Dictation 2 Graduate Student 研究生

攻读研究生的学生英语
攻读研究生的学生:
1. Graduate student: 完成本科学习并在大学攻读更高学位（如硕士或博士学位）的学生。

2. Postgraduate student: 对研究生的另一种说法，尤其在英国英语中使用。

3. Master's student: 在完成本科学位后，攻读硕士学位的研究生。

4. Doctoral student: 在完成本科和硕士学位后，攻读博士学位（如博士学位）的研究生。

5. Graduate school: 提供研究生课程和学位的大学机构或部门。

6. Thesis: 由研究生完成的长篇研究论文或项目，通常是硕士学位的一部分要求。

7. Dissertation: 博士研究生作为学位要求而进行的综合研究项目，通常涉及原创研究和分析。

8. Advisor (或supervisor): 为研究生提供指导和指导，特别是在研究和学术追求方面的教职工。

9. Research assistant: 雇佣的研究生，协助教职员或研究人员开展研究项目，通常作为他们的学术培训的一部分。

10. Teaching assistant (TA): 在教职员工在教授本
科课程时，由研究生协助，通常通过主持讨论课、评分作业或为学生提供额外支持。

研究生毕业英语要求研究生毕业英语要求篇一As a graduate student, it is important to have a strong command of the English language. This not only includes being able to speak and understand spoken English, but also being able to read and write at an advanced level. Here are several English language requirements that graduate students should strive to meet:1. Fluency in spoken English: Graduate students should be able to communicate effectively in English, both in one-on-one conversations and in larger group discussions. This includes being able to express ideas clearly, ask questions, and engage in debates and discussions.2. Comprehension of spoken English: Graduate students should be able to understand spoken English at a high level. This means being able to follow lectures and presentations, understand academic discussions, and comprehend spoken instructions.3. Advanced reading skills: Graduate students should have advanced reading skills in English, particularly in their field of study. They should be able to read complex academic texts, research papers, and journal articles, and understand the content and ideas presented.4. Strong writing skills: Graduate students should have strong writing skills in English. They should be able to write clear, concise, and well-structured academic papers, research proposals, and reports. They should also be able to formulate and expresstheir own ideas in writing.5. Knowledge of academic vocabulary: Graduate students should have a wide and varied academic vocabulary. This includes not only knowledge of general academic terms, but also specific vocabulary related to their field of study.6. Understanding of academic style and conventions: Graduate students should be familiar with the style and conventions of academic writing in English. This includes understanding how to properly cite sources, how to structure academic papers, and how to write in a formal and objective tone.7. Effective use of grammar and syntax: Graduate students should have a strong grasp of English grammar and syntax. They should be able to use correct grammar and sentence structure in their speaking and writing, and avoid common errors and mistakes. Meeting these English language requirements is essential for graduate students to successfully complete their studies and engage in academic research and discourse. In addition to regular coursework, graduate students should actively seek opportunities to practice and improve their English language skills, such as participating in language exchange programs, attending language workshops, and engaging in conversation with native English speakers.。

1 大学课堂：还有人在听吗？ Toward the middle of the semester, Fowkes fell ill and missed a class. When he returned, the professor nodded vaguely and, to Fowkes ‘s astonishment, began to deliver not the next lecture in the sequence but the one after. Had he, in fact, lectured to an empty hall in the absence of his solitary student? Fowkes thought it perfectly possible. 在学期中间，Fowkes 因病缺了一次课。

他回到课堂的时候，教授毫无表情地向他点了点头。

接着令Fowkes 大吃一惊的是，大吃一惊的是，教授并没有按照顺序讲下一教授并没有按照顺序讲下一课，而是讲了后面一课。

难道他真的在他唯一的学生缺席的情况下对着空教室讲了一课？Fowkes 认为这太有可能了。

为这太有可能了。

Today Today American American American colleges colleges colleges and and and universities universities universities (originally (originally modeled on German ones) are under strong attack from many quarters. Teachers, it is charged, are not doing a good good job job job of of of teaching, teaching, teaching, and and and students students students are are are not not not doing doing doing a a good job of learning. American businesses and industries suffer from unenterprising, uncreative executives educated not to think for themselves but to mouth outdated truisms the rest of the world has long discarded. College graduates lack both basic skills and general culture. Studies are conducted a nd reports are and reports are issued issued on on on the the the status status status of of of higher higher education, but but any any changes that result either are largely cosmetic or make a bad situation worse. 今天美国的大学（原本是以德国的大学为模型的）受到了各方面的严厉指责。

[ti:Dictation 1 Superstition][00:00.50]Dictation 1 Superstition 迷信[00:05.39]One person in four in Britain is, apparently, superstitious, [00:11.35]and they'll do everything from hanging horseshoes[00:14.58]over their fireplace to crossing their fingers,[00:17.84]touching wood and absolutely never walking under a ladder. [00:22.40]And they're careful about cats.[00:25.58]Black cats are supposed to be the familiars of witches, [00:30.02]so if one is following you it's definitely bad luck[00:34.70]- a witch is after you![00:36.46]On the other hand, if one crosses your path and continues [00:41.17]then it's good luck because it hasn't noticed you.[00:45.15]However, in some places the beliefs are different[00:49.53]- so it pays to know where your black cat comes from! [00:53.36]Old superstitions linger even in today's modern world. [00:59.10]The author Philip Pullman drew on them[01:02.57]in his award winning novel "His Dark Materials".[01:06.78]The novel, which appeals to both children and adults, [01:11.26]has been adapted for radio and also the theatre.[ti:Dictation 2 Graduate Student][00:03.50]Dictation 2 Graduate Student 研究生[00:07.17]Graduate students specialize in a particular field of study. [00:11.77]They study to become experts in this field[00:15.03]and to learn new advances in their fields[00:18.05]while they earn an M.A. or Ph.D.[00:20.88]Sometimes when they get an M. A. in one field[00:24.47]they begin studying another field.[00:26.42]They hope that when they earn their graduate degrees [00:29.02]they will succeed in finding important jobs.[00:31.99]They hope to get jobs that are interesting and high paying. [00:35.74]The life of a graduate student is often difficult.[00:39.11]They are usually too busy studying to make a good living. [00:42.97]Often they have to pay high tuition fees for their education. [00:46.72]Some give up studying before they get their degrees. [00:50.74]But most keep on working at their studies until they graduate. [00:55.01]In today's world, most graduate students[00:58.31]don't regret spending time with their studies.[01:01.13]They are finding that new developments[01:03.46]are occurring in all fields.[01:05.47]For many graduate study has become a necessity.[ti:Dictation 3 April Fool's Day][00:03.00]Dictation 3 April Fool's Day 愚人节[00:05.63]1st April is a day to be careful,[00:08.89]or you could easily get tricked by someone.[00:11.59]It's April Fool's Day,[00:13.82]a day when people traditionally like to try[00:17.18]to make a fool of someone else and laugh at them.[00:20.39]There are lots of theories surrounding the origins of the day, [00:25.02]but one explanation is connected with the change[00:28.67]in the calendar in the 16th century,[00:31.32]which meant that 1st April[00:33.40]was no longer the beginning of the year.[00:36.66]Those who still celebrated the New Year[00:39.52]on 1st April were called fools.[00:42.56]So what kind of pranks[00:45.27]do people play on April Fool's Day?[00:47.97]Well, there are lots of simple tricks[00:50.51]that you can play on your friends.[00:53.49]For example, you could wear a black sweater[00:56.41]and pull a piece of white thread through it,[00:58.95]so that people try to pull it off.[01:01.04]You could change the time on someone's alarm clock[01:04.33]so that they're late for work.[ti:Dictation 4 Living Online][00:03.00]Dictation 4 Living Online 网上生活[00:06.10]How do you meet new people, make new friends,[00:09.25]or find out about the latest bands?[00:11.84]Here in the UK young people have traditionally[00:14.66]done their socializing in bars, pubs and clubs.[00:18.12]However, there is a new generation growing up[00:21.58]that finds it easier to manage their social lives on the net, [00:25.24]using free websites like MySpace, Bebo or MSN Spaces. [00:30.88]Welcome to the social networking website[00:34.25]- a place where you can present yourself[00:36.39]to the digital community and meet other like-minded people. [00:40.45]The most successful social networking website[00:43.51]in the UK is .[00:47.07]As of July 2006, MySpace is the world's[00:51.45]fourth most popular English-language website,[00:54.66]attracting almost 3 million visitors per month.[00:58.73]MySpace claims to have 95 million members[01:03.72]with 500,000 new members joining the community each week.[01:08.45]So how has it become so successful?[01:11.86]Perhaps its secret is in its simplicity.[01:15.64]Each new member can build their own page simply[01:19.29]- uploading photos, videos and MP3 files.[ti:Dictation 5 Mother's Day][00:03.50]Dictation 5 Mother's Day 母亲节[00:06.14]Does your mother know how much you appreciate her? [00:09.41]Well, Mother's Day is the time to show her.[00:13.44]It's a chance to say 'thank you',[00:16.19]or to tell your mum how much you love her.[00:18.78]In Britain, Mother's Day, or Mothering Sunday,[00:23.35]falls on a different day each year,[00:26.30]because it takes place a few weeks[00:28.69]before the festival of Easter.[00:30.67]But it is always in the early springtime,[00:33.63]which seems appropriate,[00:35.46]as the season when new plants emerge,[00:37.85]and baby birds and animals are born.[00:40.74]In the USA, Mother's Day takes place a little later, in May, [00:46.54]and many other countries also celebrate[00:49.09]their mothers on different days of the year.[00:51.98]It began many years ago, when children,[00:56.07]especially girls, as young as 10[00:58.57]would live and work away from home[01:01.01]as housemaids and other types of servant.[01:03.80]Mothering Sunday was a day when everyone was allowed [01:08.03]to go to their home village or town, and visit their mothers.[ti:Dictation 6 Online Shopping][00:02.50]Dictation 6 Online Shopping 网上购物[00:05.15]With only two weeks to go before Christmas,[00:08.31]buying presents is a high priority for a lot of people.[00:12.13]However, this year not so many people are leaving their homes [00:16.45]to browse around the shops.[00:18.30]These days lots of people can do their shopping[00:21.46]in the comfort of their own home[00:23.55]with the help of the internet.[00:25.63]Online shopping is becoming more and more popular[00:29.56]for a number of reasons;[00:31.33]prices are often lower online,[00:33.97]you don't have to queue up in busy shops[00:36.56]and you can buy almost any product imaginable[00:39.57]with just a few clicks of your mouse.[00:41.80]Computer trends are often male-dominated[00:45.58]but this year women are expected to do[00:47.72]more shopping on the internet than men.[00:50.66]It seems women are now more attracted to[00:53.88]the convenience of online shopping than they used to be.[00:56.67]Average spending online this Christmas by women will rise to 240 pounds [01:03.73]compared to the slightly lower average of 233 pounds for men.[ti:Dictation 7 Reality TV][00:03.50]Dictation 7 Reality TV 真实电视[00:05.91]The latest fashion on British TV is Reality TV.[00:11.15]Reality TV means that shows follow and film[00:15.31]ordinary people in an artificial situation.[00:18.47]This could be at work, or in some kind of competition.[00:22.65]One of the first and most popular Reality TV shows[00:27.73]is Big Brother.[00:29.10]In this show, 15 complete strangers[00:32.77]have to live together in a house for 11 weeks.[00:36.23]They are filmed 24 hours a day, and shown on television.[00:40.95]Each week, the viewers vote to evict[00:43.85]one of the housemates.[00:46.44]Finally, only one is left,[00:48.68]and they win the prize money![00:50.66]The show was an instant hit,[00:53.34]and runs in several countries.[00:55.47]The housemates often become stars as a result of the show,[00:59.40]and appear in national newspapers and on other shows.[01:03.06]Another very popular show is[01:05.95]I'm a Celebrity - Get Me Out Of Here![01:09.15]In this show, 10 celebrities[01:12.05]have to complete tasks each week,[01:14.64]such as eating insects.[ti:Dictation 8 School][00:03.50]Dictation 8 School 学校[00:05.66]September is traditionally the end of summer[00:09.18]and the beginning of autumn in the UK.[00:11.77]It is also the month when children go back to school[00:15.64]after their long summer holidays.[00:17.83]There are two types of school in England.[00:20.55]State-run schools are paid for by the government,[00:23.64]so are free to attend.[00:25.53]Independent Schools are private,[00:27.92]which means you have to pay to attend.[00:30.17]The school day usually starts at 9 in the morning[00:34.65]and finishes around 4,[00:36.48]with breaks for lunch of course![00:38.81]In many schools, you have to wear a uniform too.[00:42.42]Children start school when they are 5 years old.[00:45.52]This is called primary school,[00:47.96]and lasts until the child is 11[00:50.51]when he or she will go on to senior school.[00:53.11]Secondary school is compulsory[00:56.20]from 11 until 16 years of age.[00:58.91]At 16, students take national examinations called GCSE's. [01:03.95]After this, students can stay at school for another 2 years [01:08.27]and take A Level examinations.[ti:Dictation 9 The Modern Family][00:04.00]Dictation 9 The Modern Family 现代家庭[00:06.38]Father leaves for work in the morning after breakfast. [00:10.47]The two children take the bus to school,[00:13.56]and mother stays home cooking and cleaning[00:16.70]until father and the kids return home in the evening. [00:20.45]This is the traditional picture[00:23.02]of a happy family living in Britain.[00:25.88]The past 20 years have seen enormous changes[00:30.18]in the lives and structure of families in Britain.[00:33.46]The biggest change has been caused by divorce.[00:37.46]As many as 2 out of 3 marriages now end in divorce, [00:42.38]leading to a situation[00:44.30]where many children live with one parent[00:47.18]and only see the other at weekends or holidays.[00:50.48]There has also been a huge rise[00:53.92]in the number of women with children who work.[00:56.76]The large rise in divorces has meant[01:00.01]many women need to work[01:01.84]to support themselves and their children.[01:04.59]Even when there is no divorce,[01:07.01]many families need both parents to work in order to survive.[ti:Dictation 10 Mid-Autumn Festival][00:03.00]Dictation 10 Mid-Autumn Festival 中秋节[00:05.68]On 25th September this year, people all over China[00:10.01]will be getting together to eat with their families,[00:13.20]look at the moon and celebrate one of the biggest festivals [00:16.40]in the Chinese lunar calendar.[00:18.29]However, the celebrations stretch[00:20.64]far beyond the borders of China.[00:23.05]Here in the UK[00:24.27]events are taking place for Chinese people living here, [00:27.53]and to teach the people of Britain[00:29.52]more about this popular festival.[00:31.85]The Soho Theatre in London conducted a study[00:35.61]which showed that Chinese Londoners[00:37.64]don't engage much with the arts world.[00:40.55]As a result, 'Moon walking In China[00:43.50]has been created to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival. [00:46.60]This is no normal theatre production though,[00:49.85]as it doesn't take place in the theatre.[00:52.46]Theatre professionals and volunteers from the local community [00:56.11]will take audiences around the streets of Soho[00:59.11]on a magical lantern-lit walk[01:01.36]through the landmarks and backstreets of Chinatown.。

研究生英语听说教程243Unit Three Endangered Species vs. Human Needs Endangered Species vs. Human Needs1. What knowledge do you have about some famous animals on the verge of extinction, as well as why they may soon be extinct? Take the following quiz. Choose the correct answer to each of the questions.1) Who determines which species are considered endangered?A. WWF — The World Wildlife Fund.B. UN — The United Nations.C. IUCN —International Union for the Conservation of Nature.2) How many animal species are endangered worldwide?A. About 300.B. About 1,000.C. About 10,000.3) What is the number one reason why plants and animals are becoming endangered?A. Habitat destruction.B. Predators (食肉动物).C. Poaching (偷猎).4) How many species become extinct each day?A. About thirty.B. About seventy.C. About one hundred.5) How many pandas are left in the world?A. About 1,600.B. About 2,500.C. About 3,400.6) Why are pandas called living fossils?A. Because they are close to extinction.B. Because they are hard to preserve.C. Because they have been around for 3 million years.44新视角研究生英语读说写7) Why is the polar bear an endangered species?A. People are hunting the bear illegally for its fur.B. Global warming is changing the bear’s habitat.C. There is not enough fish to eat, because the fish is endangered, too.8) What food does the oryx (大羚羊) mostly eat?A. Roots.B. Fruits.C. Grass.9) Why are elephants endangered?A. Reduced living areas.B. Ivory trade.C. Both.10) How many South-China tigers are left in the wild?A. Between 20 and 30.B. Between 100 and 200.C. More than 1,000.11) By how much has the tiger’s habitat been reduced in the past 100 years?A. 50%.B. 75%.C. 95%.12) Why is the rhinoceros (犀牛) an endangered species?A. Global warming.B. Poaching and habitat loss.C. Draught.13) Where do chimpanzees live?A. Tropical Rainforest of Africa.B. Tropical Rainforest of North America.C. Tropical Rainforest of South America.14) Where do blue whales live?A. In the cool waters of the Antarctica and South Pole.B. In the Artic regions, particularly, the Artic Circle.C. Near the equator.15) When is the World Environmental Day?A. March 12.B. June 5.C. October 20.2. Look at the following picture. Explain how a natural ecosystem works.An Ecosystem at Work45Unit Three Endangered Species vs. Human NeedsText123Endangered Species vs. Human Needsby Martha Grace LowThe rate of species dying out is increasing dramatically. It is estimated that 27,000 species become extinct each year, about 3 an hour. Since 1996, scientists calculated that 124 types ofamphibians(两栖动物), 1,108 types of birds, 734 types of fish, 1,096 types of mammals, and 253 types of reptiles became endangered. These statistical figures also applyto plants. Once these species become extinct, they will never be seen on Earth again.What caused them to be endangered? Should human beings reflect on their actions?Could we do anything to benefit the future of humanity and all life on Earth?Read the following article taken from Martha Grace Low’s book Thresholds inReading published by Heinle & Heinle Publishers and find the answers to these questions.The most famous endangered species on earth were the dinosaurs. Theydied out in one of five “great extinctions” that have occurred in the millions of years since life began on this planet — periods in which, for natural causes, a large percentage of the species that existed simply disappeared. We are now in the middle of a sixth great extinction, but this one has been caused by human activity. Consequently, the importance of preserving species is a popular topic today, particularly in the industrialized world.But no discussion of endangered species is complete without anexamination of the reasons behind its causes, which are human needs. InAfrica, where the world’s population is growing the fastest, fore sts are shrinking as people clear lands for homes and farms and cut wood for fuel. Herds ofgoats and sheep eat the vegetation, leaving the bare soil to be carried away by wind and water. Humans kill wildlife to protect their crops, and may also killthem for the illegal trade in ivory, rhinoceros horns, furs. In Latin America and Southeast Asia, rainforests are cleared for farmlands and for fuel and timber.The loss of the forest endangers many species of plants and destroys manyanimals’ habitats, or natural homes. And in the oceans, fish supplies have been greatly reduced by overfishing and by pollution.Humans want to survive just as every other species does. We need food,shelter, and a place to rear our young. So how do our activities endanger other species? Specifically, there are three major ways. We kill off animals directlyin some cases. We may want their meat, bones, skins, tusks, horns, or feathers;or we may want to protect our crops and livestock from them. By overhunting,Euro-Americans endangered the buffalo in North America, and in thenineteenth century hunters drove to extinction the passenger pigeon1, which1 passenger pigeon: once the most abundant bird in the early part of the 19th century, lived in huge flocks in eastern NorthAmerica. It became extinct when the last known representative of the species —named Martha —died in the Cincinnati Zoo onSeptember 1, 1914. 旅鸽46新视角研究生英语读说写678was probably the most populous bird species that have ever lived.Another way that we endanger native life-forms is by introducing foreignspecies into their habitat. A prime example of this was the introduction ofEuropean rabbits into Australia, where they multiplied until they endangeredthe native species of grazing animals by eating all the vegetation. This becamea terrible problem that has finally been brought under some control, though not completely solved.The most common way that we endanger other species is by destroyingtheir natural habitats. We do this when we cut down forests, clear land forcrops, build towns, dam rivers, drain swamplands of water and then fill themwith dirt for construction, and when we pollute the air, the water, the soil. Most species are habitat-specific; that is, they depend on the particular offerings ofa specific environment, and they cannot simply move to the next province orstate and adapt as we can. The greatest diversity of life-formson our planet are found in the tropical rainforests, yet they are disappearing faster than any other habitat — at the rate of about 50 million acres (20 million hectares) per year.The loss of the rainforest would mean the loss of most of the species that maketheir homes in them.But so what? The majority of the animal species on earth are insects andworms anyway, and how important are they to us? And tiny populations oftropical plants —the world is covered with vegetation, so what difference doesit make, how many kinds there are?Many people’s answer is that every life-form has a right to exist, and thatno other reason is needed for preserving it. A more common reason is thebeauty of many species. Certain species also provide humans with economicvalue. But scientists identify two additional reasons which may not be obviousto most of us.One of these reasons is that each life-form occupies a special place within its ecosystem — that is, its community of plant and animal life, in combination withthe nonliving components of its environment such as the climate, soil, water, andair. For instance, within a forest the larger trees drop off little twigs and debris, making a layer that holds water in the soil for other plants to use. The roots hold the soil and prevent it fromwashing away in rainstorms. Whether living or dead,the tree provides shelter for animals and birds and food for insects. As the deadtree rots away, it enriches the soil of the forest floor, enabling other plants to spring up in its place. Such large trees are an example of what we call keystone species2; if they disappeared from their ecosystem, the consequences would befelt throughout the community of other species living in the forest. “The loss of a keystone species is like a drill accidentally striking a powerline,” says biologist Edward Wilson of Harvard University3. “It causes lights to go out all over.” During the current sixth great extinction, three species of life-forms are dying out every52 keystone species: a species whose presence impacts many other members of the ecosystem 关键物种3 Harvard University: oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and widely considered one of the most prestigious.Founded in 1636 in Cambridge, Mass., it was named Harvard College for a Puritan minister, John Harvard (1607–1638), who bequeathed to the school his books and half of his estate. 哈佛大学447Unit Three Endangered Species vs. Human Needshour, or 74 per day, which equals 27,000 each year. Some of these —and we don’t even know which ones — are undoubtedly keystone species.Natural ecosystems are characterized by their biodiversity,which meansthat a good variety of plant and animal life are present there. In many partsof today’s world, humans have replaced naturally diverse environments with monocultures, in which only one species lives — one that we humans value.A prime example in forested regions of the world is the monocultural “treefarms” that have been planted after the original forests have been cut down. The character of these tree farms is very different from that of the original forests.In the case of forests, another extremely important reason for preservingspecies is illustrated by the Pacific yew tree4, which people used to cut downand never replant because they thought it had no particular value. But recentl y medical researches discovered that a substance called taxol, produced naturallyin the bark of this tree, is an effective medication for treating certain kinds of cancer. Suddenly harvesters began flocking to the forests of the North AmericanPacific Northwest5 in search of this tree. If it had become extinct before its value had been discovered, many cancer patients would have died needlessly.Now, consider for a moment that there are around 1.6 million species thatwe have identified on earth (plus unco unted others that we haven’t identified),and most of them have never been studied to see whether they might be ableto provide us with food or medicine. About 15 percent of all our medicinesare derived from tropical plants, but we have been able to test only about 10percent of the plants that we know about, and have intensively studied lessthan 1 percent. Of the 74 species dying out each day, many of them are tropicalplants from the rainforests. In most cases, we don’t even know the value of whatwe are losing.If we turn from medicines to food sources, we find that over 50 percent oftoday’s global food supply consists of just three grains —wheat, rice, and corn.If climatic changes or a plant disease suddenly threatened one of these grains,many people would starve unless we could find another species to strengthen orreplace it. It is dangerous to be so dependent on such a small number of species.We need to preserve a wider variety of food species.Finally, a very important reason for preserving forestland is that plantsproduce the oxygen that animals (like us) breathe, and forests produce moreof the world’s oxygen than any other environment. Forests also make the airmore humid, producing rain; and the loss of forests leads to the process ofdesertification —the creation of deserts where little will grow.Many methods of protecting endangered species are being practiced indifferent parts of the globe. Legislation is a common method: passing lawsagainst killing endangered species or destroying their habitat. Worldwide, over1,200 parks and preserves have been set aside in which wildlife are protected.And certain endangered species are being raised in captivity for later release12131410114 the Pacific yew tree: found in the ancient forests of the Pacific Northwest 太平洋紫杉5 the North American Pacific Northwest: a 400 mile corridor with eight million residents stretches from Eugene, Oregon, throughSeattle, Washington to Vancouver, B.C., Canada948新视角研究生英语读说写into their wild habitats.An organization called the World Wildlife Fund6 recommends nine differentmethods that can be effective in protecting endangeredspecies. They are:1) Protect habitat2) Protect individual species3) Promote ecologically sound development4) Support scientific investigation5) Educate the public6) Train local wildlife professionals7) Encourage countries to design, fund, and carry out effective conservationactivities8) Monitor the international wildlife trade9) Influence public opinion and the policies of governments and privateinstitutions.Only time will tell how effective these attempts will be in slowing thespeed of the current great extinction. And the most important factor in this controversy is the demands of a growing human population for naturalresources and living space to serve its own needs.endanger /In9deIndZ5(r)/ v. cause danger to sb/sth, put in danger 危害，使遭到危险dinosaur /9daIn5sO:(r)/ n. 恐龙extinction /Ik9stIOEkSFn/ n. death or destruction of all members 灭绝preserve /prI9z?:v/ v. keep or maintain sth in an unchanged or perfect condition 保护n. a place where game or fish is protected and kept for private h unting orshooting 专供私人行猎或捕鱼的保护区vegetation /8vedZI9teISFn/ n. plants in general 植物(总称)ivory /9aIvFrI/ n. 象牙rhinoceros /raI9nás5r5s/ n. 犀牛rainforest /9reIn9fO:rIst/ n. thick evergreen forest in tropical regions with heavy rainfall 雨林(热带地区多雨的茂密常绿森林)habitat /9h{bIt{t/ n. natural environment of an animal or a plant (动物或植物的) 自然环境；栖息地tusk /t?sk/ n. (象、海象、野猪等的) 长牙livestock /9laIvsták/ n. animals kept on a farm for use or profit 家畜，牲畜15New Words6 the World Wildlife Fund: an international organization formed to raise money for conservation projects, established in 1961,headquartered in Switzerland, and active in 90 countries around the world 世界野生动物基金会1649Unit Three Endangered Species vs. Human Needsbuffalo /9b?f5l5U/ n. 水牛；(南美或北美的) 野牛populous /9pápjUl5s/ adj. having a large population; densely populated 人口多的；人口稠密的multiply /9m?ltIplaI/ v. (of an animal or other organism) increase greatly in number (by reproducing)剧增，激增graze /greIz/ v. put (cattle, etc) in a field to eat grass (在田野里) 放牧(牛等) swampland /9swOmpl{nd/ n. land consisting of low-lying, uncultivated ground where water collects沼泽地，沼泽地带offering /9áf5rIOE/ n. a thing offered, esp as a gift orcontribution 供物；奉献hectare /9hektA:(r),-te5(r)/ n. measure of area in the metric system, equal to 10,000 square meters 公顷(1公顷相当于1万平方米)ecosystem /9i:k5UsIst5m/ n. ecological unit consisting of a group of plants and living creaturesinteracting with each other and with their surroundings 生态系统twig /twIg/ n. small thin branch that grows out of a larger branch on a shrub or tree嫩枝，细枝debris /9deIbri:,9deb-/ n. scattered fragments; wreckage 散落的碎片；残骸rainstorm /9reInstO:m/ n. a storm with heavy rain 雨暴rot /rát/ v. decay naturall y through the action of bacteria, fungi, etc 腐烂；腐坏keystone /9ki:st5Un/ n. 1) the central principle or part of a policy, system, etc, on which allelse depends 基础，主旨，基本原则2) a central stone at the summitof an arch, locking the whole together 拱顶石drill /drIl/ n. tool or machine with a detachable pointed end for making holes 钻；钻机；钻床powerline /9pAu5 laIn/ n. a cable carrying electrical power, esp one supported by poles 电力线，输电线biodiversity /8baI5UdaI9v?:sItI/ n. the variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat生物多样性monoculture /9mán5Uk?ltS5r/ n. the cultivation of a singlecrop in a given area (农) 单作yew /ju:/ n. (植) 紫杉taxol /t{k9sOl/ n. a compound obtained from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, which has been found to inhibit the growth of certain cancers 紫杉醇medication /8medI9keISFn/ n. medicinal substance; medicine 药物；药desertification /8dez5tIfI9keISFn/ n. the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a resultof drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture 沙漠化，土壤贫瘠化legislation /8ledZIs9leISFn/ n. action of making laws 立法；法律的制定captivity /k{p9tIvItI/ n. the condition of being imprisoned or confined 囚虏；监禁；束缚ecological /8i:k59lOdZIk5l/ adj. relating to the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organismsto one another and to their physical surroundings 生态学的；生态的conservation /8káns59veISFn/ n. preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment andof wildlife (对自然资源的) 保护；保存institution /8InstI9tju:SFn/ n. a society or organization founded for a religious, educational, social orsimilar purpose (教育、慈善、宗教性质的) 社会公共机构50新视角研究生英语读说写die out get rarer and rarer and finally disappear 灭绝carry away be taken or swept away by a strong wind or current, etc 冲走，卷走kill off destroy completely 灭绝，杀光bring under control be able to deal with (a danger or emergency) successfully and competently 使处于控制之下in combination with (different uses, ingredients, etc) being joined or united with one another 和??综合在一起wash away remove or carry away by water or a flood 冲掉, 冲走rot away (materials such as wood) gradually break down and disappear 烂掉spring up appear or develop suddenly 涌现be characterized by (of a feature or quality) be typical or characteristic of 以??为特点derive from obtain sth from (a specific source) 从??取得, 从??得到I. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions based on the text.1. In paragraph 1, the author says that we are in the middle of a sixth great extinction. What are these great extinctions? Could you name some. In what way is the currentgreat extinction different from the previous five ones?2. What is the author trying to do with paragraph 2?3. Why did the buffalo and the passenger pigeon in North America become extinct?4. What point does the author want to illustrate by writing about the European rabbits in paragraph 4?5. In paragraph 5, the author states that humans endanger other species by destroying their natural habitats. What example does the author give to support this statement?6. What can we learn from paragraph 8?7. What are the two advantages that biodiversity has over monocultures according to paragraphs 9–12?8. In paragraph 10, the author writes about the Pacific yew tree. What makes the Pacific yew tree so highly valued today? What does the author want to tell us by mentioning this tree?9. What is the main idea of paragraph 11?10. What point is suggested by the last paragraph?ExercisesPhrases and Expressions51Unit Three Endangered Species vs. Human NeedsII. Structure of the TextComplete the following outline based on the text.1. Introduction (Paras. 1–2)We are in the middle of a sixth great extinction, which is caused by __________________.2. Body (Paras. 3–15)1) ________________________ that human activities endanger other species. (Paras. 3–5)A. Human beings ___________________________________ for their meat, b ones,skins or for protecting their crops and livestock.B. Foreign species introduced by human beings can __________________________.C. Human beings _________________ by cutting down forests, building towns, etc.2) The reasons why we should preserve every life-form on earth. (Paras. 6–13)A.____________________________________________________________________.B. The variety of species can add natural beauty.C. Some species provide humans with economic value.D. Each life-form ________________________________________________________.E. Biodiversity has obvious advantages over _________________________________.3) Methods of protecting endangered species. (Paras. 14–15)A.____________________________________________________________________.B.____________________________________________________________________.C. Protecting animals through captive breeding (zoos).3. Conclusion (Para. 16)It’s hard to tell the effectiveness of these protective methods now. The biggest problem remains ____________________________________________________________________ _.III. Topics for DiscussionDiscuss the following questions in small groups.1. Human activities are causing many species to die out. Besides the biodiversity loss, human activities have also caused many other problems. What are the results of the various kinds of human activities? Try to match items in Column A with those in Column B. At the same time reflect on why human beings recklessly destroy nature on whichthey are so dependent, and then suggest a few ways to control human activities. Human Activities Environmental ImpactsHouseholds:Let out domestic sewage Use detergentUse electrical appliances Use Freon productsDrive carsUse plastic productsUse disposable products Eat wild animalsWear furAir pollutionWater pollutionDust pollutionNoise pollution Radioactive contamination White pollutionSoil pollutionFood pollutionAcid rainRed tide52新视角研究生英语读说写Factories:Discharge waste gas Discharge waste residue Discharge industrial sewage Discharge smoke and dust Dump nuclear waste Produce noise of machinery Spill oilFarmers:Use pesticideUse herbicideUse fertilizerOvercrop landOvergraze grasslandCut down trees2. It is true that ever since we human beings inhabited the earth, we have been making all kinds of changes to nature. We clear lands for homes, cut wood for fuel, kill animals for meat, and dig coals for energy. As a result, nature has been badly encroached owing to our activities. But have we human beings done anything that benefits the nature and should be encouraged further? Give specific examples to justify your answer.3. The text says “every life-form has a right to exist” and that “each life-form occupies aspecial place within its ecosystem.” Do you agree with the two statements? Shouldwe protect all life-forms on Earth or let some die out? What about mosquitoes, flies, cockroaches and slugs? Should we kill them off?IV. Reading and RecitingA. Read and recite the following paragraphs from the text.The most common way that we endanger other species is by destroying their natural habitats. We do this when we cut down forests, clear land for crops, build towns, dam rivers, drain swamplands of water and then fill them with dirt for construction, and when wepollute the air, the water, the soil. Most species are habitat-specific; that is, they depend onthe particular offerings of a specific environment, and theycannot simply mo ve to the next province or state and adapt as we can. The greatest diversity of life-forms on our planet are found in the tropical rainforests, yet they are disappearing faster than any other habitat—at the rate of about 50 million acres (20 million hectares) per year. The loss of the rainforestwould mean the loss of most of the species that make their homes in them. (Para. 5)If we turn from medicines to food sources, we find that over 50 percent of today’s global food supply consists of just three grains — wheat, rice, and corn. If climatic changesor a plant disease suddenly threatened one of these grains, many people would starve unless we could find another species to strengthen or replace it. It is dangerous to be sodependent on such a small number of species. We need to preserve a wider variety of food species. (Para. 12)Contamination of underground waterGreenhouse effectGlobal warmingOzone depletionShor tage of nonrenewable naturalresourcesDesertificationSoil erosionFloodSand stormBroken food chainsSpecies extinction53Unit Three Endangered Species vs. Human NeedsB. Study and recite the following sayings or quotations.In nature nothing can be given. All things are sold.Ralph Waldo EmersonIn nature, there are neither rewards nor punishments — there are consequences.Robert G. IngersollIn nature we never see anything isolated, but everything in connection with something else which is before it, beside it, under it and over it.Johann Wolfgang Von GoetheV. VocabularyA. Complete the following sentences with words given below, makingsure that each word is used in the right form.component monoculture multiply conserveprime tropical derive uncountedbiodiversity endanger legislation captivity1. The passenger pigeon was a _________ example of a species that was made extinct by overhunting.2. Climate, soil, water, and air are nonliving ________ of an ecosystem.3. As a language, English is _________ from the Anglo-Saxon,a West Germanic variety, although its current vocabulary includes words from many languages.4. Stopping the loss of ________ and limiting climate change are the two most important challenges facing our planet.5. A recent report claims that Microsoft products, with their market dominance, are creating a computing _________ that’s dangerously susceptible to worms and otherattacks.6. The December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was reported to have killed more than 225,000 people, and with ________ others missing or losing their homes.7. With the invention of blogs, the number of websites that would be interesting to follow each day has ________ several times over.8. The movie Two Brothers tells the story that two tigers are separated as cubs and taken into ________, only to be reunited years later as enemies.9. In 2000 and again in 2002, the US congress considered ________ to limit violent content and more tightly regulate the video games industry in America.10. These ________ projects and educational activities have contributed to wildlife habitat improvement, watershed protection, and forest health.B. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the boldfaced part of the sentence.1. The environmental changes might have caused the disappearance of many species by54新视角研究生英语读说写eliminating food sources, or exposing animals to climatic conditions to which they were not adapted.A. extinctionB. distinctionC. punctuationD. destruction2. The study showed that increasing amounts of bird flu virus were contaminating the birds’ surroundings without thefarmers’ realizing of it.A. conditionsB. climatesC. habitatsD. ecosystems3. While recently becoming the tenth most crowded city in the USA, San Jose has also held the title of The Safest Big City in America for the past several years.A. diverseB. popularC. disappointingD. populous4. An internal inquiry has begun into whether soccer players received improper housing benefits under the former coaches.A. examinationB. investigationC. invasionD. invitation5. It’s our job to prepare bright, ambitious young people for the opportunities offered bywhat will continue to be the main sectors for the 21st century.A. principleB. extinguishedC. globalD. keystone6. The teenager who made a dramatic escape after eight years of confinement in a windowless cell has agreed to a televised interview this week.A. captivityB. prevention。

我们没有"享受幸福的权利"C.S.路易斯"毕竟，" 克莱尔说，"他们拥有享受幸福的权利" 。

我们当时是在讨论邻里发生的一件事。

甲先生抛弃甲太太，离了婚，准备迎娶乙太太，而乙太太也同样办好了离婚手续准备嫁给甲。

毫无疑问，甲先生和乙太太非常欢喜对方。

如果他们继续相爱，且健康和收入不出什么差池，他们接下来的日子应该会过的很开心。

同样显而易见的是，他们与各自的前任相处不佳。

乙太太最初还是喜欢她的丈夫的。

但是后来他在战争中负伤，丢掉了工作，据说还已经失去了性能力。

此后的生活已经不再是乙夫人当初所期待的。

甲夫人也很凄惨。

她容貌不再，也没有了生机活力。

有人说她因为为他生儿育女，又为护理他度过漫长的疾病期而将自己的精力消耗殆尽，而先前的婚姻生活也因着疾病而黯然失色。

但是不要以为甲是那种将糟糠之妻弃之如敝履的一类人。

我们都知道前妻的自杀让他非常震惊，他曾亲口对我们说，“我又能怎么样呢？每个人都有享受幸福的权利。

我不能错过我的幸福机会。

”之后我就一直琢磨"享受幸福的权利"这句话。

起初这句话给我的感觉怪怪的，听起来就像是在说每个人都有走运的权利。

无论会有哪个派别的道德学家如何评论，我们的幸福或痛苦很大程度上都非人力所能控制。

在我看来，所谓享受幸福的权利并无依据，正如不能要求自己的身高要达到六英尺，应该有个百万富翁的老爸，或者说无论什么时候自己想去野餐了，天气就必须晴朗。

权利作为所在的社会的法律所保障的自由是不难理解的。

因此，我有权沿公共道路行驶，因为这是社会给赋予我的自由，也是“公共”道路意义之所在。

我也能理解法律所保障的债权权益，和与之相应的他人的债务承担义务。

如果我有权从你那里获取100英镑，也就等于说你有责任付我100英镑。

如果法律允许甲先生抛弃发妻而去勾引邻人之妻，那么甲就有这项法律权利，我们也没有必要在此谈论所谓“幸福”的权利。

研究生用英语怎么说Introduction:In the era of globalization, proficiency in English has become increasingly important, especially for graduate students who aspire to international studies or careers. This article aims to explore various terms and phrases commonly used to refer to "研究生" (graduate students) in English. By understanding these terms, graduate students can effectively communicate in an English-speaking academic or professional environment.1. Graduate Student:The most direct and commonly used translation of "研究生" is "graduate student." This term encompasses individuals who have completed their undergraduate studies and are pursuing advanced degrees, such as master's or doctoral degrees, in a specific field. Graduate students are actively engaged in research, coursework, and other academic activities.2. Postgraduate Student:In British English, "postgraduate student" is a term widely used to refer to individuals pursuing advanced degrees. This term is often used interchangeably with "graduate student," but it specifically emphasizes the stage of study following completion of undergraduate studies.3. Research Scholar:Another term used for "研究生" is "research scholar." This term is commonly used to refer to individuals engaged in research activities at thepostgraduate level. Research scholars focus primarily on conducting original research and contributing to their respective fields through scholarly work.4. Graduate Researcher:"Graduate researcher" is a phrase frequently used to describe students involved in research projects and studies while pursuing their postgraduate degrees. This term emphasizes the research aspect of their studies and highlights their active participation in contributing new knowledge.5. Postgraduates:The term "postgraduates" is a more general term that encompasses individuals who have completed their undergraduate studies and continue their education at an advanced level. It can be used as a collective term for both master's and doctoral students.6. Grad Students:"Grad students" is an informal and commonly used abbreviation for "graduate students." This term is widely recognized and is often used in casual conversations or informal settings among peers and colleagues.7. Master's Student:Specifically referring to individuals pursuing a master's degree, "master's student" highlights the level of study within the graduate education system. This term is commonly used in academic and administrative contexts to distinguish between students pursuing different degrees.8. Doctoral Candidate:"Doctoral candidate" refers to a graduate student who has completed all the requirements for a doctoral degree except for the dissertation. This term highlights the advanced stage of their study and implies their preparedness to undertake comprehensive research leading to the completion of their doctoral thesis.Conclusion:As graduate students navigate the academic and professional realms that require English proficiency, understanding the various terms and phrases used to describe "研究生" in English is essential. By familiarizing themselves with these terms, graduate students can effectively communicate their academic status, research involvement, and educational pursuits in an English-speaking environment. Developing language proficiency in describing their academic roles and accomplishments will undoubtedly contribute to their overall success as international scholars.。

新视野研究生英语读说写2英语原文加翻译及课后答案1.大学课堂：还有人在听吗？Toward the middle of the semester, Fowkes fell ill and missed a class. When he returned, the professor nodded vaguely and, to Fowkes’s astonishment, began to deliver not the next lecture in the sequence but the one after. Had he, in fact, lectured to an empty hall in the absence of his solitary student? Fowkes thought it perfectly possible.在学期中间，Fowkes 因病缺了一次课。

他回到课堂的时候，教授毫无表情地向他点了点头。

接着令Fowkes大吃一惊的是，教授并没有按照顺序讲下一课，而是讲了后面一课。

难道他真的在他唯一的学生缺席的情况下对着空教室讲了一课？Fowkes认为这太有可能了。

Today American colleges and universities (originally modeled on German ones) are under strong attack from many quarters. Teachers, it is charged, are not doing a good job of teaching, and students are not doing a good job of learning. American businesses and industries suffer from unenterprising, uncreative executives educated not to think for themselves but to mouth outdated truisms the rest of the world has long discarded. College graduates lack both basic skills and generalculture. Studies are conducted and reports are issued on the status of higher education, but any changes that result either are largely cosmetic or make a bad situation worse.今天美国的大学（原本是以德国的大学为模型的）受到了各方面的严厉指责。

Unit I Personal InformationTask 2Listening: You will hear some instructions about your personal information. Listen to the recording and complete the table below with your answers.Number 1Man: What country would you like to visit? Write it in the circle. If you could go anywhere in the world, where would you go? Write the country in the circle.Number 2Woman: Write a friend's name in the triangle.What's the name of one of your friends? Write the name in the triangle.Number 3Man: Where are you from? Write the name of the place in the square.In the square, write the name of your hometown.Number 4Woman: What do you like to do in your free time?Write it in the triangle.What are you interested in? Write a free-time activity in the triangle.Number 5Man: What don't you enjoy doing? Write it in the circle.In the circle, write down something you don't like to do.Number 6Woman: At school, what is or was your favorite subject? Write it in the square.What class at school do you or did you like the most? Write the name of the subject in the square. Number 7Man: Write your favorite kind of music in the triangle.What kind of music do you like the best? Write it in the triangle.Number 8Woman: In the circle, write something you like best. It can be a food, a sport, or anything else.Write the name of something you like best in the circle.HereditaryAggressiveSubtractaddTask 4Listening: Look at the following questionnaire about your life expectancy. First fill in this questionnaire with information about yourself. Then listen to the recording and write down the scores for each question. Add up your total life expectancy.What do your answers to the questionnaire mean?Write what you must add or subtract in the boxes.1. If you're a man subtract 3 years and if you're a woman add 4 years.2. If you're between 30 and 39 years old add 2 years; If you're between 40 and 59 add 3 years; between 50 and 69 add 4 years.3/4. Towns and cities are unhealthy places; If you live in a large town or city take off 2 years, but if you live in a village or in the country, add 2 years.5/6. Married people live longer; Take off three years if you live on your own, but you can add 5 years if you live with a partner.7/8. Education is good for you. Add I year for a university degree and another 2 years for a postgraduatequalification.9. If you sit down most of the day, subtract 3 years.10. Add 2 years if you exercise for at least 20 to 30 minutes 3 times a week.11. If you spend more than 10 hours a day asleep, take off 4 years.12. If you're happy add a year; If you're unhappy subtract 2 years.13. If you're relaxed add 3 years. Subtract 3 years if you're quick-tempered and aggressive.14. Don't smoke if you want a long life. Subtract 3 years for up to 10 cigarettes a day, 4 years for 10 to 20,6 years for up to 40 and 8 years for more than 40. If you're a non-smoker, but you live with a smoker,take off I year.15. Three glasses of wine or beer a day are OK for men, 2 are OK for women. If you drink more than this,take off a year.16. Overweight? If you're up to 15 kilos too heavy subtract 2 years, 16 to 25 kilos take off 4 years.17. Long life runs in families. Add 2 years for each grandparent over 80 years old now or when they died.18. Some diseases are hereditary, too. Take off three years if anyone in your close family (brothers, sisters,parents, grandparents) has or had heart trouble. Take off another year if anyone in your family died under the age of 50.To calculate your life expectancy, start with an average age of 72 years. Then add or subtract the numbers.Task 6Listening: A group of people have just met. They will go on an expedition tour from London to South Africa. They are now introducing themselves to others. Listen to the recording and complete the chart below with what 3ou hear.Marie: Hi, everyone. Welcome to Thrillseekers. I'm Marie Gregg and this is Jack Roberts. We're going to be your guides on our expedition from London to South Africa.Jack: Hi! As you heard, my name's Jack and, as you can probably tell from my accent, I'm from South Africa. And this is Bessie, our trusty vehicle. She's going to take us all the way down through Europe and Africa to Cape Town. Now we're going to be together on the road for the next five weeks, so we need to get to know each other. Can I ask you all to introduce yourselves briefly to the group? Now, who would like to start? Yes?Lulu: Hello, everybody. My name's Lulu McNulty and I'm from Sydney, Australia. I'm a fashion designer.My father was born in South Africa. I've always wanted to go there, because he's told me so much about the place. So I'm really looking forward to the trip.Jack: Thanks, Lulu. And now the person next to Paola.Paola: Hi. I'm Paola, PaolaRossi. I'm an accountant. I work for a big chemical company. Oh, and I'm from Argentina from Buenos Aires. At the moment I'm working in London. I've been here for about a year now. I like travelling but I like a bit of adventure, too. So that's why I wanted to go on this trip.Jack: Thank you, Paola and... ?Istvan: Hi. I'm Istvan Tisza. I'm from Hungary and I'm a student.Marie: What are you studying, Istvan?Istvan: I'm studying psychology at the University of Budapest. I wanted to come on this trip because I'd like to do something unusual. And also I'll have a chance to practise my English.Jack: Thanks a lot, Istvan, and...Task 7Listening: You will hear an interview with someone. Below is a list of questions for the interview.Listen to the recording and not down the answers to the questions in the spaces provided.( I = Interviewer; C = Celebrity)I: Could you tell us a little bit about yourself?C. Sure.I: First of all, where were you born?C: I was born in London, but I've got dual nationality because my mother's from Nicaragua.I: Do you still live in London?C: No, I'm living in Ibiza now.I: Oh, really? How long have you been there?C: Not long. I moved from London with my two daughters, Assisi and Amba, about six months ago.I: Are you happy there?C: Yeah, very happy. We love the outdoor life. Also, my mother's a Spanish speaker and I feel more comfortable in a Latin country.I: Have you made any new friends?C. Yeah, I've made lots of new friends here. A few English, but my two best friends are Argentinian andSpanish.I: What do you do for a living?C: I'm a painter, but I've recently started a jewellery business with a friend, and that takes up most of my time. I also do some modelling when I need the cash!I: And what do you do in your free time?C: Well, with a business and two young children I don't have much free time, but I love reading and listening to music.I: What sort of music do you like?C: All sorts: pop music and classical.I: Do you ever listen to the Rolling Stones?C: No, never, but don't tell my father.I: How often do you see your parents?C: Not very often. My mother's in New York and my father's often on tour. But we all love big family get-togethers.I: You've obviously travelled a lot. What's your favourite placein the world?C: That's a difficult question because I've been to so many amazing places, but I think Brazil is my favourite. The children love it there too.I: Finally, can I ask one last question--who chose your name?C: I think my father chose it. My mother wanted me to have a Spanish name.Unit 2 Daily PlansTask 3Listening: You will hear two people arranging a meeting to talk about a few things. Below are the diary pages for the two of them. Some of the information is missing on the diary pages. Listen tothe recording and fill in the missing information with what you hear.Mary: When can we get together to discuss a few things, Alan?Alan: Just a minute, let me get my diary. Right. This week?Mary: OK. We need about two or three hours. What about today? Are you free this morning?Alan: No, sorry. Some people from Poland are coming to see us. But they're leaving at midday, so theafternoon's free.Mary: No, I can't make that. We're interviewing for a new secretary.Alan: Are you doing anything on Tuesday?Mary: Well, I'm giving a lecture at 10:00 and I'm going to the dentist in the afternoon. How about lunch? Alan: No good, I'm afraid. I'm having lunch with Peter. Is Wednesday afternoon any good for you? I'm going to an exhibition in the morning, but the afternoon's free.Mary: No, I'm sorry, That's no good for me. I'm meeting the director at 2:30.Alan: Well, I'm afraid that's it for this week, then. I'm going to Holland on Thursday morning.Mary: Oh yes, so you are. When are you coming back?Alan: Sunday, but I don' t get back till 11:00 at night. Is any evening any good for you?Mary: No, I'm rehearsing for my new play every evening this week.Alan: Well, it looks like next week, then. But anyway, I must go now. Bye, darling.Mary: Bye. Don't forget you're taking the children to the party tonight.Alan: What? But I'm playing tennis at 7: 00. Can't you take them, Mary?Mary: No, I told you. I'm rehearsing this evening.Alan: Oh, damn. Now I can't...Task 4Listening: You will hear four short conversations. In each of them, some people are making arrangements for an activity. Listen to the recording and complete the table below with what you hear. Number 1(Phone rings; Pickup)Karen: Hello.Tony: Hi, Karen. This is Tony.Karen: Oh, hi. I'm looking forward to lunch tomorrow.Tony: Uh, that's what I'm calling about. We were supposed to meet at noon, right?.Karen: Yeah. Um, at the Bangkok Cafe.Tony: Look, we're kind of busy here at work. Can we have lunch a little closer to my office? I have to get right back to my desk.Karen: Yeah, OK. How about the Plaza?Tony: The Plaza? Great! I love their salad bar.Karen: OK I'll see you at the Plaza at noon then.Tony: OK. Sorry about the change, Karen.Karen: Oh, no problem.Tony: Bye.Karen: Bye. (Hangs up)Number 2First Woman: So we're meeting at seven-thirty in front of Hayes Hall, right?Second Woman: Well, how about earlier? Would you like to get something to eat before the concert? First Woman: That'd be nice. Let's go to the Museum Cafe.Second Woman: OK. About six-thirty?First Woman: Ah, well. Let's meet at six. Give ourselves a little more time. We don't want to be late for the concert.Second Woman: Six, at the Museum Cafe. Got it. No problem.Number 3Announcer: Attention passengers on Northern Airways flight 475 to Seattle. There has been a delay. Theflight will now depart at six o'clock. Flight 475 to Seattle will leave at six o'clock from gatetwelve.Passenger: Six o'clock! Great. We've got some time. Let's get something to eat.Number 4(Phone rings; Pickup)Patient: Hello.Secretary: Hello. Ms. Clark?Patient: Yes.Secretary: This is Dr. Lee's office. You have an appointment today at two-thirty.Patient: Yes, that's right.Secretary: We're very sorry, but Dr. Lee was called to the hospital today. We'd like to reschedule your appointment to tomorrow at the same time.Patient: Tomorrow at two-thirty? That's the twenty-first?Secretary: That's right. Tomorrow at two-thirty.Patient: That's OK.Secretary: We're sorry for the inconvenience.Patient: That's all right. Goodbye.Secretary: Bye.Task 6Listening: Joe Hill is a manager of a company. He has two assistants: Samantha and Colin. He also .has a secretary named Mandy. Joe's life at the moment is getting very busy. In addition to his normal heavy workload, there are a number of other things needing his attention. You will hear a conversation between Joe and Mandy. Listen to the recording and write down Joe's activities for the day.Mandy: Are you ready to go through the diary for today?Joe: Yes, OK.Mandy: Well, first there are several letters on your desk that need signing. Then from 9:30 to 10:30 you've got a meeting with John Clark from KRP. He's already arrived.Joe: Uh-huh.Mandy: At 10:30 there's the regular monthly meeting of the finance committee.Joe: When does that finish?Mandy: At 12:00. Then Sheila Gordon is coming over about the new offices. She wants to discuss the new designs with you.Joe: Does that have to be today?Mandy: Well, it seems so. We're the only department that hasn't chosen the colours and furniture and so on. So we've been holding everything up.Joe: All right.Mandy: That will probably take till 1:00 p.m. And we were supposed to be going over to see the building some time today, too. Then at 1:00 p.m. you'll be having lunch with the Managing Director.Joe: Oh, yes. He wants to discuss next week's meeting. We don't want a repeat of last year, do we, Joe?Oh dear.Mandy: Then we've set aside this afternoon for writing the annual report. The deadline is 5 o'clock, if we're to get it out in time for the Directors' meeting next week.Joe: I hate that job. It always takes at least three hours.Mandy: And you're leaving at 5:00 p.m. promptly today.Joe: Yes, it's my son's birthday party.Mandy: Well, you can't miss that. It's... is something wrong, Joe?Joe: No, I've just been getting some pains in my chest lately, that's all. It's probably nothing.Mandy: You should see a doctor.Joe: When do I get the chance? The surgery is only open till 1:00 p.m.Mandy: Well, you shouldn't take chances with your health. Oh, I'm afraid we need to fit something else in today. Samantha phoned just now. She wants to see you today about getting a new assistant. Joe: But she knows the policy on new posts.Mandy: Well, yes, but she says she's got too much work for one person and...Joe: Yes?Mandy: And if you don't see her today, she'll resign. And I think she means it this time, Joe.Joe: Oh dear! Well, when...Male voice: Sorry to disturb you, but we've just had this urgent fax for Mr Hill.Task 7Listening: You will hear a conversation between Joe and his wife. Listen to the recording and note down what Joe is supposed to do for today and tomorrow for the family.Marcia: Hello 87549.Joe: Hello, Marcia.Marcia: Hello, darling. This is a nice surprise.Joe: Well, actually I've got a problem. I've had this urgent fax from Brussels. They want me to go out there this afternoon.Marcia: But it's Donald's birthday party and you promised you'd be there this year. You remember how upset he was when you missed it last year.Joe: I know, but we may lose an important contract if I don't go.Marcia: Well, what time will you be back?Joe: Tomorrow morning, I imagine.Marcia: What? Oh, this is the limit, Joe. You know I'm going to the BCI Conference tomorrow and you said that you'd take Donald and Sarah to school and pick them up.Joe: Oh no. I'd forgotten about that. Can't you get someone else to take them?Marcia: It doesn't matter, I should have known better than to rely on you in the first place.Joe: Marcia... Marcia! Oh damn.Task 9Listening: You will hear Joe talking with his secretary Mandy again. They are talking about what Joe should or shouldn't do today. Joe will have to make some decisions. Listen to the recordingand complete the chart below with what you hear.Presenter: Joe has one main problem. He has too much to do. It's a common problem that we all have at some time in our lives. How should you deal with this problem? Well, there are three things that you must decide:1. What are my priorities?2. What can I delegate? What can or should be done by someone else?3. Are other people making unreasonable demands? So let's see how Joe deals with the situation in the light of these questions.Joe: Right then, Mandy. I've had a think about today. This is what we're going to do.Mandy: OK. I'll get the diary.Joe: Now. I've got to see John Clark, because he's already here. But the finance meeting and the meetingwith Sheila Gordon... Colin can deal with those. He's learning the ropes and the best way to do that is to take responsibility.Mandy: Right. I'll phone him.Joe: So I'm now free after 10:307Mandy: That's right.Joe: Now my first priority is to stay alive. So I want you to make an appointment at the doctor's about these pains in my chest, please.Mandy: Very sensible.Joe: Then after that, could you ask Samantha to come and see me? We can't lose her so I must see her. Mandy: But what are you going to say to her about the new post?Joe: I'll promise to put her request for a new post to the Directors' meeting next week. I hope that will keep her happy.Mandy. What about the birthday party?Joe: Well, I've promised my wife and children that I will be there this evening, so I'm going to keep that promise and I need to keep the Directors happy. So it's very important that I have lunch with the Managing Director and that I write the annual report. But I think Colin can help me with that. Mandy: So what about the Alitrain contract?Joe: Well, I think Alitrain are being unreasonable. If their new chap wants to speak to me, he shouldn't leave it to the last minute. You can't do business like that. So I think that's it. Could you get me the Belgium office on the phone, please?Mandy: Yes, of course. Oh, what about going over to see the new building?Joe: Oh, that can wait. I'll go and see it tomorrow.Unit 3 PlacesTask 3Listening: You will hear an interview with four people about their opinions of different places. Listen to the recording and note down the information 3ou hear to fill in the chart below.Number One(I = Interviewer; P = Paulo)I: Do you like your city?P: Oh yes, I feel lucky to be living in a city that's so big and exciting. I love looking out of my apartment window over the high-rise buildings.I: What's the city centre like?P: Some people say it's too noisy and crowded, but I love that. There's always something to see and do.We also have the most famous beach in the world--Copacabana Beach. Then, on the other side of the city, there are beautiful mountains. The highest one is called Corcovado, and it has the famous statue of Christ. If you look down at the city from there, the view is spectacular.I: What's the weather like?P: It's great most of the time. The only time I don't like Rio much is in the summer: it's too hot and humid.Number Two(I = Interviewer; G = Gisela)I: Do you like your city?G: Yes, it's wonderful. I think my city has everything.I: What's the architecture like?G: It's a mixture of old and new with plenty of shops for everybody. The castle is the most famous monument, and at night it looks amazing.I: What's the nightlife like?G: It's a young city because of the university, so there are plenty of cheap restaurants and interesting cafes and bars. It s got a great nightlife.I: And what are the people like?G: Well, some people are a bit reserved, but in general they're really friendly.Number Three( I - Interviewer; A - Armelle)I: Where do you live?A: Well, I live in a small village with my parents. My grandparents live here too, and my aunts and uncles. In fact, I think I'm related to about fifty per cent of the people in my village.I: What's your village like?A: It's very pretty. The countryside is beautiful, and the air is lovely and clean. But it's too quiet. I find it so dull and boring here--there aren't any discos or cinemas.I: What are the people like?A: Oh, they're lovely, but there aren't many young people. I want to go and live in the city. Soon. Number Four(I = Interviewer; L = Luigi)I: What do you think of your city?L: It is a very special place. There is nowhere else in the world like my city--it's so romantic.I: What's the city centre like?L: The buildings are beautiful, and we have San Marco, one of the most famous churches in the world.San Marco Square is wonderful, and during carnival in February Venice is the best place in the world to be.I: Do you like living here?L: No, I really hate living here. It's horrible. There are too many tourists everywhere.I: Oh dear. What are the shops like?L: Well, because of the tourists the shops are too expensive and the canals are dirty and polluted. My city is not big enough for all these people. Why don't they leave us in peace?Task 5Listening: What do you already know about Hong Kong? You will hear someone talking about this place. Listen to the recording and note down the information you hear.Talking about Hong KongUm, the population of Hong Kong is, urn, it's about six million. Um and there are a large number of islands, the New Territories and Kowloon are actually part of the mainland of China but Hong Kong Island is actually separate from that, um, the population, there tend to be well, open spaces and then very densely populated areas. As far as the climate's concerned, in the summer, um, it reaches 34 degrees but the humidity can be sometimes up to about 100 per cent so it, it's very very sticky...Um, as far as the food is concerned, it's a wonderful place, I mean, I think there are something like 19 thousand restaurants for a population of six million, which is incredible--it's the most incredible place...Um it's the sort of place where everybody has to be responsible for themselves financially, there's no social security network so people try to make their fortunes and there is an emphasis on money.., but most people are really friendly. I think anyway.Umm. Then, as far as the food's concerned, it's very, very mixed, it's the kind of place where you can find Japanese, Chinese, Thai, French, and Italian restaurants all in the same street--and everyone's eating in the Burger King round the corner !Task 6Listening: You will hear three people talking about three different places. Listen to the recording and complete the chart below with what you hear.First, AmeliaAmelia: Everyone falls in love with Rio de Janeiro. People in Rio spend so much time outdoors. Oh, and they are so friendly. Sometimes, it seems that everyone is on one of those beautiful beaches, especially Copacabana. Many, many visitors come just for the music. Samba remains popular, and you won't be disappointed by Rio's excellent nightlife.Next, RolandRoland: Um... I think if you come to Sydney, you'll really enjoy it. The people you meet will always help you, and we re very friendly to strangers. Oh, and of course, Sydney Harbor is absolutely beautiful--it's the largest in the world. And if you really want to see some local animals, uh, you should come to Taronga Zoo--there are all kinds of Australian marsupials there, including koala bears.Finally, LilyLily: Visitors love Singapore for the shopping. It's excellent, and you can get some real bargains here. But... um... what I think you'd like the most about Singapore is the mix of different people--um... Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Europeans. The food is great, too--you know, all kinds of Asian food and not expensive at all. The... um... outdoor food markets are the best places to eat.Task 8Listening: You will hear two people being interviewed about their experience of living in Britain and Ecuador ( ). The first person is from France and the second from Britain. Listen to theinterview and write down their answers to the questions below.Interviewer: What's the best thing about living in Britain?Therese: The best thing? I would say.., my relationship with my boyfriend.I: What's the worst thing?T: Being in Britain! No, I don't know, I think the worst thing is the food.., and the coffee, oh yes, the coffee.I: What do you miss most about France?T: Well, first of all my family, second my food, and third my friends.., my friends most of all.I: What's the strangest thing about living in Britain?T: The strangest thing... I found it very strange, I still find it very strange that the pubs close at 11 o'clock.., and the fact that you can't go into a bar just to... you can't really go into a bar just to have a cup of tea or coffee or you know, at 7 o'clock at night, I find it a little bit strange.I: What advice would you give someone coming to live in Britain?T: A French person? If... What would it be? Bring an umbrella.Interviewer: What was the best thing about living in Ecuador?Jim: The best thing for me I think was the mountains, I loved the mountains.I: And what was the worst thing?J: I don't think there was a worst thing really, I just liked everything about it.I: What did you miss most about England?J: What did I miss most? My bed and er... probably family and friends because I couldn't afford to come home for Christmas.I: What was the strangest thing about living in Ecuador?J: The strangest thing? Being rich! I mean even on my salary I could afford to do things, like, like.., fly somewhere for the weekend.I: What advice would you give someone going to live in Ecuador?J: Travel around as much as they can, it's an amazing place...Unit 4 DietTask 3Listening: You will hear three conversations. Some people are talking about the food and drink they are having at different places. Listen to the recording and complete the table below with what you hear. Number OneMan 1: Ooh, this is really spicy, isn't it?Woman: Whew, yes, it is. It's tasty, though. I don't usually eat curry and rice, but this is really good. Man 1: Curry's not too hot for you?Woman: Oh, no, it's fine. And you know what? The rice tastes really fresh. It's pretty good for a place like this, don't you think?Man 1: Yeah. Gould you pass the water, please? I think I need some more.Woman: Sure, here, I'll pour.Man 2: Hi, is it OK if I sit here?Woman: Oh, yeah, sure. Um, just let me just move my bag off the chair for you.Man 2: OK, thanks.Number TwoMan: ... better than it usually is.Waitress: OK, here you go.Man: Oh, thanks.Woman: Thanks.Man: Thanks a lot.Waitress: Sure. Enjoy!Man: Oh, thank you. You know something, this cheesecake looks really good.Woman: It sure does. Hey now, don't forget we're sharing it!Man: Ha-ha ! I know.Woman: Mmm. Wow, that is rich. Ooh, it's really sweet, too.Man: Do you think that we should get some more coffee?Woman: Oh, no thanks, I think I'm OK. Listen, is it OK with you if we ask for the check now? I know that we're still eating, but I'm in a bit of a hurry.Man: No, sure, it's fine. Thanks. Excuse me, can.., uh... we have the check, please?。

研究生的英文怎么说The English translation for "研究生" is "graduate student".A graduate student is a person who has completed their undergraduate education and is pursuing further studies in a specific field at a higher level. Graduate students typically engage in advanced coursework and research, working towards earning a master's or doctoral degree.Graduate students are expected to demonstrate a higher level of academic competence, critical thinking, and independent research skills compared to undergraduate students. They are also required to actively contribute to their fields of study by conducting original research, publishing scholarly articles, and presenting their work at conferences.Graduate studies often involve a close working relationship with faculty members who act as mentors and advisors. These mentors guide and supervise the graduate student's research, providing valuable guidance and support throughout their academic journey.Graduate students are usually funded through different avenues, such as research assistantships, teaching assistantships, fellowships, or scholarships. This financial support helps to cover tuition fees and living expenses, enabling students to focus on their studies without the burden of excessive financial stress.The duration of graduate studies varies depending on the program and the specific degree being pursued. Master's programs typically take one to two years to complete, while doctoral programs cantake an additional three to six years. The length of time required often depends on the nature and scope of the research project.In addition to their academic responsibilities, graduate students often have opportunities to gain practical experience through internships, industry collaborations, or teaching positions. These experiences not only enhance their professional skills but also provide them with valuable networking opportunities.Upon completion of their graduate studies, students are awarded a degree that signifies their expertise in their chosen field. This advanced degree opens up various career opportunities in academia, research organizations, industry, or government sectors.In conclusion, graduate students are highly motivated individuals who have chosen to pursue advanced studies, research, and specialization in a specific field. They play a vital role in expanding knowledge, pushing the boundaries of their disciplines, and making meaningful contributions to their respective fields.。