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第一部分序号标准编号1 IEC 60050(151)2 IEC 60050(441)3 IEC 60050(601)4 IEC 600595 IEC 600506 IEC 60071-17 IEC 604178 IEC604179IEC60417M1 0IEC 60417N1 1IEC 6041701 2IEC 60417P13 IEC 60617-114 IEC 60617-215 IEC 60617-316 IEC 60617-4 17 IEC 60617-518 IEC 60617-619 IEC 60617-720 IEC 60617-821 IEC 60617-922 IEC 60617-1023 IEC 60617-11国际通用技术标准IEC 清单标准名称International Electro-technical VocabularyPart 51: Electrical andMagnetic DevicesChapter 441: Switchgear,Control gear and fusesChapter 601:Generation,Transmission anddistribution ofelectrical – GeneralIEC Standard CurrentRatingsInternational Electro-technical VocabularyInsulation Co-ordinationPart 2: Application GuideGraphical Symbols forUse on Equipment,Index, Survey andComplication of SingleSheetEleventh SupplementTwelfth SupplementThirteenth SupplementIEC 417 SupplementFifteenth Supplement Graphical Symbols for Diagrams - Part 1: General Information, General Index Cross-Reference Table Graphical Symbols for Diagrams - Part 2: Symbols Elements and other Symbols having general application Graphical Symbols for Diagrams - Part 2: Conductors and Connecting DevicesGraphical Symbols for Diagrams - Part 4:Passive ComponentsGraphical Symbols for Diagrams - Part 5: Semiconductors and Electron TubesGraphical Symbols for Diagrams - Part 6:Production and Conversion of Electrical Energy Graphical Symbols for Diagrams - Part 7: Switchgear, Control gear and Protective Devices Graphical Symbols for Diagrams – Part 8:Measuring Instruments, Lamps and Signaling Devices Graphical Symbols for Diagrams – Part 9: Telecommunication Switching and Peripheral Equipment Graphical Symbols for Diagrams – Part 10: Telecommunication and TransmissionGraphical Symbols for Diagrams – Part 11: Architectural and Graphical Installation Plans and Diagram24 IEC 60617-12Graphical Symbols for Diagrams – Part 12:Binary Logic Elements25 IEC 60617-13Graphical Symbols for Diagrams – Part 13:Analogue Elements26 Insulation Media27 IEC 60156 Insulation Liquids – Determination of the Breakdown Voltage at Power Frequency – Test Method28 IEC 60247Measurement of Relative Permittivity DielectricDissipation Factor and D.C. Resistivity of Insulation Liquids29 IEC 60296 Specification for Unused mineral Insulation Oils for Transformers and Switchgear30 IEC 60376Specification and Acceptance of NewSulphur Hexafluoride31 IEC 60376A First Supplement: Section Thirteen. Mineral Oil Content32 IEC 60376B Second Supplement: Clause 2633 IEC 60475 Method of Sampling Liquid Dielectrics34 Guide to the Checking of SF6 Taken From Electrical Equipment35 High Voltage Test36 IEC 60052 Recommendations for Voltage measurement by Means of Sphere-Gaps (one sphere earthed)37 IEC 60060-1High Voltage Test Techniques Part-I: GeneralDefinitions and Test Requirements38 IEC 60060-2High Voltage Test Techniques Part-2:Measuring Systems39 IEC 60060-2-aml Amendment No.1 to IEC 60060-240 IEC 60270 Partial Discharge Measurements41 IEC 60298 High Voltage Switchgear42 Power Transformer43 IEC 60076-1 Part 1: General44 IEC 60076-2 Part 2: Temperature Rise45 IEC 60076-3Part 3: Insulation Levels and Dielectric tests andExternal Clearances in Air46 IEC 60076-4 Guide to Lighting, Impulse Switching, Impulse Testing - Power Transformers and Reactors47 IEC 60076-5 Part 5: Ability to Withstand Short-Circuit48 IEC 60076-7 Loading Guide for Oil-immersed Power Transformer49 IEC 60076-8 Power Transformer – Application Guide50 IEC 60076-10 Determination of Sound LevelsPart 14: Design and Applicaion of Liquid Immersed 51 IEC 60076-14 Power Transformers using high temperatureinsulation materials52 IEC 60214On-load Tap changerSwitchgear1 IEC 62271-1 Common Specifications2 IEC 62271-100High Voltage Switchgear and ControlgearPart 100: high Voltage Alternating Current Circuit Breakers3 IEC 62271-102 Part 102: High Voltage Alternating Current Disconnectors and Earthing Switches4 IEC 62271-110 Part 110: Inductive Load SwitchingPart 200: AC metal- enclosed switchgear and controlgearfor rated voltages above 1kV and up to and including 52kVPart 1 01: Synthetic Testing.Part(300): Guide for Seismic qualification ofhigh voltage alternating current circuit breakers.Part(303): Use and handling of SulphurHexafluoride (SF6) in high voltage switchgearand control gear.Part(307): Use of electronic and associated5 IEC 62271-200 technologies in auxiliary equipment ofswitchgear and control gear.Part 308: Guide for asymmetrical short-circuitbreaking test duty T 100aPart 309: TRV parameters of high voltageswitchgear and control gear for rated voltagesabove 1 kV and les than 100kV.Part 310: Electrical endurance testing of circuitbreakers rated 72.5kV and above.*(xxx) Final number to be given by IEC.6 IEC 60947 Low-Voltage Switchgear and ControlgearHV Switches Part 1: HV Switches for Rated VoltagesAbove 1kV and less than 52kV7 IEC 60265-18 IEC 60265-1-aml Amendment No.19 IEC 60265-1-am2Amendment No.2HV Switches Part 2: HV Switches for Rated10 IEC 60265-2Voltages of 52kV and ahove.11 IEC 60265-2-aml Amendment No.1Low-Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear IEC 60439-112 Assemblies 一 Part 1: Type Tested and PartiallyType Tested Assemblies.13 IEC 60439-1-aml Amendment No.114 IEC 60439-1-am2 Amendment No.2Low Voltage Switchgear and Cantralgear-15 IEC 60439-2 Assemblies 一 dart 2: Particular Requirementsfor Busbar Trunking Systems (Busways)16 IEC 60439-2-am117 IEC 60439-318 IEC 60439-3-aml19 IEC 60439-420 IEC 60439-4-aml21 IEC 60439-522 IEC 60943Instrument Transformers:Amendment No.1Low Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear18Assemblies Part 3:Particular RequirementsFo19r Law-Voltage Switchgear and ControlgearAsse20mblies Intended to be Installed in Placeswhere 21Unskilled Persons have Access for theirUse-Dist22ribution Boards_Amendment No.1Low Voltage Switchgear and ControlgearAssemblies Part 4: Particular Requirementsfar Assemblies for Construction Sites (ACS)Amendment No.1Low Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear Assemblies Part 5:Particular Requirements for Assemblies Intended to beInstalled Outdoors in Public Places 一 Cable Distribution Cabinets (CI3Cs} for Power Distribution in Networks.Guidance concerning the permissible temperature rise for parts of electrical equipment, in particular for equipments. Instrument Transformers:1 IEC 60044-1Part 1:Current Transformers2 IEC 60044-2 Part 2:Inductive Voltage Transformers3 IEC 60044-3Part 3:Combined Transformers.Part 6: Requirements for Protection Current 4 IEC 60044-6Transformers for Transient Performance.5 Relays6 IEC 60255 Electrical Relays7 Surge ArrestersSurge Arresters Part 1:Non-linear >Resistor8 IEC 60099-1Type Gapped Arresters far A.G. SystemsSurge Arresters Part 3:Artificial Pollution9 IEC 60099-3Testing of Surge Arresters.Surge Arresters 一 Part 4: Metal Oxide Surge10 IEC 60099-4Arresters Without Gaps far AC. System.Surge Arresters - Part 5: Selection and, Application11 IEC 60099-5Recommendations - Section General12 Telecommunication and Teleprotection:13 IEC 60663 Planning of (SSb) PLC Systems14 IEC 60353 Line Traps for A.C. Power Systems15 IEC 6D481 Coupling devices for PLC Systems16 IEC 60358 Coupling Capacitors anti Capacitor DividerBatteries:1 IEC 60896- Stationary Lead Acid Batteries-General Requirements and2 IEC 60896-1-aml3 IEC 60896-1-am24 IEC 60896-2Insulators and Bushings1 IEC 60 1372 IEC 601683 IEC 60168-aml4 IEC 602735 IEC 60383-16 IEC 60383-27 IEC 604378 IEC 604719 IEC 60471-aml10 IEC 6050611 IEC 7050712 IEC TR 6057513 IEC 60815Power & Control Cables 1 IEC 60183 2 IEC 60183-aml3 IEC 602304 IEC 602875 IEC 60287-1-16 IEC 60287-1-27 IEC 60287-2-1Methods of Test-Part Vented Types. Amendment No.1 Amendment No.2Stationary Lead Acid Batteries-General Requirements and Test Methods-Part 2: Vale Regulated Types.Insulating Bushings for Alternating Voltages above 1000VTest an Indoor and outdoor Past Insulator of Ceramic Material or Glass for System with Nominal Voltages Greater than 1000VAmendment No.1 Characteristics of Indoor and Outdoor Post Insulators Far Systems with Normal Voltages theater than 1000 V.Insulators far Overhead Lines with a Nominal Voltage above 10}}V Part 1:Ceramic or Glass Insulator Units for A.C Systems-Definitions, Test Methods and Acceptance Criteria. Insulators for overhead Lines with a Nominal Voltage above IOQ}V Fart 2: Insulator Strings and Insulator Sets for A.C. Systems- Definitions, Test Methods and Acceptance Criteria. Radio Interference Test on High Voltage Insulators.Din3ensions of Cle}is and Tongue Couplings of String Insulator Units.Amendment No.1 Switching Impulse Tests on High Voltage Insulators Artificial Pollution Tests on High Voltage Insulators to he Used on A.C SystemsThermal-Mechanical, Performance Test and Mechanical Performance Test on String Insulator UnitsGuide far the Selection of Insulators in respect of polluted conditions.Guide to the Selection of High Voltage Cables Amendment No.1Impulse Tests an Cables and their AccessoriesElectric Cables-Calculation of the Current Rating Part 1: Current Rating Equations ( 100% load factor) and Calculation of Losses-Section l: GeneralAmendment No.1Electric Cables-Calculation of the Current Rating-Part 1: Current Rating Equations ( 100% load factor ) and Calculation of Losses-Section 2: Sheath Eddy Current loss Factors for Two Circuits in Flat FormationElectric Cables-Calculation of the Current Rating-Part 2:Thermal Resistance-Section 1:Calculation of ThermalResistanceElectric Cables-Calculation of the Current Rating-Part 2:A Method for Calculating Reduction Factors forGroups of8 IEC 60287-2-2Ca61es in Free Air, Protected from Solar Radiation.Electric Cables-Calculation of the Current Rating-Part3: Sections on Operating Conditions-Section- 1:Reference Operating Conditions and Selection of CableType.Electric Cables-Calculation of the Curret Rating-Part 9 IEC 60287-3-2 3:Sections on Operating Conditions-Section 1:Economic Optimization of Power Cable Size.10 IEC 60287-3-2-aml Amendment No.1 to IEC 287-3-211 IEC 60228 Nominal gross-sectional areas and composition of conductors of insulated cables.12 IEC 60811Common test methods for insulating and sheaths material of electric ( Series) cables.Power Cables with Extruded Insulation and their Accessories13 IEC 60502-1for Rated Voltages from 1 kV (Um=1.2kV) up to 30kV (Um=36kV)-Part l: Cables for Rated Voltages from 1 kV (Um=1.2kV) and 3kV (Um=3.6kV)Power Cables with Extruded Insulation and their Accessories14 IEC 60502-2for Rated Voltages from 1 kV (Um=1.2kV) up to 30kV (Um=36kV)-Part 2: Cables for Rated Voltages from 6 kV (Um=7.2kV) up to 30kV (Um=36kV)Power Cables with Extruded Insulation and their Accessories15 IEC 60502-4 for Rated Voltages from 1 kV (Um=1.2kV) up to 30kV (Um=36kV)-Part 4: Cables for Rated Voltages from 6 kV (Um=7.2kV) up to 30kV (Um=36kV)16 IEC 60529 Degree of protection provided by Enclosures (IP Code).Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), Part }-3: Tested and17 Measurement Techniques-Radiated, Radio Frequency,electromagnetic Field Immunity Test.18 IEC 61000-4-2 Testing and Measurement Techniques- Electrostatic Discharge Immunity Test.1 234 5Steel StructuresASTM A361/A36M-97aASTM A36/A36M-97aASTM A 143-74(Reapproved 1994)ASTM A153/A153M-98ASTM A325-97Standard Specification for Carbon Structural SteelStandard Specification far Zinc( Hat-Dip Galvanized}Coatings on Iron and Steel ProductsStandard Practice far Safeguarding againstEmbrittlement of Hot-Dip Galvanized Structural SteelProducts and Procedure for Detecting EmbrittlementStandard 5pecifcatian for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iran andSteel HardwareStandard Specification far High-strength Bolts far67 8910111213141516171819202122232425262728 29ASTM A387-76(Reapproved 1996)ASTM A394-93ASTMA572/A572M-97cASTM b201ASTM E94 -93ASTM E709-95ISO R898Overhead ConductorsASTMB-231,J1SH-2110. I EC61089(1991-06)IEC61089-aml(1997-05)Civil Works:BSASTMACIISOASTM A615-96aASTM C33-99ASTM C150-98ASTM C260-98ASTM C494-98aASTM D1556-90(Reapproved 1998)ASTM D1557-91(Reapproved 1998)ASTM D2419-95ASTM D2937-97IEC 61850IEC 60255-24 IEC 60255-26 IEC6005 0-444 IEC6005 0-445 IEC6005 0-446Structural Steel JointsStandard Practice forSafeguarding againstWarpage and DistortionDuring Hot-DipGalvanizing of SteelAssembliesStandard Specificationfor Steel TransmissionTower Bolts, ZincCoated and BareStandard Specificationfor High StrengthLow-AlloyColumbium-VanadiumStructural SteelStandard Practice forTesting ChromaticCoatings zinc andCadmium SurfacesStandard Guide forRadiographic TestingStandard Guide forMagnetic ParticleExaminationMechanical Properties ofFastenersRound WireConcentric LayOverhead ElectricalStrandedConductors.Amendment No.1British StandardsAmerican Society For Testing and MaterialsAmerican Concrete InstituteInternational Standard OrganizationStandard Specification for Deformed and PlainBillet-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementStandard Specification for Concrete AggregatesStandard Specification for Portland CementStandard Specification for Air EntrainingAdmixtures for ConcreteStandard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for ConcreteStandard Test Method for Density arid Unit Weight of Soil inPlace by Sand-Cone MethodTest Method for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics ofSoil Using Modified EffortStandard Test Method for Sand Equivalent Value of Soils andFine AggregateStandard Test Method for Density of Soil inPlace by the Drive 一 Cylinder MethodCommunication Networks and Systems in SubstationElectrical relaysMeasuring Relays and Protection EquipmentInternational Electrotechnical Vocabulary:Elementary RelaysInternational Electrotechnical Vocabulary:Specified Time Allor Nothing RelaysInternational Electrotechnical Vocabulary: Electrical relaysIEC60050-448International Electrotechnical Vocabulary: Power SystemProtectionIEC 60839 Alarm SystemsIEC61000-4-6 Electromagnetic Compatibility(EMC)IEEE C37.2 IEEE Standard Electrical Power System Device Function Numbers and Contact DesignationsIEC 61037 Electricity Metering-Tariff and Load Control IEC 62040Uninterruptible Power Systems第二部分电力系统常用单词中文 英文 变电站内电气设备 电力变压器 Power transformer 自耦变压器 Auto-transformer 断路器/短路开关 Circuit-breaker 隔离器/隔离开关 Disconnector /Disconnecting link 隔离开关带接地开关 Disconnector with earthing switch 电流互感器 Current transformer电容式电压互感器 Capacitor voltage transformer带滤波装置的电容式电压 Capacitor voltage transformer with 互感器 carrier frequency facility避雷器 Surge arrester/lightning arrester并联电抗器 Shunt reactor电容器组 Capacitor banks电力电容器 Power capacitor阻波器 Line trap支柱绝缘子 Post insulator 12345678 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16序号备注23 架空地线/避雷线 Overhead ground wire24 三相联动 Three poles operation25 单相操作 Single pole operation26 开关柜（中压） Switchgear27 配电柜 Switchboard28 套管式电流互感器 Bushing type current transformer29 并联电容器 Shunt capacitor30 高压开关设备 High-voltage switchgear31 零序电流互感器 Zero sequence current transformer（ZCT）二变电站内功能房间1 主控制楼 Control house building2 通讯机房 Telecom room3 工器具间 Store room4 会议室 Conference room5 资料室 Reference room6 休息室 Resting room7 交接班室 Shifting room8 蓄电池室 Battery room9 继电器室 Relay room10 站长室 Station master room11 厨房 Kitchen12 淋浴间 Shower room13 柴油发电机房 Diesel generator room14 站用变 Auxiliary transformer三变电站内其它常用名词1 户外配电装置/开关站 Switchyard2 35KV 高压室 35KV switchgear room3 油池 Oil tank4 轨道 Rail5 架空 Overhead6 避雷线/针 Lightning conductor/wire7 构架 Gantry8 围墙 Boundary wall9 前面/屏前/正面Front10 后面/屏后Rear11 进线Incoming12 出线Outgoing13 电器开关室/配电室Switchboard room /Distributionroom14 开关柜（中高压）Switchgear。
Chapter 1 –Brief History of AviationChapter 2 –DeregulationChapter 3 –Structure of the IndustryChapter 4 –Airline EconomicsChapter 5 –How Aircraft FlyChapter 6 –SafetyChapter 7 –SecurityChapter 8 –AirportsChapter 9 –Air Traffic ControlChapter 10 –Airlines and the Environment5章时间限制、维修检查(Time Limits,Maint. Checks) 6章尺寸和区域(Dimensions and Access Panels)7章顶起和支撑(Lifting and Shoring)8章对准和称重(Leveling and Weighing)9章飞机拖曳(Towing and Taxiing)10章飞机停场，系留，封存(Parking,Mooring,Storage) 11章标牌和铭记(Placards and Markings)12章勤务(Servicing)20章标准施工---机体(Standard Practices---Airframe) 21章空调（Air Conditioning）22章自动飞行（Auto Flight）23章通讯（Communications）24章电源（Electrical Power）25章设备/装饰（Equipment/Furnishings）26章 .防火(Fire Protection)27章飞行操纵（Flight Controls）28章燃油（Fuel）29章液压源（Hydraulic Power）30章防冰和排雨（Ice and Rain Protection）31章指示/记录系统（Indicating/Recording system）32章起落架(Landing Gear)33章灯光（Lights）34章导航（Navigation）35章氧气(Oxygen)36章气源(Pneumatic)37章真空（Vacuum）38章水/污水（Water/waste）45章中央维护系统（Central maintenance System）49章机载辅助动力装置(Airborne Auxiliary Power)51章结构与标准施工(Structures & Standard Practices) 52章舱门(Doors)53章机身(Fuselage)54章发动机吊舱/吊架(Nacelles/Pylons)55章稳定装置 (Stabilizers)安定面56章窗户(Windows)57章机翼(Wings)70章标准施工—发动机(Standard Practices—Engines)71章动力装置(Power Plant( Package))72章发动机（内部）(Engine (Internals))73章发动机燃油和控制(Engine Fuel and Control)74章点火装置(Ignition)75章发动机空气(Air)76章发动机操纵(Engine Controls)77章发动机指示(Engine Indicating)78章排气系统(Exhaust)79章发动机滑油系统(Oil)80章发动机起动(Starting)82章注水(Water Injecting)91章图表（不同性质的）(Charts (Miscellaneous))01 INTRODUCTION05 PERIODIC INSPECTIONS06 DIMENSIONS AND AREAS07 LIFTING AND SHORING08 LEVELING AND WEIGHING09 TOWING AND TAXIING10 PARKING, MOORING, STORAGE AND RETURN TO SERVICE11 PLACARDS AND MARKINGS12 SERVICING - ROUTINE MAINTENANCE18 VIBRATION AND NOISE ANALYSIS (HELICOPTER ONLY)20 STANDARD PRACTICES - AIRFRAME21 AIR CONDITIONING22 AUTO FLIGHT23 COMMUNICATIONS24 ELECTRICAL POWER25 EQUIPMENT / FURNISHINGS26 FIRE PROTECTION27 FLIGHT CONTROLS28 FUEL29 HYDRAULIC POWER30 ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION31 INDICATING / RECORDING SYSTEMS32 LANDING GEAR33 LIGHTS34 NAVIGATION35 OXYGEN36 PNEUMATIC37 VACUUM38 WATER / WASTE39 ELECTRICAL - ELECTRONIC PANELS AND MULTIPURPOSE COMPONENTS 41 WATER BALLAST45 CENTRAL MAINTENANCE SYSTEM (CMS)46 INFORMATION SYSTEMS49 AIRBORNE AUXILIARY POWER51 STANDARD PRACTICES AND STRUCTURES - GENERAL52 DOORS53 FUSELAGE54 NACELLES / PYLONS55 STABILIZERS56 WINDOWS57 WINGS60 STANDARD PRACTICES - PROPELLER / ROTOR61 PROPELLERS / PROPULSORS62 MAIN ROTOR(S)63 MAIN ROTOR DRIVE(S)64 TAIL ROTOR65 TAIL ROTOR DRIVE66 ROTOR BLADE AND TAIL PYLON FOLDING67 ROTORS FLIGHT CONTROL70 STANDARD PRACTICES - ENGINE71 POWER PLANT - GENERAL72 ENGINE72(T) ENGINE - TURBINE / TURBOPROP, DUCTED FAN / UNDUCTED FAN72(R) ENGINE - RECIPROCATING73 ENGINE - FUEL AND CONTROL74 IGNITION75 BLEED AIR76 ENGINE CONTROLS77 ENGINE INDICATING78 EXHAUST79 OIL80 STARTING81 TURBINES (RECIPROCATING ENGINES)82 WATER INJECTION83 ACCESSORY GEAR BOXES (ENGINE DRIVEN)84 PROPULSION AUGMENTATION91 CHARTS5章时间限制、维修检查(Time Limits,Maint. Checks)6章尺寸和区域(Dimensions and Access Panels)7章顶起和支撑(Lifting and Shoring)8章对准和称重(Leveling and Weighing)9章飞机拖曳(Towing and Taxiing)10章飞机停场，系留，封存(Parking,Mooring,Storage)11章标牌和铭记(Placards and Markings)12章勤务(Servicing)BMS3-33润滑脂的介绍/posts/35/topic-0045-359438.html20章标准施工---机体(Standard Practices---Airframe)21章空调(Air Conditioning)空调出口温度高/posts/35/topic-0045-359394.html[原创]关于737-300/500的空调/posts/35/topic-0045-356247.htmlPACK空中超温，会有那些原因引起呢？（专业贴）/posts/35/topic-0045 -359163.html22章自动飞行(Auto Flight)737NG的Y/D故障分析供大家参考/posts/72/topic-0045-729542.html 23章通讯(Communications)24章电源(Electrical Power)IDG和GEN /posts/35/topic-0045-358102.html737-300 B2972电源及APU自动关车排故思路之分析/posts/182/topic-0 045-1827865.html25章设备/装饰(Equipment/Furnishings)26章防火(Fire Protection)有关737灭火瓶...... /posts/35/topic-0045-357937.htmlAPU火警探测/posts/35/topic-0045-357662.html27章飞行操纵(Flight Controls)28章燃油(Fuel)737飞机燃油浮子电门/posts/35/topic-0045-359544.html29章液压源(Hydraulic Power)液压问题/posts/35/topic-0045-359382.html关于液压保险在液压管路的作用和位置？请教/posts/35/topic-0045-3592 99.html液压系统故障/posts/35/topic-0045-359411.html30章防冰和排雨(Ice and Rain Protection)31章指示/记录系统(Indicating/Recording system)32章起落架(Landing Gear)如何延长飞机轮胎的使用寿命/posts/35/topic-0045-358979.html前轮磨损/posts/35/topic-0045-359232.html谁能说说金属刹车片和碳刹车片的优缺点？/posts/35/topic-0045-358669. html请问哪位对防滞刹车结构熟悉的，简单介绍一下，谢谢那里有资料，网上有吗？http://bbs. /posts/35/topic-0045-359091.html请教:飞机换轮子的时候为什么要转动轮子? /posts/177/topic-0045-177 5484.html一起B737-300飞机使用自动速度刹车时，AUTO SPEED BRAKE 跳开关跳开http://bbs.fee /posts/103/topic-0045-1038900.html33章灯光(Lights)34章导航(Navigation)35章氧气(Oxygen)36章气源(Pneumatic)一起引气故障导致的增压故障（B737NG）/posts/103/topic-0045-1035067. html37章真空(Vacuum)38章水/污水(Water/waste)45章中央维护系统(Central maintenance System)49章机载辅助动力装置(Airborne Auxiliary Power)APU启动不起来了! /posts/35/topic-0045-357370.htmlAPU维护灯亮/posts/35/topic-0045-357331.html51章结构与标准施工(Structures & Standard Practices)52章舱门(Doors)53章机身(Fuselage)54章发动机短舱/吊架(Nacelles/Pylons)55章稳定装置(Stabilizers)56章窗户(windows)[讨论]玻璃上裂纹深度的测量？？/posts/35/topic-0045-350765.html57章机翼(wings)70章标准施工---发动机(Standard Practices---Engines)71章动力装置(Power Plant (Package))IAEV2500系列发动机试车总结/posts/85/topic-0045-850361.html72章发动机（内部）(Engine (Internals))73章发动机燃油和控制(Engine Fuel and Control)74章点火装置(Ignition)75章发动机空气(Air)76章发动机操纵(Engine Controls)77章发动机指示(Engine Indicating)78章排气系统(Exhaust)737反推故障/posts/35/topic-0045-357397.html79章发动机滑油系统(Oil)80章发动机起动(Starting)82章注水(Water Injecting)91章图表（不同性质的）(Charts (Miscellaneous))ATA Specification 22001 *Reserved for Airline Use2 *Reserved for Airline Use3 *Reserved for Airline Use4 *Reserved for Airline Use5 TIME LIMITS/ MAINTENANCE CHECKS-00 General-10 Time Limits-20 Scheduled Maintenance Checks-30 & -40 Reserved-50 Unscheduled Maintenance checks6 DIMENSIONS AND AREAS7 LIFTING & SHORING-00 General-10 Jacking-20 Shoring8 LEVELING & WEIGHING-00 General-10 Weighing and Balancing-20 Leveling9 TOWING & TAXIING-00 General-10 Towing-20 Taxiing10 PARKING, MOORING, STORAGE & RETURN TO SERVICE -00 General-10 Parking/Storage-20 Mooring-30 Return to Service11 PLACARDS AND MARKINGS-00 General-10 Exterior Color Schemes and Markings-20 Exterior Placards and Markings-30 Interior Placards12 SERVICING-00 General-10 Replenishing-20 Scheduled Servicing-30 Unscheduled Servicing13 *Unassigned14 *Unassigned15 *Unassigned16 *Unassigned17 *Unassigned18 VIBRATION AND NOISE ANALYSIS (HELICOPTER ONLY) -00 GENERAL --10 VIBRATION ANALYSIS-20 NOISE ANALYSIS19 *Unassigned20 STANDARD PRACTICES-AIRFRAME-90 *Reserved for Airline Use21 AIR CONDITIONING-00 General-10 Compression-20 Distribution-30 Pressurization Control-40 Heating-50 Cooling-60 Temperature Control-70 Moisture/Air Contaminant22 AUTO FLIGHT-00 General-10 Autopilot-20 Speed-Attitude Correction-30 Auto Throttle-40 System Monitor-50 Aerodynamic Load Alleviating23 COMMUNICATIONS-00 General-10 Speech Communications-15 SATCOM-20 Data Transmission and Automatic Calling -30 Comfort-40 Interphone-50 Audio Integrating-60 Static Discharging-70 Audio & Video Monitoring-80 Integrated Automatic24 ELECTRICAL POWER-00 General-10 Generator Drive-20 AC Generation-30 DC Generation-40 External Power-50 AC Electrical Load Distribution-60 DC Electrical Load Distribution25 EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS-00 General-10 Flight Compartment-20 Passenger Compartment-30 Galley-40 Lavatories-50 Additional Compartments-60 Emergency-70 Available-80 Insulation26 FIRE PROTECTION-00 General-10 Detection-20 Extinguishing-30 Explosion Suppression27 FLIGHT CONTROLS-00 General-10 Aileron & Tab-20 Rudder & Tab-30 Elevator & Tab-40 Horizontal Stabilizer-50 Flaps-60 Spoiler, Drag Devices and Variable Aerodynamic Fairings -70 Gust Lock & Dampener-80 Lift Augmenting28 FUEL-00 General-10 Storage-20 Distribution-30 Dump-40 Indicating29 HYDRAULIC POWER-00 General-10 Main-20 Auxiliary-30 Indicating30 ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION-00 General-10 Airfoil-20 Air Intakes-30 Pitot and Static-40 Windows, Windshields and Doors-50 Antennas and Radomes-60 Propellers/Rotors-70 Water Lines-80 Detection31 INDICATING/RECORDING SYSTEMS-00 General-10 Instrument & Control Panels-20 Independent Instruments-30 Recorders-40 Central Computers-50 Central Warning Systems-60 Central Display Systems-70 Automatic Data Reporting Systems 32 LANDING GEAR-00 General-10 Main Gear and Doors-20 Nose Gear and Doors-30 Extension and Retraction-40 Wheels and Brakes-50 Steering-60 Position and Warning-70 Supplementary Gear33 LIGHTS-00 General-10 Flight Compartment-20 Passenger Compartment-30 Cargo and Service Compartments -40 Exterior-50 Emergency Lighting34 NAVIGATION-00 General-10 Flight Environment-20 Attitude & Direction-30 Landing and Taxiing Aids-40 Independent Position Determining -50 Dependent Position Determining -60 Flight Management Computing35 OXYGEN-00 General-10 Crew-20 Passenger-20 Passenger-30 Portable36 PNEUMATIC-00 General-10 Distribution-20 Indicating37 VACUUM-00 General-10 Distribution-20 Indicating38 WATER/WASTE-00 General-10 Potable-20 Wash-30 Waste Disposal-40 Air Supply39 *Unassigned40 *Unassigned41 WATER BALLAST-00 General-10 Storage-20 Dump-30 Indication42 *Unassigned43 *Unassigned44 CABIN SYSTEMS-00 General-10 Cabin Core System-20 Inflight Entertainment System-30 External Communication System-40 Cabin Mass Memory System-50 Cabin Monitoring System-60 Miscellaneous Cabin System45 CENTRAL MAINTENANCE SYSTEM-00 General-5 thru -19 CMS/Aircraft General-20 thru -49 CMS/Airframe Systems-45 Central Maintenance System-50 thru -59 CMS/Structures-60 thru -69 CMS/Propellers-70 thru -89 CMS/Power Plant45INFORMATION SYSTEMS-00 General-10 Airplane General Information Systems -20 Flight Deck Information Systems-30 Maintenance Information Systems-40 Passenger Cabin Information Systems -50 Miscellaneous Information Systems47 *Unassigned48 *Unassigned49 AIRBORNE AUXILIARY POWER-00 General-10 Power Plant-20 Engine-30 Engine Fuel and Control-40 Ignition/Starting-50 Air-60 Engine Controls .-70 Indicating-80 Exhaust-90 Oil50 Cargo and Accessory Compartments-00 General-10 Cargo Compartments-20 Cargo Loading Systems-30 Cargo Related Systems-40 Available-50 Accessory-60 Insulation51 Standard Practices, General-00 General-10 Investigation, Cleanup and Aerodynamic Smoothness-20 Processes-30 Materials-40 Fasteners-50 Support of Airplane for Repair and Alignment Check Procedures -60 Control-Surface Balancing-70 Repairs-80 Electrical Bonding52 DOORS-00 General-10 Passenger/Crew-20 Emergency Exit-30 Cargo-40 Service and Miscellaneous-50 Fixed Interior-60 Entrance Stairs-70 Monitoring and Operation-80 Landing Gear53 FUSELAGE-00 General-10 thru -90 (As Required) Fuselage Sections54 NACELLES/PYLONS-00 General-10 thru -40 (As Required) Nacelle Section-50 thru -80 (As Required) Pylon55 STABILIZERS-00 General-10 Horizontal Stabilizer or Canard-20 Elevator-30 Vertical Stabilizer-40 Rudder56 WINDOWS-00 General-10 Flight Compartment-20 Passenger Compartment-30 Door-40 Inspection and Observation57 WINGS-00 General-10 Center Wing-20 Outer Wing-30 Wing Tip-40 Leading Edge and Leading Edge Devices -50 Trailing Edge Trailing Edge Devices -60 Ailerons and Elevons-70 Spoilers-80 (as required)-90 Wing Folding System58 *Unassigned59 *Reserved for Airline Use60 STANDARD PRACTICES - PROPELLER/ROTOR61 PROPELLERS/PROPULSION-00 General-10 Propeller Assembly-20 Controlling-30 Braking-40 Indicating-50 Propulsor Duct62 ROTOR(S)-00 General-10 Rotor blades-20 Rotor head(s)-30 Rotor Shaft(s)/Swashplate Assy(ies) -4063 ROTOR DRIVE(S)-00 General-10 Engine/Gearbox couplings-20 Gearbox(es)-30 Mounts, attachments-40 Indicating64 TAIL ROTOR-00 General-10* Rotor blades-20* Rotor head-30 Available-40 Indicating65 TAIL ROTOR DRIVE-00 General-10 Shafts-20 Gearboxes-30 Available-40 Indicating66 FOLDING BLADES/PYLON-00 General-10 Rotor blades-20 Tail pylon-30 Controls and Indicating67 ROTORS FLIGHT CONTROL-00 General-10 Rotor-20 Anti-torque Rotor control (Yaw control)-30 Servo-control System68 *Unassigned69*Unassigned70 STANDARD PRACTICES - ENGINES71 POWER PLANT-00 General-10 Cowling-30 Fireseals-40 Attach Fittings-50 Electrical Harness-60 Air Intakes-70 Engine Drains72 ENGINE TURBINE/TURBO PROP DUCTED FAN/UNDUCTED FAN-00 General-10 Reduction Gear, Shaft Section (Turbo-Prop and/or Front Mounted Gear Driven Propulsor)-20 Air Inlet Section-30 Compressor Section-40 Combustion Section-50 Turbine Section-60 Accessory Drives-70 By-pass Section-80 Propulsor Section (Rear Mounted)73 ENGINE FUEL AND CONTROL-00 General-10 Distribution-20 Controlling-30 Indicating74 IGNITION-00 General-10 Electrical Power-20 Distribution-30 Switching75 AIR-00 General-10 Engine Anti-Icing-20 Cooling-30 Compressor Control-40 Indicating76 ENGINE CONTROLS-00 General-10 Power Control-20 Emergency Shutdown77 ENGINE INDICATING-00 General-10 Power-20 Temperature-30 Analyzers That-40 Integrated Engine Instrument Systems 78 EXHAUST-00 General-10 Collector/Nozzle-20 Noise Suppressor-30 Thrust Reverser-40 Supplementary Air79 OIL-00 General-10 Storage-20 Distribution-30 Indicating80 STARTING-00 General-10 Cranking81 TURBINES-00 General-10 Power Recovery-20 Turbo-Supercharger82 WATER INJECTION-00 General-10 Storage-20 Distribution-30 Dumping and Purging-40 Indicating83 ACCESSORY GEAR-BOXES-00 General-10 Drive Shaft Section-20 Gearbox Section84 Propulsion Augmentation-00 General-10 Jet Assist Takeoff85 *Unassigned86 *Unassigned87 *Unassigned88 *Unassigned89 *Unassigned90 *Unassigned91 CHARTS92 *Unassigned93 *Unassigned94 *Unassigned95 *Reserved for Airline Use96 *Reserved for Airline Use97 WIRING REPORTING-00-00 General-01-00 Zone 100 Fuselage Lower-02-00 Zone 200 Fuselage Top-03-00 Zone 300 Stabilizers-04-00 Zone 400 Nacelles-Pylons-05-00 Zone 500 Left Wing-06-00 Zone 600 Right Wing-07-00 Zone 700 Landing Gear Compartment -08-00 Zone 800 Doors-09-00 Zone 900 Lavatories & Galleys-20-00 Electrical Standard Items/Practices -21-00 Air Conditioning - General-21-10 Compression-21-20 Distribution-21-30 Pressurization Control-21-40 Heating-21-50 Cooling-21-60 Temperature Control-21-70 Moisture/Air Contaminant Control-22-00 Auto Flight - General-22-10 Autopilot-22-20 Speed - Attitude Correction-22-30 Auto Throttle-22-40 System Monitors-22-50 Aerodynamic Load Alleviating-23-00 Communications - General-23-10 Speech Communications-23-15 SATCOM-23-20 Data Transmission and Automatic Calling-23-30 Passenger Address, Entertainment and Comfort-23-40 Interphone-23-50 Audio Integrating-23-60 Static Discharging-23-70 Audio and Video Monitoring-23-80 Integrated Automatic Tuning-24-00 Electrical Power - General-24-10 Generator Drive-24-20 AC Generation-24-30 DC Generation-24-40 External Power-24-50 AC Electrical Load Distribution-24-60 DC Electrical Load Distribution-25-00 Equipment/Furnishings - General-25-10 Flight Compartment-25-20 Passenger Compartment-25-30 Galley-25-40 Lavatories-25-60 Emergency-25-80 Insulation-26-00 Fire Protection - General-26-10 Detection-26-20 Extinguishing-26-30 Explosion Suppression-27-00 Flight Controls - General-27-10 Aileron & Tab-27-20 Rudder & Tab-27-30 Elevator & Tab-27-40 Horizontal Stabilizer-27-50 Flaps-27-60 Spoiler, Drag Devices and Variable Aerodynamic Fairings -27-70 Gust Lock & Dampener-27-80 Lift Augmenting-28-00 Fuel - General-28-10 Storage-28-20 Distribution-28-30 Dump-28-40 Indicating-29-00 Hydraulic Power - General-29-10 Main-29-20 Auxiliary-29-30 Indicating-30-00 Ice and Rain Protection - General-30-10 Airfoil-30-20 Air Intakes-30-30 Pitot and Static-30-40 Windows, Windshields and Doors-30-50 Antennas And Radomes-30-60 Propellers/Rotors-30-70 Water Lines-30-80 Detection-31-00 Indicating/Recording Systems - General -31-10 Instrument and Control Panels-31-20 Independent Instruments-31-30 Recorders-31-40 Central Computers-31-50 Central Warning Systems-31-60 Central Display Systems-31-70 Automatic Data Reporting Systems-32-00 Landing Gear- General-32-10 Main Gear and Doors-32-20 Nose Gear and Doors-32-30 Extension and Retraction-32-40 Wheels and Brakes-32-50 Steering-32-60 Position And Warning-32-70 Supplementary Gear-33-00 Lights - General-33-10 Flight Compartment-33-20 Passenger Compartment-33-30 Cargo and Service Compartments-33-40 Exterior-33-50 Emergency Lighting-34-00 Navigation - General-34-10 Flight Environment Data-34-20 Attitude & Direction-34-30 Landing and Taxiing Aids-34-40 Independent Position Determining-34-50 Dependent Position Determining-34-60 Flight Management Computing-35-00 Oxygen - General-35-10 Crew-35-20 Passenger-35-30 Portable-36-00 Pneumatic - General-36-10 Distribution-36-20 Indicating-37-00 Vacuum - General-37-10 Distribution-37-20 Indicating-38-00 Water/Waste - General-38-10 Potable-38-20 Wash-38-30 Waste Disposal-38-40 Air Supply-44-00 Cabin Systems - General-44-10 Cabin Core System-44-20 In-flight Entertainment System-44-30 External Communication System-44-40 Cabin Mass Memory System-44-50 Cabin Monitoring System-44-60 Miscellaneous Cabin System-45-00 Central Maintenance System (CMS) General -45-05 CMS/Aircraft General-45-20 CMS/Airframe Systems-45-45 Central Maintenance System-45-50 CMS/Structures-45-60 CMS/Propellers-45-70 CMS/Power Plant-46-00 Information Systems - General-46-10 Airplane General Information Systems-46-20 Flight Deck Information Systems-46-30 Maintenance Information Systems-46-40 Passenger Cabin Information Systems-46-50 Miscellaneous Information Systems-49-00 Airborne Auxiliary Power - General-49-10 Power Plant-49-20 Engine-49-30 Engine Fuel And Control-49-40 Ignition And Starting-49-50 Air-49-60 Engine Controls-49-70 Indicating-49-80 Exhaust-49-90 Oil-50-00 Cargo And Accessory Compartments General -50-10 Cargo Compartments-50-20 Cargo Loading Systems-50-30 Cargo Related Systems-50-40 Available-50-50 Accessory Compartments-50-60 Insulation-52-00 Doors - General-52-10 Passenger/Crew-52-20 Emergency Exit-52-30 Cargo-52-40 Service-52-50 Fixed Interior-52-60 Entrance Stairs-52-70 Door Warning-52-80 Landing Gear-53-00 Fuselage - General-54-00 Nacelles/Pylons - General-54-10 Nacelle Section-54-50 Pylon-55-00 Stabilizers - General-55-10 Horizontal Stabilizer or Canard-55-20 Elevator-55-30 Vertical Stabilizer-55-40 Rudder-56-00 Windows - General-56-10 Flight Compartment-56-20 Passenger Compartment-56-30 Door-56-40 Inspection and Observation-57-00 Wings - General-57-10 Center Wing-57-20 Outer Wing-57-30 Wing Tip-57-40 Leading Edge and Leading Edge Devices-57-50 Trailing Edge and Trailing Edge Devices -57-60 Ailerons-57-70 Spoilers-57-90 Wing Folding System-61-00 Propellers/Propulsors - General-61-10 Propeller Assembly-61-20 Controlling-61-30 Braking-61-40 Indicating-61-50 Propulsor Duct-62-00 Rotors-63-00 Rotor Drives-64-00 Tail Rotor-65-00 Tail Rotor Drive-66-00 Folding Blades/Pylon-67-00 Rotors Flight Control-71-00 Power Plant - General-71-10 Cowling-71-20 Mounts-71-30 Fire seals-71-40 Attach Fittings-71-50 Electrical Harness-71-60 Air Intakes-71-70 Engine Drains-72-00 Engine Turbine/Turbo Prop Ducted Fan/Unducted Fan-72-10 Reduction Gear, Shaft Section (Turbo-Prop and/or Front Mounted GearDriven Propulsor)-72-20 Air Inlet Section-72-30 Compressor Section-72-40 Combustion Section-72-50 Turbine Section-72-60 Accessory Drives-72-70 By-pass Section-72-80 Propulsor Section (Rear Mounted)-73-00 Engine Fuel And Control - General-73-10 Distribution-73-20 Controlling-73-30 Indicating-74-00 Ignition - General-74-10 Electrical Power Supply-74-20 Distribution-74-30 Switching-75-00 Air - General-75-10 Engine Anti-Icing-75-20 Cooling-75-30 Compressor Control-75-40 Indicating-76-00 Engine Controls - General-76-10 Power Control-76-20 Emergency Shutdown-77-00 Engine Indicating - General-77-10 Power-77-20 Temperature-77-30 Analyzers-77-40 Integrated Engine Instrument Systems -78-00 Exhaust - General-78-10 Collector/Nozzle-78-20 Noise Suppressor-78-30 Thrust Reverser-78-40 Supplementary Air-79-00 Oil - General-79-10 Storage-79-30 Indicating-80-00 Starting - General-80-10 Cranking98 *Reserved for Airline Use99 *Unassigned100 *Do not use101 *Do not use102 *Do not use103 *Do not use104 *Do not use105 *Do not use106 *Do not use107 *Do not use108 *Do not use109 *Do not use110 *Do not use111 *Do not use112 *Do not use113 *Do not use114 *Do not use115 Flight Simulator Systems。
unication&control in power system 电力系统通讯与控制2.electric power systems: analysis and control 电力系统: 分析与控制3.Electrical Energy System 电能系统4.embedded generation 嵌入式发电5.fundamentals of power system economics 电力系统经济学基础6.Handbook of Electric Power Calculations 电力系统计算手册7.market operations in electric power systems 电力系统市场运行8.POWER QUALITY 电能质量9.Risk assessment of power systems 电力系统风险评估10.Switching Power Supply Design 开关供电设计11.understanding electric power systems 电力系统学习12.understanding Power Quality problems 电能质量问题学习13.electric energy economic methods 电能经济方法14.FACTS Modelling and Simulation in Power Networks 灵活交流输电: 在电网中的仿真与模拟15.HVDC.and.FACTS.Controllers.Applications.of.Static.Converters.in.Power.Systems 高压直流和灵活交流控制器在电力系统中应用16.LOAD-FLOW ANALYSIS IN POWER SYSTEMS 电力系统潮流分析17.Operation of Market-oriented Power Systems 市场化电力系统运营18.Power Generation Operation and Control 发电运行和控制19.Power system economics 电力系统经济学20.power system harmonics 电力系统谐波21.Power System Operations and Electricity Markets 电力系统运行和电力市场22.Power System Restructuring and Deregulation 电力系统改制和放松管制(即电力市场)23.voltage stability of electric power systems 电力系统电压稳定24.Transients in Power Systems 电力系统(电磁)暂态25.transient stability of power systems电力系统暂态稳定26.Wind Energy Handbook 风电手册27.distrbuted generation-the power paradigmfor the new millennium分布式发电28.electric power distribution handbook 配电手册29.electric power engineering handbook 电力工程手册30.spatial load forecasting(空间)电力负荷预测31.power transer-principles and applications 电力变压器-原理和应用32.electric power transer engineering 电力系统变压器工程33.wind and solar power system 风电和太阳能发电34.Electric Power Distribution Reliability 配电网可靠性35.Aging power delivery infrastrutures 送电结构36.Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems 可再生与高效电力系统37.probabilityconcepts in electric power systems 电力系统概率应用38.Short Circuits in Power Systems 电力系统短路39.VOLTAGE STABILITY ASSESSMENT,PROCEDURES AND GUIDES 电压稳定性评估,措施和导则40.electric systems, dynamics and stability with AI application 电力系统动态和稳定性: 人工智能应用41.electric power system application of optimiztion 电力系统优化应用42.protective relaying theory and application 继电保护理论与应用43.vehicular electric power systems 车辆电力系统44.electric power quality control techniques 电能质量控制技术45.reliability assessment of electric power systems using monte carlo methods 利用蒙特卡罗方法进行电力系统可靠性评估petitive Electricity Markets 竞争性电力市场47.power quality enhancement using customer power devices 用户电力设备与电能质量提高48.power system harmonics: computer modelling and analysis 电力系统谐波:计算机仿真与分析49.Analysis of Faulted Power Systems 故障电力系统分析50.Dynamic and control of large power system 大电力系统动态与控制51.Distributed power generation: planning and evaluation分布式发电(规划与评估)52.AC-DC power system analysis 交直流电力系统分析53.FACTS (flexible AC transmission system) 灵活交流输电系统54.Power system in emergencies 紧急状态下的电力系统55.Power system restoration 电力系统恢复56.Electric power system quality 电能质量57.Energy Management Systems (EMS) 能量管理系统58.Automatic learning techniques in power systems 自学习技术在电力系统中的应用59.Power system protection 1-4 电力系统保护1-4册(electricity association 培训教程)60 electrical power system protection 电力系统保护61.elements of power system analysis 电力系统分析基础62.AC power system handbook 交流电力系统手册63. Wind turbine operation in electric power systems: advanced modelling 风力发电(机)在电力系统运行64. Power system control and stability 电力系统控制与稳定性( 不是那本stability and control)65. Analysis of subsynchronous resonance in power system 电力系统次同步谐振分析putationalmethods for large sparse power systems: a object orientedapproach 大稀疏电力系统计算方法: 面向对象的途径67. Power system oscillation 电力系统振荡68. Power system restructuring: engineering and economics 电力系统市场化: 工程和经济69. Distribution system modelling and analysis 配电系统建模与分析70. Electric power engineering 电力工程71. Subsynchronous resonance in power systems 电力系统中的次同步谐振72. Computer modelling of electrical power system 电力系统计算机建模73. High V oltage Direct Current Transmission 高压直流输电74. Electricitydistribution network design (2nd)配电网规划设计75. Industrial power distribution 工业配电76. Protection ofelectricity distribution networks 配电网保护77. Energy function analysis for power system stability 电力系统稳定性的能量函数分析78. Power system commission and maintenance practice电力系统试验(调试)与检修(维护)实践79. Statistical techniques for high-voltage engineering 高电压工程中的统计技术80. Digital protection for power system电力系统数字保护81. Power system protection 电力系统(继电)保护82. V oltage quality in electrical power systems 电力系统电压质量83.Electric power applications of fuzzy systems 模糊系统的电力应用84. Artificial intelligence techniques in power system 电力系统中的人工智能技术85. Insulators in high voltages 高压绝缘体86. Electrical safety供电安全87. High voltageengineering and testing 高电压工程与试验88. Reactive power control in electric systems 电力系统无功(功率)控制89. Electical distribution engineering配电网工程90. Power systemplanning电力系统规划91. Uniquepower system problems 电力系统问题92. Tranmission and Distribution ofElectrical Energy 电力系统输配电93. Electric power system电力系统教程94. Computer-Aided Power systems analysis 计算机辅助电力系统分析95. Electric powertransmission system 输电系统96. Reliability Modelling in Electric power systems电力系统可靠性建模97. High voltage engineering in power system 电力系统高电压工程98. Extra High voltage AC transmission engineering 超高压交流输电工程99. Reliability evaluation of power system 电力系统可靠性评估100. Computation of power system transients 电力系统暂态计算101.Piecewise methods and application to power systems 分段法及其在电力系统中应用103. Analysis and protection of electrical power systems 电力系统分析与保护104. Power systems engineering and mathematicas电力系统工程与数学105. Stability of large power systems 大电力系统稳定性107. Power system reliability evaluation电力系统可靠性评估108.Electric power system dynamics 电力系统动态106. Power system stability handbook 电力系统稳定性手册109. Reliability assessment of large electric power systems 大电力系统可靠性评估110. Power system analysis and planning 电力系统分析与规划111. Electric transmission line fundamental 输电线(工程)基础112. HVDC power transmission systems 高压直流输电系统113. Transient Processes in electrical power systems 电力系统暂态过程114.Discrete Fourier transation and its applications to power system 离散傅立叶变换及其在电力系统中的应用115. Electrical Transients inpower system 电力系统暂态116. Optimal economic operation of electric power system 电力系统优化经济调度运行117.High power switching 大功率开关118. power plant engineering 电厂工程119. power plant system design 电厂系统设计120. power plant evaluation and design reference guide 电厂评估和设计参考导则121. planning engineering, and construction of electric power generationfacilities发电设备的规划和建设工程122. Elements electrical power station design 电站设计基础123.Optimal control applications in electric power systems 电力系统最优控制应用124. applied protected relaying应用继电保护125. power station and substation maintenance 电厂与变电站维修126. Power system operation 电力系统运行127. power system reliability,safety and management 电力系统可靠性,安全与管理128. Electric Machinery and power system fundamentals 电机与电力系统基础(MATLAB辅助)129. Intelligent system applications in power engineering (EP and ANN) 智能系统在电力工程中应用(进化计算和神经网)130. Thyristor-based FACTS controllers for electrical transmission systems 基于晶闸管的灵活交流输电系统控制器131. The economics of power system reliability and planning 电力系统可靠性与规划的经济学132. Computational Intelligence Applications to Power systems 计算智能在电力系统中的应用133. Environmental Impact of Power Generation 发电的环境影响134. Operation and Maintenance of Large Turbo-Generators 大型涡轮发电机组运行与检修135. Power system simulation 电力系统仿真136. Advanced load dispatch for power systems 电力系统高级调度137. The development of electric power transmission 电力传输进展138. Renewable Energy Sources 可再生发电源139. Power system dynamics andstablity 电力系统动态与稳定性140. Practical electrical network automation and communication systems 电力系统自动化与通信系统实践141. Electrical power and controls 电力与控制142. Deregulation of Electric Utilities 电力企业放松管制(市场改革)143. Computational Auction Mechanisms for restructured power industry operation 电力市场运行的(计算)投标机理144. Finanicial and economic evaluation of projects in the electricity supply industry 电力工程项目的金融与经济评价145. Electricity economics and planning 电力经济与规划146. Computational Methods for electric power systems 电力系统计算方法147. Power system relaying 电力系统继电保护148. Computer relaying for power systems 电力系统计算机保护149. Modern power system planning 现代电力系统规划150. High V oltage Engineering (2nd) 高电压工程151. Operation of restructured power systems 市场化电力系统运行152. Transer and Inductor Design Handbook变压器和电感设计手册(04增强版)153. Modern power system analysis (matlab supported) 现代电力系统分析(03年含MATLAB版)154. Power distribution planning reference book 配电规划参考手册155. Understanding FACTS 理解灵活交流输电系统156. Power system analysis :short-circuit load flow and harmonics 电力系统分析: 短路潮流和谐波157. Power systems electromagnetic transients simulation 电力系统电磁暂态仿真158. Power electronic control in electrical systems 电力系统中的电力电子控制159. Protection devices and systems for high-voltage applications保护装置和系统的高压应用160. Small signal analysis of power systems 电力系统小信号分析161. Electrical power cable engineering 电力线缆工程162. Power System State Estimation: Theory and Implementation 电力系统状态估计: 理论和实现163. Dielectrics in Electric Fields 电场中的电介质(绝缘体)164. spacecraft power system 航天器电力系统165. Grid integration of wind energy conversion systems 风能转换系统的电网整合(接入)166. Power loss: the origins of deregulation and restructuring in the American electricutility system网损:美国电力系统放松管制和市场化的根源167. High V oltage Circuit Breakers: Design and Applications 高压断路器:设计与应用168. Power system capacitors 电力系统电容器169. Energy Management Systems & Direct Digitial Control 能量管理系统(EMS)及直接数字控制170. Pricing in Competitive Electricity Market 电力市场电价171. Designing Competitive Electricity Markets 电力市场设计172. Power system dynamics and stability 电力系统动态与稳定性(美国)173. Theory and problems of electric power systems 电力系统的理论和问题174. Insulation coordinationfor power systems 电力系统绝缘配合175. Modal analysis of large interconnected power systems 大互联电力系统的模式分析176. Making competition work in electricity 电力市场竞争177. Power system operation 电力系统运行178. Transmission line reliability and security 输电线路安全可靠性179. Computer analysis of power systems 电力系统计算机分析180. Power system stability and control 电力系统稳定与控制。
电力系统英文书籍推荐unication&control in power system 电力系统通讯与控制2.electric power systems: analysis and control 电力系统: 分析与控制3.Electrical Energy System 电能系统4.embedded generation 嵌入式发电5.fundamentals of power system economics 电力系统经济学基础6.Handbook of Electric Power Calculations 电力系统计算手册7.market operations in electric power systems 电力系统市场运行8.POWER QUALITY 电能质量9.Risk assessment of power systems 电力系统风险评估10.Switching Power Supply Design 开关供电设计11.understanding electric power systems 电力系统学习12.understanding Power Quality problems 电能质量问题学习13.electric energy economic methods 电能经济方法14.FACTS Modelling and Simulation in Power Networks 灵活交流输电: 在电网中的仿真与模拟15.HVDC.and.FACTS.Controllers.Applications.of.Static.Converters.in.Power.System s 高压直流和灵活交流控制器在电力系统中应用16.LOAD-FLOW ANALYSIS IN POWER SYSTEMS 电力系统潮流分析17.Operation of Market-oriented Power Systems 市场化电力系统运营18.Power Generation Operation and Control 发电运行和控制19.Power system economics 电力系统经济学20.power system harmonics 电力系统谐波21.Power System Operations and Electricity Markets 电力系统运行和电力市场22.Power System Restructuring and Deregulation 电力系统改制和放松管制(即电力市场)23.voltage stability of electric power systems 电力系统电压稳定24.Transients in Power Systems 电力系统(电磁)暂态25.transient stability of power systems电力系统暂态稳定26.Wind Energy Handbook 风电手册27.distrbuted generation-the power paradigmfor the new millennium分布式发电28.electric power distribution handbook 配电手册29.electric power engineering handbook 电力工程手册30.spatial load forecasting(空间)电力负荷预测31.power transer-principles and applications 电力变压器-原理和应用32.electric power transer engineering 电力系统变压器工程33.wind and solar power system 风电和太阳能发电34.Electric Power Distribution Reliability 配电网可靠性35.Aging power delivery infrastrutures 送电结构36.Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems 可再生与高效电力系统37.probabilityconcepts in electric power systems 电力系统概率应用38.Short Circuits in Power Systems 电力系统短路39.VOLTAGE STABILITY ASSESSMENT,PROCEDURES AND GUIDES 电压稳定性评估,措施和导则40.electric systems, dynamics and stability with AI application 电力系统动态和稳定性: 人工智能应用41.electric power system application of optimiztion 电力系统优化应用42.protective relaying theory and application 继电保护理论与应用43.vehicular electric power systems 车辆电力系统44.electric power quality control techniques 电能质量控制技术45.reliability assessment of electric power systems using monte carlo methods 利用蒙特卡罗方法进行电力系统可靠性评估petitive Electricity Markets 竞争性电力市场47.power quality enhancement using customer power devices 用户电力设备与电能质量提高48.power system harmonics: computer modelling and analysis 电力系统谐波:计算机仿真与分析49.Analysis of Faulted Power Systems 故障电力系统分析50.Dynamic and control of large power system 大电力系统动态与控制51.Distributed power generation: planning and evaluation分布式发电(规划与评估)52.AC-DC power system analysis 交直流电力系统分析53.FACTS (flexible AC transmission system) 灵活交流输电系统54.Power system in emergencies 紧急状态下的电力系统55.Power system restoration 电力系统恢复56.Electric power system quality 电能质量57.Energy Management Systems (EMS) 能量管理系统58.Automatic learning techniques in power systems 自学习技术在电力系统中的应用59.Power system protection 1-4 电力系统保护1-4册 (electricity association 培训教程)60 electrical power system protection 电力系统保护61.elements of power system analysis 电力系统分析基础62.AC power system handbook 交流电力系统手册63. Wind turbine operation in electric power systems: advanced modelling 风力发电(机)在电力系统运行64. Power system control and stability 电力系统控制与稳定性( 不是那本stability and control)65. Analysis of subsynchronous resonance in power system 电力系统次同步谐振分析putationalmethods for large sparse power systems: a object orientedapproach 大稀疏电力系统计算方法: 面向对象的途径67. Power system oscillation 电力系统振荡68. Power system restructuring: engineering and economics 电力系统市场化: 工程和经济69. Distribution system modelling and analysis 配电系统建模与分析70. Electric power engineering 电力工程71. Subsynchronous resonance in power systems 电力系统中的次同步谐振72. Computer modelling of electrical power system 电力系统计算机建模73. High Voltage Direct Current Transmission 高压直流输电74. Electricitydistribution network design (2nd)配电网规划设计75. Industrial power distribution 工业配电76. Protection ofelectricity distribution networks 配电网保护77. Energy function analysis for power system stability 电力系统稳定性的能量函数分析78. Power system commission and maintenance practice电力系统试验(调试)与检修(维护)实践79. Statistical techniques for high-voltage engineering 高电压工程中的统计技术80. Digital protection for power system电力系统数字保护81. Power system protection 电力系统(继电)保护82. Voltage quality in electrical power systems 电力系统电压质量83.Electric power applications of fuzzy systems 模糊系统的电力应用84. Artificial intelligence techniques in power system 电力系统中的人工智能技术85. Insulators in high voltages 高压绝缘体86. Electrical safety供电安全87. High voltageengineering and testing 高电压工程与试验88. Reactive power control in electric systems 电力系统无功(功率)控制93. Electric power system电力系统教程94. Computer-Aided Power systems analysis 计算机辅助电力系统分析99. Reliability evaluation of power system 电力系统可靠性评估106. Power system stability handbook 电力系统稳定性手册109. Reliability assessment of large electric power systems 大电力系统可靠性评估112. HVDC power transmission systems 高压直流输电系统128. Electric Machinery and power system fundamentals 电机与电力系统基础(MATLAB 辅助)129. Intelligent system applications in power engineering (EP and ANN) 智能系统在电力工程中应用(进化计算和神经网)130. Thyristor-based FACTS controllers for electrical transmission systems 基于晶闸管的灵活交流输电系统控制器131. The economics of power system reliability and planning 电力系统可靠性与规划的经济学132. Computational Intelligence Applications to Power systems 计算智能在电力系统中的应用133. Environmental Impact of Power Generation 发电的环境影响134. Operation and Maintenance of Large Turbo-Generators 大型涡轮发电机组运行与检修135. Power system simulation 电力系统仿真136. Advanced load dispatch for power systems 电力系统高级调度137. The development of electric power transmission 电力传输进展138. Renewable Energy Sources 可再生发电源139. Power system dynamics andstablity 电力系统动态与稳定性140. Practical electrical network automation and communication systems 电力系统自动化与通信系统实践141. Electrical power and controls 电力与控制142. Deregulation of Electric Utilities 电力企业放松管制(市场改革)143. Computational Auction Mechanisms for restructured power industry operation 电力市场运行的(计算)投标机理144. Finanicial and economic evaluation of projects in the electricity supply industry 电力工程项目的金融与经济评价145. Electricity economics and planning 电力经济与规划146. Computational Methods for electric power systems 电力系统计算方法147. Power system relaying 电力系统继电保护148. Computer relaying for power systems 电力系统计算机保护149. Modern power system planning 现代电力系统规划150. High Voltage Engineering (2nd) 高电压工程151. Operation of restructured power systems 市场化电力系统运行152. Transer and Inductor Design Handbook变压器和电感设计手册(04增强版)153. Modern power system analysis (matlab supported) 现代电力系统分析(03年含MATLAB版)154. Power distribution planning reference book 配电规划参考手册155. Understanding FACTS 理解灵活交流输电系统156. Power system analysis :short-circuit load flow and harmonics 电力系统分析: 短路潮流和谐波157. Power systems electromagnetic transients simulation 电力系统电磁暂态仿真158. Power electronic control in electrical systems 电力系统中的电力电子控制159. Protection devices and systems for high-voltage applications保护装置和系统的高压应用160. Small signal analysis of power systems 电力系统小信号分析161. Electrical power cable engineering 电力线缆工程162. Power System State Estimation: Theory and Implementation 电力系统状态估计: 理论和实现163. Dielectrics in Electric Fields电场中的电介质(绝缘体)164. spacecraft power system 航天器电力系统165. Grid integration of wind energy conversion systems 风能转换系统的电网整合(接入)166. Power loss: the origins of deregulation and restructuring in the American electricutility system网损:美国电力系统放松管制和市场化的根源167. High Voltage Circuit Breakers: Design and Applications 高压断路器:设计与应用168. Power system capacitors 电力系统电容器169. Energy Management Systems & Direct Digitial Control 能量管理系统(EMS)及直接数字控制170. Pricing in Competitive Electricity Market 电力市场电价171. Designing Competitive Electricity Markets 电力市场设计172. Power system dynamics and stability 电力系统动态与稳定性(美国)173. Theory and problems of electric power systems 电力系统的理论和问题174. Insulation coordinationfor power systems 电力系统绝缘配合175. Modal analysis of large interconnected power systems 大互联电力系统的模式分析176. Making competition work in electricity 电力市场竞争177. Power system operation 电力系统运行178. Transmission line reliability and security 输电线路安全可靠性179. Computer analysis of power systems 电力系统计算机分析89. Electical distribution engineering配电网工程90. Power systemplanning电力系统规划91. Uniquepower system problems 电力系统问题92. Tranmission and Distribution ofElectrical Energy 电力系统输配电95. Electric powertransmission system 输电系统96. Reliability Modelling in Electric power systems电力系统可靠性建模97. High voltage engineering in power system 电力系统高电压工程98. Extra High voltage AC transmission engineering 超高压交流输电工程100. Computation of power system transients 电力系统暂态计算101.Piecewise methods and application to power systems 分段法及其在电力系统中应用103. Analysis and protection of electrical power systems 电力系统分析与保护104. Power systems engineering and mathematicas电力系统工程与数学105. Stability of large power systems 大电力系统稳定性107. Power system reliability evaluation电力系统可靠性评估108.Electric power system dynamics 电力系统动态110. Power system analysis and planning 电力系统分析与规划111. Electric transmission line fundamental 输电线(工程)基础113. Transient Processes in electrical power systems 电力系统暂态过程114.Discrete Fourier transation and its applications to power system 离散傅立叶变换及其在电力系统中的应用115. Electrical Transients inpower system 电力系统暂态116. Optimal economic operation of electric power system 电力系统优化经济调度运行117.High power switching 大功率开关118. power plant engineering 电厂工程119. power plant system design 电厂系统设计120. power plant evaluation and design reference guide 电厂评估和设计参考导则121. planning engineering, and construction of electric power generationfacilities 发电设备的规划和建设工程122. Elements electrical power station design 电站设计基础123.Optimal control applications in electric power systems 电力系统最优控制应用124. applied protected relaying应用继电保护125. power station and substation maintenance 电厂与变电站维修126. Power system operation 电力系统运行127. power system reliability,safety and management 电力系统可靠性,安全与管理。
太阳能的电板技术大全（Solar panel technology）Solar panelsSolar panels are mostly silicon, and silicon is the most abundant material to store on our planetChemical dye battery panels: dye sensitized solar cells.Solar power generation system consists of solar cell, solar controller and battery (group). If the output power is AC 220V or 110V, the inverter needs to be configured. The function of each part is:Solar panels: solar panels are the core of solar power systems, and are the most valuable part of solar power generation systems. Its function is to convert the solar energy into electric energy, or to the storage battery storage, or to promote the work of the load. The quality and cost of solar panels will directly determine the quality and cost of the whole system.(two) solar controller: the role of solar controller is to control the working state of the whole system, and the battery has played the role of overcharge protection, over discharge protection. In the place where the temperature difference is large, the qualified controller should also have the function of temperature compensation. Other additional functions such as light operated switches and time controlled switches should be optional for the controller.(three) battery: generally lead-acid battery, generally have two kinds of 12V and 24V, small and micro systems can also beused nickel hydrogen batteries, nickel cadmium batteries or lithium batteries. The function is to store the energy emitted by the solar panel when it is illuminated, and then release it when needed.(four) inverter: in many occasions, it is necessary to provide AC220V, AC110V AC power supply. The direct output of solar energy is generally DC12V, DC24V, DC48V. In order to provide electrical energy to AC220V electric appliances, it is necessary to convert the DC energy generated by the solar power generation system into alternating current energy, so the DC-AC inverter is needed. In some occasions, the use of a variety of voltage load, but also the use of DC-DC inverter, such as the 24VDC power conversion to 5VDC power (note, not simplystep-down).Crystalline silicon solar cells"Silicon" is one of the most abundant materials we can store on our planet. Since scientists discovered the semiconducting properties of crystalline silicon in nineteenth Century, it has changed almost everything, even human thinking. At the end of the twentieth Century, "Silicon" was everywhere in our lives, and crystalline silicon solar cells were the fastest growing industry in the last 15 years. The production process can be divided into five steps: A, purification process B, rod drawing process C, slicing process D, battery making process E and packaging process.Application of solar cells:Question 1: where are the solar power systems used? How about the solar radiation in this area?Question 2 what is the load power of the system?Question 3. What is the output voltage of the system, DC or AC?Question 4. How many hours a day does the system work?Question 5. How many days will the system be powered continuously if there is no cloudy and rainy weather?6, load, pure resistive, capacitive or inductive, large starting current?Question 7. The quantity of system requirements?At present, the crystal silicon materials (including polysilicon and silicon) is the main photovoltaic materials, the market share of more than 90%, and in the future for a long period of time is still the mainstream material for solar battery. Polysilicon production technology has long been grasped in the hands of 10 factories of 7 companies in 3 countries, such as the United States, Japan, Germany and so on, forming technical blockade and market monopoly. The demand for polysilicon comes mainly from semiconductors and solar cells. According to the purity requirements, it is divided into electronic level and solar energy level. Among them, for electronic grade polysilicon solar grade polysilicon accounted for about 55%, accounting for 45%, with the rapid development of photovoltaic industry, the development of polysilicondemand growth rate higher than that of the semiconductor silicon solar cell,It is expected that the demand for solar polysilicon will exceed that of electronic grade polysilicon by 2008. In 1994, the total output of solar cells in the world was only 69MW, while in 2004 it was close to 1200MW, which increased by 17 times in just 10 years. Experts predict that solar photovoltaic industry in the first half of twenty-first Century will exceed nuclear power to become one of the most important basic energy.A new hole electron pair is formed on the semiconductor p-n junction under solar radiation. The hole flows from the N region to the p region under the action of the p-n junction electric field, and the electrons flow from the p region to the N region, and then the current is formed after the circuit is connected. This is the photoelectric effect of solar cell working principle.First, the solar power generation mode of solar power has two ways, one is the light thermal electricity conversion mode, and the other is the light electricity direct conversion mode.(1) the light heat electricity conversion mode uses the heat energy produced by solar radiation to generate electricity, which is generally converted from the heat energy absorbed by the solar collector into the steam of the working substance, and then the steam turbine is driven to generate electricity.A process before it is light - heat transfer process; after a process of heat - electricity conversion process, as with an ordinary power. Solar thermal power generation is very lowefficiency and high cost, estimated at least its investment than the average power station cost 5 ~ 10 times a 1000MW of the sun. Thermal power stations need to invest 20 to 2 billion 500 million U.S. dollars, the average 1kW of investment from 2000 to $2500. Therefore, it can only be applied to special occasions at a small scale, while large-scale utilization is uneconomical in economy, and can not compete with ordinary thermal power plants or nuclear power plants.(2) the direct conversion of light to electricity is the direct conversion of solar radiation into electrical energy by photoelectric effect. The basic device of the photoelectric conversion is the solar cell. The solar cell is a kind of the photovoltaic effect of solar energy will be directly converted into electrical energy device, a semiconductor photodiode, when the sun light to the photoelectric diode, photodiode will be the sun's energy into electricity, generate electricity. When many batteries are connected in series or in parallel, they can become solar cells with relatively large output power. Solar power is a new promising, with a permanent, clean and flexible. Three major advantages of solar battery life long, as long as the sun, the solar cell can be an investment in long-term use; compared with the thermal power, nuclear power, solar cells will not cause environmental pollution; the solar battery can and simultaneously, to the million kilowatts of small to medium power station, only for a household solar battery, which is unmatched by other powerBattery board raw materials: glass, EVA, battery, aluminum alloy shell, tin copper sheet, stainless steel bracket, storage battery, etc.Researchers at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 2008 developed a new type of coating, the cover can make the sunlight absorption rate increased to 96.2% in solar panels, solar panels and ordinary sunlight absorption rate is only about 70%.The new coating mainly solves two technical problems, one is to help the solar panels absorb almost all of the solar spectrum, the two is to make solar panels absorb from larger angle sun, so as to improve the efficiency of solar panels to absorb solar.Ordinary solar panels usually can only absorb part of the solar spectrum, and usually only work in direct sunlight absorption efficiency is higher, so a lot of solar energy devices are equipped with automatic adjustment system, to ensure that the solar panels and the sun remains the most conducive to the absorption of energy angle.Multicomponent solar cellsIn addition to the commonly used single crystal, polycrystalline, amorphous silicon cells, multi component solar cells refer to solar cells not made from single element semiconductor materials. Now there are many varieties of research in the world, most of which have not yet been industrialized production, mainly in the following categories:A) cadmium sulfide solar cellsB) GaAs solar cellsC) copper indium selenide solar cells (novel multi band gap gradient Cu (In, Ga) Se2 thin film solar cells)Working principle of photovoltaic power generationPhotovoltaic power generation is a technology that converts light energy directly into electricity by utilizing the photovoltaic effect of the semiconductor interface. The key component of this technology is solar cells. The solar cell is packaged and protected after series connection to form a large area of solar cell components, and then a photovoltaic power generation device is formed by matching the upper power controller and other components. The advantages of photovoltaic power generation is less affected by the geographical restrictions, because the sun shines; photovoltaic system also has the advantages of safety, no noise, no pollution, low fuel consumption and the erection of transmission line can be on-site power supply and construction period short advantages.Photovoltaic power generation is based on the principle of photovoltaic effect, using solar cells to convert solar energy directly into electrical energy. Whether it is used independently or power generation, photovoltaic power generation system consists of solar panels (components), three parts of controller and inverter, which is mainly composed of electronic components, does not involve mechanical components, so that power equipment extremely refined, reliable and long service life, easy installation and maintenance. In theory, photovoltaic power generation technology can be used for any occasion requiring power, up to the spacecraft, down to homepower, large megawatt power station, small toys, photovoltaic power supply everywhere. Solar photovoltaic power generation is the most basic components of solar cells (wafer), monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon and thin film batteries. At present, the single crystal and polycrystalline silicon batteries are the most used, and amorphous cells are used in some small systems and computer auxiliary power supplies.The efficiency of domestic crystalline silicon cells is about 10 to 13%, and the efficiency of foreign similar products is about 18 to 23%. A solar panel composed of one or more solar cells is called a photovoltaic module. At present, photovoltaic products are mainly used in three aspects: one is to provide electric power, mainly for the majority of residents living without electricity to provide electric power production and power supply, power supply and microwave relay communication, in addition, also includes a number of mobile power supply and standby power; two is the solar household electronic products, such as various types of solar charger, solar lights and solar lawn lamp; the three is the grid, which in developed countries has a large area to promote the implementation of. China's grid connected power generation has not yet started, but part of the electricity consumption in 2008 Beijing Olympic Games will be provided by solar power generation and wind power generation.The photoelectric conversion efficiency of monocrystalline silicon solar cell is about 15%, the highest reached 24%, which is currently the photoelectric conversion efficiency of all kinds of solar cells is the highest, but the production cost greatly, so it can not be widely and widely used. As themonocrystalline silicon is generally tempered glass and waterproof resin packaging, so it is durable, the service life can reach up to 15 years, up to 25 years.(2) polycrystalline silicon solar cellsPolycrystalline silicon solar cell production process and monocrystalline silicon solar cell is similar, but the photoelectric conversion efficiency of polycrystalline silicon solar cell is to reduce a lot, the photoelectric conversion efficiency is about 12% (July 1, 2004, Japan SHARP market efficiency for 14.8% of the world's highest efficiency polycrystalline silicon solar cell). From the production cost, it is cheaper than monocrystalline silicon solar cells, the material is easy to manufacture, save power consumption, the total production cost is low, so a lot of development. In addition, the service life of polycrystalline silicon solar cells is shorter than that of monocrystalline silicon solar cells. From the performance price ratio, monocrystalline silicon solar cells are slightly better.The amorphous silicon solar cell is a new type of thin film solar cell in 1976, making it a completely different method with monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon solar cell, greatly simplifies the process, little siliconmaterial consumption, lower power consumption, its main advantage is also power in low light conditions. But the main problem of amorphous silicon solar cells is the low efficiency of photoelectric conversion, the current international advanced level is about 10%, and not stable enough,As time goes on, the conversion efficiency is attenuated.Multicomponent solar cells refer to solar cells not made from single element semiconductor materials. Now the research in the world wide variety, most have not been industrialized production, mainly the following: a) CDs solar cell B) GaAs solar cell C) CuInSe2 solar cells (the new multi band gap gradient Cu (In, Ga) Se2 thin film solar cell)Cu (In, Ga) Se2 is a kind of high performance solar light absorbing material, with a gradient band gap (between the conduction band and valence band gap semiconductor material) multiple, can expand the solar absorption spectrum and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency. Based on it, a thin film solar cell with higher photoelectric conversion efficiency than silicon thin film solar cells can be designed. 18%, and the photoelectric conversion rate can be reached, this kind of thin film solar cells so far, did not find the light radiation cause performancedegradation effect (SWE), the photoelectric conversion efficiency than the current commercial film solar panels to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of about 50~75%, belong to the highest level in the world in the thin film solar cell.Now the solar panel manufacturers to provide the data for 20 years, lead-acid battery energy storage is not the only panels, now each tile price in the country about 30-40 yuan, the international price of $3.5-3.8 per watt. The price is calculated by the tile!The solar AC power generation system is composed of solar panels,charging controllers, inverters and batteries, while the solar DC power generation system does not include inverters. In order to make the solar power generation system provide enough power for the load, it is necessary to select the components according to the power of the appliance. The following 100W power output, 6 hours a day as an example, introduces the calculation method:1. should first calculate the daily consumption capacity (including the loss of inverter): if the conversion efficiency of the inverter is 90%, when the output power is 100W, the actual output power should be 100W/90%=111W; if used for 5 hours per day, while the power consumption is 111W*5 hours =555Wh.2. the calculation of solar panels: according to the daily effective sunshine time is 6 hours, and then considering the charging efficiency and the loss in the process of charging, the output power of solar panels should be 555Wh/6h/70%=130W. 70% of which is the actual use power of solar panels during charging.Solar power generation system consists of solar cell, solar controller and battery (group). If the output power is AC 220V or 110V, the inverter needs to be configured. The function of each part is:Solar panels: solar panels are the core of solar power systems, and are the most valuable part of solar power generation systems. Its function is to convert the radiant power of the sun into electrical energy, or to the storage battery storage, or to promote the work of the load. The quality and cost of solar panels will directly determine the quality and cost of the wholesystem.(two) solar controller: the role of solar controller is to control the working state of the whole system, and the battery has played the role of overcharge protection, over discharge protection. In the place where the temperature difference is large, the qualified controller should also have the function of temperature compensation. Other additional functions such as light operated switches and time controlled switches should be optional for the controller.(three) batteries: generally lead-acid batteries, small and micro systems can also be used nickel hydrogen batteries, nickel cadmium batteries or lithium batteries. The function is to store the energy emitted by the solar panel when it is illuminated, and then release it when needed.(four) inverter: in many occasions, it is necessary to provide 220VAC, 110VAC AC power supply. The direct output of solar energy is generally 12VDC, 24VDC, 48VDC. In order to provide electrical energy to 220VAC electric appliances, it is necessary to convert the DC energy generated by the solar power generation system into alternating current energy,So we need to use DC-AC inverter. In some occasions, the use of a variety of voltage load, but also the use of DC-DC inverter, such as the 24VDC power conversion to 5VDC power (note, not simply step-down).Researchers at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 2008 developed a new type of coating, the cover can make the sunlightabsorption rate increased to 96.2% in solar panels, solar panels and ordinary sunlight absorption rate is only about 70%.The new coating mainly solves two technical problems, one is to help the solar panels absorb almost all of the solar spectrum, the two is to make solar panels absorb from larger angle sun, so as to improve the efficiency of solar panels to absorb solar.Ordinary solar panels usually can only absorb part of the solar spectrum, and usually only work in direct sunlight absorption efficiency is higher, so a lot of solar energy devices are equipped with automatic adjustment system, to ensure that the solar panels and the sun remains the most conducive to the absorption of energy angle。
The basic principle of photovoltaic power generation1. The composition of a solar photovoltaic systemSolar photovoltaic power generation systems are mainly composed of solar photovoltaic cells, photovoltaic system battery controllers, batteries and AC and DC inverters. The core components are photovoltaic cells and controllers. The role of each component in the system is:Photovoltaic cells: photoelectric conversion.Controller: Process control that acts on the entire system. There are many types of controllers used in photovoltaic power generation systems, such as 2-point controllers, multi-channel sequence controllers, intelligent controllers, high-power tracking charge controllers, etc. Most of the controllers currently used in China are simple controllers, intelligent. The controller is only used in communication systems and larger photovoltaic power plants.Battery: A battery is a key component in a photovoltaic system that stores the power converted from a photovoltaic cell. At present, there is no dedicated battery for photovoltaic systems in China, but a conventional lead-acid battery is used.AC-DC inverter: Since its function is AC-DC conversion, the most important indicators of this component are reliability and conversion efficiency. The grid-connected inverter adopts the maximum power tracking technology to maximize the power converted by the photovoltaic cells into the grid.Solar photovoltaic panels:Solar cells mainly use single crystal silicon as a material. A single crystal silicon is used to make a P-N junction similar to that in a diode. The principle of operation is similar to that of a diode. Only in the diode, it is the external electric field that pushes the holes and electrons of the P-N junction, and the solar photon and the radiant heat (*) that push and influence the hole and electron motion of the P-N junction in the solar cell. This is also known as the principle of photovoltaic effect. At present, the efficiency of photoelectric conversion, that is, the efficiency of photovoltaic cells is about 13%-15% of monocrystalline silicon and 11%-13% of polycrystalline silicon. The latest technology also includes photovoltaic thin film batteries.3. Classification of solar photovoltaic systems:At present, solar photovoltaic power generation systems can be roughly divided into three categories, off-grid photovoltaic power storage systems, photovoltaic grid-connected power generation systems, and the first two hybrid systems.A) Off-grid photovoltaic storage system. This is a common way of solar energy application. It has been used in domestic and foreign countries for several years. The system is relatively simple and adaptable. The range of use is limited only because of the large volume and maintenance difficulties of a series of types of batteries.B) Photovoltaic grid-connected power generation system, when the power load is large, the solar power is insufficient to purchase electricity from the city power. When the load is small, or when the power is not used, the excess power can be sold to the utility. Under the premise of backing up the grid, the system eliminates thebattery, thereby expanding the scope and flexibility of use and reducing the cost.C) A, B mixed system, which is the system between the two parties. The program has strong adaptability, for example, it can adjust its own power generation strategy according to the peak and valley electricity price of the grid. However, its cost and operating costs are higher than the above two options.。
