlet 《村子》（2）The Town 《小镇》（3）The Mansion 《大宅》3, Light in August 《八月之光》4，Absalom，Absalom！《押沙龙，押沙龙！》5，Go Down，Moses《去吧，摩西》（二十二）Malcolm Cowley考利1，Exile’s Return 《流放者归来》（二十三）Jean Toomer 图默1，Cane 《甘蔗》（二十四）Langston Hughes 休斯1，The Weary Blues《萎靡的布鲁斯》（二十五）Richard Wright 赖特1，Native Son《土生子》2，Uncle Tom’s Children《汤姆大叔的孩子们》* 区别：Harriet Beecher Stowe 斯托夫人1，Uncle Tom’s Cabin 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》3，Black Boy：A Record of Children 自传《黑孩子》课文诗歌Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃兹沃思.朗费罗1，I Shot an Arrow 《我射出一支箭》2，A Psalm of Life 《人生颂》Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.爱伦.坡1，Sonnet --To Science《十四行诗致科学》2，To Helen--《致海伦》Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼1，One’s Self I Sing《我歌唱自我》2，O Captain!My Captain!《噢，船长！我的船长！》Emily Dickinson 埃米莉.狄金森1，To Make a Prairie 《要描绘一片草原……》2，Success Is Counted Sweetest 《最美妙的胜利感觉》3，Nobody！《我是无名之辈》。
美国文学期末复习资料（作家作品）——美国文学1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴2）“The Way to Wealth”致富之道“The Autobiography”自传18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传2、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家，the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家“Sketch Book”《见闻札记》, the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。
“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”《西班牙征服记》A History of New York 纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra 阿尔罕伯拉3.James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀“Leatherstocking Tales”《皮袜子故事集》，包括“The Deerslayer”《杀鹿者》、“The Last of the Mohicans”《最后的莫希干人》、“The Pathfinder”《探路人》、“The Pioneers”《拓荒者》、“The Prairie”《大草原》, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。
作家作品Naturalism1、Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871-1900 战争小说之父Maggie: A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎麦琪》（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）, a pioneering work of sociological naturalism；关于南北战争的The Red Badge of Courage《红色英勇勋章》，奠定了他在美国文坛上不可动摇的地位；优秀短篇小说集The Open Boat《海上扁舟》和blue hotel 《蓝色旅馆》; wounds in the rain 《雨中的伤痕》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky《新娘来到黄天镇》2、Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945美国文学史上最杰出的现实主义小说家，一位以探索充满磨难的现实生活着称的美国自然主义作家.Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》，真实再现了当时美国社会;Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》，被称为《嘉莉妹妹》的姐妹篇;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲（Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic斯多噶）;An American Tragedy《美国悲剧》是德莱赛成就最高的作品，是人们清晰地看到了美国社会的真实情况，“至今依然具有巨大的现实意义”在《美国悲剧》中，Dreiser intended to tell us that it is the social pressure that makes Clyde's downfall inevitable. Clyde's tragedy is a tragedy that depends upon the American social system which encouraged people to pursue the "dream of success" at all costs.1、Naturalism emphasized heredity and environment as important deterministic forces shaping individualized characters who were presented in special and detailed circumstances.2. The effect of Darwinist idea of "survival of the fittest" was shattering. It is not surprising to find in Dreiser's fiction a world of jungle, where “kill or to be killed” was the law.Dreiser's Writing Features:✓As a naturalist writer, Dreiser stressed determinism in his novels which deals with everyday life, often with its sordid side.✓As a naturalist, he developed the capacity for photographic and relentless (无情的) observation, thereby truthfully reflecting the society and people of his time.✓His narrative method is natural and free from artifice.Modern Poetry3、Robert Frost罗伯特·弗罗斯特1874-196320世纪最受欢迎的美国诗人, 美国文学中的桂冠诗人田园诗；自然诗☐He used symbols from everyday country life to express his deep ideas. His graceful and traditional poetic style is highly appreciated in the country.A Boy's Will少年心愿and North of Boston波士顿之北were published and highly acclaimed in England. Mending Wall修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之后;Mountain Interval山间The Road Not taken没有选择的道路;New Hampshire 《新罕布什尔West-running Brook西流的溪涧;A Further Range 又一片牧场;A Witness Tree一株作证的树a masque of reason《理智的假面具》a masque of mercy慈悲的假面具complete poems诗歌全集a steeple bush尖塔丛林The Analysis of “The Road Not Taken”1.when confronted with important decisions which one must make in life, one must accept theconsequences, for he will not have a chance to go back.2.He encourages people to try things new and choose the road less traveled by. At the same time,he expresses the regrets that one can not choose two at the same time.3.The poem is written in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme ABAAB4.Symbolism is used as a very effective writing technique.4、Ezra Pound艾兹拉·庞德1885-1972Imagism1) With a spirit of revolt against conventions, imagism was anti-romantic and anti-Victorian.2) Imagism produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.3) Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet (creating an image). It calls for brief language, and pinpoints the precise picture in as few words as possible.美国著名诗人，意象派的代表人物。
美国文学部分(American Literature)一．独立革命前后的文学（The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1)．殖民地时期的文学的特点2)．主要的作家、其概况及其代表作品2．独立革命前后时期的主要作家本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林，散文家、科学家、社会活动家，曾参与起草“独立宣言”。
《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanack《致富之道》The Way to Wealth《自传》The Autobiography托马斯·潘恩Thomas Paine托马斯·潘恩，散文家、政治家、报刊撰稿人。
《税务员问题》The Case of the Officers of Excise《常识》Common Sense《美国危机》American Crisis《人的权利》Rights of Man《专制体制的崩溃》Downfall of Despotism《理性时代》The Age of Reason菲利普·弗伦诺Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺，著名的“革命诗人”。
《蒸蒸日上的美洲》“The Rising Glory of America”《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship”《纪念美国勇士》同类诗中最佳“To the Memory of the Brave Americans”《野生的金银花》“The Wild Honeysuckle”《印第安人殡葬地》“The Indian Burying Ground”二．美国浪漫主义文学（American Romanticism）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1)．美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景2)．主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格3)．清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文，美国著名小说家，被称为“美国文学之父”.《瑞普·凡·温可尔》Rip Van Winkle《纽约外史》A History of New York《见闻札记》The Sketch Book《睡谷的传说》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀开创了以《皮裹腿故事集》为代表的边疆传奇小说，其中最为重要的一部是《最后的莫西干人》。
美国文学期末复习资料美国文学期末复习资料美国文学是一门广泛而深入的学科，涵盖了从殖民地时期到现代的众多作品和作家。
为了帮助大家复习期末考试，本文将以不同的主题和时期为线索，介绍一些重要的美国文学作品和相关知识。
一、殖民地时期的文学在殖民地时期，美国文学主要以宗教为主题，反映了早期殖民者的信仰和生活。
《普利茅斯纪事》是美国文学史上的里程碑之一，它记录了普利茅斯殖民地的建立和早期的困难。
另外，约翰·史密斯的《弗吉尼亚史诗》和威廉·布拉德福的《普利茅斯植民地纪事》也是重要的作品。
二、启蒙时代的文学启蒙时代是美国文学的重要时期，这一时期的作品反映了人们对自由、理性和独立思考的追求。
本杰明·富兰克林是启蒙时代的代表人物，他的《贫穷理性者的儿子》和《自传》都是重要的作品。
此外，托马斯·潘恩的《常识》和托马斯·杰斐逊的《独立宣言》也是这一时期的重要文献。
三、浪漫主义时期的文学浪漫主义时期是19世纪美国文学的高峰期，作家们开始关注个人情感和内心体验。
华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传奇》和爱德加·爱伦·坡的《乌鸦》是这一时期的代表作品。
此外，纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》和赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的《白鲸》也是不可忽视的作品。
四、现实主义时期的文学现实主义时期是19世纪末到20世纪初的文学运动，作家们开始关注社会问题和人类命运。
马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》和斯蒂芬·克莱恩的《红字》是这一时期的代表作品。
此外，亨利·詹姆斯的《国际象棋之家》和埃德蒙·威尔逊的《了不起的盖茨比》也是重要的作品。
五、现代主义和后现代主义时期的文学现代主义和后现代主义时期是20世纪美国文学的重要阶段，作家们开始挑战传统的叙事方式和观念。
欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》和威廉·福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》是现代主义时期的代表作品。
（美国文学期末复习资料(完美版)Imagism （意向主义）(1)Imagism came into being in Britain and US around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation.（2）The Imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.(3) Imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles: i) direct treatment of subject matter; ii) economy of expression; iii) as regards rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome; iv) Ezra Pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known imagist poem.Ezra Pound (爱兹拉·庞德）Cathay (1915)《中国》a volume of Chinese translation.He blue-penciled The Waste Land《荒原》the most significant American poem of the twentieth century.Cantos 《诗章》，a modern epic Pound’s major work of poetry。
一、文学术语*41.Epic叙事诗，史诗A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.Twoof the most famous epics of Western civilization are Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.The great epic of the Middle Ages is The Divine Comedy（神曲）by the Italian poet Dante.The two most famous English epics are the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf and John Milton's Paradise Lost,which employ some of the conventions of the classical epic.2.Naturalism自然主义（文学、艺术以反映现实为宗旨）Naturalism is a term of literary history,primarily a French movement in prose fiction and the drama during the final third of the19th century,although it is also applied to similar movements or groups of writers in other countries in the later decades of the19th and early years of the20th cents.In France Emile Zola(1840-1902)was the dominant practitioner(习艺者，专业人员) of Naturalism in prose fiction and the chief exponent（鼓吹者，倡导者，拥护者；能手，大师）of its doctrines.The emergence of Naturalism does not mark a radical（彻底的）break with Realism,rather the new style is a logical extension of it.Broadly speaking,Naturalism is characterized by a refusal to idealize experience and by the persuasion that human life is strictly subjected to natural laws.The Naturalists shared with the earlier Realists the conviction that the everyday life of the middle and lower classes of their own day provided subjects worthy of serious literary treatment.Emphasis was laid on the influence of the material and economic environment on behavior,and on the determining effects of physical and hereditary factors in forming the individual temperament.Famous American Naturalistic writers would include Jack London,Stephen Crane and Frank Norris,who were deeply influenced by Charles Darwin's evolution theory which believe that one's heredity and social situation limit one's character.3.Modernism现代派（盛行于20世纪的文学风格）Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts,originating about the end of the19th century and prosperity in the20th century.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted,alienated and ill relationships between man and nature,man and society,man and man,and man and himself.The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public,more on the subjective than on the objective.They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual.In their writings,the past,the present and the future are mingled（混合）together and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual.4.Transcendentalism超验主义It was a reaction to the18th century Newtonian concept of the universe.The major features of New England Transcendentalism can be summarized as follows:1.The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit,or the Oversoul,as the most important thing in the universe.2.The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.To them the individual was the most important element of society.3.The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature was,to them,not purely matter.It was alive,filled with God's overwhelming presence.I.Major Literary Terms in The Anglo-Norman Period1.Romance:Any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.Originally,the term referred to a medieval tale dealing with the loves and adventures of kings and queens,knights and ladies,and including unlikely or supernatural happenings.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the best of the medieval romances.John Keats's The Eve of St.Agnes is one of the greatest metrical（格律）romances ever written.2.Ballad（民谣，叙事歌谣）:A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung.In many centuries,the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature.Folk ballads have no known authors.They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung.The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people.The most popular subjects,often tragic,are disappointed love,jealousy,revenge,sudden disaster and deeds of adventure and daring.Devices commonly used in ballads are the the refrain（叠词）,incremental repetition（叠句）and code language（特定语言）.A later form of ballad is the literary ballad which imitates the style of the folk ballad.The most famous English literary ballad is Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner（老水手之歌）.二、选择&填空The Anglo-Norman PeriodThe literature which Normans brought to England is remarkable for its____tales of___and___,in marked contrast of____and ____of Anglo-Saxon poetry.romantic,love,adventure,strength,somberness（昏暗；冷静）Geoffrey Chaucer1.The Canterbury Tales contains in fact a General Prologue and only_____tales,of which two are left unfinished.●242.The____provides a framework for the tales in The Canterbury Tales and it comprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.●Prologue序言3.The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's greatest work and the greater part of it was written in____Couplets.●Heroic（英雄双韵体）4.The pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales are on their way to the shrine of St.Thomas a Becket at the place named____.●Canterbury5.In The Canterbury Tales,from the character of_____,we may see a very vivid sketch of a woman of the middle class,and a colorful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucer's own day.●the Wife of Bath（巴斯夫人：齐叟笔下一个结过5次婚等待第六位丈夫的女人）Renaissance1.Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,and____are generally regarded as Shakespeare's four great tragedies.●Macbeth2.Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of_____.●Queen Elizabeth3._____wrote his_____in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of people's sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.●Thomas More，UtopiaThe literature of the17th century1.After____'s death,monarchy was again restored in1660.It was called the period of_____.●Oliver Cromwell;Restoration2.The Glorious Revolution took place in the year of_____●1688.3.Paradise Lost tells how____rebelled against God and how___and___were driven out of Eden.●Satan;Adam,Eve.4.Bunyan's most important work is____,written in the form old-fashioned medieval form of_____and dream.●The Pilgrim's Progress;allegory寓言the18th century literature1.The image of an enterprising Englishman of the18th century was created by Daniel Defoe in his famous novel______.●Robinson Crusoe2.The18th century in English literature is an age of___.●prose3.Jonathan Swift's masterpiece is___..●Gulliver's Travels4.William Blake's work___(1794)are in marked contrast with the Songs of Innocence天真之歌.●The Songs of Experience经验之歌5.The greatest of___poets in the18th century is Robert Burns.●Scottishthe19th century literature1.With the publication of William Wordworth's______with S.T.Coleridge,______began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literature.●Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集,Romanticism2.The Romantic Age came to an end in1832when the last Romantic writer_____died.●Walter Scott3.The greatest historical novelist_____was produced in the Romantic Age.●Walter Scott4.The glory of the Romantic age is in the poetry of___,___,___,___,___,and___.●Scott,Wordsworth,Coleridge科尔里奇,Byron,Shelley,Keats,Moore,Southey索西.5.The English Romantic Period produced two major novelists.They are______.●Scott and Austen6.In his poems Wordsworth aimed at the_____and_____of the language.●simplicity,purity7.Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems,one is Childe Harold's Pilgrimage,and the other is_____.●Don Juan8.“Ode to a Nightingale”was written by_____.●John Keats9.Jane Austen's literary concern is about human beings in their_____relationships.●personal.Victorian Age1.In the19th century English literature,a new literary trend_____appeared after the romantic poetry,and flourished in the time of ______.●Critical realism,1840s and1850s.2.Critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature.Here lies in the essentially_____and _____character of critical realism.●Democratic,humanitarian3.In A tale of Two Cities,the two cities are_____and_____in the time of revolution.●London,Paris4.In1847,Thackeray published his masterpiece_____,which marks the peak of his literary career.●Vanity Fair5.It is Robert Browning who developed the literary form_____..●Dramatic monologue戏剧独白20th century British Literature1.____had its outstanding advocate in Kipling,who with drum and trumpet,called upon England to“take up the Whiteman's burden”by dominating all“lesser breeds without the law.”●lmperialism2.Those“novels of character and environment”by Thomas Hardy are the lost representative of him as both a and a critical realist writer.●Naturalistic3.It took Galsworthy twenty-two years to accomplish the monumental work,his masterpiece____●The Forsyte Saga福尔赛世家wrence finished____,the autobiographical novel at which he had been working off and on for years,which was positively taken as a typical example and lively manifestation of the“Oedipus Complex”in fiction.●Sons and Lovers5.___and___are the most outstanding stream of consciousness novelist.●James Joyce，Virginia Woolf.6.____is generally regarded as Virginia Woolf's most remarkable work.●To the LighthouseExercises on American Literature1.In the17th century,the English settlements in____and____began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.●Virginia,Massachusetts2.Washington Irving's____became the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic.●Sketch Book3.Cooper's enduring fame rests on his frontier stories,especially the five novels that comprise the____.●Leatherstocking Tales4.____was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New land.●Ralph Waldo Emerson5.A superb book entitled____came out of Henry David Thoreau's two-year experiment at Walden Pond.●Walden6.The book____is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.●Moby DickBook two chapter one1.In his cluster of poems called Leaves of Grass,__gave America its first genuine epic poem.●Walt Whitman2.As the founder of American Critical Realism,____enjoys the fame as“Lincoln of American literature”.●Mark Twain3.____was considered the founder of psychological realism in America.●Henry James4.The identification of potency（影响）with money is at the heart of Dreiser's greatest and most successful novel,____.●An American TragedyThe20th century1.Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the“_____Movement”.●Imagist2.The most significant American poem of the20th century was_____.●The Waste Land3.____of the1920s characterized by frivolity and carelessness is brought vividly to life in The Great Gatsby.●The Jazz Age4.Hemingway's novel___painted the image of a whole generation,the Lost Generation.●The Sun Also Rises5.____wrote about the disintegration（瓦解）of the old social system in the American southern states,and the lives of modem people,both black and white.●William Faulkner三、True or False1.In1066,Alexander the Great led the Norman army to invade England.It was called the Norman Conquest.●F(William the Conqueror）2.The Story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination（顶点）of the romances about Charles the Great.●F(King Arthur and his knights)3.Robinson named Saturday to the saved victim.F(Friday)4.“A Modest Proposal”is made to Irish government to relieve the poverty of English people.F(Irish)5.It was Henry Fielding and Tobias Gorge Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.T6.Of all the romantic poets of the18th century,Blake is the most in-dependent and the most original.T7.George Eliot produced the remarkable novels including Adam Bede,The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner.(true)8.The Bronte sisters are Charlotte Bronte,Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte.(true)9.The Victorian Age was largely an age of prose,especially of the novel.(true)10.David Copperfield is Thackeray's masterpiece.F(Dickens)11.The title of the novel Vanity Fair is taken from Bunyan's Pilgrim's progress.(true)12.In1907,John Galsworthy received the Nobel Prize for“idealism”in literature.Kim is his long novel.F(Kipling)13.George Bernard Shaw was strongly against the credo of“art for art's sake”.T14.The Importance of Being Earnest is written by Oscar Wilde.T15.Hester Prynne is the heroine in Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The Scarlet Letter.T16.In1828,Noah Webster published his An American Dictionary of the English Language.T17.Stirred by the teachings of transcendentalism,writers of Boston and nearby towns produced a New England literary renaissance.T18.The Fall of the House of Usher is one of Edgar Allan Poe's poems.F(novels)19.Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass are about man and nature.T20.Emily Dickinson is a democratic poet.F(modernist)21.“The Cop and the Anthem”was written by Jack London.F(O Henry)22.While embracing the socialism of Marx,Jack London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals.This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel The Call of the Wild F(Martin Eden) 23.Between the mid-19th and the first decade of the20th century,there had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social id natural sciences,as well in the field of art in Europe,which played an indispensable role in bringing about modernism and the modernistic writings in the United States.T 24.The decade of the1910s,American literature achieved a new diversity and reached its greatest heights.F(1920s)25.John Steinbeck is a representative of the1930s,when“novels of social protest”became dominant on the American literary scene.T 26.John Updike is considered to be a spokesman for the alienated youth in the post-war era and his The Catcher in the Rye is regarded as students'classic.F（Jerome David Salinger）(J.D.Salinger）四、连线题作家流派/文体作品Literature StyleChaucer heroic couplet英雄双韵体Romance of the Roseschiefly under the influenceof French poetry of theMiddle AgesThe House of Fame--《名誉堂》Troylus and Criseyde《特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德》The Legend of Good women--《良妇传说》The Parliament of Fowls--《百鸟堂》under the spell of the greatliterary geniuses of earlyRenaissance Italy:Danteand Petrarch andBoccaccioThe Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》Produced his works ofmaturity free from anyforeign influence.WilliamLanglandPiers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》Alliteration(头韵)Thomas More托马斯.莫尔Humanism人文主义Utopia乌托邦Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根The Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》Of Studies《论读书》;Of wisdom《论智慧》EssayJohn Lyly Eupheus written in a peculiar style known as EuphuismThomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特first introduced the sonnet into English literatureEarl of Surrey萨利伯爵created blank verse Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞The Fairy Queen《仙后》Lyrical poetryBen Jonson琼生Every Man in His Humour;Volpone,or the Fox;The Alchemist;Bartholomew Fair.ChristopherMarlowe克里斯托弗.马洛Doctor Faustus;The Jew of Malta;Tamburlaine Play Robert Greene George Green;the Pinner of WakefieldWilliam Shakespeare威廉姆.莎士比亚Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，King Lear(李尔王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)37plays;blank verseJohn Donne 约翰.多恩“metaphysical”poets(玄学派诗人)《Death be not proud》《死神莫骄妄》Songs and Sonnets《歌谣与十四行诗》The RelicA Valediction:Forbidding Mourning《离别辞：莫忧伤》1.Extraordinary frankness,penetrating realism,cynicism.2.Novelty of subjectmatter and point of view.3.Novelty of form.John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿三个John都是the Puritans清教徒派《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护《Paradise Lost》失乐园Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》《Paradise Regained》复乐园Sonnet-On His Blindness1.The use of blank verse.2.Grand style.3.Inheritance fromtraditional works such as《失明述怀》Sonnet-On His Deceased Wife《梦之妻》Bible.John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Holy War《圣战》The Life and Death of Mr.BadmanGrace Abounding《丰盛恩惠》1.Written in theold-fashioned,medievalform of allegory anddream.2.His language is chieflyplain,colloquial,and quitemodern.Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福realistic novel现实主义小说《Robinson Crusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记《Jonathan Wild》乔纳森.威尔德《Moll Flanders》摩尔.弗兰德斯Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁Father of modernfiction《Joseph Andrews》约瑟夫.安德鲁斯《The History of Tom Jones,a foundling》弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事The History of Jonathan Wild the Great《伟大的乔纳森·王尔德》Humor&satiristJonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特satirist反讽prose poetry《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游记《A Modest Proposal》一个温和的建议A Tale of a Tub1697《一只桶的故事》The Battle of the Books1698《书籍之战》The Drapier’s Letters1724《布商来信》Joseph Addlson The Tatler闲谈者The Spectator旁观者Joseph Addison＆Richard Steele；their life-long friendship and the partnership in literary career.Alexander pope the Pastorals(1709)（田园诗歌）the Essay on Criticism (1711)（论批评）The Rape of the Lock(1714)（卷发遇劫记）“Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady”;“Eloise to Abelard,Samuel Richardson塞缪尔.理查森epistolarynovel(书信体小说），Englishdomestic novel(英国家庭小说）《Pamela》帕美勒Clarissa Harlowe克拉丽莎Sir Charles Grandison查尔斯•格兰迪森的历史psychological analysisRichard B.Sheridan理查德.B.谢尔丹comedy《School for Scandal》造谣学校the Rivals(情敌)the only important Englishdramatist of the18thcenturyOliver Goldsmith’s奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯《The Vicar of Wakefield》威克菲尔德的牧师，小说novel《She Stoops to Conquer》委曲求全，欢乐喜剧rollicking comedy《The Deserted Village》荒村，诗歌The Traveller旅行者poems,诗歌The Citizen of the World世界公民essay以上6位都是18世纪Classicism(古典主义)、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说)的代表人物Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷Sentimentalism感伤主义no belief《Elegy,Written in a CountryChurchyard》墓园挽歌William Blake 威廉.布莱克Pre-romanticismSongs of Innocence天真之歌Songs ofExperience经验之歌Poetical Sketches素描诗集The Tiger老虎Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心呀在高原John Anderson,My Jo约翰·安徒生，我爱A Red,Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰To a Mouse致小鼠Auld Lang Syne友谊地久天长William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯Lake Poets（湖畔派）Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣《The Prelude》序曲1.Leading figure of English romanticpoetry2.See this world freshly and naturally.3.Changed the course of English poetryLord Byron拜伦Romanticism《Childe Harold Pilgrimage》查尔德哈罗德游记Don Juan（唐璜）《Hours of Idleness》闲散时刻1.Renowned as the“gloomy egoist”2.“Byronic Hero”（拜伦式英雄）3.Devote himself into the revolutionPercy Bysshe Shelley雪莱Idealism（理想主义）《Prometheus Unbound》解放的普罗米修斯《Ode to the West Wind》西风颂The Cloud云1.Intense and original2.Reflect radical ideas and revolutionaryoptimism3.Rebel against English politics andconservative valuesJohn Keats济慈Romanticism（浪漫主义）《The Eve of St.Agnes》圣阿格良斯之夜《On a Greeian Urn》希腊古瓮颂《To a Nightingale》致夜莺Ode on Melancholy（忧郁颂）Isabella（伊莎贝拉）1.Epitaph:Here lies one whose name waswritten in water（此地长眠者，声名水上书）2.Early death from tuberculosis at theage of253.He is characterized by sensual imageryWalter Scott沃特.斯科特Famous HistoricalNovelistIvanhoe（艾凡赫）The lady of the Lake（湖中夫人）Waverley（威佛利）1.Historical novelist as well as playwrightand poet.2.He was an advocate,judge and legaladministrator by professionJane Austen简.奥斯丁Female Novelist《Pride and Prejudice》傲慢与偏见《Sense and Sensibility》理智与情感《Emma》爱玛1.Modern character through the treatmentof everyday life2.Virginia Woolf called Austen"the mostperfect artist among women."Charles Lamb 查尔斯.兰伯Essayist（随笔作家）Tales from Shakespeare（莎士比亚故事集）Essays of Elia（伊利亚随笔）The Last Essays of Elia（伊利亚续笔）1.Indulged in his own contemplation andimagination2.To him,literature was a means toexpress his own subjective world and toescape from the sordidness（肮脏、卑鄙）Charles Dickens狄更斯Critical Realism批判现实主义Victorian Period维多利亚时期humanism人文主义《Hard Times》艰难时刻《PickwickPapers》匹克威克外传《Oliver Twist》雾都孤儿《A Tale of Two Cities》双城记1.expose and criticize the poverty,injustice,hypocrisy and corruptness2.show a highly consciouse modernartist3.humor and wit seem inexhaustible4.Picaresque novel(流浪汉小说）Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特《Shirley》雪利《Jane Eyre》简.爱1.great work of genius in Englishfiction2.focus on the female topic3.lyric writing style4.simple realismEmily Bronte艾米丽.勃郎特《Wuthering Heights》呼啸山庄Mrs.Gaskell《Mary Barton,North and South》玛丽.巴顿，北方和南方William Makepeace Thackeray 《Vanity Fair》名利场—this title wasborrowed from The Pilgrim’s Progressby Bunyan.没有大人物的小说1.rich knowledge of social life andheart,the picture in the novels areaccurate and true life2.Thackeray’s satire is caustic and hishumor subtle3.Pay attention to morilityGeorge Eliot 乔治.艾略特《Adam Bede》亚当贝德The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》Silas Marner《织工马南传》Middlemarch《米德尔马契》1.show superb conception andexecution and include much favoralfeminist criticism2.describe various inner world anddepict people’s live with cinematicprecision3.moral teaching and psychologicalrealism.精神说教和心理现实主义。
一、作者-作品1.Eugene O’Neill 尤金·奥尼尔Desire under the Elms榆树下的欲望2.Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说3.Nathaniel Hawthorne霍桑The Scarlet Letter红字4.Herman Melville麦尔维尔Moby Dick白鲸5.Edgar Allan Poe艾伦.坡The Raven乌鸦6.Walt Whitman惠特曼Leaves of Grass草叶集7. Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽雅特.比彻.斯托Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋8. Henry James 亨利.詹姆斯in the Portrait of a Lady一位女士的肖像9.Mark Twain 马克.吐温TheAdventures ofHuckleberry Finn哈克贝里.费恩历险The Gilded Age镀金时代10. O. Henry 欧.亨利The Gift of the Magi麦琪的礼物11. Stephen Crane：史蒂芬.克莱恩The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章12.Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹13.Jack London 杰克.伦敦The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤14. John Steinbeck 约翰.斯坦贝克The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄15.F. Scott Fitzgerald弗斯.菲茨杰拉德The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比16.Ernest Hemingway 海明威The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起17.Katherine Anne Porter 凯瑟琳.安.波特Flowing Judas and other Stories犹大之花18. Ezra Pound 埃兹拉.庞德 Imagism 意象派The Cantos 诗章19.William Carlos Williams: 威廉.威廉姆斯The Red Wheelbarrow红色手推车20. Joseph Heller约瑟夫海勒：Catch-22 第22条军规21.Thomas Stearns Eliot爱略特The Waste Land荒原22.Zora Neal Hurston 佐拉.赫斯顿Their eyes were watching God 他们眼望上苍二、名词解释1.Transcendentalism超验主义:(1)As a philosophical and literary movement, American Transcendentalis m (also known as “ American Renaissance”) flourshed in New England fr om the 1830s to the Civil War. It is the high tide of American romanticism and its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson and Thoreau. Transcendentalists spoke for the cultural rejuvenation and agai nst the materialism of American society.(2)The major features of Transcendentalism:① The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. 思想超灵宇宙② The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To t hem, the individual is the most important element of Society. 个体+社会③ The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbol ic of the Spirit or God. Nature was not purely matter. It was alive, filled w ith God’s overwhelming presence. 自然+上帝代表人物：Emerson, Thoreau2.The Gilded Age镀金时代：an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope. Although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, and Poe, the great age of American romanticism had ended. By the 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned. 无节制、走极端，倒退和进步、贫困和富有并存，既令人沮丧又让人有希望的时代。
美国文学一．术语解释1，Transcendentalism(超验主义):简略版：It started in 1830s in US; which emphasis on spirit or oversoul and stressing importance of the individual; regarding nature as symbols of the spirit or God. It took idea from the romantic literatures of Europe, from Neo-Platonism and so on. Emerson was its representative.深层次版：American Transcendentalism: the emergence of the Transcendentalists as an identifiable movement took place during the late 1820s and 1830s, but the roots of their religious philosophy extended much farther back into American religious history. Transcendentalism and evangelical Protestantism followed separate evolutionary branches from American Puritanism, taking as their common ancestor the Calvinism of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe. They stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual was the most important element of society. They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses. Emerson’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” and his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.美国超验主义：美国超验主义出现的19世纪20年代末期到三十年代，但是它的根源在宗教史上要远得多。
The Colonial Period1. John Smith: A Description of New England2. William Bradford: Of Plymouth Plantation3. John Winthrop: A Model of Christian Charity4. Anne BradstreetTenth Muse ContemplationsTo My Dear and Loving Husband The Flesh and the Spirit5. Edward TaylorHuswifery Upon a Spider Catching a Fly6. Roger WilliamsThe Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience7. John Woolman: Journal8. Thomas PaineCommon Sense The American Crisis The Rights of Man The Age of Reason9. Philip FreneauThe Rising Glory of America The Wild Honey Suckle The Indian Burying Ground 10. Charles Brockden Brown: An American TaleAmerican Puritanism: Religious idealism & levelheaded common sense1. Jonathan EdwardsThe Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin DefendedThe Nature of True Virtue Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God2.Benjamin FranklinThe Autobiography Poor Richard’s AlmanacAmerican Romanticism1. Washington IrvingA History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty, The Sketch Book: Rip Van Winkle The Legend of Sleepy HollowThe History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher ColumbusA Chronicle of the Conquest of GranadaThe Alhambra Life of Goldsmith Life of WashingtonJames Fenimore CooperThe SpyLeatherstocking Tales: The Pioneers The Last of Mohicans The PrairieThe Pathfinder The DeerslayerNew England Transcendentalism1.Ralph Waldo EmersonNature The American Scholar The Representative Men2.Henry David ThoreauCivil Disobedience Walden A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River 3.Nathaniel HawthorneThe Scarlet Letter The House of the Seven GablesMosses from an old Manse The Blithedale Romance The Marble Faun4.Herman MelvilleMoby Dick Clarel Typee Omoo Mardi RedburnWhite Jacket The Confidence Man Billy Budd5.Walt WhitmanLeaves of Grass Song of Myself There was a Child Went ForthCross Brooklyn Ferry6.Emily DickinsonMy Life Closed Twice before its Close Wild Nights—Wild NightsMine—by the Right of the White Election Death is a Dialogue betweenTo Fight Aloud A Triumph Maybe The Brain is Wilder than the SkyI know that He exists The Beggar Lad Dies EarlyIf I Can Stop One Heart from Breaking When I was Small a Woman DiedI Reckon When I Count at All This is My Letter to the WorldI Heard a Fly Buzz When I DiedAge of Realism1. William Dean Howells 威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯(1837-1920)The Rise of Silas Lapham A Modern InstanceA Hazard of New Fortunes2. Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯（1843-1916）Daisy Miller The Golden BowlThe Portrait of a Lady The Turn of the ScrewThe Ivory Tower The Sense of the PastThe Ambassadors What Maisie KnewLocal colorism1.Mark Twain美国文学之父The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (national famous)The Gilded Age (his first novel) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (美国文学里程碑) The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (colloquial style)Life on the Mississippi A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s CourtThe Man That Corrupted HadleyburgThe Mysterious Stranger AutobiographyInnocent Abroad Roughing It Pudd’nhead WilsonThe Prince and the Pauper American Claimant2.Bret HarteThe Luck of Roaring Camp3.Hamlin GarlandMain-Traveled Roads Crumbling Idols4.Harriet Beecher Stowe: Oldtown Folks5.Edward Eggleston: The Hoosier Schoolmaster6.Constance Fenimore Woolson: Castle Nowhere: Lake-Country Sketches7.Sarah Orne Jewett: Deephaven8.Kate Chopin(女性主义作家)Bayou Folk A Night in Acadie The AwakeningAmerican Naturalism1.Stephen CraneMaggie: A Girl of the Street The Red Badge of CourageThe Open Boat (短篇小说) The Blue Hotel An Experiment in MiseryThe Black Riders (his first book of poems)2.Frank NorrisMcTeague (第一部作品)Trilogy: The Octopus The PitThe Responsibilities of the Novelist3.Theodore DreiserSister Carrie Jennie GerhardtTrilogy of Desire The Financier The Titan The StoicThe Genius An American Tragedy The Bulwark4.Edwin Arlington Robinson (自然主义诗人)Man Against the Sky Richard Corry Miniver Cheevy Flammonde5.Jack LondonThe Call of the Wild White Fang The Sea WolfMartin Eden Love of Life (短篇小说)6.O. HenryThe Gift of the Magi The Necklace7.Sinclair: The JungleNaturalismAmerican naturalism came into being in the nineties of the 19th century. It is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing become less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence. Naturalism writers are Crane, Norris and Dreiser.TranscendentalismTranscendentalism, which appeared after 1830, marked the maturity of American Romanticism and the first Renaissance in the American literary history. It refers to the religious and philosophical doctrines of Emerson, Thoreau and others, which emphasized the importance of individual inspiration and intuition, the over-soul and Nature. Other concepts that accompaniedtranscendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant. Actually transcendentalism is a philosophical school which absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism.RealismRealism came in the latter half of the 19th century as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. It turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for common place and the low, and it offers an objective rather an idealistic view of human nature and human experience. A realistic writer is more objective than subjective, more descriptive than symbolic. Realists looked for truth in everyday truths. Some of the representatives are William Dean Howells and Henry JamesDeismDeism became popular during the 17th and 18th centuries - during the Age of Enlightenment - especially in The United Kingdom, France, and The United States of America. It is a religious philosophy which believes that religious truth is shown by reason applied to empirical events. Some of the typical writers include James Madison, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, Ethan Allen and Thomas Paine. Influenced by deism were Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin. American PuritanismPuritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. American Puritanism stresses predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement from God's grace. But due to the grim struggle for living in the new continent, puritans become more and more practical. American Puritanism is so much a part of the national atmosphere rather than a set of tenets. Writers of Puritanism are Anne Bradstreet and Jonathan Edwards.Local colorismLocal colorism came into being in the late 1860s and early 1870s. Mark Twain, Bret Harte and Hamlin Garland are local colorism writers. The ultimate aim of the local colorists is to write or present local characters of their regions in truthful depiction distinguished from others, usually a very small part of the world.。
美国文学选读期末复习资料The Colonial Period or The Enlightenment and Revolution Period American Puritanism roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th一、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林作品：1、Poor Richard's Almanac 格言历书 --- A Collection of maxims; or proverbs; on thevalue of work and savings for success.2、The Autobiography 自传---“美国梦”的根源3、参与起草独立宣言American RomanticismThe Romantic Period stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a period of the great flowering of American literature.浪漫主义两大主题：爱和大自然的力量The social and cultural background of Romanticism：---The young Republic was flourishing into a politically; economically and culturally independent country.---The Romantic writings revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands.---The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.---The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.Romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm; faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception; and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies as a source of corruption.二、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡---poet; short story writer and literary critic 48 poems;70 short storiesHe greatly influenced the devotees of “Art for art’s sake.”He was father of psychoanalytic criticism 心理分析批评; and the detective story.诗歌的精髓就是追求美小说的主题常常是恐怖和死亡;其中还运用了象征手法..The Poetic Principle : 1. The poem; should be short; readable at one sitting;2. Beauty the rhythmical creation of beauty;3. Melancholy 忧伤especially the death of a beautiful woman.代表作：The Fall of the House of Usher 厄舍大厦的倒塌Ligeia 莉盖亚Annabel Lee 安娜贝尔·李The Raven 乌鸦The Cask of Amontillado 阿芒提拉多的酒桶---gothic novel 人物：蒙特利瑟Montresor; 弗图纳多Fortunato ;筵席上男人将喝醉的死对头哄骗至地窖并砌墙活埋的故事..三、Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生---The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism 超验主义He was a descendent后裔of a long line of New England clergymen 牧师.散文家、诗人、超验主义的哲学的主要倡导者..American TranscendentalismAs a philosophical and literary movement; American Transcendentalism also known as “American Renaissance”flourshed in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War. It is the high tide of American romanticism and its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson and Thoreau. Transcendentalists spoke for the cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.The major features of Transcendentalism:①The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit; or the Oversoul; as the most important thing in the universe. 思想超灵宇宙② The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them; the individual is the most important element of Society. 个体+社会③ The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was not purely matter. It was alive; filled with God’s overwhelming presence.自然+上帝代表作：Nature论自然---the Bible of Transcendentalism by Emerson ；Self-Reliance 论自助 ---是表达他的超验主义观点的最重要作品之一The American Scholar论美国学者；The Over-soul 论超灵四、Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑 --- effected by 超验主义He was born into a prominent Puritan family.One of the most ambivalent矛盾的writers in the American literary history.主要成就：美国心理分析小说的开创者浪漫主义小说家心理小说家代表作：Mosses from an Old Manse 古宅青苔;Twice-Told Tales 故事重述;The Marble Faun 玉石雕像;The House of the Seven Gables 带有七个尖角阁的房子The Scarlet Letter红字Many of his earlier stories had treated themes that led to The Scarlet Letter. Puritan severity toward sex and matrimony and its tendency to suppress bright color and true feelings.The Scarlet Letter红字：Hester Prynne---strong-willed; impetuous; a king of compassionate; maternal figure;Pearl---innocent; perceptive;Roger Chillingworth---a man deficient in human warmth; true evil in the story;Arthur Dimmesdale---intelligent and emotional.Symbolism in his worksHawthorne is a master of symbolism; which he took from the Puritan tradition 清教徒传统and bequeathed to American literature in a revivified form. In his masterpiece; by using Pearl as a thematic symbol; Hawthorne emphasizes the consequence the sin of adultery has brought to the community and people living in that community. With the scarlet A as the biggest symbol of all; which is ambiguous; he proves himself to be one of the best symbolists.五、Herman Melville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔The early sailing experiences were rewarding.代表作： White Jacket 白外衣Billy Budd毕利·伯德;Typee泰比;Omoo欧穆;Mardi玛地.Moby Dick 1851 白鲸---百科全书式性质/海洋作品/动物史诗熊福克纳、老人与海海明威、白鲸梅尔维尔Moby Dick represents the sum total of Melville’s bleak view of the world in which he lived. It is at once Godless and purposeless. Man in this universe lives a meaningless and futile life; meaningless because futile. Once he attempts to seek power over it he is doomed. The idea that man can make the world for himself is nothing but a Transcendentalist folly. Moby Dick thus reveals the basic pattern of 19th century American life:loneliness and suicidal individualism in a self-styled democracy. a negative reflection upon TranscendentalismSymbolism in Moby Dick：---It is regarded as the first American prose epic. It is not merely a whaling tale or sea adventure; considering that Melville is a great symbolist. It turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth 寻找真理and knowledge of the universe; a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology.---Different people on board the ship are representations of different ideas and different social and ethnic groups; facts become symbols and incidents acquire universal meanings; the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. The white whale; Moby Dick; symbolizes nature for Melville; for it is complex; unfathomable难以理解的;malignant恶性的; and beautiful as well.Moby Dick相关人名、地名人名：Ishmael Ahab Queequeg Moby Dick地名：Pequod Jeroboam where they meet Gabriel; a prophet.Samuel Enderby whose captain is BoomerThe Rachel The Delight六、Henry David Thoreau 亨利·大卫·梭罗As a young man; Thoreau took a more than usual interest in the natural world. Like Emerson; but more than him; he saw nature as a genuine restorative; healthy influence on man’s spiritual well-being; and regarded it as a symbol of spirit.Thoreau was very critical of modern civilization. It was; in his opinion; degrading and enslaving man.新英格兰超验主义的重要作家;最有代表性的两件事情就是在瓦尔登湖畔度过的两年和在监狱度过的一夜..代表作：On the Duty of Civil Disobedience 论公民的不服从Walden 瓦尔登湖---not only fully demonstrates Emersonian ideas of self-reliance but also develops and tests Thoreau’s own transcendental philosophy.七、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗Features of Longfellow’s poetic works---Chief romantic tendencies as humanitarian attitude; love of nature and love of beauty.---The first American poet to write narrative poems.---Generally simple ideas expressed musically and powerfully. Above all; there is a joyousness in them; a spirit of optimism and faith in the goodness of life which evokes immediate response in the emotions of his readers.---Simplicity and detachment from the deep problems of contemporary life.19世纪美国最伟大的浪漫主义诗人之一..传统派;励志型..诗集：夜吟Voices of the Night歌谣及其他Ballads and Other Poems伊凡杰琳Evangeline海依华沙之歌The Song of Hiawatha诗歌：我射出一支箭······ I Shot an Arrow...A Psalm of Life 生命颂/人生颂---第一首被完整地介绍到中国的美国诗歌八、Walt Whitman 沃尔特·惠特曼美国着名诗人、人文主义者;他创造了诗歌的自由体Free Verse---without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.;The first edition of Leaves of Grass 草叶集was published in 1855.In this giant work; openness; freedom; and above all;individualism are all that concerned him.Writing features of Whitman---A singer for the ideals of equality; democracy and human dignity. ---Songs for himself; for the labour of common American people; natural creation; the independence of the country; love and friendship; and for the memorizing of President Lincoln.---Free verse; rhythmical unit; phonetic recurrence.诗歌：我歌唱自我One's Self I Sing噢;船长我的船长O Captain My Captain九、Emily Dickinson19世纪唯一出名的女作家---I Died for Beauty; because I could not stop for Death.美国女诗人;狄金森一生都没有离开过自己的家乡;对她的诗歌风格产生直接影响的是爱默生的诗歌;她的诗歌预示了20世纪诗歌的诞生..宅女;想象力;诗歌死亡、爱情、失败、无标点Whitman: societyDickinson: inner life of the individualMost of her poems are about death and immortality. Nature is to her both benevolent and cruel.Emily was an energetic and outgoing woman while attending the Academy and Seminary.Most of her poems are about life and nature. They are short; many of them are based on a single image or symbol.作品：要描绘一片草原······ To Make a Prairie最美妙的胜利感觉 Success Is Counted Sweetest我是无名之辈 I'm NobodyThe Age of RealismThe war led many to question the assumptions shared by the transcendentalists ---- natural goodness; the optimistic view of nature and man; benevolent God. It taught men that life was not good; man was not and God was not.As a literary movement; the Age of Realism came into existence after Romanticism with the Civil War It was a reaction against “the lie”of Romanticism and sentimentalism; and paved the way to Modernism. This literary interest in the so-called “reality” of life started a new period in the American literary writing known as The Age of Realism.The three dominant figures of the period:William Dean Howells; Mark Twain; Henry JamesJames wrote mostly of the upper reaches of American society. Howells concerned himself chiefly with middle class life. Twain dealt largely with the lower strata of society.Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “life” of the Americans; and Henry James had apparently laid greater emphasis on the “inner world” of man.十、Mark Twain 马克·吐温Writing: humor and local colorismThe characteristics of local colorism:---Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. This particular concern about the local character of a region came about as “local colorism” a unique variation of American literary realism.---Local Colorism or Regionalism first appeared in the late 1860s and early seventies in America. Hamlin Garland defined local colorism as having “such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native.” The ultimate aim of the local colorists is to create the illusion of an indigenous土产的 little world with qualities that tell it apart from the world outside.---Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions. They tended to idealize and glorify; but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.代表作： Life on the Mississippi 密西西比河上The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 汤姆·索亚历险记The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 哈克贝里·费恩历险记---Mark Twain’s most representative workThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn---The novel is written in a language that is totally different from the rhetorical language used by Emerson; Poe; and Melville.---His characters; confined to a particular region and to a particular historical moment; speak with a strong accent; which is true of his local colorism.---The rich material of his boyhood experience on the Mississippi became the endless resources for his fiction; and the Mississippi valley and the West became his major theme.---His humor; a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayedromanticism; is remarkable.人物：Huckleberry Finn、Jim、Tom Sawyer、Widow Douglas and Miss Watson、PapThe Duke and Dauphin 公爵和法国皇太子十一、Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯作品：The Portrait of a Lady 一个女士的画像Daisy Miller 黛西·密勒The international theme: the meeting of America and Europe; American innocence in contact and contrast with European decadence and the moral and psychological complications arising therefrom.Like Hawthorne; James regarded evil as essentially of inward cause and repeatedly emphasized magnanimity and the beauty of goodness. Psychological Realism 心理现实主义It is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of characters’thoughts and motivations. And Henry James is considered the founder of psychological realism. He believed that reality lies in the impressions made by life on the spectator; and not in any facts of which the spectator is unaware. Such realism is therefore merely the obligation that the artist assumes to represent life as he sees it.American Naturalism 自然主义---Living in a cold; indifferent; and essentially Godless world; man was no longer free in any sense. He was completely thrown upon himself for survival. Life became a struggle for survival.---Both Howells and Twain had written their best work and had said what they had to say. Apparently they were too old and too set in their ways to reorientate themselves in the new period.---The impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory达尔文进化论on the American thought and the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to another school of realism: American naturalism.The emergence of naturalism does not mark a radical break with realism.It is a new and harsher realism.The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral与道德无关的; that men and women had no free will; that lives were controlled by heredity遗传and environment; that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion湮没in death.代表作家Stephen Crane；Theodore Dreiser；Jack London；O’Henry十二、Stephen Crane 史蒂芬·克莱恩是美国着名的文学家;自然主义手法Naturalism Human are controlled by laws of environment 环境and heredity遗传 ..其作品特点：realistic;naturalistic; impressionistic.同时其作品大多关注社会底层;但比较pessimistic. 海上扁舟中运用了自然主义和印象主义光的变化的手法作品：Maggie: A Girl of the Streets 街头女郎麦姬；The Red Badge of Courage 红色英勇勋章；The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky 新娘来到黄天镇The Blue Hotel 蓝色旅店The Open Boat 海上扁舟；人物：船长Captain; 注油工Oiler最后死了厨师Cook; 记者CorrespondentA Man Said to the UniverseA man said to the universe:"Sir; I exist""However;" replied the universe;"The fact has not created in meA sense of obligation."---Stephen CraneJack London：The Call of the Wild；Martin EdenO.Henry William Sydney Porter：The Gift of the Magi；The Cop and the anthemTheodore Dreiser：Trilogy of Desire: 1.The Financier 2. The Titan 3. The Stoic；Sister Carrie；Jennie Gerhardt；An American TragedyThe Modern PeriodThe Modern Period ：The 1920s-1930s the second renaissance of American literature又称：---The Roaring Twenties economically---The Jazz Age socially---“lost” and “waste land” spiritually;其中;“lost”来源：Gertrude Stein ;“waste land”The historic and cultural background---The USA’s participation in World WarⅠmarked a crucial stage in the nation’s evolution to a world power.---By the second decade of the 20th century; the USA had become the most powerful industrialized nation in the world.---There was a decline in moral standard and the first few decades of the 20th century was best described as a spiritual wasteland. There had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social and natural sciences. Darwinism Darwin; Socialism Karl Marx; Psychoanalysis Sigmund FreudThere had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social and natural sciences.DarwinismDarwin; Socialism Karl Marx; Psychoanalysis Sigmund FreudThe Lost GenerationThe term “Lost Generation” came from Gertrude Stein; who had a salon in her house for English and American expatriates in Paris. The Phrase was a remark she made to a mechanic in Hemingway’s presence that “You are all a lost generation.”Gertrude Stein used the term to describe the post-World War I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war. The term is commonly applied to Ernest Hemingway; F. Scott Fitzgerald; Ezra Pound; Sherwood Anderson; John Dos Passos; E.E. Cummings and some others.Winners of Nobel Prize for Literature during this periodSinclair Lewis 1930 第一个获奖的美国人特点：Main Street; Babbitt; Eugene O’Neill 1936; Pearl S. Buck 1938; T.S. Eliot 1948; William Faulkner 1949; Ernest Hemingway 1954; John Steinbeck 1962十三、Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德·安德森代表作：Winesburg; Ohio 俄亥俄州的温斯堡镇;又称“小镇畸人”Hands;Paper PillsWinesburg; Ohio---a short story collection containing more than 20 connected stories about some grotesque people.---Each story is about one or more people with a ruling kind of passion which distorts their personalities.---Grotesque people also possesses love; passion and beauty nobody knows because other people in the town only care for money. The collection is a bitter satire on the utilitarianism that prevailed in American society.---Vivid picture of a small town in transition from rural to industrial; alienation; loneliness; wanting of love and understanding.十四、F. Scott Fitzgerald 弗·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德American DreamIn the United States’ Declaration of Independence独立宣言; our founding fathers: "…held certain truths to be self-evident; that all Men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights; that among these are life; Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness." …….作品：The Side of Paradise 人间天堂The Beautiful and the Damned 漂亮的冤家Flappers and Philosophers 姑娘们与哲学家们Tales of the Jazz Age 爵士乐时代的故事Tender is the Night 夜色温柔The Crack-up 崩溃The Last Tycoon unfinishedThe Great GatsbyJay Gatsby is a man driven by greed; ambition and; most of all; an unwavering desire for a woman he met before the Great War; when he was poor and she was unobtainable. As Gatsby reinvents himself in an attempt to buy his way into the social elite of Long Island's Gold Coast; he yearns to rekindle his romance with the woman who stole his heart years before. But when the chance finally arrives;a shadow of tragedy is cast over what Gatsby long imagined would be his triumphant moment.主要人物：Nick Carraway、Jay Gatsby、Daisy Buchanan、Tom Buchanan Jordan Baker、Myrtle Wilson、George WilsonThe Great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比被视为美国文学“爵士时代”的象征;以美国梦American Dream为主线..“迷惘的一代”人物: Gatsby盖茨比;Daisy黛西;Tom汤姆;Nick尼克;Myrtle汤姆的情妇;Wilson汤姆情妇的丈夫十五、William Faulkner 威廉·福克纳 1897-19621949 Nobel price:“for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel.”---He is particularly interested in describing the decay of Deep South after the Civil War. Under his pen; the aristocratic families fail to live up to their historical greatness.---He writes about the histories of a number of southern aristocratic families such as the Compsons; the Sartorises; the Sutpens and the McCaslins. He sees their inevitable fall.---Faulkner is a difficult writer. He structures his stories in his own original fashion and is proficient in employing a distinctive narrative method. He often employs stream of consciousness narrative; discards and notion of chronological order; uses multiple narrations; shifts between the present and past tense; and tends toward impossibly long and complex sentences.写作特点、内容：Yoknapatawpha Country---以故乡为原型虚构的;表现南方贵族家庭的没落Southern familyThe Town of Jefferson作品: The Sound and the Fury 1929 喧嚣与骚动;取自莎士比亚的麦克白As I Lay Dying 1930 我弥留之际Light in the August 1932 八月之光Absalom; Absalom 1936 押沙龙;押沙龙Go Down Moses 1942 去吧;摩西23部长篇小说;11个短篇小说;7个诗集;6个电影剧本;1个电视剧剧本十六、Ernest Hemingway厄内斯特·海明威---“迷惘的一代”作家的主要人物He is a legendary hero in American literature. Besides his novels; as a man his life experience is quite a miracle.Iceberg Principle Theory:冰山法则The dignity of movement of the iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.Code hero or Hemingway heroesa noble but tragic hero; fighting with the overwhelming force; though he knows that he will be defeated at last; he decides to act like a hero. In one sense Hemingway wrote all his life about one theme; which is neatly summed up in the famous phrase “grace under pressure”重压下的风度.Major Works:1.The Sun Also Rises 1926 Jake Barnes 太阳照样升起2.A Farewell to Arms 1928 a tragic story about war and love Frederic Henry and Catherine Barkley 永别了;武器3.For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940 Spanish civil war Robert Jordan 丧钟为谁而鸣;取材于Donne的一句诗4.The Old Man and the Sea 1952 Santiago 老人与海The 20th Century American PoetsⅠTwo characteristic strains：introspection自省&social criticism Imagism 意象派A poetic movement of England and the U.S. that flourished from 1909 to 1917. The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing直接处理主题” and the economy of wording简化措辞.“poetic techniques to record exactly the momentary impressions”An Imagist poem; therefore; often contains a single dominant image; or a quick succession of related images. Its effect is meant to instantaneous.The imagist movement drew form a variety of poetic traditions. Greek; Provencal and Japanese poetry are among the many acknowledged sources of Imagism and Pound’s poetry.Three main principles of the Imagist Movement 1912 :1 direct treatment of poetic subjects2 elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words; to use no word that does notcontribute to the presentation.3 rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequenceof a metronome.意象派诗人：Ezra Pound、Wallace Stevens、William Carlos Williams 十七、Ezra Pound埃兹拉·庞德Born: Idaho爱达荷洲Education: University of Pennsylvania9 languagesworked for the Italian government in WW II; engaged in some radio broadcasts of anti-Semitism and pro-Fascism.代表作: Cantos 诗章;Hugh Selwyn Mauberley 休·赛尔温·毛伯利;In a Station of the Metro在一个地铁车站;Cathay 中国/华夏集十八、Wallace Stevens 华莱士·斯蒂文斯Anecdote of the Jar坛子的轶事十九、William Carlos WilliamsThe Red Wheelbarrow 红色手推车: La; r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-r二十、Robert Frost 罗伯特·弗洛斯特罗伯特·弗罗斯特是20世纪最受欢迎的美国诗人..他曾赢得4次普利策奖和许多其他的奖励及荣誉;被称之为美国文学中的桂冠诗人..被称作“新英格兰诗人”;传统诗歌形式和五音抑扬格诗行;他的诗歌精雕细琢;没有一个字是多余的..Major Features:---His verse was terrifying at first; showing the dark side of human life and society. Later; filledwith sunshine.---New England as the setting; The subjects come from daily life of ordinary life;Rural poetry inpastoral tradition. Wordsworth; Emerson---His themes include landscape and people of New England; loneliness and poverty of isolatedfarmers; beauty; terror and tragedy in nature.---Simple language; a graceful style and traditional forms of poetry.作品：A Boy’s Will 一个男孩的意愿North of Boston 波士顿的北部New Hamphshire 新罕布什尔Collected Poems 诗集A Further Range 又一片牧场A Witness Tree 标记树Fire and Ice 火与冰Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 雪夜林边驻脚The Road Not Taken 未选择的路二十一、Langston Hughes兰斯顿·休斯---The first prominent black writer in American literary history. ---Poet Laureate of Harlem 哈莱姆桂冠诗人---O’Henry of Harlem---A poet; playwright; novelist; song writer; biographer; editor; newspaper columnist; translator; lecturer.Harlem Renaissance 哈莱姆文艺复兴---In the 1920s in America; there was an upsurge of Black literature; popularly known as the “Harlem Renaissance”; out of which such eminent literary figures as Langston Hughes grew. So; “Harlem Renaissance” is a burst of literary achievement in the 1920s by Negro playwrights; poets and novelists who presented new insights into the American experience and prepared the way for the emergence of numerous Black writers after mid-twentieth century.---The Harlem Renaissance began with a work entitled: New Negro: An Interpretation by Alain Locke.---Dialect; folklore; and Jazz.作品：The Weary Blues 萎靡的布鲁斯Fine Clothes to the Jew 抵押给犹太人的好衣服The Dream Keeper and Other Poems 梦乡人Shakespeare in Harlem 哈莱姆的莎士比亚Dreams 梦想Me and the Mule 我与骡子Border Line 分界线二十二、Ralph Waldo Ellison 拉尔夫·华尔多·埃利森美国二十世纪五十年代以来最重要的黑人文学作家;同时是一个卓有成效的美国文学评论家;还是20世纪美国文化研究的重要开拓者之一..隐形人的问世标志着黑人文学脱离现实主义和自然主义文风;黑人命运;种族;人性..主线：我是谁Self-identity;自然主义naturalism和超现实主义surrealism;表现主义expressionism;象征symbolism;飞去来器boomerang..愚昧到启蒙;隐形到现形;“务必让这个黑小子跑个不停”Keep This Nigger-Boy Running.作品：Invisible Man 看不见的人---“寻找自我”主题的代表作Shadow and Act 影子与行动Going to the Territory 走向领域The Post-War PeriodHistorical Background1.Cold War2.McCarthyism persecution of communists3.The Vietnam War; The Korean War4.Civil Rights Movement5.Counter-culture Movement:political; economical and military achievementLiteratureThis period is the rising period of post-modern literature. Many forms of post-modern fictionappeared. The same mood in this period is despair; but continuing to search absurdity荒谬ofmodern life; lonely; but searching for the meaning of existence; identity.The Beat Generation---The Beat Generation is a group of American young writers and artists popular in the 1950s andearly 1960s; known especially for their use of non-traditional forms and their rejection of conventional social values.---The term "Beat" was reportedly coined by Jack Kerouac in the late 1940s; quickly becoming a slang term in America after World War II; meaning "exhausted" or "beat down" and provided this generation with a definitive label for their personal and social positions and perspectives.---The Beat writers were a small group of close friends first; and a movement later. The core group consisted of Jack Kerouac; Allen Ginsberg; Neal Cassady and William S. Burroughs; who met in the neighborhood surrounding Columbia University in uptown Manhattan in the mid-1940s. The principal works of the movement are considered to be Jack Kerouac's On the Road 1957; Allen Ginsberg's Howl 1956; and William S. Burroughs' Naked Lunch 1959.Black American LiteratureFrederick Douglass：My Bondage and My FreedomRichard Wright: Native SonRalph Ellison: Invisible ManJames Baldwin: Go Tell It on the MountainAlex Haley: RootsAlice Walker: The Color PurpleToni Morrison: The Bluest EyeBlack HumorIt refers to the use of morbid and absurd for darkly comic purpose. It carries the tone of anger; bitterness in the grotesque situation of suffering; anxiety; and death. It makes the reader laugh at the blackness of modern life. The writers usually do not laugh at the characters.主要作家：Joseph Heller; Thomas Pynchon; Kurt Vennegut; Vladimir Nabokov; etc二十三、Allen Ginsberg艾伦·金斯堡艾伦·金斯堡是战后“垮掉的一代”文学运动中的主要代表诗人..Howl 嚎叫成为该运动的一个象征..这部作品极大地震撼了当时的文坛;因为诗中所描绘的同性恋、吸毒、佛教教义等内容充满了感官刺激、狂热和预言;逼真地表现了当时的青年一代对于社会的反叛心理..作品：Howl 嚎叫A Supermarket in California加利福尼亚州的一个超级市场二十四、Saul Bellow索尔·贝娄----Jewish American Literature犹太裔小说家..作品：Dangling man 晃来晃去的人The Victim 受害者The Adventures of Augie March 奥吉·玛琪历险记Seize the Day 只争朝夕Henderson the Rain King 雨王汉德森Herzog 赫尔索格Mr. Sammler’s Planet 塞姆勒先生的行星Humbolt’s Gift 洪堡的礼物The Dean’s December 院长的十二月More Die of Heartbreak 更多人死于悲痛The Theft 盗窃The Actual 真实的Ravelstein 拉维尔斯坦Mosby’s Memories and Other Stories 莫斯比的回忆及其他故事 The Last Analysis 最后的分析二十五、Joseph Heller约瑟夫·海勒作品：Catch-22 第二十二条军规---黑色幽默代表作We Bombed in New Haven 我们轰炸了纽黑文Something Happened 出了毛病Good as Gold像高尔德那样好。
——美国文学1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴2）“The Way to Wealth”致富之道“The Autobiography”自传18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传2、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家，the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家“Sketch Book”《见闻札记》, the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。
“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”《西班牙征服记》A History of New York 纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉3.James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀“Leatherstocking Tales”《皮袜子故事集》，包括“The Deerslayer”《杀鹿者》、“The Last of the Mohicans”《最后的莫希干人》、“The Pathfinder”《探路人》、“The Pioneers”《拓荒者》、“The Prairie”《大草原》, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。
The Spy 间谍 The Pilot 领航者 The Littlepage Manuscripts 利特佩奇的手稿4、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。
Emerson believed above all in individualism个人主义, independence of mind思想独立, and self-reliance自强.作品：“Nature”《论自然》、“Essays”《随笔录》“The American Scholar”《美国学者》, our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我们知识分子的独立宣言。
④his most important works are “Representative Men”《代表》and “English Traits”《英国人》、“Poems”《诗集》。
5、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗“In Walden”《沃尔登》成名作“Civil Disobedience”《平民反抗》essay 随笔。
非暴力不合作6、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑“Mosses from an Old Manse”《古厦青苔》、“The Marble Faun”《玉石神像》“The Scarlet Letter”《红字》人物：Hester Prynne白兰Roger Chillingworth沃斯 Arthur Dimmesdale蒂Pearl珍珠7、Herman Melville 赫尔曼.麦尔维尔“Moby Dick”《白鲸》人物：Captain Ahab.船长阿哈比；Queequeg捕鲸人奎因奎格；Ishmael讲故事的人；Starkbuck 星巴克8、Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼①★free verse (自由诗体) 无固定节奏，无有规律的韵脚②“Leaves of Grass”草叶集1870 the first genuine epic poem. 美国历史上第一部真正的史诗Poem’s 特点：most of the poems in “Leaves of Grass”are about man and nature.9、Emily Dickinson 爱米丽.狄金森“I died for Beauty” 我为美而死（诗歌）Beauty / Truth / Goodness are ultimate(终极) the same“Because I could not stop for Death”我不能等候死神Theme：死亡是实现永恒Immortality的途径“my life closed twice before its close”“mine—by the right of the whit e election”10.Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿伦.坡“The Fall of the House of Usher”《鄂谢府崩溃记》“The Raven”《乌鸦》the title poem of a collection“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”《述异集》first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小说集。
11.Howells“A modern instance《一个现代的例证》“The rise of Silas Lapham”《塞拉斯。
拉帕姆的发迹》12.James“The Amercian”《美国人》“Daisy Miller”《黛西，米勒》“The portrait of a lady”《贵妇人画像》“The ambassador”《奉使记》“The Wings of the Dove”《鸽翼》“the golden bowl”《金碗》13.Mark Twain 马克.吐温①美国现实主义文学的代表作“Adventures of Huckleberry Fin n”哈克贝里.费恩历险记(马克最有名的作品)②特点：local colorist 地方特色:a unique variation of American literary realism, it refers to the particular concern about the local character of a region.代表作：“The Gilded Age”70-90年代，镀金时代，贫富分化，财富积累。
“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”用词简单、幽默、使用当地语言编写“Life on the Mississippi”14、Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞①代表作：“Sister Carrie”《嘉莉妹妹》the first novel, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood.“The Financier”、“The Titan”、“The Stoic”Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲②“An American Tragedy”《美国悲剧》，The identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreiser’s greatest and most successful novel,德莱塞最恢宏、最成功的小说，表达了金钱万能的主题。
15、Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯.斯特恩斯.爱略特现代主义代言人“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”poems，holds its place in the development of Eliot’s poetry as a whole.“Tradition and the Individual Talent”essay,随笔《传统和个人天才》, the earliest statement of his aesthetics第一次阐释了自己的审美观点.“The Waste Land”《荒原》现代主义的标志“Four Quartets”《四个四重奏》poem“Murder in the Cathedral”，poetic tragedy, 诗歌悲诗, a drama(戏剧) of impressive spiritual power.极富感染力的戏剧16.Robert Frost 罗伯特.弗洛斯特自然主义诗人poet“The Road Not Taken”、“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”向往大自然，想逃避社会；死亡、迷惑17、Ernest Hemingway 厄恩斯特.海明威novelist 小说家诺贝尔代表作：“The Sun Also Rises” Hemingway became the spokesman for “a lost generation”“A Farewell to Arms”、“For Whom the Bell Tolls”、“The Old Man and the Sea”18、William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳诺贝尔①作品的主题：the universal theme of “the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself”人类心灵与自己冲突是宇宙永恒的主题。
②作品：“The Sound and the Fury”《喧嚣与骚动》成名作、“Absalom, Absalom!”、“Go Down, Moses”19.John Steinbeck 约翰.斯坦贝克诺贝尔“Of Mice and Men”《人鼠之间》portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant workers“The Grapes of Wrath”《愤怒的葡萄》regarded as masterpiece 视为杰作。
