An Approach for Federating Parallel Simulators

江苏省泰州中学2017-2018学年第一学期- 高二年级英语期初检测[ :、： . 2017 年8 月一、单项选择(共40小题；毎小题0.5分，満分20分)1. In a(n) ______ to help preserve history, the Greek government established a committee toundertake the professional restoration of the Acropolis.A. orderB. purposeC. aimD. attempt2. Evidence shows that the ________ of a parent adds to the probability that a youngster willcommit criminal activities・A. disappearanceB. absenceC. attention D・ concern3. Before I consulted you, I had no ________ that I should have my ability to change my lifethrough hard work and efiorts・A. corporationB. determinationC. comprehensionD. presentation4. Don*t leave yobr shopping on the back seat of your car—ifsan open __________to a thiefA. invitationB. accessC. approachD. excuse5. —Will $200 ______ ?—I'm afraid not. We need at least 50 more dollars・A. countB. doC. fitD. satisfy6・ Before joining NBA, Michael Jordan was so ordinary a person that he was even __________ from the high school basketball team for lack of skill.A. removedB. replacedC. recoveredD. recalled7. Since a BBC documentary titled Are Our Kids Tough Enough? Chinese School ___________ inAugust^ it has caused great controversy(公开辩论)in both countries.A. came upB. came offC. came out D・ came about8. At first, the car was ahead but _______ h alfway because there was something wrong with itA. dropped offB. dropped backC. dropped downD. dropped in9. 1 think a good organizer should act as a(n) _________ reminder of what the team needs toachieve.A. confidentB. independentC. innocentD. constant10. —1 wonder whether you are _______ t omorrow morning.—Oh, I'm sony. I will see my uncle ofTthen.A. availableB. convenientC. acceptable D・ accessibleH ・一Why are graduates likely to work in the eastern part of China?—Because the economy there is ______ stronger and there are more chances.A. commonlyB. slightly C・ comparatively D・ necessarily12. If you have been badly treated in a bank, make a complaint to the manager, either _______ orover the phone ・A. legallyB. sincerelyC. personally D・ patiently■13・ If you take time to explore the different layers of a person, you will find so many unique and1interesting things about them that you would never know if there were ________ . A. thoughB.yctC. however .D. otherwise____ our good cooperation over the past years, let's meet each other halfway. 1*11 reduce our price by 3%・ A. In case ofB. In view ofC. In fear ofD. In spite of15. The Olympic Games, the world's greatest sporting event, advocate the principle matters is not winningbut participating.The new hospital will be located in _______ used to be a wasteland and a huge shopping mallwill also be constructed _______ t here used tobeaschool many years ago. A. where; where B. what; in which C. what; where D. which; whereHow can you say you don't like something _______ you*ve never even tried it! A. whileB.whenC. whenever • D ・ though1 & —1$ it for two months _______ they have been married?—No. it is only three weeks _______ they married ・A. that; sinceB. that ;whenC. when; thatD. since; before19. He is such a person ______always helps others without claiming a reward, ________ makeshim popular in the community. A. that; thatB. that; whichC. which; whichD. as; which20. The food is to the blood _____ reading is to the mind.A. whereB. whichC. thatD. what21. He wrote many children's books, nearly half of ______ published in the 1990s.A. whomB. whichC. themD. that22. Aside from the potential health hazards （危鲁） __________ can cause to the people, nuclearenergy can also cause thousand deaths when its rcaclur explode. A. whichB. thatC. whatD. it23. —Have you brought the photo of your family, Helen?一Yes. I ______ for it the whole morning.A. lookedB. have lookedC. have been lookingD. had looked24. Ladies and gentlemen, due to an unexpected accident, oneof the singers whom al! of you_____ to see won't be performing tonight. A. are comingB. have comeC. comeD. came25. —Do you know why the chemical plant wasn't built here?—Because it ______ too much pollution to the air. A. had caused B. causedC. will have causedD. would have caused26. At the foot of the mountain ______ a family, ______ members make a living by raising cattleand sheep ・A. lives, whoseB. lives, whereC. live, whereD. live, whose27. in my opinion, all Mr. Li ______ good to hisstudents in his class at present He is very strictwith them in their studies.A. does does doesB. does does doA. that whatB. whichC. whatD. how16. 17.D. did do doesC. does do did28. All his attention ------------- on the movie, so he dich't even notice the boss enter the room.A. has been fixedB. fixingc. was fixedD. fixed29. You ---------- things about. Look, what a mess in your roomlA. always throwB. have always thrownC. are always throwingD. have always been throwing30. —How do you find the health club?—I _______ i t Everyone is saying its management is going from bad to worse. A. ought to joinB. should have joinedC. would like to have joinedD. would rather not have joined 31 • Now that he is here, you ________ express your own views ・A. may as wellB. may as well asC. would ratherD. can as well32. According to our school rule, all the students ___________ attend the assembly every Mondaymorning wearing school uniforms. A. mayB. shallC needD. might33. ； ____ a beautiful singing voice, so she was encouraged to apply for the program of vocalmusic. A. Bom inB. Having bom inC. Being bom withD. She was bom with34. All flights _______ because of the terrible weather. Jane had to go there by train.A. was cancelledB. had been cancelledC. having been cancelledD. having cancelled35. The RealCine experience will amaze you, and you will agree that this is an extraordinarytechnology that deserves _______ further. A. being developed B. developingC ・ to developD. to be developing36. Tom was bom in China, but he can't speak Chinese. _______A. So was his sister.B. Neither can his sister.C. So it is with his sister.D. So can his sister.37.Our factory has introduced advanced technology early this year, and thus we can produce last year. A. twice as more bicycles as C. more than twice bicycles as38. ______ , the girl couldn't get the door open.A. Try might as she C. Might as she try39. —Hey, Linda. Happy New Year! ________ ?—OK, I guess. My grandma kept cooking and cooking, so I just kept eating. A. How was your breakB. How is your grandmaC. What did you do in your holidayD. Where did you go for your holiday40. ―Are your parents satisfied with your performance al home?—: ______ b ut not exactly. Ibey want me to do more houseworL A. Kind ofB. On the contraryC. On averageD. By all means 二、完形填空（共20小题；毎小题1分，灌分20分）By the time we reach adulthood, many of us have had the good fortune to have at least one best friend. If we have 4L _ around or changed our life situation 42 . we may be lucky enough to have had several. The best friendB. more bicycles than twiceD. more than twice as many bicycles asrelationship is often our earliest 43 peer relationship, and it can be a source of great warmth and 44 throughout our lives. The characteristics of best friendship change as we grow up and grow older, but the heart of it remains —4$ ,・ Our best friends are a warm shelter in which we fieel free to be hilly ourselves* to share our deepest secrets, to 46 when we are overtaken by tiredness, to have a _47 when there is something nice to happen in our life— a place in which we feel completely welcome to give and receive that most 48 of all gifts, love.Most close relationships do face 49 from time to time, and one of the characteristics of an enduring best friendship is its ability to _ 50 the storms and to remain unbroken even as it faces changes. Our best friends are those who manage to love us through all of our 51 • as we do the same for them. We find ways to hug and 52 the differences between us and offer love_$3. . no matter what We allow each other to be 54 as we are at a given moment^ even as we allow each other to change over time. 55 • best friends sometimes feel like family. We know we will stick together 56 we take our individual roads.We may be on the phone with our best friends every day, or we may not have 57 with each other for a year, yet we know that our bond will be strong and 58 when we do _59 each other. This bond ties us together even when are apart and draws us delightfully back into the warm 60 of each other's company when our paths bring us together again.41. A. moved B. looked C. turned D. walked42. A. eventually B. repeatedly C. completely D. anxiously43. A. strong B. positive C. close D・ serious44. A. bravery B・ confidence C. encouragement D・ connection45・ A. central B. only C. best D. same46. A. rest B.talk C. sleep D・ travel47. A. relationship B. conversation C. celebration D. dream4& A. expensive B・ precious C. personal D. simple49. A. pressures B. competitions C. challenges D・ choices50. A. survive B. cause C. avoid D. witness51. A. worries B. changes C. mistakes D・ doubts52. A. tell B. settle C. make D・ appreciate53. A. support B.space C. surprise D. attention54・ A. naturally B. exactly C. finally D. certainly55. A. By no means B. On the other hand C. In this way D. In other words56. A. though B. because C. if D. unless57. A. worked B. lived C. played D. spoken58. A. special B. social C. immediate D. important59. A. touch B. introduce C.fece D. contact60・ A・ memory B. shelter C. day D. weather三、阅读理解（共15小臥每小题2分，满分30分）The idea is simppAirwould be blown overaliquidsolutionofpotassium carbonate- whichwouldabsorbthe carbondioxidpThecarbondioxide would thenbeP S 8chemicalreactionsthatwou-dhimitinto?」(菽14)： gasoHneor j a F LThisprocess cou-dchange carbondioxide ?B sunwanted^c-imac-changingpo=utamintoavast resource fbrrenewablefueFTheeye一©—equalamountsof carbon dioxideproducedandremoved —wouldmeanthatcars, trucksandairplanesusingthesynthetic(吟再3) h le Gr would □o ongerbe contribsingtoglobalwarming.Although theyhaveno- y 2 bEk »symhetichlJLfactor%orevenh ・s・closecousin ~h ・-isopcnKing.:Dr ・ Martinsaid ・TheLos Alamos proposal does not go against any 一aws ofphysics,andotherscientistswhohaveindependency suggestedsimi_arideas ・ Dr ・ MartinsaidheandDr ・KubichadworkedoutConce-Hin more detail than fbmerproposals•一•There is ・howevera m a.o rthatexplainswhynoonehasbuiltacarbon,dioxide- ?gasolinefactory —requiresagreaidealofenergyAccordingtotheiranalysistheir concept,which would8st abosS5bi=ion tobui 一d,couldproducegasoline BanoperatingcostofS1.40agallonandwould 【UmeconomicaHypracticalwhenthepriceatthepumphits$4・60agallon ・OtherscientistssaidtheLosA-amosproposalperhapslookedpromisingbutcouldnotevaluateitfu=ybecausethedetaisrhasno-beenpub一ished・二fsdefini_2.yworthpursuing,,saidMartin L Hofre?a professorofphysics BNewYorkuniversity--£?coup-e ofpieces 《0 it s-a tarein@cs~mg363・Whaiis -he valueof the sciemists-proposal 〉 >•一二ncreasesthe productivity of a fbelfactory ・ B・Srdecreasesthe cost ofproducinggasdinp c・ s reducesthe polcdoncausedbycardrivingD ・ 一t promotesanew ideaof environmentalprogiom64・ The undefined part /has aclosecousinthatisoperatingsprobablymeansthetechnology intheconce-s •A・ has beenpopEar fbrsoo n g B・hasbeenignoredbymanypeopr c・is n sappropriate fbrpractice D・willbeputinspracticeinthenearhnure 65・ Whatis s-ebiggestchaUenge in realizingtheconceptFreedomsA・ There isnotheore-icalbasis B・I 二 sn eeconomicaHypractical・c・Thereis noso 一udon s sometechnica 一problems ・D・Onlyafewscientists supporttheidea. CWhynotwriteinaforeign一anguagcPIfpeopo g6eetochoosetheirP3fbssi3 g hre=giopandeventheirSCFWhyno-justdecidewhichlanguageyouwanttowrite 5-2EversinceJhumpapublishedInOtherItalian-peopohavebeenaskingme,swhy don.tyouwritein一 Eian・Tim7After a =you ・vcbeeninthecountry35years ・What keepsyoutiedtoEnglish-^Iswjustaquestionofeconomicconveniences cenain-yeconomoscanbeimpcm^LKwastheForthatpushedConrad 8abandonhisPolish mother tongue. If it is not possible to publish at home, or to publish there as one would wish to publish, then one is likely to go elsewhere. And if to publifh elsewhere one has to change language, then some authors are willing to take that stepSomething of the same logic has driven many wrltcn from Africa, Asia to write In French and English in recent years. There is also the fact that people In Europe and the West are interested in the countries they grew up in. Just as in the nineteenth century, novelists like Thomas Hardy could “sell” their famili arity with peasant life to a middle-class metropolitan public, so these writers have interested us with stories that might seem common in their home countries There is also a real internationalism in the decision to change language. If you have a a message” and if English is the language that offers maximum spread, then it would seem appropriate to use it.All these make sense. Critics tend to pay attention only to those who have made a success of writing in a new language. In April 2014, a New York Times article essentially listed young literary stars who had switched to writing in the main Western languages・ At this point, the native English speaker almost begins to feel at a disadvantage for having been bom into the dominant culture. Should we perhaps head for Paris, like Beckett or Jonathan Littell Just to be between two worlds? Or look for something more exotic （异国的）and have ourselves translated back into English afterward? However, one fact is that changing languages doesn't always wort1 did write a novel in Italian・ But after rereading it, I decided against it My work lost power with the switch of language・ My real subject matter still had to do with England and it was to my home culture that my books were addressed・ The second language never seems to mean quite as much as the first. In any event, after my early experiment, I never went back to write in Italian. Changing language is not the only way to bring energy to your writing- 66・ The author writes the first paragraph to __________ .A. introduce the topic of this passage R. provide hackground informationC. stress the importance of EnglishD. explain why he writes in English67. Why are some writers willing to write in a foreign language?A. They have published a lot of works at home.B・ Their works are uncommon in their own countries・C. A new language may offer a wider readership.D. They want to be accepted by middle class・68. What can we infer from the passage?A. Native English writers are at a disadvantage for writing in English・B. Writers can't be entirely separated from their own culture and language・C・ Writers should write in a foreign language to draw critics* attention・D・ Any writer can succeed with the switch of a new language.69. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Write in a foreign languageB. Publish at homeC. Write in mother tongue D・ Change language to bring energyDWhen the residents of Buenos Aires want to change the pesos they do not trust into the dollars they do, they go to an office that acts as a front for thriving illegal exchange market.7As (he couriers carry their bundlesof pesosaroundBuenosAireptheypassgrandbuigngslike theTeatro C 2.0Pan operahousethaiopenedin1908.andtheReHrorailwaystationscompleted in 1915・3the43 years一ending up 81914』GDPhadgrownatanannualrateof 6%, the fhstesirecordedintheworld ・In1914halfofBuenosAires.spopulationwas fbreign ・bom ・hs incomeperheadwas92$of-heaverageof16richeconomiesIt nevergot bette 二hanthis ・Itsincomeperheadisnow43%ofthosesame16richeconomies-ittrailsChile and Uruguayinits ownbackyard- Thecountry^dramaticdeclinehas o n gpuzzledeconomists-丄fshotsFx s hard~0work,oldwhichoneofthem killedhim ・ssaysRafie一diTelia.Butthreedeep-一ying explanations help _0 throw Hghi on thecountry.sdecline- FirstsArgentinabeen rich s oyears ago butii was not modem The secondtheorystresses5-ero-eoftradepo一icy ・Thirdswhenitneeded ochange-Argentina一 ackathe insdtutions iocreaffsuccessfulpo=cies ・Argentinawasrichin1914becauseofcommodities 二tsindustrialbasewasonlyweaklydeweoped ・ThelandownerswhomadeArgentinarichwerenoisobotheredabouteducadng i r*cheaplaborwaswha-counted ・withosp goodeducationsystem-Argentinastruggledtocreatecompes-iveindustriesIthadbenefl<?dRomEchnoogyinitsBelleEpoqueperiod・butAoaWHinamain一yconsumedrechnoogyfromabroadgherlhan5-vemingitsown ・ Argentinahadbecomerichbymakingatriple b ftonagricu一ture ・openmarkaandBritain*itsbiggest tradingpartnerIfthaibetturnedsour 』iiwouldrequireasevereadjustmentWodd War delivered khe initial b o w to tradpNexicame theDepression,whichcrushedtheopen trading sysgmon which Argentina dependedDependenceonBritain,anothercountryindecline.backfked(冷富)as A rgeam 巴 s favored exportmarketsignedprefbrenHaldea-swithCommonwealthcountries ・After the s <t u £c.Worldwar 』whentherichworldbeganNs s o wreturn_ofi*ee trade withthenegotiBion of -heGenera一AgreementonTariffsandTradein一947・Argentinahadbecomeamorecosedeconomy- >□institution ocontrolfbreigntradewascreatedin】946;the share of tradeas apercentageofGDPcontinued-o f k =・Highfbodpricesmeantbigprofits fbr farmersbsemptystomachsfbrordinaryArgemines ・Openbordersincreasedfarmers 》fakingbssharpenedcompetition hom abroaddomesticindustryHeavyexport一axesoncropsa=ow-hestate5-opupitsdecreasingfbreigrvexchange reserves 二imitsonwhe&exportscreaftsurp-uses(ii£)s -atdrive downocalprices B HFey 2.S 0dissuadefarmersfh>mp-amingmore一and.enablingothercouns.es to stealmarkedshares ・70・ Grandbuildings aremernioned i n s-esecondparagraph sshow I n - A・ArgentinesweretalenUd B ・ArgeHmawasoncearichcountry c・ArgeHirwsmissthepas-ofArgenana D・ArgentinahasasuitableinA-astructure71•Whichof-hefb 一-owingisTRUEaccording 5 (hepassaged A・ Argen-maisriche 二hanUruguayB ・ArgerHinawasonceattractivew oimmigrants ・ c・Britainisppyingaleading 8-0inthedevelopmentofArgentina. D・Argentina Gl noi serious abosits agriculture and openmarkas ・72・Theundcr-inedseHence ins-cfburth paragraphimplies5-m ___________________________________________ ・A. the decline of Argentina welcomes an analysis from authoritiesB・ it is hard to explain the reasons fbr Argentina's declineC. it takes time to explain the reasons for Argentina's declineD. Argentina has declined for many reasons73. Why did landowners ignore education?A・ They wanted bring in a bigger profit.B. They hadn't realized the importance of education.C. They wanted to keep farmers under control.D・ They put emphasis on economic development of the country.74. What is the root of the problem of Argentina's trade policy?A. Argentina depends heavily on foreign technology.B. Many world events caused Argentina to break down.C. Argentina failed in adjusting itself appropriately.D・ The conflicts between classes needed to be solved・75. What will be discussed after the passage?A. Expectations about Argentina's ftrture.B. Adjustments for attracting foreign capital.C. Proper distribution of national budgets•D・ Institutions needed to develop successful policies.四、任务型阅读（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）Caffeine myth or caffeine fact? It's not always easy to know・ Chances are you have some misunderstanding about caffeine・ Read on. Here are some of the most common myths about caffeine and some facts have been gathered to shed light on them・Myth one: Caffeine is addictiveCaffeine is a stimulant（fe刺澈作用的事物）to the central nervous system, and regular use of caffeine does cause mild physical dependence・But caffeine doesn't threaten your physical, social, or economic health the way addictive drugs do. If you stop taking caffeine abruptly, you may have symptoms for a day or more, especially when you have been used to consuming two or more cups of coffee a day. However, caffeine does no cause the severity of withdrawal or harmful drug-seeking behavior as drugs or alcohol. For this reason, most experts don't consider caffeine dependence a serious addiction.Myth two: Caffeine probably causes insomnia （失眠症）Processed mainly through the liver, caffeine has a relatively short half-life・ This means you can get rid of half of it within about five to seven hours on average. After eight to ten hours, 75% of the caffeine is gone. For most people, a cup of coffee or two in the morning won't prevent them from sleeping at night. Consuming caffeine later in the day, however, can interfere with sleep. Your sleep won't be affected if you don't consume caffeine at least six hours before going to bed.Myth three: Caffeine harms childrenAs of 2004, children aged 6 to 9 consumed about milligrams of caffeine per day・This is well within the recommended limit. However, energy drinks that contain a lot of caffeine are becoming increasingly popular, so this number may go up. Some kids are sensitive to caffeine, developing temporary anxiety or irritability, with a "crash”9n S X Kenergy drinks, or sweetened teas, all of which have high sugarcontenLTheseempty cH-oricspu~kids B higherriskfbrobesity- Even if the caffeine itsdfisn 」hannful,afMnateddrinks are generaUyno- goodfdrkids ・Myth four: cuffes-e hasno h 2s hbenefits Caffeinehas few provenhealth benefits- But the -ist of caffeine.s potentialbenefitsisiHerescng ・ Any regu 一 ar coffeedrinkersmay2.1you thBcafRinc improvesalertness-oncemra=on ・energy andaearheadedness ・ Scientificstudiessupport these subjectivefindings.OneFrench siudyevenshowed a sower dedine in cogniHvc ab=i~yamongwomen whoconsumedaffeineOtherpossible benefits includehelpingcertain types ofheadaches 。

合理拉开收入差距英文作文英文，In discussing the rationalization of income inequality, we need to delve into the complexities of this issue. Income inequality is a multifaceted phenomenon influenced by various factors such as education, skills, industry demand, and government policies.To begin with, education plays a pivotal role in determining one's earning potential. Individuals withhigher levels of education often have access to better-paying jobs. For instance, someone with a college degree is more likely to land a well-compensated position compared to someone with only a high school diploma. This discrepancyin educational attainment contributes to income disparities.Moreover, the demand for certain skills in the labor market significantly impacts income inequality. Industries experiencing rapid technological advancements tend toreward specialized skills handsomely. Take the tech industry, for example. Professionals proficient in codingor data analysis command high salaries due to the high demand for these skills. Conversely, sectors with low demand for specialized skills typically offer lower wages.Furthermore, government policies also shape income distribution within society. Taxation policies, for instance, can either exacerbate or alleviate income inequality. Progressive taxation, where higher-income individuals are taxed at a higher rate, can redistribute wealth more equitably. Conversely, regressive taxation,such as consumption taxes, disproportionately burden lower-income households, widening the income gap.Addressing income inequality requires a multifaceted approach. Firstly, investing in education and vocational training programs can equip individuals with the skills needed to thrive in the modern economy. By providing equal access to quality education, we can level the playing field and reduce income disparities.Secondly, implementing progressive taxation policiescan help redistribute wealth and mitigate income inequality.By ensuring that the wealthiest individuals contributetheir fair share to society, we can fund social programs aimed at assisting the less fortunate and promoting upward mobility.Additionally, fostering an environment conducive to entrepreneurship and innovation can create more opportunities for wealth accumulation. Encouraging small business development and providing support for startups can empower individuals from diverse backgrounds to achieve financial success.In conclusion, income inequality is a complex issue influenced by education, skills, industry demand, and government policies. Addressing this issue requires a comprehensive approach that encompasses investment in education, progressive taxation, and support for entrepreneurship. By implementing these measures, we can work towards a more equitable society where everyone has the opportunity to succeed.中文，在讨论收入差距的合理化问题时，我们需要深入探讨这个问题的复杂性。

英语注意事项：1.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

2. 回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。

3.考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A 、B 、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shirt?A.f19.15.B.f9.18.C.f9.15.答案是C。

1.What will Chris do next?A.Drink some coffee.B.Watch the World Cup.C.Go to sleep.2.What is the probable relationship between the speakers?A.Strangers.B.Classmates.C.Relatives.3.What isthe woman's attitude to the man's suggestion?A.Favorable.B.Tolerant.C.Negative.4.What can we learn about Tom?A.He's smart for his age.B.He's unwilling to study.C.He's difficult to get along with.5.What did Kevin do yesterday?A.He went swimming.B.He cleaned up hishouse.C.He talked with his grandparents.第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。

《国际经济学》双语课程教学大纲课程编号：030063A课程类型：□通识教育必修课□通识教育选修课√专业必修课□专业选修课□学科基础课总学时：48讲课学时：48实验（上机）学时：0学分：3适用对象：经济学、国际经济与贸易、贸易经济、金融学等先修课程：微观经济学、宏观经济学、货币银行学一、教学目标根据教育部的要求，国际经济学是经济类专业本科生的必修课程，包括开放微观经济学和开放宏观经济学两个部分。

该课程的教学对培养与训练学生经济学思维方式，提高其综合素质和能力有重要意义。

国际经济学教学的主要目标是培养学生应用经济学的分析方法,掌握开放条件下经济学的基本理论，能够应用理论观察和分析国际经济问题。

为学生后续课程的学习打下坚实理论基础。

2009年《国际经济学》双语教学项目被教育部教学质量工程评为国家级双语示范课程，全英文教学目前面向经济学院国际经济与贸易专业的国际班开设。

International economics is one of major course for the economics-major students require by China’s Ministry of Education, which consists open microeconomics and macroeconomics. The instruction of international economics plays very important role in building up the way of thinking as an economist for the learners, improving the comprehensive aptitudes and abilities. The expected outcomes of this subject is to develop the learners to apply the economic methodology, grasp the basic open economics, and enable the learners to observe and analyze the international economic issues, and then make a solid preparation for the fellow-up subjects in the teachingprogram. In 2009, this course was selected as the national bilingual teaching experimental course by China’s Ministry of Educ ation.二、教学内容及其与毕业要求的对应关系（一）教学内容本课程的主要内容是阐述国际经济学的基础知识。

I NSTITUTE OF P HYSICS P UBLISHING N ONLINEARITY Nonlinearity16(2003)1359–1366PII:S0951-7715(03)53701-XAveraging for split-step schemeVadim Zharnitsky1Mathematical Sciences Research,Bell Laboratories-Lucent Technologies,Murray Hill,NJ07974,USAReceived19September2002,infinal form4April2003Published9May2003Online at /Non/16/1359Recommended by Weinan EAbstractThe split-step Fourier method for solving numerically nonlinear Schr¨o dingerequations(NLS)is considered as NLS with rapidly varying coefficients.This connection is exploited to justify the split-step approximation using anaveraging technique.The averaging is done up to the second order and itis explained why(in this context)symmetric split-step produces a higherorder scheme.The same approach is applied to dispersion managed NLS toshow that anti-symmetric dispersion maps lead to higher order validity of thecorresponding averaged equation.Mathematics Subject Classification:78A60,65M121.IntroductionThe split-step Fourier method is one of the most widely used numerical schemes for solving nonlinear Schr¨o dinger(NLS)equations.This is especially true for the problems arising in the fields of nonlinear optics andfibre-optics communication.Under some extreme conditions, however,e.g.near collapse in critical cases or for very short pulses(in high bit-rate systems), the split-step scheme becomes difficult to use.Indeed,short pulses require taking into account a larger number of harmonics and using shorter time-steps,so some other numerical schemes (which are usually slower)are used,such asfinite difference on a variable grid.In addition, higher order perturbations of NLS such as the self-steepening term may cause the split-step scheme breakdown.Therefore,it is important to understand the limits of applicability and the optimal use of the split-step scheme.In this paper,we study the errors resulting from using the split-step scheme for the standard NLS.We consider the so-called semi-discretized system,where the space variable is continuous but the time variable is discrete.For the split-step scheme we prove the validity of this approximation(for thefirst-and second-order scheme).For the so-called dispersion managed NLS(DMNLS),which is a 1Present address:PACM,Princeton University,Princeton,NJ08544,USA.0951-7715/03/041359+08$30.00©2003IOP Publishing Ltd and LMS Publishing Ltd Printed in the UK13591360V Zharnitsky well-known model in the field of fibre-optics communication,we show that anti-symmetric dispersion maps lead to a higher order error.This is established by using the similarity between the spilt-step scheme for NLS and DMNLS.The main idea of the split-step algorithms is to make use of the special structure of an evolutionary equation.For example,consider a PDE u t =F 1(u)+F 2(u),where the right-hand side consists of two easily solvable parts.In other words,we assume that one can easily solve u t =F i (u),i =1,2.A well-known example of this type is the linear Schr¨o dinger equationu t =i u xx −i V (x)u,where u t =i u xx is easily solvable in Fourier space and u t =i V (x)u can be solved in the original x -space.Then,one can naturally try to approximate the solution of the full equation u(t)=G(t)u 0,where G(t)is the evolution operator,by considering (G 1(t/N)◦G 2(t/N))N u 0where N is large.It turns out that this procedure does work under some conditions with the error of order O (N −1),see [8]for a more detailed description,for modified schemes and many references.Note that in the above example,this approximation will take the form e i H t u 0≈ e i (t/N)∂2x ◦e −i V (x)t/N N u 0,where H =∂2x −V (x).The NLS equation is given byi u t +u xx +|u |2u =0with the split-step approximation given by u(t)≈ e i (t/N)∂2x ◦e i |u |2(t/N) N u 0.We will justify the Fourier split-step scheme for NLS by using the following observation:the split-step approximation of the standard NLS is equivalent to the NLS with rapidly varying coefficients i u t +a t u xx +b t|u |2u =0,(1)where a(τ+1)=a(τ),a +b =2,a =2if τ∈[0,0.5]and a =0if τ∈[0.5,1].Note that at each time-step t = /2one of the terms is suppressed making this equation equivalent to the split-step approximation of NLS.Recently Shochet [6]and Grenier [4]developed an averaging technique for the Navier–Stokes equation and Grenier applied that approach to DMNLS to obtain the first-order validity of averaging [9].Here,we apply his approach to provide a new simple proof of the validity of Fourier split-step method for NLS.With minor modifications this strategy works for other equations of NLS type.In comparison to the original and more general result by Marsden (see,e.g.[2]),our proof is simpler,and uses more elementary analytic tools:Sobolev spaces and classical averaging method.One difficulty associated with Marsden’s approach stems from its generality:in order to apply the main result to NLS one encounters some technical problems in establishing convergence of splitting operators to the vector field of NLS.Regarding higher order approximation,it is well known since the work of Strang [7]that by using a symmetric split-step scheme,one can improve the convergence to the second order in .Heuristically,one can see it by considering the commutator of the two operators participating in the splitting,as follows.Let u t =(A +B)u be a linear equation with the solution u(t)=e (A +B)t u(0).The exact solution is approximated at t =1by u(1)≈ e A/N e B/N N u(0).Averaging for split-step scheme 1361This approximation works because for one stepe (A +B)/N −e A/N e B/N =1N[A,B ]+O (N −3),(2)where [A,B ]=AB −BA ,and the error for a finite time interval is of order N ·(1/N 2)≈N −1.It was Strang’s observation that for the symmetrized split-step e A/2N e B/N e A/2N N ,the approximation error for one step in the corresponding expression analogous to (2)is of order N −3resulting in the error of order N ·(1/N 3)≈N −2.Here,we will obtain precise estimates on the convergence of split-step approximations to the true solutions using an averaging technique.We will also see the difference between the symmetric and regular splitting in that context.2.Split-step method for NLSDecomposing a and b from (1)into the constant and variable parts,we obtain i u t +u xx +|u |2u +p t u xx +q t |u |2u =0,(3)where p =a −1and q =b −1.Note that both p and q have zero mean and p +q =−1.Formally averaging the above equation,we obtain NLSi u t +u xx +|u |2u =0.It is well known that the averaged equation NLS has a global solution in H m (R )(for m 0)on an arbitrary interval t ∈[0,T ],see [1].We then prove the following theorem.Theorem 1.Let v 0(x,t)∈L ∞([0,T ],H s (R ))(s 4)be a solution of the averaged equation and let u(x,t)be a solution of the full equation with u(x,0)−v 0(x,0) H s −4(R ) ,then there exists 0>0such that for any ∈[0, 0],we have u(x,t)∈L ∞([0,T ],H s −4(R ))andsup t ∈[0,T ] u(t)−v 0(t) H s −4(R ) C .If the splitting is symmetric and u(x,0)−v 0(x,0) H s −6(R ) C 2then quadratic accuracy holds at the integer pointssupt ∈ ·N ,t T u(t)−v 0(t) H s −6(R ) C 2.Remark 1.The statement of the theorem suggests that in order to achieve higher order accuracy,the initial data must possess higher smoothness.Proof.Let v 0denote a solution of NLS,which is in H s (R )with s 4.It ‘approximately’solves the full equation i ∂t v 0+∂xx v 0+|v 0|2v 0+p t ∂xx v 0+q t |v 0|2v 0=p t ∂xx v 0+q t|v 0|2v 0,as the right-hand side of the equation is composed of the rapidly oscillating mean-zero terms.Let us introduce a correction,which would kill the O (1)part of the ‘error’term on the right-hand side w 1=i P t ∂xx v 0+i Q t|v 0|2v 0,1362V Zharnitsky where P ,Q are mean-zero anti-derivatives of p,q (note that w 1∈H s −2(R )and w 1 H s −2 C ).Now,introduce v 1=v 0+w 1(v 1∈L ∞([0,T ],H s −2)),which is a better approximation of the solution of the full equationi ∂t v 1+v 1xx +|v 1|2v 1+pv 1xx +q |v 1|2v 1=R 1[v 0,t ],whereR 1[v 0,t ]=(1+p)∂xx w 1+(1+q)(|v 1|2v 1−|v 0|2v 0)− P ∂txx v 0− Q(2|v 0|2∂t v 0+v 20∂t ¯v 0)=(1+p)∂xx w 1+(1+q)(2|v 0|2w 1+v 20¯w 1+¯v 0w 21+2v 0|w 1|2+|w 1|2w 1)− P ∂txx v 0− Q(2|v 0|2∂t v 0+v 20∂t ¯v 0)=i (1+p)P ∂xxxx v 0+i (1+p)Q(|v 0|2v 0)xx +i (1+q)P 2|v 0|2∂xx v 0+i 2(1+q)Q |v 0|2v 0−i (1+q)P v 20∂xx v 0−i (1+q)Qv 30|v 0|2− P ∂txx v 0− Q(2|v 0|2∂t v 0+v 20∂t ¯v 0)+ 2F (v 0,t/ , ).Indeed,using that v ∈L ∞([0,T ],H s )and that v 0is a solution of NLS along with the well-known property of H s in one dimension: f ·g H s f H s · g H s if s >12for the right-hand side we have an estimate 2sup t ∈[0,T ] R 1 H s −4(R ) C if s 4.Also,one should note that all -order terms in the remainder are mean-zero (use p +q =1and P =p,Q =q )on the t/ -scale suggesting that they can be removed at the next step.First,however,we will establish an intermediate result that the split-step scheme provides an approximate solution.Introducing a mismatch variable ξ=u −v 1,we subtract the full equation for u from the last equationi ξt +(1+p)ξxx +(1+q)(|v 1|2v 1−|u |2u)=R 1[v 0,t ],or equivalently we havei ξt +(1+p)ξxx +(1+q)(f (v 1,ξ)ξ+g(v 1,ξ)¯ξ)=R 1[v 0,t ],where f,g are second order polynomials in two variables.We estimate the growth of ξusing the standard energy estimate.Differentiating the last relation 1,2,...,n times,multiplyingby ∂n x ¯ξ,integrating,and summing the inequalities we obtain ∂t ξ 2H n C 1( ξ H n , v 1 H n ) ξ 2H n +2|∂n x ξ||∂n x R 1|d x C 1( ξ H n , v 1 H n )) ξ 2H n +C 2( ξ H n ) R 1 H n ,where we can take 0 n s −4.The coefficients C 1and C 2depend on the norms of ξand v 1and they are bounded if ξ H n , v 1 H n are bounded.We know that v 1 H n is bounded by the hypothesis and by the properties of the solutions of NLS (v 0(t,x)∈L ∞([0,T ],H s (R )).Assume now that ξ H n 1,then C 1,C 2are ing this,the bound R 1(t) H s −4 C on t ∈[0,T ]and ξ(0) H s −4 ,we write the corresponding differential inequality˙zC 1z +C 2·C ,where z(t)= ξ(t) H n .Solving the inequality on the interval [0,t T ],we obtainz(t) e C 1·T (C 2·C ·T +1) .2In this paper,we use C to denote different constants whenever it does not lead to confusion.Averaging for split-step scheme 1363Choosing sufficiently small 0>0,we can assume that z(t) 1on any [0,t T ]and then we also have that z(t) C ,where C depends on T ,but is independent of .Thus,we havesup t ∈[0,T ] ξ(t) H s −4(R ) C ,which implies by a triangular inequalityu(t)−v 0(t) H s −4 u(t)−v 1(t) H s −4+ v 1(t)−v 0(t) H s −4the desired estimatesup t ∈[0,T ] u(t)−v 0(t) H s −4(R ) C ,thus,proving the first part of the theorem.Now,we are going to introduce the next order correctionv 2=v 1+w 2to remove terms of order 2,where w 2is constructed in the same way as before:it is an anti-derivative of the ‘error term’R 1[v 0,t,t/ ]with respect to the fast timescale.As we have observed before,the fast timescale dependent coefficients are mean-zero and therefore w 2is periodic in t/ .It is easy to see that w 2is as smooth as R 1and that it satisfies the estimatesup t ∈[0,T ] w 2 H s −4(R ) C 2if s 4.After introducing the correction v 2=v 1+w 2,we obtain an approximation of the full equation (3)with 2mismatch.i ∂t v 2+v 2xx +|v 2|2v 2+pv 2xx +q |v 2|2v 2=R 2[v 0,t ],where R 2∈H s −6and R 2 H s −6 C 2.Proceeding as before,we let ξ=u −v 2,and subtracting the equations,we obtaini ξt +(1+p)ξxx +(1+q)(f (v 2,ξ)ξ+g(v 2,ξ)¯ξ)=R 2[v 0,t ].Repeating the energy estimates,we obtain that ξ(t) H s −6 C 2if ξ(0) H s −6 C 2.For the final estimate we need to use a triangular inequality:u(t)−v 0(t) H s −6 u(t)−v 2(t) H s −6+ v 1(t)−v 2(t) H s −6+ v 1(t)−v 0(t) H s −6,where the first two terms on the right-hand side (ξ,w 2)are already estimated to be of order 2and the last term w 1is given by v 1(t)−v 0(t)=w 1=i P t ∂xx v 0+i Q t|v 0|2v 0.It is of order rather than 2as required.However it is possible to make this term vanish at the integer points (at the beginning and at the end of the splitting ‘period’).Note,that with the most primitive scheme which we specified on the first page,this term will not vanish (see figure 1(a )).Indeed,the mean-zero anti-derivative of p :p −1(t)=t 0p(s)d s − 10 τp(s)d s d τdoes not vanish asp −1(0)=− 10τ0p(s)d s d τ=0.1364V Zharnitsky(Symmetric mapFigure1.Nonsymmetric(a)and symmetric(b)maps and their mean-zero anti-derivatives.Notethat in the nonsymmetric case mean-zero requirement for P(t)forces it to have nonzero value atthe origin.It is also impossible to drop the mean-zero requirement as we would fail then to remove 2-order terms at the second step.Using Strang’s observation the way out is to symmetrize the step(seefigure1(b)).In such a case,there exists a mean-zero anti-derivative p−1(t)that vanishes at integer points p−1(0)=0and therefore all estimates hold. Remark2.In this proof,we start with the averaged equation and then transform it to the original one.This is opposite to the regular approach when one starts with the full equation. There are two difficulties associated with the regular(direct)approach.First,we do not have any a priori estimates on the existence of local solutions in the full equation uniformly in . Second,we would need to invert an operator with singularity1+ ∂xx in order to carry out systematic averaging.While it is probably possible to invert this operator,it does create technical difficulties.Remark3.The constant appearing in the Gronwall’s estimates ξ C 2depends on the corresponding Sobolev norm of the solution of the averaged ing the norm of the initial data as thefirst approximation,one can choose the time-step(which is )based on that relation.3.Application to strongly DMNLSHere,we will show that anti-symmetric dispersion maps provide similar advantage for DMNLS.In the regime of strong dispersion management,the propagation of the wave envelope is governed byi u z+1dzu tt+αu tt+|u|2u=0,where d is a1-periodic piecewise constant mean-zero function.We will denote by D(z)its anti-derivative,which is also mean-zero.This equation is known to have an approximate pulse-like solution called dispersion managed soliton.It is obtained byfirst averaging theAveraging for split-step scheme 1365equation and then finding the pulse solution in the averaged equation.By using the analogy with the symmetric split-step,we show that the solutions of averaged and the full equations are ‘closer’for anti-symmetric maps.We state the theorems without the proofs 3.Transforming the equation to the Fourier domain u(t)→ˆu(ω)and introducing linear transformationˆu(ω,z)=ˆv(ω,z)e −i D(z/ )ω2(4)in order to remove the rapidly oscillating part,we obtain [3]i ˆv z (ω)−αω2ˆv(ω)+ +∞−∞ +∞−∞e −i D(z/ )(ω1−ω)(ω−ω2)׈v(ω1)ˆv(ω2)¯ˆv(ω1+ω2−ω)d ω1d ω2=0.(5)For the averaged DMNLS,which is obtained by integration over fast time,i ˆv z (ω)−αω2ˆv(ω)+ +∞−∞ +∞−∞ 10e −i D(Z)(ω1−ω)(ω−ω2)׈v(ω1)ˆv(ω2)¯ˆv(ω1+ω2−ω)d Z d ω1d ω2=0(6)with a solution v 0(x,t)∈L ∞([0,Z ],H s (R )),we have the following theorem 4.Theorem 2.Let v 0(t,z)∈L ∞([0,Z ],H s (R ))be a solution of averaged DMNLS and u(t,z)a solution of the full equation with u(t,0)−v 0(t,0) H s −2 ,then for sufficiently small positive < 0we have u(z,t)∈L ∞([0,Z ],H s −2(R ))andsup z ∈[0,Z ] u(z)−v 0(z) H s −2(R ) C .Theorem 3.Let in addition to the above conditions the dispersion map d(z)be anti-symmetric and let u(t,0)−v 0(t,0) H s −4 C 2then quadratic accuracy is achieved at the integer pointssupz ∈ ·N ,z Z u(z)−v 0(z) H s −4(R ) C 2.Remark 4.If the residual dispersion vanishes α=0then there is no loss of derivatives,i.e.H s −4and H s −2in the above statements can be exchanged for H s .Sketch of the proof then 5.The procedure that we have already used for the split-step in the previous paragraph can be repeated.Let ˆv 0(z,ω)∈H s be a solution of the averaged equation i ∂z ˆv0−αω2ˆv 0+ e −i D(Z)(ω1−ω)(ω−ω2)ˆv(ω1)ˆv(ω2)¯ˆv(ω1+ω2−ω) ׈v 0(ω1)ˆv0(ω2)¯ˆv 0(ω1+ω2−ω)d ω1d ω2=0,which approximately solves the full equation i ∂z ˆv0−αω2ˆv 0+ e −i D(Z)(ω1−ω)(ω−ω2)ˆv(ω1)ˆv(ω2)¯ˆv(ω1+ω2−ω)ˆv 0(ω1)׈v 0(ω2)¯ˆv 0(ω1+ω2−ω)d ω1d ω2=R v 0,z.Then,introducing a correctionv 1=v 0+w 1,3For the proofs,see [5]and [9].4For the corresponding theory of local and global existence,and the full proof,see [9].5The full proof can be found in [5].1366V Zharnitsky we obtain the equation with a smaller mismatch i ∂z ˆv 0−αω2ˆv 0+ +∞−∞ +∞−∞e −i D(z/ )(ω1−ω)(ω−ω2)ˆv(ω1)ˆv(ω2)¯ˆv(ω1+ω2−ω)d ω1d ω2=R 1 v 0,z,where R 1can be shown to be of order .Note that R 1 H s −2 C as in the split-step case described in the previous paragraph.It turns out that if d(Z)is an anti-symmetric function (d(−Z)=−d(Z)),then the mismatch R 1has only mean-zero terms which can be removed by the next order correction.Also for anti-symmetric d(z),the correction w 1vanishes at the beginning of the period.Therefore,with the next correction v 2=v 1+w 2we can remove 2-order terms and then carry out energy estimates as before.Finally,we can apply a triangular inequality and use that w 1vanishes at the beginning of the period to obtain the desired result.References[1]Cazenave T 1993An Introduction to Nonlinear Schr¨o dinger Equations (UFRJ,Rio de Janeiro)[2]Chorin A J,Hughes T J R,McCracken M F and Marsden J E 1978Product formulas and numerical algorithmsComm.Pure Appl.Math.31205–56[3]Gabitov I,Schapiro E G and Turitsyn S K 1997Asymptotic breathing pulse in optical transmission systems withdispersion compensation Phys.Rev.E 553624–33[4]Grenier E 1997Oscillatory perturbations of the Navier–Stokes equations J.Math.Pure Appl.76477–98[5]Pelinovsky D E and Zharnitsky V 2003Averaging of dispersion managed solitons:existence,stability andpropagation SIAM J.Appl.Math.63745–76[6]Schochet S 1994Fast singular limits of hyperbolic PDEs J.Diff.Eqns 114476–512[7]Strang G 1969Approximating semigroups and the consistency of difference schemes Proc.Am.Math.Soc.201–7[8]Taha R T and Ablowitz M J 1984Analytical and numerical aspects of certain nonlinear evolution equations.II.Numerical,nonlinear Schr¨o dinger equation put.Phys.55203–30[9]Zharnitsky V ,Grenier E,Jones C K R T and Turitsyn S K 2001Stabilizing effects of dispersion managementPhysica D 152–153794–817。

专题十八阅读填句高考试题Passage 1根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。

选项中有两项为多余选项。

(2013新课标全国Ⅰ) Business is the organized approach to providing customers with the goods and services they want.The word business also refers to an organization that provides these goods and services.Most businesses seek to make a profit(利润)—that is,they aim to achieve income that is more than the costs of operating the business.1. Commonly called nonprofits,these organizations are primarily nongovernmental service providers.2.Business management is a term used to describe the techniques ofplanning,direction,and control of the operations of a business.3. One is the establishment (制定)of broad basic policies with respect to production; sales; the purchase of equipment,materials and supplies; and accounting.4. The third relates to the establishment of standards of work in all departments.Direction is concerned primarily with supervision(监管)and guidance by the management in authority.5.A.Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.B.In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management.C.Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals.D.However,some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.E.Planning in business management has three main aspects.F.In the theory of business management,organization has two main aspects.G.The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.答案及剖析:1.D 上文介绍了什么是营利性商业机构。

广东省江门市2023-2024学年高三上学期期末考试英语试题一、阅读理解If you’re looking for a place to spend the Christmas holiday, we try to cover possible information within the posts on our site online. Here are some hotels and resorts that shine over the holiday. Big Cedar LodgeIts annual show, Home for the Holidays, features a series of events in November and December, including ice-skating and kids’ club activities. Guest rooms, cottages and cabins serve as cozy spots for winter getaways, and many dining options mean you’ll never need to leave the resort. Aspen Meadows ResortThere are all kinds of festivities at the resort leading up to the big day, including snowmen building and sleigh rides. Holiday movie nights take place throughout December, and there’s lots of food to enjoy. The all-suites are perfect for family getaways with floor-to-ceiling windows providing mountain views. Hotel BennettVisit this hotel for Christmas and you’ll immediately be surprised by the life-size gingerbread (姜饼) house made with pounds of candy. There are holiday stories on the night before Christmas Eve. Plus, all of the holiday festivities in Charleston’s downtown are just outside this hotel’s front door. Jekyll Island Club ResortAt Christmastime, this historic resort hosts a gingerbread house decorating event and special holiday meals throughout December. About 350 light displays made up of more than a million lights can be seen in the resort’s trees.1．Where is the text probably taken from?A．A website.B．A magazine.C．A guidebook.D．A newspaper.2．Which place offers visitors light shows?A．Big Cedar Lodge.B．Aspen Meadows Resort.C．Hotel Bennett.D．Jekyll Island Club Resort.3．What do the listed places have in common?A．They are located in the downtown.B．They are all world-famous resorts.C．They all have special holiday parties.D．They all have activities before Christmas.On July 28, I retired from my position. After teaching for many years, I looked forward to kayaking (划独木舟) with my grandsons, seeing friends and traveling for leisure with my husband. But my body had other plans for me. A broken spine (脊椎) in my back took me down a path that upended my plans.I have long had back pain. However, I pushed through the pain to do my work, which worsened my condition. Doctors urged an operation when increased disability meant I could not sit, stand or walk for a long time. But I wanted to see whether physical therapy (治疗) could create an easier option.Indeed, hard work with a great physical therapist has let me improve my mobility, sitting and standing. But X-rays told a different story. My spine was unstable and bending. After careful consideration and a second opinion from another professional, I agreed to surgery yet in the near term. Needless to say, the past months have been tough and the way ahead will be even tougher. Kayaking with my grandsons in the peacefulness of the lake is all out of reach, for now.When I met my physical therapist for the first time, I was a mess. He listened to me outline my history with tears and then calmly said, “You have to make friends with your body.” I have repeated that line to myself daily and worked to embrace my body. I have focused on gratitude. I’m grateful that I do not have a fatal disease. I’m grateful that the body I have remains alert to the world, loved by family and friends. I’m grateful that I am still myself.I don’t know exactly how the future will play out. The surgeon assures me that I should be able to get in my kayak by summer. But I may have to make friends with a different body, one that is mine regardless of the shape.4．Why did the author’s condition become worse?A．She disliked physical therapy.B．She hurt her back when kayaking.C．She still worked despite back pain.D．She was unwilling to have an operation.5．What can we learn about the author from paragraph 3?A．She forgot to kayak with her grandsons.B．She decided to accept an operation right away.C．She completely recovered after physical therapy.D．She asked another doctor for advice on the operation.6．What changed the author’s attitude towards her body?A．Her wish to enjoy retirement life.B．Her physical therapist’s advice.C．Her worsening physical condition.D．Her love for her family and friends.7．Which of the following is the most suitable title for the text?A．Learning to accept my bodyB．Enjoying my retirement lifeC．Fighting against my back painD．Being grateful for what I haveRemember Malcolm Gladwell’s famous “10,000-hour rule” from his bestselling book Outliers? It proposes that achieving mastery in any field requires roughly 10,000 hours of practice, emphasizing the importance of early professionalization and intensive practice for becoming an elite in a particular field.This approach, known as “deliberate practice”, encourages setting goals from a young age, investing time and specializing in a specific field. On paper, it sounds like a good path to success, but when we look at the lives of elite athletes, musicians and scholars, we find a different story. In reality, many individuals who have risen to the top of their respective fields took a more diverse and winding route. They often explored a wide range of activities, gained a broad skill set, and only specialized at a later stage in life. In other words, the idea that one must know one’s specialization from a young age is fundamentally wrong.Studies have shown that an approach called the “sampling period” is often more effective for achieving success. During this phase, individuals try various activities, gain diverse skills, identify their strengths and weaknesses, and only choose a field to specialize in once they have a clearer understanding of their passions and abilities.Elite athletes, for example, rarely specialize in a single sport at a very young age. Instead,they engage in a variety of sports during their formative years, which allows them to acquire broad physical skills and discover their interests and talents. These early diversification experiences provide valuable lessons that can be applied to their chosen sports.Consider the journey of Roger Federer, one of the greatest tennis players of all time. At the age of 6, he dabbled in rugby, skiing and wrestling, only returning to tennis later. The trial period benefited him not just because he found his true passion but also because his experiences in various sports enriched his tennis game with a unique set of skills.8．What does the author think of “10,000-hour rule”?A．It’s effective.B．It’s costly.C．It’s unpractical.D．It’s unproven. 9．“Deliberate practice” stresses the importance of the following aspects except ______.A．early goal-setting B．diverse skills C．focused practiceD．field specialization10．Why is Roger Federer mentioned in the last paragraph?A．To show the difficulty to be an elite athlete.B．To prove the advantage of the “sampling period”.C．To give an example of applying “deliberate practice”.D．To tell us one of the greatest tennis players of all time.11．Which statement would the author probably agree with?A．Kids should try many kinds of activities.B．Passion can be found at a young age.C．Many failures can lead to successes.D．Learn to be an athlete since young.Electrically powered vertical-take-off-and-landing (eVTOL) aircraft—flying cars are an idea whose time has not quite yet come, but is fast approaching. Many firms are offering various designs. None of these, however, will be Jetson-like family flying cars. Pivotal, based in Silicon Valley, by contrast has crafted something that people can purchase and pilot themselves. Helix is a single-seat vehicle, so “flying motorbike” might be more accurate. From next year, many people will be able to order one for personal use, though they will not be able to take delivery until June.Marcus Leng founded Pivotal in 2011, and some back-of-the-envelope calculations he made suggested that electric lift-off of a human-carrying craft, using motors powered by the lithium-ion batteries ought to work. He thus built a model and flew it in the garden of his house inWarkworth, Ontario.Now, after ameliorating it, the firm thinks it has something marketable. The aircraft has, nevertheless, changed little in its fundamentals over the years. It has two pairs of wings and eight propellers (螺旋桨), making it slightly resemble a squashed “H” when seen in the sky from below. And there is no undercarriage. Instead, its belly is curved in a way similar to a humpback whale’s, so it rocks to stability after landing.Pilot’s licence or not, buyers will still need some training to fly a Helix. Pivotal insists on this. For the same reason, the craft’s software will stop the pilot doing anything that does not fit its safety rules. And if, despite this, something does go wrong, it is fitted with a parachute（降落伞）.The Helix’s top speed is a respectable 100 kph, but its range is only 30 km. And refueling it is a bit of a pain. Filling up from the mains takes four and a half hours, though a special high-power system similar to those employed for electric cars can bring that down to 75 minutes. While Helix still doesn’t compare to the flying car from the Jetsons, it could be a step forward. 12．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs?A．Helix has been used in Warkworth widely.B．Flying cars won’t be allowed for personal use.C．Leng was the first person to design flying cars.D．Helix is only suitable for one person to drive.13．What does the underlined word “ameliorating” in paragraph 3’mean?A．Testing.B．Driving.C．Improving.D．Repairing. 14．What is paragraph 4 mainly about?A．Helix’s relative devices.B．Helix’s training process.C．Helix’s safety measures.D．Helix’s working principle.15．What is the author’s attitude towards Helix?A．Doubtful.B．Objective.C．Indifferent.D．Cautious.The world is filled with challenges. 16 . Wisdom is a wonderful accumulation of experience, knowledge and good judgement. When things get really intense and wild out there, you can rely on your wisdom to make the best choices. Here are some strategies you can use to ger wise.17Sometimes you have prejudice and you need to set it aside most of the time. You need to be receptive to different opinions. 18 . Always develop a sense of curiosity, and observe the world from different angles. Never base your perspective on the most popular opinion and train your mind to be a judgment-free space for ideas. Never back away from learning19 . Develop a thirst for knowledge. Take new classes, read now books, listen to educational podcasts (播客), and the list goes on and on. If something confuses you, surf the Internet and clear out your problems. All of these activities will strengthen your critical- thinking skills. Meet new peopleLimiting yourself to only one type of people who share the same ideology (意识形态) as you can be comforting but it doesn’t get you anywhere. 20 . Share what defines you and learn from others, and this will make you wise: Cultivate new friendships and this will be extremely beneficial to your future.A．It is a good quality to haveB．You have wisdom in yourselfC．Open yourself to diverse viewpointsD．This will open up new pathways for youE．In order to survive in it, you need to bè wiseF．You must be the person who learns something new every dayG．You need to know different people and learn what they have to offer二、完形填空It was the day I graduated from university. The car I was driving 21 an old black truck, bending the driver’s door of my car. It was my dad’s car which I shouldn’t have been driving, but now I had 22 it.The driver climbed out of his truck, slowly and 23 , and looked at the damage. I sat there crying. My lip was bleeding because I’d bitten it. He was in a hurry to leave, so we managed to exchange names and phone numbers before he 24 . I inspected the 25 door, with tears flowing down my face. But I knew I must go home sooner or later.My mom 26 when I walked in the door, “What on earth happened?” I hung my 27 and my eyes were filled with tears. I replied, “I 28 Dad’s car.” She rushed to Dad who was cooking. “Stop cooking. We’re not going to eat. Jean has destroyed your car.” He looked at Mom and 29 said, “Is she hurt?” My mom said, “No, 30 biting her lip.” “Well, then, what does that have to do with eating dinner?” He flipped a burger, then put his arm around me and said, “Let’s go in and 31 all about this, if you’re sure you’re all right.” I nodded. I pressed 32 to my lip while my dad smiled at me and whispered, “The car can be 33 , but our emotion cannot.”I graduated that evening with my family in 34 . University taught me what is important in books. Dad taught me to value what is 35 in life.21．A．beat B．found C．attacked D．hit 22．A．changed B．decorated C．destroyed D．abandoned 23．A．carefully B．curiously C．considerately D．creatively 24．A．showed off B．went away C．gave in D．got up 25．A．harmonious B．identical C．broken D．remarkable 26．A．wandered B．screamed C．danced D．laughed 27．A．fag B．key C．head D．hand 28．A．rejected B．transformed C．preserved D．crashed 29．A．quietly B．suddenly C．sincerely D．negatively 30．A．as for B．except for C．along with D．in spite of 31．A．hear B．plan C．celebrate D．reward 32．A．dirt B．ice C．blood D．cash 33．A．invested B．produced C．monitored D．repaired 34．A．particular B．advance C．attendance D．person 35．A．relevant B．strong C．impressive D．vivid三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Journal of Navigation and Port Research International EditionVol.35, No.9 pp. 707～715, 2011 (ISSN-1598-5725)DOI :/10.5394/KINPR.2011.35.9.707An Ergonomic Approach for Optimized Layout of Training Ship’s BridgeJun Hyuk Jang*, Hongtae Kim**, Joung Hoon Sim***, †Hea Sik Kim*, ** Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, Daejeon 305-343, Republic. of Korea*** , †Department of Marine Systems Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 530-729, Republic. of KoreaAbstract :To propose an ergonomic layout on the bridge, this study conducted a usability evaluation on the on-bridge navigational equipment of a college training ship that is in use at present. Through the usability evaluation on the training ship navigators, the possibility of operational errors with navigational equipment, the possibility of readout errors with display devices and even the effect of navigational equipment on navigation were evaluated beyond the scope of existing layouts, which adopt only the importance and usage frequency of navigational equipment. By taking ergonomic variables into consideration, this study suggested an optimized layout for on-bridge navigational equipment using a mathematical programming model.Key words :ship's bridge, layout, ergonomics, usability evaluation, maritime accident* jang@moeri.re.kr 042)866-3658** kht@moeri.re.kr 042)866-3643*** jhsim71@ 051)200-6974†Corresponding author, g9772690@donga.ac.kr 051)200-6975Note) This paper was presented on the subject of "An Ergonomic Approach for Optimized Layout of Training Ship's Bridge" in 2010 AsiaNavigation Conference proceedings(Songdo, InCheon, Korea, Nov.4-6, 2010, pp.3-10).1. IntroductionShips are one of the major forms of transportation forinternational exchange, and due to increases in global tradeand developments in scientifictechnology, ships are becoming increasingly larger, faster and more fully- automated. However, marine accidents still occur regularly. The fact that 60%∼80% of actual marine accidents are caused by human error indicates the potential risks related to a ship's operation (Hwang and Lee, 1999; Kim et al., 2001; Yang, 2004) as well as potential damage to the marine environment. As the rate of marine accidents due to human error is so high, a good deal of research has been conducted on this topic, yet accurate classification and survey methods have not yet been adequate enough to get a clear insight into what is taking place. Diverse efforts need to be invested to reduce the rate of marine accidents from human error. Ergonomic factors are increasingly being considered for sailing equipment along with institutional supplementation and support system maintenance. The bridge of the ship is where a ship's officers actually work and functions as an information situation room and a navigation control room(Kemp P. 1994). Therefore, in the case of ship design, an ergonomic bridge design should be considered to allow the officer to conducttheir operations properly, be adaptable to each given situation by monitoring the sailing environment and physical function of the ship, as well as to minimize the effects of fatigue on officers due to the overburden of work (Lee et al., 2008; Ha et al., 2002).To propose an ergonomic layout on the bridge, therefore,this study conducted a usability evaluation on the on-bridgenavigational equipment of a college training ship currently inuse. In general, there are many layout-only programs thathave been developed to solve problems related to layouts. Infact, many new layout standards have been applied to thelayout of control panels, such as spatial compatibility, usagefrequency, importance and usage order principles.Composing the main console of control panels installed ona ship's bridge, navigational equipment varies in formdepending on each manufacturer, and ship owners' choices ofequipment are so variable that all kinds of products made bydifferent specialized manufacturers are mixed together duringthe purchasing process and are consequently used together.Therefore, although some ships may have the same designform, they do not necessarily have their navigationalconsoles in the same layout.Therefore,when a ship's bridge is built, unlike automobiles or airplanes, it should be designed after being prudently studied from a navigator's viewpoint sinceAn Ergonomic Approach for Optimized Layout of Training Ship’s Bridgenavigators are to be the end users (Lee, 1997).The existing research was mostly conducted on the panel layout, considering only the importance and usage frequency of on-bridge navigational equipment, but this study attempted to provide an optimized plan for on-bridge navigational equipment using a mathematical programming model (Cem Canel, 1996), based on ergonomic variables, such as the possibility of operational errors and readout errors and the effect of each item of navigational equipment on actual navigation.Besides that, this study suggested an optimized layout by considering the weighted value of each item of on-bridge equipment, on the basis of the manual for coping with emergency situations that can take place while a ship is being navigated (ICS, 2007).2. Method2.1 Usability EvaluationAlthough the required equipment varies according to the ship's type or size, generally between 40 to 80 control or display devices are necessary for ship navigation. The subject was the university training ship, and the survey asked its operators about the importance of, usage frequency of, influence on voyage of, possibility of error from, and error experience gained related to the operation of a total of 75 pieces of equipment from the model ship, including navigational equipment and control and display devices. After evaluating their usability and optimization, this study suggests an optimal ergonomic layout of on-Bridge navigational equipment.Fig. 1Bridge of training shipFig. 1 shows the inner view of the bridge of the navigation training ship used to optimize the layout of navigational equipment. The size of navigational equipment and the distance between each item were actually measured (Fig. 4).Table 1 shows the characteristics of each piece of equipment within the bridge of the training ship when selected as a model for an actual ship's layout evaluation. It lists the evaluation scores of the training ship navigators on the actual dimensions (width×height) of 75 pieces of navigational equipment and control/display devices, and their panel dimensions, importance factor of optimization performance, usage frequency of each item of equipment, influence of the equipment on a voyage, and the possibility of error are listed.The research also accounted for different types of emergency (collision, grounding, fire & explosion, sinking, and machinery damage) and each of these criteria was accordingly weighted in the final analysis.Table 2 describes the nature of marine accidents that occurred in Korea during the period 2003∼2007(Oh, 1992). It includes a list of the percentages(%) calculated of the sum of each type, and the results were given as weights for each piece of sailing equipment and control or display devices. For example, when values used to perform the optimization for this study were examined with No. 4-1 "No.2 Auto tel & Inmarsat-f tel" , the score calculated using the usability evaluation of navigational equipment was a total of 20, in combination of such items as importance (5.33), usage frequency (5.67), effect on actual navigation (3.33) and operational or readout errors (5.67), as shown in Table 1. As shown in Table 2, the weighted values were calculated by using the composition ratio (27.3%) in the collision item out of all the marine accidents.Table 3 indicates that 4-1 "No.2 Auto tel & Inmarsat-f tel" is a navigational device used for marine accidents such as fire, explosion, stranding and sinking, and the numbers in brackets mean the number of times this equipment has been used. When the weighted values of this equipment were calculated for "sinking" accidents, it was found that this equipment accounted for the third, fourth, and eleventh sinking accident-coping situations in the checklist of the Emergency Situation Manual (ICS, 2007), showing the accumulated number of times it has been used. That is, it was found that this equipment had been used a total of 3 times. Therefore, the values obtained by multiplying the composition ratio of accidents and the accumulated number of times the related equipment has been used for an emergency situation as well as the usability evaluation value for this equipment were used to perform the final optimization.Jun Hyuk Jang, Hongtae Kim, Joung Hoon Sim, Hea Sik KimTable 1Characteristics of each item of equipment in BridgeThe weighted values for other kinds of emergencysituations were calculated in the same way, and during thisprocess, the optimization of on-bridge navigationalequipments was carried out.The table above represents the investigation results on thenavigational equipment required by the manual for eachemergency, departure and arrival.The numbers here correspond to the order of thecounter-respond manual examples of Table 4. For example,the Chart(no.2) of Table 3 includes the numbering of each emergency situation and departure/arrival. "10" is assigned for the ship's "Sinking", and this number indicates that during an emergency situation in Table 4, which is the ship's sinking, this equipment will be used for the 10th order, "when needed, implementation of arbitrary sinking". In other words, the numbering of Table 3 for each item of equipment and each situation means that the equipment in the corresponding order will be used for each situation.The number of this system shows the cumulative usage frequency of each kind of equipment for the correspondingAn Ergonomic Approach for Optimized Layout of Training Ship’s BridgeTable 3 The usage frequency of each item of equipment in an emergencySearch light remote control panel Outside light control panel 8Sensor control panel Navigation light control panel 101612Signal light control panel 1016124X-band radar 5422,2524Table 4Emergency circumstance - Groundingsituation, and it is multiplied by the configuration rate ofmaritime accident statistics(Table 1) and used as a weight value of the corresponding equipment on the actual performance of optimization.Jun Hyuk Jang, Hongtae Kim, Joung Hoon Sim, Hea Sik Kim( = importance, usage frequency, voyage influence, possibility of operating and/or reading error)(1)2.2 OptimizationAmong the respondents, the officer group wassub-categorized based on their job position and then a layout for each position was analyzed. The weighting for accident type used for optimizations is listed in Table 2. The LINGO 8.0 Global Solver program was used in the optimization process to derive an ergonomic layout of navigational equipment. The following are the symbols and variables used in the test. Indexi : Equipment ⋯j : Equipment ⋯ : coordinate at datum position: coordinate at datum positionDecision Variables : linear distance from the datum position to the centroid of equipment : coordinate at lower right side of equipment: coordinate at lower right side of equipment: coordinate at upper left side of equipment: coordinate at upper left side of equipment: coordinate at the center of equipment: coordinate at the center of equipmentConstants : Width of equipment: Height of equipment: Attribute score on item of equipment: Width of bridge: Height of bridge: Constant of emergency weight for equipmentObjective Function⋅⋅Objective Function (1) is an equation to minimize thedistance from the datum position to the centroid of each itemof equipment, in consideration of each item's attribute scorefor a specific item. For the attribute function, importance,usage frequency, influence on voyage, and possibility of errorscores were obtained from the findings of the primitivesurvey on ship operators.Constraint∀ (2)Constraint (2) is an equation to calculate a linear distance from the datum position to the centroid of a specific item of equipment.∀ ∀∀∀ (3)(4)(5)(6)Equations (3) to (6) are designed to calculate coordinations at the centroid point of each item of equipment. × × × ∀ (7)Equation (7) above is a constraint to avoid any double count of any equipment. ≦∀ ≦ ∀ (8)Equation (8) is a constraint to ensure that the layout does not exceed the range of the bridge's width and height. ≧ ∀ ≧ ∀ ≧ ∀ ≧ ∀ (9)(10)(11)(12)Equation (9) to (12) are the constraints to ensure that the final suggestion of coordinate values are given in positive numbers.An Ergonomic Approach for Optimized Layout of Training Ship’s Bridge3. Result3.1 OptimizationThe values obtained by multiplying the composition ratioof accidents and the accumulated number of times the relatedequipment has been used for an emergency situation, as well as the usability evaluation value for this item of equipment, were used to perform the final optimization.The weighted values for other kinds of emergency situations were calculated in the same way, and during this process, the optimization of on-bridge navigational equipment was carried out.Fig. 2 shows the results of the optimization.Fig. 2 Result of Layout of optimization"A" shows the results of the optimization using scores based on the level of importance and usage frequency of the item of equipment.The bridge in the training ship consists of a total of 18 panels, and the numbering system indicated in the tables represents the actual layout of navigational equipment on the Bridge."B", the Bridge model was drawn based on the optimization result with the emergency weights applied to the scores of importance, usage frequency, influence on voyage, and the possibility of operation and readout errors.ECDIS(12) and VHF of GMDSS(9) were placed the nearest to the datum point, and this suggests that they need to be located nearest to the officer for operations.3.2 Comparison and AnalysisThe purpose here is to compare and analyze the final optimized layout (Fig. 4) and the existing layout. The movingdistances were calculated and the efficiencies based onthem were compared to predict the traffic lines of the operator when reading the control or display devices of the navigational equipment for ship operation. The Bridge model for the training ship has been used as the existing model in the research and the suggested optimal Bridge model after applying the ergonomic variables (Fig. 4) are shown. For comparison and evaluation, the distances between the items of navigational equipment were measured (Fig. 3).Fig. 3 The existing layoutFig. 4Proposal layoutTable 5 suggests a checklist upon the ship's departure. The indicated numbers of navigational equipment, control and display devices correspond to the order of the checklist. The listed numbers on Table 4 were used as the numbers of navigational equipments.For example, Navigational light control panel(7-3) and Signal light control panel(7-5) are the equipment to be used in the event of question 10, "the signal flags of departure is prepared and hoisted?". The Navigation light control panel and Signal light panel of the existing layout are located at panel 7. In this case, the calculated moving distance of the operator from datum point (▲) is 3,580mm. Therefore, according to the comparison and analysis between the existing and the optimized layouts, the operator's moving distance was reduced by 1,000mm and this is only 72.1% of the moving distance before optimization. Consequently, it shows an increased efficiency of 27.9%. If conducting the comparison and analysis on the navigational equipment with the same methods, the results show that the suggested layout in this research has reduced the moving distance of the operator by 18.5%.Table 6 suggests a checklist upon a ship's arrival. The indicated numbers of navigational equipment, control and display devices correspond to the order of the checklist. The listed numbers on Table 3 were used as the numbers of navigational equipment.For example, VHF(4-1) is the equipment to be used in theJun Hyuk Jang, Hongtae Kim, Joung Hoon Sim, Hea Sik Kim Table 5Checklist of departure sequenceDeparture sequence EquipmentDistance(mm)Rate(%) Existing Optimized1Navigation plan is established? 2,3,126,0605,59092.2 2Necessary watercourse map is prepared? 2,3,126,0605,59092.23Steering operation is checked?- main steering gear, sub auxiliary steering gear- check if rudder angle indicator matches- steering gear, joints, exterior status- alarm device at breakout1,15-1, 15-23,2204,0203,2204,250100105.74Test drive of main engine is conducted?9-1(M-E rpm indicator)205035017.15Navigational equipments are testes and ready for use?(RADAR, ECDIS, AIS, GPS, COURSE RECORDER, ECHO SOUNDER, WHISTLEand DOPPLER LOG)1, 3, 2, 5, 8, (9-11, 9-12, 9-17),(VHF, MF/HF, whistle), 11, 12, 1314,77518,230123.46Mooring facilities are test-driven and ready for use?7Tuning between MAIN GYROCOMPASS and REPEATER is checked?8Moving objects including boats, accommodation ladder, derrick and etc are secured at the ship body?9The close/open status of each storage door and watertight sliding door is checked? 4-2(Watertight sliding door)4,7102,06043.7 10Signal flag of departure is prepared and hoisted? 7-3, 7-53,5802,58072.1 11Take-off(departure) report is completed?9-11(VHF)2,05035017.1 12Clean water, fuel and other necessary consumables are supplied?13Repairs are finished for repair-necessary parts?　14All crew are on board?　15All persons to leave the ship are off the ship?　16Documents and certificates of main ship that were sent to the lang are collected?　17Vulnerable area is patrolled such as Bosun Store, (2 hours before the departure/1hour before the departure/immediately after departure) to prevent stowaways onboard?18Parallel running of STEERING MOTOR is taken care of? 16-21(S-G alarm panel)1,8852,860151.7 19Binocular and DAY LIGHT SIGNAL are ready? Total48,41045,08081.5 Table 6Checklist of arrival sequenceDeparture sequence EquipmentDistance(mm)Rate(%) Existing Optimized1Navigation plan is established? 2, 3, 126,0605,59092.2 2Necessary watercourse map is prepared?3Steering operation is checked?- main steering gear, sub auxiliary steering gear- check if rudder angle indicator matches- steering gear, joints, exterior status- alarm device at breakout1,15-1, 15-23,2204,0203,2204,250100105.74Test drive of main engine is conducted?telegraph 5Navigational equipments are testes and ready for use?(RADAR, ECDIS, AIS, GPS, COURSE RECORDER, ECHO SOUNDER,WHISTLE and DOPPLER LOG)6Mooring facilities are test-driven and ready for use? 7Communication devices such as Microphone and transceiver are tested?8Mooring line, heaving line, rat guard and accommodation ladder are readyfor use? (when necessary, prepare anchoring)9Tuning between MAIN GYROCOMPASS and REPEATER is checked?1(Gyro compass)32203220100 10Notified at engine room before leaving the port?11Signal flag of port entry is prepared and hoisted?12Port entry report is completed? 9-11　2,05035017.1 13Notified expected port entry time to inland agent?4-14,7102,06043.7 14Notification of ETA to PILOT STATION and PILOT LADDER is prepared? 15Tide tables are ready and the recent weather chart reception is completed? 16Port entry document is ready? 17Clocks at Bridge and engine room are matched and phone is tested?(4-1, 9-14)(Auto Telephone)　4,7102,41051.2 18Parallel running of STEERING MOTOR is taken care of? 16-21(SG alarm panel)1,5102,660176.2 19Binocular and DAY LIGHT SIGNAL are ready? Total29,50023,76080.5An Ergonomic Approach for Optimized Layout of Training Ship’s Bridgeevent of question 13, "Notified expected port entry time to inland agent". In this case, the calculated moving distance of the operator from the datum point (▲) is 4,710mm(Fig. 3). The VHF in the suggested layout is located at 2,060mm(Fig.4). Therefore, according to the comparison and analysis between the existing and the optimized layouts, the operator's moving distance was reduced by 2,650mm and this is only 43.7% of the moving distance before optimization. Consequently, it shows an increased efficiency of 56.3%. If conducting the comparison and analysis on the navigational equipment with the same methods, the results show that the suggested layout in this research has reduced the moving distance of the operator by about 18.99%.In conclusion, the suggested layout in this study has reduced the operator's moving distance by 19.5%, compared to the existing layout, and consequently, the reduced moving distance is expected to lower the possibility of human error among maritime accidents caused by the officer's reduced fatigue and rapid counter-responses.4. ConclusionThe purpose of this research was to develop an optimized layout of a ship's navigational equipment on-Bridge, differently arranged according to the ship's size or type, with the consideration of ergonomic factors.This research went further by suggesting a ship's ideal Bridge layout based on the importance and usage frequency of navigational equipment that was investigated during prior research, and conducted a usability evaluation on the importance and usage frequency of navigational equipment on the training ship's bridge, observing the degree of each piece of equipment's influence on navigation, and the possibility of operation or readout errors for the ship's officers. Optimization was performed using the Lingo program from the survey results. Optimization of on-Bridge navigational equipments was performed based on the primary questionnaire survey.According to the comparison and analysis between the existing and the optimized layouts, the operator's moving distance was reduced. Consequently, the results show that the suggested layout in this research has reduced the moving distance of the operator by about 19% on situations of departure and arrival. Also, with the consideration of emergency situations, an optimized suggestion for a layout was derived with emergency- weight applied. It was suggested that ECDIS, Radar and Conning Displays should be located nearest to the officer. Also, an optimized design for panels of control and display devices on the Bridge was suggested in this research.Also, the research proved through examples that the ergonomic layout, which was suggested by predicting the officer's traffic line upon a ship's departure or arrival, is more efficient than existing layouts.As a plan to relieve a ship navigator's burden, this study attempted to suggest an ergonomic layout for on-bridge navigational equipment that plays an essential role for ship operations, and it is expected that the results of this study will be used as basic data in providing ergonomic guidelines in the shipbuilding and maritime fields.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe contents of this paper are the results of the research project of Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs of Korea(Development of prevention and management technology for human-related marine accident).References[1]ABS (2000), "Bridge Design and NavigationalEquipment/System", ABS.[2]Hwang,B.H. and Lee,J.I. (1999), "A Study on theConcept of Human Factors in Ship Operating System", Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation, pp. 29-42 [3] Ha,W.J., Na,S.J., Kim,S.S., Lee,H.K. and Jong,J.Y. (2002),"A Study on the Conceptual Bridge Design based on the Ergonomic Background", Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety, pp. 53-59.[4] Ha,W.J. (2003), "A Study on the Design andArrangement of Coastal Ship's Bridge on the Bridge on the Basis of Ergonomics Concept", Graduate School of Korea Maritime University.[5] ICS (2007), "Bridge procedures guide", fourth edition,ICS.[6] Kim,H.T., Lim,J.M., Lee,D.K. and Park,J.H. (2001), "State of the Art of Human Factors for Ship Design and Navigation Safety", Journal of the Erogonomics Society of Korea, pp. 39-47.[7] Kemp P. (1994), "The Oxford Companion to Ships andthe Sea", Oxford University Press.[8] Lee,H.H., Kim,C.S. and Yang,W,J. (2008), "A Study onthe New Design of the Training Ship's Bridge", Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety, pp. 169-175.[9]Lee,D.S., Kim,D.J. and Cha,M.S. (1997), "OptimumJun Hyuk Jang, Hongtae Kim, Joung Hoon Sim, Hea Sik KimDesign of Ship's Bridge Layout for the AutomatedOcean Going Vessels", Journal of Korean Navigationand Port Research, pp. 1-9, (1997).[10] Oh,C.S.(1992), "Human Factors Aircraft Cockpit Designand Flying Qualities", Journal of the Ergonomics Societyof Korea, pp. 26-32.[11]Yang,C.S. (2004), "On the Contributing Factors ofMarine Casualties and Incidents : with a Focus onHuman Factors", pp. 99-111.[12] Yang,Y.H., Yang,C.S., Gong,I.Y. and Lee,B.Y. (2005),"The Basic Study On the Development of ErgonomicIntegrated Bridge Alarm Management System", Journalof the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety,pp. 17-22.Received7 February 2011Revised17 October 2011Accepted 5 December 2011。

UNIT 2 Economist1.Every field of study has its own language and its own way of thinking. Mathematicians talk about axioms, integrals, and vector spaces. Psychologists talk about ego, id, and cognitive dissonance. Lawyers talk about venue, torts, and promissory estoppel.每个研究领域都有它自己的语言和思考方式。

数学家谈论定理、积分以及向量空间。

心理学家谈论自我、本能、以及认知的不一致性。

律师谈论犯罪地点、侵权行为以及约定的禁止翻供。

2.Economics is no different. Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss—these terms are part of the economist’s language. In the co ming chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use in specialized ways. At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane. But, as you will see, its value lies in its ability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you live.经济学家也一样。

高三英语作文论证方法单选题30题1. Which of the following is an example of using examples to support an argument?A. People should exercise regularly because it is good for health.B. Many famous athletes, such as Usain Bolt and Michael Phelps, train hard every day to stay at the top of their game. This shows that dedication is crucial for success.C. Reading is important as it enhances knowledge and imagination.D. Studying abroad has both advantages and disadvantages.答案：B。

本题考查举例论证方法。

A 选项只是陈述观点，未举例；C 选项也是在陈述观点，未给出具体例子；D 选项是在阐述事物的两面性，并非举例论证。

B 选项中提到了Usain Bolt 和Michael Phelps 这两位著名运动员每天努力训练的例子，来证明“奉献对于成功至关重要”这一论点，属于举例论证。

2. In the following sentence, which part is an example to prove the point? "To illustrate the importance of teamwork, let's consider a football team. The players need to work closely together to score goals and win matches."A. To illustrate the importance of teamworkB. let's consider a football teamC. The players need to work closely together to score goals and win matches.D. None of the above答案：C。

大学英语（一）（海南联盟）智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下海南师范大学海南师范大学第一章测试1. Which word is different?答案:machine2. Which word has this sound [ɔ:] in it?答案:cause3.Which word is different?答案:laugh4.Which word is this? [wə:k]答案:work5.Which word is different?答案:foot6.She couldn’t her tears when hearing the bad news.答案:hold back7.The linguist elaborates on the development of English in time .答案:sequence8.His story me of my school days.答案:reminds9.Tom has been to the personnel department.答案:assigned10.The dishes of this restaurant can really its reputation.答案:live up to11.In Asian countries, the ceremony of “coming-of-age” is called______ for boys ,and _____ for girls.答案:Guan Li, Ji Li12.Which one is Not mentioned about the secrets to success in video 2 ?答案:health13.If all your answers to the following three questions are “yes”, you will feelempowered or self-motivated, please choose them:答案:Will it work?;Is it worth?;Can you do it?14.Self-confidence can be cultivated by______.答案:knowing yourself15.What is the meaning for the word “glassy” based on the knowledge of wordformation?答案:smooth and shiny16.What is the meaning for t he word “nationwide” based on the knowledge ofword formation?答案:over the whole of a nation17.What is the meaning for the word “replacement” based on the knowledge ofword formation?答案:person or thing that replaces another18.What is the common phonetic symbol for the following combinationsunderlined: feat, screen, series?答案:/i:/19.What is the common phonetic symbol for the following combinationsunderlined: scan, sacrifice, scramble?答案:/æ/20.Whom should we be grateful for?答案:teachers;friends;parents第二章测试1. Which word with the diphthong(双元音) is different?答案:neither2.Which word with the diphthong(双元音) is different?答案:weign3.Which word with the diphthong(双元音) is different?答案:fear4.Which word with the diphthong(双元音) is different?答案:door5.Which word with the diphthong(双元音) is different?答案:flow6.In a world so torn apart by rivalry, anger, and hatred, we have the__________vocation to be living signs of a love that can bridge all divisions and heal all wounds.答案:privileged7.Who will __________ your initiative? And what form will their opposition take?答案:oppose8.We must __________ the rivers which overflow annually. Otherwise floods willfrequently strike the areas along the rivers.答案:harness9.Parents always have their children __________.答案:upon their minds10.The rewards you get in this job are in direct __________ to the effort you put in.答案:proportion11. Which descriptions below are true about Stephen Hawking?答案:British mathematician; theoretical physicist; born in Oxford; author of best seller12.Why should we study science?答案:to know the world better; to keep us curious; to think critically13.What did the universe look like in ancient Chinese people’s eyes?答案:The universe consists of the square earth down surrounded by seas as a complete circle and the round sky above14.It has been proven that on the Earth, the closer one stays to the Earth,the more slowly time would seem to go.答案:对15. Richard C. Levin, has argued that the liberal education should cultivate thecapacity for ______.答案:independent thought16.Which invention was made for navigation?答案:compass17.______ said, “There are three inventions which have decisively changed theworld.”答案:Francis Bacon18.Which one is not the reason that has negatively affected Chinese scientificdevelopment?答案:Renaissance19.Xi Jinping proposed “Chinese Dream” and emphasized that ______ is the keystrength.答案:innovation20.What view is now more inspiring to the global environmental problems?答案:To cooperate with nature21.What are people worried about?答案:being disabled by technology;unpredictable future;turning the Earth into a huge dump by technology;abuse of technology22. What is true about clone?答案:It would be a completely new way of making a human being;It,biologically, refers to any organism whose genetic information isidentical to that of its parent organism from which it is created.;Cloning will create a baby from a single cell, from a single person.23.Why do some people oppose cloning?答案:It may devaluate real life.;It is not perfect.;It is against our traditional ethics and morality.;It is against the natural law.24. Why do some people support cloning?答案:It may solve the problem of starvation.;It could save seriouslyendangered species.;It can help those infertile couples.;It mayrevolutionize organ transplantation.25.What is the general attitude toward science and technology?答案:Critical26.Which of the following statement is not a feature of an argument?答案:It is similar with a quarrel.27.What is true about a topic sentence?答案:All of above.28.What are supporting details?答案:They can be almost anything as long as they support the topic sentence.29.What is the introduction paragraph?答案:It is usually the first paragraph of an argumentative essay. ;It issupposed to raise readers’ interest and should not be too long.;It serves as a 'map' of the essay.30.What is the conclusion paragraph?答案:It summarizes the whole essay. ;It restates your thesis. ;It is the lastparagraph.第三章测试1.以下单词除了以下哪个之外发音中都含有[ k ]音：答案:china2.以下单词发音中含有[ ʃ ]音的单词是：答案:shame3.以下单词中哪个不发[ θ ]音:答案:breathe4.以下选项中单词都包含[ f ]发音的是：答案:photo, former, office5.以下单词发音中含有[ ð ]音的单词是：答案:another6.All the managerial ________ at the factory are hired on contract.答案:personnel7._________ in several foreign languages is needed for work as a traveler’s guide.答案:Proficiency8.For many in both the working class and the middle class, what has served asthe heart and soul of the American Dream？答案:upward mobility9.Which of the following element is NOT included in the Chinese dream?答案:The prosperity of economy10.According to the concept of social pyramid, American society is stratified intosocial classes based on the following standards except for________.答案:circumstances of birth11.Who proposed the concept of social edifice?答案:Jack London12.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the priorities of the Belt andRoad initiatives?答案:healthcare and education13.How many steps are there for one to cover before he’s ready to deliver animpromptu speech?答案:414.What do we do when dealing with a debate question?答案:Take sides15.Which of the following is NOT a good way to open your speech?答案:Apologizing16.Which of the following is a bad question to start your speech?答案:What’s your phone number?17.What do you need to keep in mind when telling a story to begin your speech?答案:Tell a short story that is related to the topic of your speech.18.Hard times are forcing community colleges to _________ students.答案:turn away19.At their ________ the little boy ran away and hid.答案:approach20.It is only our ___________ to fight that has pulled us through.答案:determination第四章测试1.Which pronunciation of “ch” is different?答案:chic2.In which word is “h” a silent letter?答案:hour3.In which word is “w” a silent letter?答案:write4.Which pronunciation of “n” is different?答案:think5.In which word is “l” a silent letter?答案:talk6. I first made his __________ in the early 1960s.答案:acquaintance7.I am keeping my __________ open. I have not made a decision on either matter.答案:option8.The criminal __________ an elaborate story about his crime.答案:manufactured9.Let's __________ the bad potatoes from the basket.答案:pick out10.His main task is to raise enough __________ to repay secured loans.答案:finance11.Which of the following diseases is not mentioned in the talk?答案:Heart disease12.What personalities like work activities that include practical problems andsolutions?答案:Realistic personalities13.Which of the following statements is not mentioned in the speech concerningfinding fulfilling work?答案:Take some training14.Which of the following statements is not mentioned as a reason why weprocrastinate doing things?答案:We are always busy.15.Which of the following statements is not true?答案:We can avoid procrastinating doing things by improving our skills.16.Which of the following translations fall into the category of grammaticalerrors?答案:跟他结婚后，她的麻烦开始了。

2005 TEXT1a fat pay rise 工资大涨colleague n. 同事slack v. 放松，松懈outrage n/v. 愤怒，愤慨，暴行good-natured adj.和蔼的，和善的tardily adv. 缓慢地，拖延地stagnant adj. 停滞的counterpart n. 副本，配对物，参照对象in exchange for 作为..的交换token n/v.象征，代币slice n.薄片v.切开，切成薄片adjoining adj.邻接的，毗邻的chamber n.小房间adj. 室内的，秘密的in return for 作为...的报答markedly 明显地，显著地，引人注目地luxury n.奢侈，奢华，奢侈品adj.奢侈的grievance n. 不满，不平，委屈v. grieve n. grieftoss n/v 投掷，投币（赌正反面）induce v. 诱导，引诱righteous adj. 正直的，正义的，公正的indignation n.愤慨，愤怒candidate n. 候选人Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan‟s and Dr. de Waal‟s study.这些特性使它们成为。

理想的研究对象。

reluctant adj.不情愿的，勉强的And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.paralyze v.使瘫痪(2010 text 4) 死寂的市场一定程度上反映了瘫痪的银行由于怕账面损失既不愿出售资产，也不愿意去购买那些看似不错的廉价资产。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题Lines of latitude run horizontally and are parallel to the Equator and lines of longitude run vertically. They（）at the North and South Poles.问题1选项A.convergeB.convokeC.convoyD.convulse【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。

根据句意‘纬线水平平行于赤道和经线相垂直。

它们在南北两极聚集。

’可知这里是说经线和纬线的位置，根据常识可知经线和纬线相互垂直，在南极和北极两个地方是聚集的，A选项converge"聚集，靠拢”；B选项convoke“召集”； C选项convoy“护送”；D选项convulse“震撼”。

根据句意确定A选项正确。

2.翻译题Like waistlines in many prosperous countries, cell phones are going XXL and some of their owners are struggling to tuck them in.Jeremy Roche, 47 years old, owns a Samsung Galaxy Note II phone that is about 75% larger than the original Apple Inc. iPhone, and roughly the size and heft of an extra-large Hershey’s chocolate bar, with about an inch nibbled off the end. It “did feel weird” at first to hold his big phone to his head for calls, he says, but now he loves his ample screen. After years of evolution from brick-size monstrosities into slim pocket devices, cell phones are going in reverse. South Korea's Samsung Electronics Co. is credited —or blamed 一 with bringing big phones back into the mainstream with devices like the original 5.3-inch Note, introduced outside the U.S. in late 2011.Some tech reviewers at the time derided the big phone as “silly”，and “a phone designed for giants.” But sales boomed, and other makers have followed with still-bigger “phablets”, as techiesarc beginning to call them—a cross between a phone and a tablet.Fares Fay ad, a 39-year-old consultant in Dubai, says he used to think a 3.5-inch cell phone screen was just right, until he tried the iPhone 5, which has a 4-inch screen. “I don’t believe I can go back to the slightly smaller screen,” Mr. Fay ad says,Some ergonomics experts wor ry lame phones could pose an injury risk. “As the stretch to reach all areas of the screen increases, we might start to see more serious repetitive stress injuries --- likely to the thumbs --- in larger touch-screen devices”, says Anthony Andre, a professor of human factors and ergonomics at San Jose State University.【答案】就像许多富裕国家居民的腰围一样，如今手机的尺寸也在逐渐增大，一些手机用户在费尽心思想把它们塞进自己的兜里。

2022高考英语二轮（十一月）练习及答案：阅读理解（4）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

(The Program-Federal Government Helps Minority Business)Federal efforts to aid minority businesses began in the 1960’s when the Small Business Administration (SBA) began making federally guaranteed loans and government-sponsored management and technical assistance available to minority business enterprises. While this program enabled many minority entrepreneurs to form new businesses, the results were disappointing, since managerial inexperience, unfavorable locations, and capital shortages led to high failure rates. Even 15 years after the program was implemented, minority business receipts were not quite two percent of the national economy’s total receipts.Recently federal policymakers have adopted an approach intended to accelerate development of the minority business sector by moving away from directly aiding small minority enterprises and toward supporting large, growth-oriented minority firms through intermediary companies. In this approach, large corporations participate in the development of successful and stable minority businesses by making use of government-sponsored venture capital. The capital is used by a participating company to establish a Minority Enterprise Small Businesses that have potential to become future suppliers of customers of the sponsoring company.MESBIC’s are the result of the belief that providing established firms with easier access to relevant management techniques and more job-specific experience, as well as substantial amounts of capital, gives those firms a greater opportunity to develop sound business foundations than does simply making general management experience and small amounts of capital available. Further, since potential markets for the minority businesses already exist through the sponsoring companies, the minority businesses face considerably less risk in terms of location and market fluctuation. Following early financial and operating problems, sponsoring corporations began t o capitalize MESBIC’s far above the legal minimum of $500,000 in order to generate sufficient income and to sustain the quality of management needed. MESBIC’s are now emerging as increasingly important financing sources for minority enterprises.Ironically, MESBIC staffs, which usually consist of Hispanic and Black professionals, tend to approach investments in minority firms more pragmatically than do many MESBIC directors, who are usually senior managers from sponsoring corporations. The latter often still think mainly in terms of the ‘social responsibility approach’ and thus seem to prefer deals that are riskier and less attractive than normal investment criteria would warrant. Such differences in viewpoint have produced uneasiness among many minority staff members, who feel that minority entrepreneurs and businesses should be judged by established business considerations. These staff members believe their point of view is closer to the original philosophy of MESBIC’s and they are concerned that, unle ss a more prudent course if followed, MESBIC directors may revert to policies likely to re-create the disappointing results of the original SBA approach.1.Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?[A] The use of MESBIC’s for aid ing minority entrepreneurs seems to have greater potential for success than does the original SBA approach.There is a crucial difference in point of view between the staff and directors of some MESBIC’s.[C] After initial problems with management and marketing, minority businesses have begun to expand at a steady rate.[D] Minority entrepreneurs wishing to form new businesses now have several equally successful federal programs on which to rely. 2.According to the passage, the MESBIC approach differ s from the SBA approach in that MESBIC’s[A] seek federal contracts to provide market for minority businesses.Encourage minority businesses to provide markets for other minority businesses.[C] Attempt to maintain a specified rate of growth in the minority business sector.[D] Rely on the participation of large corporations to finance minority businesses.3.Which of the following statements about the SBA program can be inferred from the passage?[A] The maximum term for loans made to recipient businesses was 15 years.Business loans were considered to be more useful to recipient businesses than was management and technical assistance.[C] The anticipated failure rate for recipient businesses was significantly lower than the rate that actually resulted.[D] Recipient businesses were encouraged to relocate to areas more favorable for business development.4.The author refers to the ‘financial and operating problems’ encountered by MESBIC’s primarily in order to[A] broaden the scope of the discussion to include the legal considerations of funding MESBIC’s through sponsoring companies.call attention to the fact that MESBIC’s must receive adequate funding in order to function effectively.[C] show that sponsoring companies were willing to invest only $500,000 of government-sponsored venture capital in the original MESBIC’s.[D] Compare SBA and MESBIC limits on minimum funding.5.It can be inferred from the passage that the attitude of some MESBIC staff member toward the investments preferred by some MESBIC directors can be best described as[A] disappointing.Indifferent.[C] Shocked.[D] Defensive.Vocabulary1.implement 执行，履行2.growth-oriented 增长潜力的，有进展性的3.intermediary company 中介公司，中间公司4.venture capital 风险资本5.entrepreneur 企业家，创业者6.fluctuation 波动，涨落，起伏7.pragmatically 有用地难句译注1. Even 15 years after the program was implemented minority business receipts were not quite two percent of the national e conomy’s total receipts.【参考译文】甚至在这个方案执行后15年，少数民族工业的收入还不到全国总收入的2％。

federated learning call for paper -回复Federated Learning: Revolutionizing Collaborative Machine LearningIntroduction:In recent years, with the increasing demand for privacy-preserving machine learning and the proliferation of internet-connected devices, federated learning has emerged as a promising solution. This article aims to delve into the concept and importance of federated learning, explore its benefits and challenges, and discuss its potential applications.1. Understanding Federated Learning:Federated learning is a decentralized approach to machine learning that allows multiple participants, such as smartphones, IoT devices, or edge servers, to collaboratively train a global model while keeping the data localized. Instead of uploading raw data to a central server, the training process occurs locally on individual devices or servers. Only small model updates or gradients areshared with a central server, thus preserving data privacy.2. The Need for Federated Learning:In traditional machine learning approaches, data is typically collected and stored on a central server for model training. However, this centralized data storage raises concerns about data privacy and security. Federated learning addresses these concerns by allowing data to remain on local devices, mitigating the risk of data breaches and complying with privacy regulations.3. Benefits of Federated Learning:-a. Privacy Preservation: Federated learning enables data owners to retain control over their data, as it remains on their devices. It adheres to privacy regulations, such as GDPR, minimizing the risk of sensitive information exposure.b. Data Diversity: Federated learning encourages data from diverse sources to be used collaboratively. This diversity results in more robust and representative models, as insights from various sources are taken into account.c. Resource Efficiency: Since local models are trained on individual devices, federated learning reduces the need for large-scale data transfers, optimizing bandwidth usage and conserving energy. It also alleviates concerns about network latency.d. Continual Learning: Federated learning allows models to be trained on-the-go. As new data is produced, device owners can update their local models and contribute to global model improvements without the need for retraining the entire model.4. Challenges in Implementing Federated Learning:a. Communication and Bandwidth Limitations: Federated learning relies on consistent and efficient communication between the central server and participating devices. These communication constraints can impede the aggregation and synchronization of model updates.b. Heterogeneity of Devices: The participating devices may have varying computational capabilities and storage capacities, making it challenging to maintain a fair and equitable training process.Balancing the workload among heterogeneous devices while achieving accurate model convergence is a critical challenge.c. Privacy-Preserving Algorithms: Designing secure andprivacy-preserving algorithms for federated learning is essential. Techniques such as differential privacy and secure aggregation must be implemented to guarantee data protection.5. Applications of Federated Learning:a. Healthcare: Federated learning facilitates collaborative training of predictive models across multiple hospitals without sharing sensitive patient data, enabling accurate disease diagnosis and personalized treatment.b. Internet of Things (IoT): In the IoT domain, federated learning enables edge devices to collaboratively train models for tasks like anomaly detection, recognizing patterns, and optimizing energy consumption, without compromising privacy.c. Autonomous Vehicles: Federated learning enables vehicles to learn from each other's experiences, enhancing drivingperformance and safety. Models can be trained collaboratively to detect road conditions, predict traffic congestion, and improve autonomous driving features.Conclusion:Federated learning offers a groundbreaking paradigm shift in machine learning, addressing privacy concerns while harnessing the power of distributed data. With its ability to preserve privacy, encourage data diversity, and optimize resource efficiency, federated learning is poised to revolutionize collaborative machine learning. Overcoming the challenges associated with implementing federated learning will unlock its full potential, leading to a world where data-driven insights can be obtained without sacrificing privacy.。