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浅谈英语拟人修辞手法英语写作中，为了使描写的事物栩栩如生，富有感染力，故意把物或抽象概念当作人来描写，这样的修辞手法叫做拟人或格格化（personification）。
下面我们将探讨拟人化的使用、类型和修辞效果。
例1：.The sun kissesyou skin with glowing warmth.The light sca brece plays with your hair.日益暖和的太阳亲吻着你的肌肤。
轻柔的海风戏弄着你的头发。
这里通过赋了太阳和微风以人格来描写人们在海滩上的感受，使读者有身临其境、心旷神怡之感。
根据被比拟的类型，拟人手法可分为牛物拟人、非牛物拟人和抽象概念拟人。
一、生物拟人是把有生命的动植物当作人描写。
如例2，At lat th bee felt sufficient.ly confident to attenpt a trial flight.终于蜜蜂觉得有充分信心可以作一次试飞了。
这里蜜蜂被赋予人一样的精神，象人一样充满自信心，白折不挠地奋斗。
、非生物拟人是把无生命的事物当作人描写。
如：例3：I hcard the singing of Mississippi.我听风密西西比河在歌唱。
句中河流被赋予生命，象人一样地歌唱。
三、抽象概念拟人是把抽象概念当作人描写。
如：例4：Culture is not satisfied till we all come to a perfect man.It know the sweet.hness and light of the feww musrt.be iperfect until the raw and unkindled masses of humanity are touched with sweetness and light.在我们大家都成为完美的人之前，文化是不会满意的，文化住得在人类未开化和未觉醒的广大群众还未享受快乐和光明之前，少数人享有的快乐和光明必然是不完美的。
中考英语写作常用修辞手法修辞手法是英语写作中常用的一种技巧，可以有效地提高文章的表达能力和艺术感染力。
以下是中考英语写作常用的修辞手法：1. 比喻：通过比较不同的事物，以便更好地描绘出所要表达的意思。
比如：“他的笑容如阳光般明亮。
”比喻能够生动地表达人物形象或情感。
2. 拟人：将非人的事物拟人化，赋予其人的特点和行为。
比如：“花儿在微风中轻舞。
”这样的表达使得事物更具生动性。
3. 排比：将相同或类似的词语进行排列，以增加句子的节奏感和修辞效果。
例如：“她聪明、勤奋、善良，是个值得信赖的朋友。
”4. 反问：用疑问的方式表达肯定或否定的意义，以引起读者的思考。
例如：“难道我们不应该关心环境问题吗？”反问能够在几个字的问句中表达出强烈的观点。
5. 并列：将同一类或相似的词语、短语或句子并列在一起，以增强语气和修辞效果。
例如：“阳光明媚，鲜花盛开，我心情愉悦。
”6. 夸张：夸大事物的性质或特征，以加强语气和印象。
例如：“你的笑声已经震耳欲聋了！”夸张能够生动地表达出情感或描述。
7. 比较：通过对不同事物的对比，突出所要强调的观点或特点。
例如：“她如同一只勤劳的蜜蜂，不知疲倦地工作。
”比较能够让读者更好地理解和感受到文章的表达。
8. 具体描写：通过丰富的细节和形象的描写，使文章更具真实感和感染力。
例如：“阳光穿透白云，照在湖面上，波光粼粼。
”9. 反讽：用与本意相反的方式表达，以揭示一种矛盾或讽刺。
例如：“你真是个聪明的家伙，连这种简单的问题都不会解答。
”反讽能够增强语气和幽默感。
10. 倒装：将句子中的主语和谓语部分调换顺序，以突出句子中的某个成分。
例如：“In the garden walked a little girl.”倒装能够使句子更加生动和抓人眼球。
这些修辞手法可以使文章更加生动有趣，帮助读者更好地理解和感受作者的意图。
在中考英语写作中，适当使用这些修辞手法能够提升作文的得分和质量。
当然，使用修辞手法要根据作文的题目和主题来判断哪种手法更适合。
初二英语写作修辞运用单选题40题1.The clouds in the sky are like cotton balls. This sentence uses ______.A.metaphorB.simileC.personificationD.hyperbole答案：B。
本题中“clouds in the sky are like cotton balls”天空中的云像棉花球，使用了明喻（simile），因为有“like”这个明显的标志词。
选项A“metaphor”是暗喻；选项C“personification”是拟人；选项D“hyperbole”是夸张。
2.Her eyes are stars. This is an example of ______.A.metaphorB.simileC.personificationD.hyperbole答案：A。
“Her eyes are stars”她的眼睛是星星，使用了暗喻metaphor），直接把眼睛说成是星星，没有用“like”“as”等明喻标志词。
选项B“simile”是明喻；选项C“personification”是拟人；选项D“hyperbole”是夸张。
3.The wind whispered through the trees. This sentence uses ______.A.metaphorB.simileC.personificationD.hyperbole答案：C。
“The wind whispered through the trees”风在树林中低语，使用了拟人（personification），把风比作人会低语。
选项A“metaphor”是暗喻；选项B“simile”是明喻；选项D“hyperbole”是夸张。
4.He is as strong as an ox. This is a ______.A.metaphorB.simileC.personificationD.hyperbole答案：B。
英语常见8种修辞手法说明修辞手法是英语写作中常用的表达技巧，通过运用恰当的修辞手法，可以使文章更加生动、有趣，增强表达的效果和吸引读者的注意力。
下面是英语常见的8种修辞手法的说明：1. 比喻(Metaphor)比喻是将一个事物与另一个事物进行类比，以便更好地揭示事物的特点或隐含含义。
通过比喻，可以使描述更具有形象感和感染力。
例如："She is a shining star in the world of art."（她是艺术界的一颗闪亮之星）2. 暗示(Allusion)暗示是通过间接提及某个事物或引用某个文学、历史、文化的代表性人物或事件来达到某种目的，常常用于表达或暗示作者的观点或态度。
例如："His words had a biblical ring to them."（他的话带有的语气）3. 排比(Parallelism)排比是通过重复使用类似的词、短语或句子结构，使文章的句子齐整有序，增强表达的力度和冲击力。
例如："We came, we saw, we conquered." （我们来了，我们看到了，我们战胜了）4. 反问(Rhetorical Question)反问是在文章或演讲中提出一个问题，但并不期待对方回答，而是用问句来引导读者或听众思考某个问题或强调某个观点。
例如："Isn't it a beautiful day?"（今天是不是个美好的一天呢？）5. 夸张(Hyperbole)夸张是通过夸大的描述方式来强调某个事物或情感，以达到增强效果的目的。
夸张常用于幽默、夸张或强调的场合。
例如："I've told you a million times."（我已经告诉过你一百万次了）比较是通过将两个或多个事物进行对比，以突出它们的差异或相似之处，使表达更具有说服力和可信度。
英语写作常用修辞手法1.Simile明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.2>.I wandered lonely as c cloud.3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.2.Metaphor隐喻,暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.3>. I study all day as a bee .He has a heart of stone.4>. I study all day as a bee .3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻,换喻借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了.2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.4.Synecdoche提喻提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory. 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century. 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap. 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.5.Personification 拟人拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物.例如: 1>.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.2>.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.6.Irony 反语反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式.如在指责过失.错误时,用赞同过失的说法,而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法.例如: 1>.It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning. 2>"Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you. "the waiter said to the beggar..Allegory讽喻,比方这是一种源于希腊文的修辞法,意为"换个方式的说法".它是一种形象的描述,具有双重性,表层含义与真正意味的是两回事.例如: 1>.Make the hay while the sun shines.2>.It's time to turn plough into sword.7.Hyperbole 夸张overstatement understatement夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果..例如: 1>.I beg a thousand pardons.2>.Love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.3>.When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.8.Euphemism 委婉,婉辞法婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话. 例如:1>.He is out visiting the necessary. 他出去方便一下.2>.His relation with his wife has not been fortunate. 他与妻子关系不融洽.3>.Deng Xiaoping passed away in 19979. 移位修饰transferred epithet将本应该用来修饰某一类名词的修饰语用来修饰另一类名词。
经典英文比喻句引言比喻是修辞手法中的一种，通过对两个事物之间的相似性进行类比来强调某种观点或概念。
英文比喻句在英语写作中常见且有力地传递意象和情感，让文章更富有表现力。
本文将探讨几个经典的英文比喻句，并分析其含义、使用方法和示例。
1. “As light as a feather”（轻如鸟羽）这个比喻句形容物体或人非常轻盈。
鸟羽是非常轻的材料，因此当我们使用这个比喻句时，通常是在形容物体的重量。
示例： - She lifted the box effortlessly. It was as light as a feather. - The dancer moved across the stage, her movements as light as a feather.2. “As blind as a bat”（盲如蝙蝠）这个比喻句形容一个人的视力非常差。
蝙蝠以声波来感知周围环境，因此它们视力极差，无法看清物体的细节。
示例： - Without her glasses, she was as blind as a bat. - He stumbled in the darkness, as blind as a bat.3. “As busy as a bee”（忙碌如蜜蜂）这个比喻句形容一个人非常忙碌，像蜜蜂一样勤奋工作和活动。
蜜蜂的工作非常繁忙，它们不断采花、收集花粉、建造蜂巢等。
示例： - She’s always running from one task to another, as busy as a bee. - The office is always bustling with people, as busy as a bee hive.4. “As clear as crystal”（清澈如水晶）这个比喻句意味着某物非常清晰明了。
水晶是一种透明而清晰的宝石，因此这个比喻句通常用来形容思维清晰、信息明了的情况。
初二英语写作修辞运用单选题40题1. The wind sang a gentle song. What figure of speech is used in this sentence?A. SimileB. MetaphorC. PersonificationD. Hyperbole答案：C。
本题中“风唱歌”，把风当作人来写，赋予风人的动作“唱歌”，属于拟人。
选项A 比喻是用跟甲事物有相似之点的乙事物来描写或说明甲事物；选项B 隐喻也是一种比喻，但不使用“像”“如”等词；选项D 夸张是对事物进行夸大或缩小的描述。
2. Her smile was like a sunny day. What figure of speech is used here?A. PersonificationB. MetaphorC. SimileD. Hyperbole答案：C。
此句“她的笑容像晴天”，使用了“像”这个词，将笑容和晴天进行比较，属于比喻中的明喻。
选项A 拟人是把物当作人来写；选项 B 隐喻不使用“像”“如”等词；选项 D 夸张是对事物进行夸大或缩小的描述。
3. The stars danced playfully in the sky. What kind of figure of speech is it?A. SimileB. PersonificationC. MetaphorD. Hyperbole答案：B。
“星星欢快地跳舞”，把星星赋予人的动作“跳舞”，是拟人手法。
选项A 明喻有明显的比喻词；选项C 隐喻没有比喻词；选项D 夸张不符合此句。
4. His words were a sharp knife cutting through my heart. What figure of speech is employed?A. HyperboleB. PersonificationC. MetaphorD. Simile答案：C。
•1)As cold water is to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country. (Proverbs 25—the Bible)•2)He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. (George Eliot)•3)He arose joint by joint, as a carpenter’s rule opens, and beat th e dust from his clothes. (The Cop and the Anthem)•4) Della’s beautiful hair fell about her, rippling and shining like a cascade of brown waters.5)The ruby shall be redder than a red rose, and the sapphire shall beas blue as the great sea. (Oscar Wilde)•6)A man without knowledge is like a house without foundation. •7)Air to us is what water is to fish.•8)Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.•9)Wisdom is to the mind what health is to the body.•Macbeth) •2)If music be the food of love, play on. (Shakespeare, Twelfth Night) •3)Some books are to be ___, others to be ___, and some few to be ___ and ___. (Francis Bacon, Of Studies)•4)All the world’s a stage,•And all men and women merely players;•They have their exits and entrances,•And one man in his time plays many parts,•His acts being seven ages…•(Shakespeare As You Like It)•5)He was strangled in the net of gossip.•6)His life became a whirlwind of design meetings, client conferences, and last-minute decisions.The Use of Simile and MetaphorTry to be idiomaticspend money like wateras American as apple pieas strong as a horsework like horsesas stupid as a gooseas dry as sawdust(wet) like a drowned rata black sheepfish in the air••2)The wind whistled through the trees.•The wind was moaning through the trees.•3)If not always in a hot mood to smash, the sea is always stealthily ready for a drowning. (Joseph Conrad)•4)The sky rejoices in the morning’s birth. (Wordsworth Resolution and Independence)•Examples made by some students:•5)The rose blushes in the morning breeze.•6)The leaves are trembling in the wind.•7)Please water the thirsty flowers.•8)Look at the smiling moon. How bright it is!•Metonymy is a figure of speech which involves the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. In other words, it involves a “change of name”; the substituted name suggest s the thing meant. •1)He must have been spoiled from the cradle.•2)You can get a good cup at Black’s café.•3)The whole town went out to welcome him.•4) Sword and cross in hand, the European conquerors fell upon the continent of America.•5)The pen is mightier than the sword.•Grey hair should be respected.•We are reading Dickens/listening to Beethoven.•I very much like to buy an iPhone, only my purse does not allow me that luxury.•6>He was on the bottle for 5 years.•hit the bottle•7>Her heart ruled her head.•8>Whitehall refused to confirm the reports.•9>the Pentagon•10>Oval Office; (Capitol) Hill; Madison Avenue; Fleet Street•The soldiers swore to fight for the hearth and the altar.Unchecked violence has already dulled the luster of the Big Apple. The daunting task before its leaders is to prevent it from rotting to the core. •bar•Reasons for its wide use•Synecdoche involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. Some experts also use synecdoche to refer to the substitution between the abstract and the concrete.•The part for the whole•1)They counted 50 sails in the harbor.•2)He paid the workers $5 per head.•3)Yet there were some stout hearts who attempted resistance. (Ceril Scott Forester)They seek office, not to be useful to the state, but for the loaves and fishes.•The whole for the part; the material for the thing made•1)The birds sang to welcome the smiling year.•2)The doctor cut me open and took out the appendix.•3)She was dressed in silks.•4)Cotton suits you.•The abstract for the concrete•All the rank came out to see the sight.•The concrete for the abstract•She allowed the mother to be overruled by the judge and declared her own son guilty.•He has a smooth/ silver / evil/ rough/ sharp/ acid/ civil/ glib/ bitter/ bad/ wicked/ long/ oily tongue.•have/ be a big mouth• a crude-mouthed guy•sweet tooth••2)For she was beautiful—her beauty made the bright world dim,… (Percy Bysshe Shelley: The Witch of Atlas)•3)Hamlet: I loved Ophelia: forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quality of love, make up my sum.•4)You always make the same mistake. I have warned you 1000 times. •5)It’s ages since we met last time.•6)No book in the world is more difficult than this linguistic book. Reading it is absolute torture.•7)After TEM4, I could sleep for a year.•8)From his mouth flowed speech sweeter than honey.•9)I beg a thousand pardons.•10)Polly, I love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars and the constellations of outer space.•Thanks a million. (v)•Thanks a billion. (x)••Litotes is understatement by the use of negatives.•1)The face wasn’t a bad one; it had what they called charm. (John Galsworthy)•2)That was no mean achievement.•3)But to Darwin this was no light/ no laughing matter.•4)I know he is no fool.•5)I lost not a little over cards.•6)This piece of work is nothing to be proud of.•Meiosis is understatement without the use of negatives. Instead, it uses expressions like a little, a bit, kind of, sort of, almost, hardly, scarcely, etc.•1)The little boy broke a vase and was a little upset.•2)The girl is a bit slow for her age.•3)He was a little too previous in making the decision.•mean on the surface.•1)This hard-working boy seldom reads over an hour every week. •2)It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in one’s pocket.•3)Robbing an old widow of her money was certainly a noble act. •4)The child picked up the spectacles and put them on. “Now you look as wise as an owl,” said his father affectionately.••by the joining of 2 contrasting or contradictory terms.•1)The government’s response to the report has been a deafening silence.•2)Barbara --- who declines interviews but is said to have loved the Barbie doll --- may be the most famous unknown figure on the planet. •3)The Poverty of Affluence: Choosing Our Success•---When Robert Reich noticed that work was costing him his personal life, he stepped down as U. S. Secretary of Labor to reflect on what “success” really means.•Different forms of oxymoron:•1)adj.+n. careful carelessness, orderly chaos,•tearful joy, honest thief, sweet torment/pain, thunderous silence, jarring concord, proud humility, luxurious poverty, noble lie, cold welcome, a generous miser, an enlightened despot•2)adj.+adj. cold pleasant manner, poor rich guys, bitter-sweet memories, bad good news•3)ad.+adj. mercifully fatal, falsely true,•splendidly alone, disagreeably pleasant laugh•4)v.+ad. hasten slowly, shine darkly, groan loudly•5)n.+n. a love-hate relationship••one considered harsh or indelicate.•stupid/mentally retarded:•He is a bit slow for his age.slow; simple; simple-minded; innocent; naive; not all there;empty-headed; one’s thick head; dull; dumb; all thumbs; underachiever•poor/penniless:•(be) hard up; in reduced circumstances; badly off; in a (bad) spot;financially challenged; the havenots; the needy; underprivileged; deprived; disadvantaged; feel the pinch•old age•old age: getting on (in years); past one’s prime; feeling one’s age; be advanced in years; an advanced age; second childhood; the veterans; elderly; golden ager; experienced; hardened; seasoned; weathered •“I respect John McCain for his half-century of service to this country. But he is on the wrong side of history right now.”•dismiss/discharge/fire•lay off; release; give/get the walking ticket; give/get the sack; sack; downsize; get a pink slip; idle; redundancy•General Electric is ready to idle 75000 according to Business Week Online. (Time, 2001)•I regret having to make so many staff redundant.•in debt: in difficultiesdole: relief; welfare; benefit(s); entitlement•death penalty: capital punishment•lie: tell a fairy story/ tale•grave (noun)•We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. (Abraham Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address)•The functions of euphemism•This device is extremely popular with both poets and writers. In this device the same consonant sound is repeated at intervals in the initial position of words.• A. a feature of tongue-twisters•She sells sea-shells on the seashore.• A big bowl was broken by Barbara.•Round the rocks runs a river.•Down the drive dashed dashing Dan.•Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepper prepared by his parents and put them in a big paper plate.• B. a rhetorical device in literature•1)And sings a solitary song,•That whistles in the wind. (Wordsworth)•2)Freedom is not given free to any who ask, liberty is not born of the Gods. She is a child of the people, born in the very height and heat of battle… (F. Norris)• C. in proverbial and idiomatic expressionswax and wane; think thrice and then act, look before you leap; now or never; in weal and woe; better safe than sorry; go to rack and ruin; bolt from the blue; give the devil his due; beat the band; burn one' s boat/bridges; carry coals to NewcastleWaste not, want not.Practise what you preach.Bite the bullet! The darkest hour is the nearest dawn. I bet you’ll soon turn the tables.Sir, there is no royal road to learning.An empty sack cannot stand upright.•Proverbial and idiomatic expressions.•8) as bare as the back; as large as life; as blind as a bat; (as) bold as brass; (as) brisk as a bee; as brown as a berry; as busy as a bee; as clear as crystal; as close as a clam; (as) cool as a cucumber; as different as chalk from/ and cheese; (as) fit as a fiddle; as good as gold; as green as grass; as hungry as a hawk/ hunter; as plain as print; as pretty as picture; as proud as a peacock; as red as a rose; as right as rain; as slow as a snail; as still as a statue; as thick as thieves; as weak as water; (as) bright as a button• D. in ads and journalistic writings•1)(Titles of articles): Bye, Bye, Balanced Budget•2) For comfort, convenience, superb service and more flights to Japan—YOU CAN DEPEND ON US. Cathay Pacific•3) Over the years, Korea’s relationships with America have long seesawed between peace and peril. (The Times)•Application•She’s determined to win, by fair means or foul.•by hook or by crook•You shall judge a man by his foes as well as by his friends.(Joseph Conrad)•Above all, from trivial things to life philosophy, friends indisputably play an important role in influencing young adults. So it is critical for young adults to find true friends who will stand by them rain or shine. ___0402 邵艳萍•writer thinks are familiar to his readers.•Chief sources of English allusion: nursery rhymes, fairy tales, folk tales, legends, Greek and Roman mythology, Bible stories, parables, and the works of great writers•The House of the Seven Gables(Nathaniel Hawthorne) •Absalom, Absalom! (William Faulkner)•That expectation could prove the Achilles’ heel of the project.(The Economist)•I learned a great many new words that day. I do not remember what they all were; but I do know that mother, father, sister, teacher were among them --- words that were to make the world blossom for me, “like Aaron's rod, with flowers.” (Helen Keller, The Most Important Day• A transferred epithet is, as its name implies, a figure of speech where an adjective or descriptive phrase is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify to another which it does not really belong to. •Roosevelt listened with bright-eyed smiling attention.•Point out the transferred epithets in the following sentences.Though Hilary Clinton was frequently dogged by troubles for years, she always puts on a brave face in public.•She has very expensive taste(s) in clothes.•Hans shrugged his scornful shoulders.Throughout his trial he maintained a dignified silence.•He is not an easy poet.•Application•It was the end of my exhausting first day as tutor.•(0304 Yu Cui) Tears quietly rolled down my cold face, only to leave two sad trails.•When I was in difficulties, she gave me an assuring /a reassuring hand.•Try to interpret the following expressions which consist of transferred epithet.•purposeless days; a murderous knife; angry fist; an understanding smile; a sympathetic look; nervous hours; sleepless/ restless nights; cold shoulder; a sleepless bed•transferred epithet: association of contiguity•personification/metaphor/simile: association of similarity •metonymy/synecdoche: association of relatednesssynesthesia vs. transferred epithetTransference/empathy vs. transferred epithet。
下面介绍一些英语作文中常用的修辞手法。
1. 比喻(metaphor)比喻就是打比方。
可分为明喻和暗喻：明喻(simile)：用like, as, as...as, as if(though) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。
例如：O my love's like a red, red rose. 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。
The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。
他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。
He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。
Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. 童年就像一场疾逝的梦。
暗喻(metaphor)：用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事物。
例如：He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。
The world is a stage. 世界是一个大舞台。
2. 换喻(metonymy)用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物，就会使人联想到另一种。
比如用the White House 代替美国政府或者总统，用the bottle来代替wine 或者alcohol，用the bar 来代替the legal profession，用crown代替king等。
例如：His purse would not allow him that luxury. 他的经济条件不允许他享受那种奢华。
The mother did her best to take care of the cradle. 母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。
He succeeded to the crown in 1848. 他在1848年继承了王位。
3. 提喻(synecdoche)指用部分代表整体或者用整体代表部分，以特殊代表一般或者用一般代表特殊。
英语写作修辞讲义英语修辞学(Rhetoric) English Figures of Speech**************************************以下部分请自学***********************************英语修辞的一般规律与特点General principles and features of English rhetoric1. 关系词丰富，介词、连词、关系代词和关系副词等的充分利用，使英语成为一种更为形式的语言，即以形合为主的语言。
而汉语是以意合为主的语言。
That is our policy and that is our declaration.这就是我们的国策。
这就是我们的宣言。
If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？这就是他所以这么快就要离开的原因。
2. 英语名词用得多，汉语动词用得多。
因此，从总体修辞效果上看，英语呈静态，汉语呈动态。
I fell madly in love with her, and she – with me. 我疯狂地爱上了她，她也疯狂地爱上了我。
A woman with fair opportunities, and without an absolute hump may marry whom she likes.一个女人只要不是驼背驼得厉害，机会好的话，想嫁给谁就嫁给谁。
Laser is one of the most sensational developments in recent years, because of its applicability to many fields of science and its adaptability to practical uses.激光可以应用于许多科学领域，又适合于各种实际用途，因此成了近年来轰动一时的科学成就之一。
3. 英语有“物称倾向”，即主语往往是表示无生命物体的名词或表示事物的名词词组。
汉语则有明显的“人称倾向”，即句子的主语往往是人或有生命的东西。
My heart went out to the old warrior as spectat ors pushed by him to shake Darrow’s hand.观众从他身边挤过去争相与达罗握手时，我很同情这位久经沙场的老将。
Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.这位曾使全世界的人发出笑声的人自己却饱受辛酸。
The sight of his native place called back his childhood. 见到自己的故乡，他想起了童年的情景。
The old man’s death was calm and peaceful. （那位）老人死得很安详。
4. 英语被动句用得多，汉语主动句用得多。
这更说明了英语的“物称倾向”。
An illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post (January 17, 1962).《华盛顿邮报》（1962年1月17日）的一篇社论提供了一个例子。
It has been known for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and liver.长期以来，大家知道心脏和肝脏的关系是最重要的。
The challenge from the Third World has always been foreseen by our shipping companies.我国的海运公司总能预见来自第三世界的挑战。
5. 英语多用长句和复合句。
With the gaining of our political freedom you will remember that there came a conflict between the point of view of Alexander Hamilton, sincerely believing in the superiority of government by a small group of public-spirited and usually wealthy citizens, and, on the other hand, the point of view of Thomas Jefferson, and advocate of government by representatives chosen by all the people, and advocate of the universal right of free thought and free personal living and free religion and free expression of opinion and, above all, the right of free universal suffrage.想必你们还记得，在我们获得政治自由之后，亚历山大·汉密尔顿和托马斯·杰弗逊两人在观点上发生了分歧。
汉密尔顿对于由一小群热心公益且往往有钱的公民掌管的政府的优越性坚信不疑。
杰弗逊则主张政府必须由全民选出的代表掌管。
他还主张公民普遍享有思想自由、居住自由、宗教自由和言论自由的权利，特别是享有普选权利。
6. 英语大量使用抽象名词，这类名词涵义概括，指称笼统，覆盖面广，往往有一种“虚”、“泛”、“暗”、“曲”、“隐”的魅力，因而便于用来表达复杂的思想和微妙的情绪。
The signs of the times point to the necessity of the modification of the system of administration.管理体制需要改革，这已越来越清楚了。
No year passes now without evidence of the truth of the statement that the work of government is becoming increasingly difficult. 行政管理工作已变得越来越困难了，每年都证明确实如此。
**************************************以上部分请自学***********************************1.Why Do We Learn Rhetoric?2.classification:1. Figures of resemblance or relationship.1) Simile: 2) Metaphor: 3) Personification: 4) Metonymy:借代 5) Synecdoche: 6) Euphemism:2. Figures of emphasis or understatement.7) Irony 8) overstatement and understatement 10) Oxymoron3. Figures of sound. 11) alliteration:4. Verbal games and gymnastics. 9) Transferred epithet:I. SIMILEThe structure: The signified, the simile marker, and the signifier 本体, 比喻词, 喻体(1) LIKE/AS*****Appreciation1. Life was like a journey full of pitfalls.2. Light as a breeze, soft as a cloud.3. Cool as a mountain stream…cool fresh Consulate.4. Choose an author as you choose a friend.5. Credit lost is like a Venice-glass broken.6. Use a book as a bee does flowers.*****Fill in the blanks.7. (as) blind as a bat (as) cool as a cucumber (as) cold as a marble8. (as) busy as a bee (as) firm as a rock (as) light as a feather9. (as) mute as an oyster (as) strong as a horse like a duck to water like a hen on a hot griddle like a catin a hole10. I wandered lonely as a_________11. Life was like ____________________. You never know what you are going to get!12. The earth is like a spaceship in which energy has to be conserved if we are to continue on a safecourse.*****Imitate writing13. A real friend is like a mirror that can help you see any dirt on your face.14. Beauty is as summer fruits, which are easy to corrupt and cannot last.15. Wit without learning is like a tree without fruit.16. Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.17. Reading without reflecting is like eating without digesting .18. As the waves make towards the pebbled shore, so do our minutes hasten to their end.19. As cold water is to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.20. Praise is like sunlight to the human spirit we cannot flower and grow without it.21. London taxi drivers know the capital like the back of their hands.(2)AS IF/THOUGH1. He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he had come out of a painting.2. The first time I read an excellent book, it was as if I had gained a new friend.3. My handwriting looks as if a swarm of ants, escaping from an ink bottle, had walked over a sheet ofpaper without wiping their legs.4. She looked both young and aging, as if she had just emerged from an illness of some crisis.(3)WHAT句型A is toB whatC is to D和What C is to D, A is to B1. Carlos Lehder was to cocaine transportation what Henry Ford was to cars.2. Judicious praise is to children what the sun is to flowers. (Bovee)3. The pen is to a writer what the gun is to a fighter.4. Intellect is to the mind what sight is to the body.5. Reading is to be the mind what/as exercise is to the body.6. Air is to us what/as water is to fish.7. Marx did for the development of society what Darwin did for the development of the biology.8. What food is to man, that manure is to crops.9. What the blueprint is to the builder , the outline is to the writer.10. What blood vessels are to a man’s body, that railways are to the country.11. What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soul.12. What salt is to food, that wit and humour are to conversation and literature.13. Sometimes pressure can encourage one to work harder. However, pressure is to students what food isto people. It can’t be lacked; it can’t be too much as well.(4)THAN 句型1. A fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears. (William M. Thackeray)2. We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth withoutproducing it. (Bernard Shaw)3. Man cannot help craving for expression any more than birds can help singing.4. So she shows she seems the budding rose, Yet sweeter far than is earthly flower. (Robert Burns: A Red,Red Rose)5. Words cannot be memorized without being used any more than money kept without being put to use.只记单词而不用，就像只存钱而不花钱(5) AND 句型1. A word and a stone let go cannot be recalled.2. Love and cough can not be hid.3. Words and feather are tossed by the wind.4. Truth and roses have thorns about them.5. Kings and bears often worry their keepers.6. A word and a stone let go cannot be recalled.7. Fish and visitors stink in three days.8. Old friends and old wine are best.(6). 动词型1. I compare his genius to a lightning flash.2. He treats his daughter as the apple in the eye.3. Samuel Johnson regarded a dictionary as a watch.4. Passions are likene d best to floods and streams; The shallow murmur, but the deep are dumb…(7) THE WAY(IN WHICH)They worked laboriously and perseveringly the way ants gnaw at a bone.(8)MIGHT AS WELL…AS1. You might as well throw your money into the ditch as give it to him.2. You may as well advise me to give up my fortune as my argument.3. You never listen—I might as well talk to a brick wall (as talk to you).4. II. METAPHORLike a simile, a metaphor compares two essentially dissimilar things, but instead of saying one thing is like another, it equates them, saying “A is B.”*****Appreciation******1. Life is a play.2. He is a wolf when he eats.3. He wolfs his food.4. He has a wolfish appetite.5. Hope is a good breakfast, but it’s a bad supper.6. He has a microwave smile that warms another person without heat.7. I’ve got one of my Sahara thirsts on tonight.8. Her round pillar of a throat was white than ever.9. A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic and flagged me to a stop.10. The ship spread its wings to the breeze.11. All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players.12. Money is a bottomless sea, in which honour, conscience, and truth may be drowned.13. Habit is a cable; every day we weave thread, and soon we cannot break it.14. Her hostility melted.15. Brian was a wall, bouncing every tennis ball back over the net.this metaphor compares Brian to a wall because __________.a. He was very strong.b. He was very tall.c. He kept returning the balls.d. His body was made of cells.16. Cindy was such a mule. We c ouldn’t get her to change her mind.The metaphor compares Cindy to a mule because she was _________.a. always eating oatsb. able to do hard workc. raised on a farmd. very stubbornExtended metaphor17. On blue days, you feel frustrated and anxious, you feel like you are floating in an ocean of sadness.18. Some books are to be tasted; others swallowed; and some few to be chewed and digested.19. Factors for SuccessSuccess is such a beautiful rose on the cliff that everybody is eager to pick it; however, the road to the cliff is by no means smooth. Therefore, if you have a desire for success, you should be armed with three “weapons”: intelligence, efforts and opportunities.In conclusion, as long as you have such three “weapons”——intelligence, efforts and opportunities, obtaining success, the beautiful rose on the cliff, is beyond question! However, metaphors fail if they rely on subjects that are too common. Normally called “dead metaphors”, overused comparisons do nothing to enhance your writing, such as “as black as coal”, “as cold as ice”, “as easy as ABC”III. Personification*****Appreciation1. Spring is coming. How beautiful she is!2. The wind took the house in its teeth and shook it as the dog shakes a rat.3. The baby crocodile thought hard. Then he had an idea.4. The thirst soil drank in the rain.5. The sun smiled down on the green meadow.6. Flowers danced about the lawn.7. The car coughed and died.8. Virtue and vice can not dwell under the same roof.9. The wind whistled through the trees.物称主语往往带有拟人化的修辞色彩，在一定程度上反映了英语民族幽默的性格。
