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目 录2000年山东大学病理学考研真题2001年山东大学病理学考研真题2002年山东大学病理学考研真题（含部分答案）2010年山东大学病理学考研真题（回忆版）2014年山东大学855病理学考研真题2015年山东大学855病理学考研真题及详解2016年山东大学855病理学考研真题2017年山东大学855病理学考研真题2018年山东大学855病理学考研真题2019年山东大学855病理学考研真题2000年山东大学病理学考研真题2001年山东大学病理学考研真题2002年山东大学病理学考研真题（含部分答案）2010年山东大学病理学考研真题（回忆版）一、名词解释1化生2凋亡3肺褐色硬化4硅结节5肺出血肾炎综合症6碎片状坏死7炎性渗出8噬神经细胞现象9Krukenberg瘤二、问答题1出血性梗死形成需要什么条件？好发于哪些器官？各叙述其病理变化。
2从形态学角度叙述肝脏损伤的改变。
3叙述子宫颈上皮内瘤变的情况，子宫颈癌的转移途径。
4哪种肾小球肾炎在小儿表现为肾病综合症？叙述其病理变化。
5EB病毒感染与什么呼吸系统肿瘤有关？叙述其病理变化。
6哪些传染病和寄生虫病可以引起消化道溃疡？叙述他们各自的病理变化。
2014年山东大学855病理学考研真题2015年山东大学855病理学考研真题及详解一、名词解释1答：embolism即栓塞。
在循环血液中出现的不溶于血液的异常物质，随血液运行阻塞血管的现象称为栓塞。
阻塞血管的物质称为栓子。
2答：多形性腺瘤是指由腺组织、黏液样及软骨样组织等多种组织混合而成的一种腺瘤。
常发生于唾液腺，特别是腮腺，由腮腺闰管上皮细胞和肌上皮细胞发生。
由于增生的肌上皮细胞之间可以出现黏液样基质，并可化生为软骨样组织，从而构成多形性的特点。
3答：肺原发综合征是原发性肺结核的病理特征。
肺部感染结核杆菌后，最初在通气良好的上叶下部或下页上部近胸膜处形成1～1.5cm大小的灰白色炎性实变灶，结核杆菌很快侵入淋巴管，随淋巴液引流到肺门局部淋巴结，引起结核性淋巴管炎和肺门淋巴结炎，表现为淋巴结肿大和干酪样坏死。
2015年山东省西医综合《生理学》考试试题一、单项选择题（共25题，每题2分，每题的备选项中，只有1个事最符合题意）1、甲状腺肿大，可触及震颤，见于A．单纯性甲状腺肿B．结节性甲状腺肿C．甲状腺癌D．桥本甲状腺炎E．甲状腺功能亢进症2、当颈动脉窦压力感受器的传入冲动增多时，可引起A．心迷走紧张减弱B．心交感紧张加强C．交感缩血管紧张减弱D．心率加快E．动脉血压升高3、下列哪种乳腺癌发生转移的可能性最小?A．髓样癌B．黏液癌C．硬癌D．导管内癌4、男性30岁，晚餐进食较多，餐后突然上腹刀割样疼痛迅速波及全腹，不敢直腰行走，2小时后急诊求治。
急性痛苦面容，腹式呼吸消失，腹肌强直，有腹膜刺激征，肝浊音界消失，肠鸣消失，最可能的诊断是A．阑尾炎穿孔B．溃疡病穿孔C．胆囊穿孔D．绞窄性肠梗阻E．急性胰腺炎5、下列哪种物质属内生致热原A．革兰阳性细菌产生的外毒素B．革兰阴性细菌产生的内毒素C．体内的抗原抗体复合物D．吞噬细胞被激活后释放的致热原6、促进肾盂鳞状细胞癌的最常见因素是A．血吸虫病B．慢性肾盂肾炎C．苯胺染料(工人) D．肾盂结石7、男性，45岁，肝硬化大量腹水，呼吸困难，用利尿剂后仍尿少。
如需放腹水加输注白蛋白疗法，每次放多少腹水合适A．4000～6000ml B．1500～2000mlC．2500～3500ml D．＜500ml8、风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄者，最常见的心律失常是A．房室传导阻滞B．室性期前收缩C．心房颤动D．室性心动过速9、一病人输血后半小时出现发冷发热，体温38℃，伴有头痛，血压110／70mmHg，可能是A．发热反应B．溶血反应C．过敏反应D．细菌污染反应E．循环超负荷10、下述哪种甲状腺癌的分化最差A．乳头状癌B．滤泡癌C．梭形细胞癌D．嗜酸性细胞腺癌11、下列子宫内膜癌的病理类型中，与化生密切相关的是A．子宫内膜样腺癌B．浆液性腺癌C．透明细胞癌D．鳞状细胞癌12、下列关于骨关节结核的临床表现中，哪项是错误的A．浅表关节早期常有轻度肿胀、疼痛与压痛B．骨与关节结核是慢性病，发病多缓慢，常为多发病灶C．深部关节或脊柱肿胀不明显，需与健侧对比或仔细触摸才能发现D．稍晚则关节呈梭形肿胀，功能障碍和肌萎缩13、膀胱结石的典型症状为A．排尿中断B．肉眼血尿C．肾绞痛D．会阴下坠14、下列疾病中，发热可伴明显肌肉疼痛的是A．钩端螺旋体病B．急性细菌性痢疾C．急性白血病D．急性病毒性肝炎15、内脏痛不具有的特征是A．缓慢、持续、定位不清B．对刺激分辨力差C．主要由自主神经而非躯体神经传入中枢D．对烧灼、切割等刺激敏感16、男，3岁，发现右阴囊内无痛性包块1个月。
2015年山东省专升本生理学（护理学专业）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 单项选择题 2. 多项选择题 3. 判断题 5. 名词解释7. 问答题单项选择题1．能引起机体产生反应的各种环境变化，统称为A．反射B．兴奋C．刺激D．反应正确答案：C2．机体的内环境是指A．体液B．细胞外液C．细胞内液D．组织液正确答案：B3．下列各项中，不属于正反馈调节的是A．血液凝固B．排尿反射C．减压反射D．分娩过程正确答案：C4．在中枢神经系统的参与下，机体对刺激发生的有规律的反应，称为A．兴奋B．反应C．反射D．反馈正确答案：C5．沿神经纤维传导着的动作电位的幅度A．不变B．不断增大C．不规则D．逐步减小正确答案：A6．血液pH值为A．7．15～7．25B．7．25～7．35C．7．35～7．45D．7．45～7．55正确答案：C7．形成血浆渗透压的主要成分是A．球蛋白B．纤维蛋白C．白蛋白D．晶体物质正确答案：D8．正常情况下，血液中数量最多的是A．红细胞B．中性粒细胞C．淋巴细胞D．血小板正确答案：A9．在心脏，传导速度最快的是A．结间束B．房室束C．左右束支D．浦肯野氏纤维正确答案：D10．能代表心室肌前负荷的指标是A．收缩末期容积或压力B．舒张末期容积或压力C．等容收缩期容积或压力D．等容舒张期容积或压力正确答案：B11．每个心动周期按0．8秒计，心室收缩约占A．0．1秒B．0．2秒C．0．3秒D．0．5秒正确答案：C12．从半月瓣关闭到房室瓣开放的时程是A．房缩期B．房舒期C．心室等容收缩期D．心室等容舒张期正确答案：D13．使肾小球滤过率减少的是A．囊内压降低B．血压升高C．血浆蛋白增多D．血浆蛋白减少正确答案：C14．体温调节的基本中枢在A．脊髓B．延髓C．下丘脑D．脑桥正确答案：C15．平静呼吸时，呼吸运动的特点是A．吸气和呼气都是主动的B．吸气是主动的，呼气是被动的C．呼气是主动的，吸气是被动的D．吸气和呼气都是被动的正确答案：B16．决定气体交换方向的主要因素是A．气体溶解度B．气体分压差C．气体分子量D．温度差正确答案：B17．测量基础代谢率，要求的室温应在A．10-20℃B．30-37℃C．25-30℃D．20-25℃正确答案：D18．远处物体投射入眼的光线聚焦乎视网膜之前的是A．远视眼B．近视眼C．散光眼D．正视眼正确答案：B19．引起内脏痛的适宜刺激是A．切割B．烧灼C．缺血D．机械损伤正确答案：C20．心血管活动调节的基本中枢在A．脊髓B．延髓C．下丘脑D．脑桥正确答案：B多项选择题21．神经调节的特点是A．反应迅速B．灵敏而准确C．作用持续时间较短D．作用范围广泛正确答案：A,B,C22．载体介导的易化扩散的特点A．结构特异性B．饱和现象C．竞争性抑制作用D．主要转运离子正确答案：A,B,C23．心率减慢可引起A．心动周期缩短B．射血分数增大C．冠脉血流增加D．心率储备增大正确答案：B,C,D24．胸内负压的生理作用有A．有利于静脉回流B．有利于淋巴液的回流C．有利于肺泡保持扩张状态D．增大气道阻力正确答案：A,B,C25．增加肾小球滤过的因素有A．肾小球毛细血管血压升高B．血浆胶体渗透压降低C．滤过膜的通透性增大D．囊内压升高正确答案：A,B,C判断题26．受刺激后，机体由活动状态转变为相对静止状态称为抑制。
2015年山东省西医综合《生理学》考试试题一、单项选择题（共25题，每题2分，每题的备选项中，只有 1 个事最符合题意）1、患者，女，42岁。
诊断为Cushing综合征，为与肥胖症鉴别，最有价值的表现是A．高血压B．月经少或闭经C．糖耐量减低D．血皮质醇失去昼夜规律2、胆固醇结石多见于A．胆囊内B．肝外胆管内C．肝内胆管内D．胆总管壶腹内3、能使αi亚单位上的ADP核糖基化，并阻止了ai被激活而使腺苷酸环化酶不可逆激活的是A．霍乱毒素B．百日咳毒素C．白喉毒素D．抗毒素A4、正常人血浆的pH为__A．6.35～6.45B．6.50～7.05C．7.10～7.30D．7.35～7.45E．7.50～7.655、神经纤维中相邻两个锋电位的时间间隔至少应大于其A．相对不应期B．绝对不应期C．超常期D．低常期6、以下关于精卵结合的描述，哪项是错误的A．精子需要经过子宫、输卵管，在输卵管壶腹部与卵子相遇B．受精通常发生在输卵管的间质部C．精子与卵子相融合即成为受精卵D．精子和卵子各含23条染色体，受精卵则含有23对染色体7、在癌症患者血液中有幼稚白细胞，说明此患者A．并发了白血病B．已发生了血道转移C．是一种类白血病反应D．已是晚期患者8、使机体功能状态保持相对稳定，依靠体内的A．非自动控制系统B．负反馈控制系统C．正反馈控制系统D．前馈控制系统9、胆固醇是下列哪一种化合物的前体A．维生素A B．辅酶A C．乙酰辅酶A D．胆红素E．皮质醇10、耳蜗微音器电位不具有的特点是A．潜伏期极短B．没有不应期C．对缺氧敏感D．对深麻醉相对不敏感11、典型支气管哮喘发作时最主要的临床表现是A．伴有哮鸣音的吸气性呼吸困难和双肺哮鸣音B．伴有哮鸣音的呼气性呼吸困难和双肺哮鸣音C．伴有哮鸣音的混合性呼吸困难和双肺哮鸣音D．伴有哮鸣音的混合性呼吸困难和粉红色泡沫痰12、下列各项中，对于确诊恶性肿瘤最有意义的是A．放射性核素扫描B．计算机X线断层扫描(CT) C．免疫学检查D．活体组织病理学检查13、切断家兔颈部双侧迷走神经后使呼吸A．变深变快B．变浅变快C．变深变慢D．变浅变慢E．无变化14、下列关于稳态的论述，错误的是A．维持内环境理化性质相对恒定的状态称为稳态B．稳态是一种复杂的由体内各种调节机制所维持的动态平衡C．内环境理化性质保持绝对平衡状态称为稳态D．稳态不能维持，机体的生命即受到威胁15、预防性应用抗生素的适应证应除外A．人造物置留手术B．大面积烧伤C．甲状腺瘤手术后D．结肠手术前肠道准备16、用凝胶过滤层析(交联葡聚糖凝胶)柱分离蛋白质时，下列哪项是正确的A．分子体积最大的蛋白质最先洗脱下来B．分子体积最小的蛋白质最先洗脱下来C．不带电荷的蛋白质最先洗脱下来D．带电荷的蛋白质最先洗脱下来E．没有被吸附的蛋白质最先洗脱下来17、CO、H2S能抑制的细胞色素(Cyt)是A．Cyt a B．Cyt aa3 C．Cyt b D．Cyt c E．Cyt c118、女性，38岁，右侧中等量胸腔积液，胸水检查结果：淡红色，比重1.018，白细胞总数264×106/L，Rivaha试验阳性，蛋白定量胸水/血清为1.0，LDH568U/L，葡萄糖定量3.4mmol/L，应首先考虑的诊断为A．结核性B．风湿性C．肿瘤性D．细菌性肺炎E．肺梗塞19、丙酮酸脱氢酶复合体中最终接受底物脱下的2H的辅助因子是A．FAD B．硫辛酸C．辅酶A D．NAD+20、大肠癌的发生是多步骤过程，在持续过程中哪一步是最早发生的?A．APC突变B．ras突变C．DCC丢失D．p53突变21、临床上测定能量代谢时，为了简便，通常只需测定A．一定时间内的CO2产生量B．非蛋白氧热价C．非蛋白呼吸商D．一定时间内的氧耗量22、Cushing综合征的典型表现不包括A．向心性肥胖B．多血质外貌C．阵发性头痛、心慌、出汗D．满月脸23、肉芽肿中的多核巨细胞主要来源于A．纤维母细胞B．单核细胞C．肥大细胞D．中性粒细胞24、缺铁性贫血采用铁剂治疗，观察疗效时的最早标志是A．血红蛋白上升B．MCH增多C．MCV增大D．网织红细胞增高25、下列血浆蛋白中，具有运输胆红素的是A．清蛋白B．α1球蛋白C．α2球蛋白D．β球蛋白二、多项选择题（共25 题，每题2分，每题的备选项中，有 2 个或 2 个以上符合题意，至少有1 个错项。
2015年山东省专升本考试《生理学（医学影像技术专业）》真题(总分100, 考试时间90分钟)1. 单项选择题1. 液态镶嵌模型的核心是A 脂质双分子层为膜的基架B 蛋白质分子层为膜的基架C 单糖分子层为膜的基架D 胆固醇分子层为膜的基架答案:A2. 下列生理过程需直接消耗能量的是A 维持静息电位的钾外流B 引起动作电位去极相的钠内流C 引起动作电位复极相的钾外流D 肌质网摄入钙答案:D3. 关于最适前负荷的论述错误的是A 最适前负荷时肌小节长度为2．0～2．2μmB 最适前负荷时肌肉收缩效果最好C 最适前负荷时所有横桥都能进行横桥循环D 无论后负荷如何变化，最适前负荷时肌收缩的功率最大答案:D4. 可兴奋细胞去极化到阈电位A 使K + 通道大量激活B 使K + 通道关闭C 使Na + 通道大量激活D 使Na + 通道大量失活答案:C5. 离子的电-化学平衡电位A 依赖膜两侧离子的浓度比值B 两侧浓度梯度为零时将等于零C 电位差等于某种离子的平衡电位时，没有这种离子的跨膜净流动D 当达到某种离子的平衡电位时，膜两侧该离子的浓度相等答案:C6. 所谓红细胞凝集反应是指A 红细胞重叠在一起的现象B 红细胞凝集成团的现象C 红细胞被纤维蛋白网罗的现象D 血液从流体变成胶冻状态的现象答案:B7. 影响冠脉血流量的重要因素主要是A 主动脉压的高低B 心缩期的长短和收缩压的高低C 血液粘滞性大小D 心舒期的长短和舒张压的高低8. 长期高血压患者，压力感受性反射A 敏感性降低B 敏感性升高C 敏感性不变D 发生重调定答案:D9. 心室肌有效小应期的长短主要取决于A 动作电位0期去极的速度B 阈电位水平的高低C 动作电位2期的长短D 动作电位复极末期的长短答案:C10. 影响外周阻力的主要因素是A 血液粘滞度B 红细胞数C 血管长度D 小动脉口径答案:D11. 期前收缩之后出现代偿间歇的原因是A 窦房结的节律性兴奋延迟发放B 窦房结的节律性兴奋少发放一次C 窦房结的节律性兴奋传出速度大大减慢D 窦房结的一次节律性兴奋落在期前收缩的有效不应期中答案:D12. 心肌不会产生强直收缩，其原因是A 心肌是功能上的合胞体B 心肌肌浆网不发达，Ca 2+ 贮存少C 心肌的有效不应期特别长D 心肌呈"全或无"收缩答案:D13. 房室延搁的生理意义是A 使心室肌不会产生完全强直收缩B 使心率不至过快C 使心律整齐D 使心房、心室不会同时收缩答案:D14. 关于脂肪吸收的叙述，正确的是A 脂肪酸、甘油一酯、甘油及胆固醇均可被小肠黏膜上皮细胞吸收B 进入细胞内的脂肪酸、甘油一酯等的去路取决于脂肪酸分子的大小C 脂肪的吸收途径主要以淋巴为主D 脂肪吸收有血液和淋巴两种途径答案:C15. 影响能量代谢的最主要因素是A 肌肉活动B 精神活动C 食物的特殊动力作朋D 环境温度16. 使肾小球滤过率降低的因素是A 肾小球毛细血管血压的降低B 血浆蛋白的减少C 肾小球的血浆流量的增加D 近端小管重吸收量的增加答案:A17. 酒精擦浴降温主要是增加了皮肤的A 传导散热B 对流散热C 辐射散热D 蒸发散热答案:D18. 感音性耳聋的病变部位在A 外耳道B 耳蜗C 鼓膜D 听骨链答案:B19. 反射时问的长短主要决定于A 传入与传出纤维的传导速度B 刺激的强弱和性质C 中枢参与突触的多少D 感受器的敏感性答案:C20. 视力与视角的关系是A 视角越大，视力越好B 视角越小，视力越差C 视角越小，视力越好D 视角为零，视力最差答案:C3. 判断题1. 当肌肉收缩的后负荷为0时，肌肉收缩的速度最快，因此功率也最大。
一、名词解释 1. 结构域 2. 双向电泳 3. 手性碳原子 4. 复性5. 氧化磷酸化的街偶联剂6. 联合脱氨作用7. 酮体8. 糖酵解途径 9. 反密码子 10. 启动子 11. 滚环复制 12. 内含子二、判断题1. 缩短磷脂分子中脂酸的碳氢链，可提升细胞膜流动性。
2. 蛋白质β-折叠通过侧链间形成氢键而稳定。
3. 质谱法可用于测蛋白质一级结构。
4. 某化合物和茚三酮反应生成蓝紫色，因此它是氨基酸或蛋白质。
5. 同种磷脂酸sn-1, sn-3型是旋光对映体。
6. α-D-Glc与β-D-Glc在溶液中可互变并有平衡。
7. 糖构型由分子中距羰基碳最远的碳上的氢氧根方向决定。
8. 蛋白质分子的亚基、结构域是相同概念。
9. 对密度均一的球状蛋白，蛋白质分子量上升，其亲水侧链的氨基酸残基与疏水侧链氨基酸残基的比值降低。
10. 必需基团指酶活性中心外，对维持酶空间构象必须的基团。
11. TCA循环不仅是各类有机物最终氧化分解共同途径，也是各有机物互变的“联络机构”，一定条件下可逆转。
12. 有活性的蛋白激酶可激活糖原合成酶，抑制糖原磷酸化酶。
13. 生物素是丙酮酸脱氢酶系的辅酶之一。
14. 细胞色素C氧化酶直接将电子传递给氧气。
15. 肠粘膜细胞中由甘油一酯合成脂肪的途径为甘油一酯合成途径。
16. 尿素在肝线粒体内生成。
17. 脂酸经β-氧化循环没生成1mol乙酰COA可产生5molATP，同时消耗2mol氧原子。
18. 脂肪酸全程合成（脂酸合成酶系作用）需要丙二酸单酰COA作中间物提供活化的二碳供体。
19. 二硝基苯酚和寡霉素都可抑制线粒体氧化磷酸化作用，但二硝基苯酚的存在下加赤霉素则对电子传递过程无影响。
20. Met为必需氨基酸，动植物中不能合成，但是微生物中可以合成。
21. 自然界每个基因第一个密码自己是ATG，编码甲硫氨酸。
22. 有信号肽的蛋白质就能被分泌到胞外。
23. 大肠杆菌DNA聚合酶I具5＇-3＇外切酶活性，也可以RNA为底物。
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合考研真题一.A型题：1～120题。
1～90小题，每小题1.5分；91～120小题，每小题2分，共195分。
1. 下列生理功能活动中，主要通过体液途径完成的调节是BA 沙尘飞入眼球引起的闭眼动作B 大量出汗引起尿量减少C 食物入口引起唾液分泌D 肢体发动随意运动考点：神经调节和体液调节的概念和区分2. 当细胞膜去极化和复极化时，相关离子的跨膜转运方式是AA 经通道易化扩散B 原发性主动转运C 继发性主动转运D 经载体易化扩散考点：.细胞的跨膜物质转运的方式3. 下列情况下，明显延长神经细胞动作电位时程的是AA 部分阻断钾通道B 升高细胞膜阈电位C 减小刺激的强度D部分阻断钠通道考点：动作电位的产生的离子基础4. 下列情况下，能使红细胞渗透脆性增高的是BA 血浆胶体渗透压降低B 红细胞表面积/体积比降低C 红细胞膜内磷脂/胆固醇比升高D 血浆晶体渗透压升高考点：红细胞的理化性质的渗透脆性5. 凝血酶原酶复合物的组成是B考点：凝血过程中凝血酶原复合物的组成物质6. 心室功能减退病人代偿期射血分数下降的原因是BA 每搏输出量减少B 心室腔异常扩大C 心肌细胞增生肥大D 每分输出量减少考点：心脏的泵血功能评定7. 影响血流阻力最重要的因素是DA 血液黏度B 血流形式C 血流速度D 血管口径考点：血流阻力的影响因素8. 肺纤维化病人，1秒用力呼气量（FEV1）/用力肺活量（FVC）的检查结果是CA FEV1减少，FVC基本不变，FEV1/FVC减小B FEV1基本不变，FVC减小，FEV1/FVC增大C FEV1和FVC均减小，FEV1/FVC基本不变D FEV1和FVC均增大，FEV1/FVC基本不变考点：肺通气和肺换气的评定指标的意义9. 人在高原地区，当吸入气的氧分压大于60mmHg时，血红蛋白氧饱和度为DA 60%~69%B 70%~79%C 80%~89%D 90%~99%考点：正常人血氧饱和度的值10. 实验切断家兔双侧颈迷走神经后，呼吸运动的改变是DA 呼吸幅度减小，频率减慢B 呼吸幅度增大，频率加快C 呼吸幅度减小，频率加快D 呼吸幅度增大，频率减慢考点：肺牵张反射中肺扩张反射的生理意义11. 进食引起胃容受性舒张的支配神经是CA 交感神经胆碱能纤维B 迷走神经胆碱能纤维C 迷走神经肽能纤维D 交感神经肾上腺素能纤维考点：胃的容受性舒张的迷走神经支配12. 在胰脂肪酶消化脂肪的过程中，辅脂酶起的作用是BA 将胰脂肪酶原转变为胰脂肪酶B 防止胰脂肪酶从脂滴表面被清除C 促进胰腺细胞分泌大量胰脂肪酶D 提高胰脂肪酶对脂肪的酶解速度考点：辅脂酶的作用13. 下列物质中，主要在回肠被吸收的是C考点：主要食物的吸收部位14. 下列关于体温正常变动的叙述，正确的是BA 体温的昼夜变化可超过1℃B 成年女性的提问平均高于男性0.3℃C 育龄期女性基础体温以排卵日为最高D 通常成年人体温高于儿童考点：体温及其正常变动15. 在肾小球滤过膜中起机械屏障作用的主要结构是DA 毛细血管内皮细胞B 肾小囊脏层上皮细胞C 肾小囊脏层足细胞足突裂隙膜D 毛细血管内皮下基膜考点：肾小球滤过膜解剖特点C 考点：各段肾小管和集合管对H+、NH3、K+的分泌17. 静脉推注少量高浓度葡萄糖时出现尿量增多的原因是AA 肾小球滤过率升高B 血浆胶体渗透压下降C 肾血流量增多D 肾小管液溶质浓度升高考点：渗透性利尿18.在设计视力表时，考虑判断人眼视力高低的标准是BA 人眼所能看清楚的物体大小B 视网膜中央凹处最小的清晰像大小C视网膜中央凹以外最小的清晰像大小D 人眼所能看清楚物体的距离考点：眼的视觉功能、视力的定义19.电突触传递的一般特点是CA 单向，低电阻，快速B单向，高电阻，慢速C双向，低电阻，快速D 双向，高电阻，慢速考点：电突触传递与化学性突触传递特征的对比20.查体巴宾斯基征阳性提示皮层脊髓侧束损伤的条件是DA 婴儿在清醒状态下B 成人在熟睡状态下C成人在麻醉状态下D成人在清醒状态下考点：巴宾斯基征阳性出现的状态：婴儿因皮层脊髓束发育尚未完全，成人在深睡或麻醉状态下可出现21.在甲状腺激素合成中，不需要甲状腺过氧化物酶催化的过程是AA 滤泡聚碘B 碘的活化C酪氨酸碘化D碘化酪氨酸缩合考点：甲状腺激素的合成的过程22.机体在遇到环境因素紧急变化时，即刻被调动的系统是BA迷走-胰岛系统B 交感-肾上腺髓质系统C 下丘脑-神经垂体系统D 肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统考点：应急反应与应激反应所动员的系统区别23.通过旁分泌的方式抑制胰岛素分泌的激素是CA 抑胃肽B 肾上腺素C 生长抑素D 胰高血糖素考点：胰岛素分泌的抑制因素24.孕激素对子宫的生理作用是AA 促进子宫内膜增厚和分泌B 提高子宫平滑肌的兴奋性C 提高子宫肌对缩宫素的敏感性D 促进子宫颈分泌黏液考点：孕激素的生理作用25.使血清白蛋白（pI为4.7）带正电荷的溶液PH值是AA 4.0B 5.0C 6.0D 7.0考点：等电点PI值的定义和意义26.能使外源性侵入基因表达的mRNA降解的核酸是CA snRNAB hnRNAC siRNAD scRNA考点：非mRNA小RNA系统的作用BA 竞争性抑制B 非竞争性抑制C 反竞争性抑制D 不可逆抑制考点：各种酶的抑制作用的特点28.下列维生素中，其衍生物参与形成丙酮酸脱氢酶复合体的是DA 磷酸吡哆醛B 生物素C 叶酸D 泛酸考点：参与组成辅酶的维生素29. 体内提供NADPH的主要代谢途径是BA 糖酵解途径B磷酸戊糖途径C 糖的有氧氧化D 糖异生考点：磷酸戊糖途径的生理意义30.下列磷脂中，合成代谢过程需进行甲基化的是BA 磷脂酰乙醇胺B 磷脂酰胆碱C 磷脂酰丝氨酸D 磷脂酸考点：甘油磷脂及鞘磷脂的合成过程31.可被巨噬细胞和血管内皮细胞吞噬和清除的脂蛋白是AA LDLB VLDLC CMD HDL考点：血浆脂蛋白的代谢32.氧化磷酸化抑制剂鱼藤酮存在时，1分子琥珀酸经呼吸链传递生成的ATP数是CA 0B 1C 1.5D 2.5考点：生物体内氧化呼吸链的两条途径33.在尿素生成过程中，直接提供氨基的氨基酸是AA 天冬氨酸B 谷氨酸C 精氨酸D 鸟氨酸考点：尿素的生成—鸟氨酸循环的过程34.嘌呤核苷酸从头合成时首先生成的核苷酸中间产物是DA UMPB GMPC AMPD IMP考点：嘌呤核苷酸从头合成的过程35.参与维持DNA复制保真性的因素是CA 密码的简并性B DNA的SOS修复C DNA聚合酶的核酸外切酶活性D氨基酰tRNA合成酶对氨基酸的高度特异性考点：DNA复制保真性依赖的三种机制36、原核生物转录起始点上游-10区的一致性序列是AA Pribnow盒B GC盒C UAAD TTATTT考点：Pribnow盒的定义37、镰刀形红细胞贫血患者血红蛋白β基因链上CTC转变成CAC，这种突变是BA 移码突变B 错义突变C 无义突变D 同义突变考点：镰刀形红细胞贫血的发生机制38、原核生物乳糖操纵子受CAP调节，结合并活化CAP的分子是CA 阻遏蛋白B RNA聚合酶C cAMPD cGMP考点：乳糖操纵子中分解物基因激活蛋白CAP39、下列蛋白质中，属于小G蛋白的是DA异三聚体G蛋白B Grb2C.MAPKD.Ras考点：膜受体介导的信号传导途径Ras40.胆固醇在体内的主要代谢去路是AA.合成初级胆汁酸B.直接排出体外C.转化为类固醇激素D.转化为维生素D3的前体考点：胆固醇的代谢去路41.男性，25岁。
山东大学/医学院/英文原版/生理试题A/B真题卷（考前必做版）(含答案）Terminal Examination of Physiology (A)I. Select the Correct Answer (1 mark each, 40 in total)1.Extracellular fluid was termed ― Internal Environment‖ of the human body byA.Claude BernardB. HarveyC. PavlovD. HodgkinE. Cannon2. Inactivation of the sodium-potassium pump will causeA.An increase in intracellular volumeB.An increase in intracellular K+ concentrationC.Hyperpolarization of membrane potentialD.Increase in the excitability of nerve cellE.An increase in flow of sodium out of cell3. Depolarization of an axon is produced byA.Inward diffusion of Na+B. Active extrusion of K+C. Outward diffusion of K+D. Inward active transport of Na+E. Inward diffusion of Ca2+4. Which one of the following processes is not included in a cross bridge cycle?A. Myosin head is energizedB. B. Attachment of cross bridge to actinC. Power stroke causes contractionD. Detachments of heads from actinE. Excitation causes filament sliding5. Which one of the following is not the effect of preload on muscle contraction?A. In a limited range, tension caused by isometric contraction increases with the length.B. At optimal initial length a maximum tension is developedC. Tension declines when the length is shorter than optimal initial lengthD. Tension increases when the length is longer than optimal initial lengthE. Maximal active tension developed at length 2~2.2 μm of sarcomere6. Which of the following would cause a decrease in stroke volume:A．block the conduction of the vagus nerveB．stimulation of the sympathetic nerves to the heartC．decrease of the pressure in the carotid sinusD．an increase in the end-diastolic pressureE．from lying position to upright position7. If a person has an arterial pressure of 125/75 mmHg,A. The pulse pressure is 40 mmHgB. The mean arterial pressure is 92 mmHgC. Diastolic pressure is 80 mmHgD. Systolic pressure is 120 mmHgE. The mean arterial pressure is 100 mmHg8. Of the following substances, which has an effect on vascular resistance that is opposite to the effect of the others?A. vasopressinB. bradykininB. norepinephrineD. angiotensionE. none of the above9. The membrane potential of a ventricular myocardium is closest to equilibrium potential of K+ duringA. Phase 0 of the action potentialB. Phase 2 of the action potentialC. Phase 3 of the action potentialD. Phase 4 of the action potentialE. The effective refractory period10. Which of the following agents or changes has a negative inotropic effect on the heartA. Increased heart rateB. Sympathetic stimulationC. NorepinephrineD. AcetylcholineE. Cardiac glycosides11. Minimum aortic pressure during the cardiac cycle is attainedA. immediately after closure of the aortic semilunar valveB. immediately before opening of the aortic semilunar valveC. immediately before opening of the atrioventricular valvesD.in mid-diastoleE. none of the above12. If you know the stroke volume, the only other thing you need to know to be able to determine the cardiac output isA. heart rateB. afterloadC. preloadD. ventricular contractilityE. end-systolic volume13. The main reason of the formation of intrapleural negative pressure isA. Elastic recoil force of the lungB. Surface tensionC. Airway resistanceD. Contraction of the inspiratory musclesE. Intrapulmonary pressure14. Which of the following in arterial blood exerts the most important control on ventilation under normal conditions?A. PO2,B. PCO2,C. pHD. 2,3-DPGE. PCO15. A lack of normal surfactant will result inA. Increased lung complianceB. Stabilization of alveolar volumeC. Increased retractive force of the lungsD. Reduced alveolar-arterial O2 tension differenceE. Increased partial pressure of O2 in blood16. Which of the following shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?A. Reduction in temperatureB. Reduction in pHC. Reduction in PCO2D. Reduction in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in the red blood cellE. Reduction in PCO17. When surrounding temperature is greater than the skin temperature the only means by which the body can loses heat isA. RadiationB. ConductionC. ConvectionD. EvaporationE. Brown fat tissue18. Which of the following is not a significant function of the stomach?A. short term storage of ingested foodB. release of chyme into the small intestineC. mixing and liquefaction of foodD. initiation of protein digestionE. absorption of amino acids19. Which of the following enzymes would you expect to be most active in an environment where the pH was 2.0 ? What is the substrate for this enzyme?A. pepsin, starchB. trypsin, proteinC. amylase, starchD. pepsin, proteinE. enterokinase, neutral fat20. During digestion, the small intestine is flooded with proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin. What is the source of trypsin (actually secreted as trypsinogen) ?A. salivary glands and gastric epitheliumB. hepatocytesC. gastric epithelial cellsD. bile duct epithelial cellsE. pancreatic exocrine cells21. Which of the following statements about the enteric nervous system is true?A. it functions both autonomously and by communication with the central nervous systemB. it's neurons are embedded in the tunica mucosaC. it controls secretion, but has no effect on motility in the intestineD. it innervates the esophagus and stomach, but not the intestinesE. it’s not communicated with the central nervous22. The main difference between primary urine and blood plasma is:A. Glucose concentration.B. Crystal osmotic pressure.C. NaCl concentration.D. Plasma protein concentration.E. pH value.23. Proximal tubule of kidneys reabsorbsA. 85% of filtrated water.B. 85% of filtrated Na+C. 65~70% of filtrated Na+ and water.D. 65~70% of filtrated glucose.E. 65~70% of filtrated HCO3-.24. Which type receptor is the naked peripheral end of an afferent neuron?A. nociceptorsB. mechanoreceptorsC. photoreceptorsD. opiate receptorsE. vitreous receptors25. Sensory receptors convert carious forms of energy into electrical energy. What is the conversion process called?A. depolarizationB. hyperpolarizationC. frequency modulationD. somesthetic propagationE. transduction26. Which receptors do not adapt at all or adapt slowly?A. tactileB. nociceptorsC. phasicD. tonicE. taste27. An increase in the action potential frequency in a sensory nerve usually signifiesA. increased intensity of the stimulusB. cessation of the stimulusC. adaptation of the receptorD. constant and maintained stimulusE. An increase in the action potential28. Why is the blind spot on the retina not usually perceived?A. it is very small, below the ability of the sensory cells to detectB. It is present only in very young childrenC. Its location in the visual field is different in each eyeD. constant eye motion prevent the spot of spot from remaining stillE. lateral input from adjacent cells fills in the missing information29. The condition known as presbyopia is due toA. change in the shape of the eyeball as a result of ageB. an age-related loss of cells in the retinaC. change in the elasticity of the lens as a result of ageD. a loss of transparency in the lensE. increased opacity of the vitreous humor30. Which of the following is the principal function of the ossicles of the middle ear?A. they provide mechanical support for the flexible membranes to which they are attached (i.e., the eardrum and the oval window)B. they reduce the amplitude of the vibrations reaching the oval window, protecting it from mechanical damageC. they increase the efficiency of vibration transfer through the middle earD. they control the opening of the Eustachian tubes and allow pressure to be equalizedE. they have little effect on the process of hearing in humans, since they are essentially passive structures.31. The most important role of the gamma motoneurons is toA. Stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contractafferent activity during B. Maintain I contraction of muscleC. Detect the length of resting skeletal muscleD. Prevent muscles from producing too much forceE. Above-mentioned are wrong.32. Which one of the following is not the cholinergic neuronA. All preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous systemB. The neurons in the caudate nucleus, putaman, globus pallidusC. Motor neurons in the spinal cordD. The postganglionic neurons of parasympatietic nervous systemE. Most of postganglionic neurons of sympathetic nervous system33. The reason of decerebrate rigidity isA. Overactivity of the spinocerebellumB. Overactivity of the medullary reticular inhibitor systemC. Non-functional of the medullary reticular inhibitor systemD. Non-functional of the pontine excitatory systemE. Non-functional of the spinocerebellum34. Which one is not belong to the feature of visceral painA. The highly localized types of damage to the viscera cause severe pain.B. Ischemia, chemical damage, and stretching of the ligaments cause severely pain.C. Localization of visceral pain is frequently difficult.D. Often followed by the referred pain and referred hyperalgesia.E. The signals are transmitted by Ad fibers GABA(a gammaaminobutyric acid)35. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the fast wave sleep?A. It is the first state of sleep entered when a person falls asleepB. It is accompanied by the vivid dreamingC. It is characterized by a slow but steady heart rateD. It occurs more often in adults than in childrenE. It lasts longer than periods of slow-wave sleep36. During a voluntary movement, the muscle spindle provide the central nervous system with information aboutA. The blood flow to the muscle being movedB. The velocity of the movementC. The length of the muscle being movedD. The tension developed by the muscle being movedE. The change in joint angle produced by the movement37. The specific neurotransmitter pathway from the substantia nigra to striatum isA.Dopamine,B.Acetylcholine,C.Gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA)D.NoradrenalineE.Glutamate38. Which of the following hormones is associated with acromegaly?A. growth hormoneB. thyroid hormoneC. thyroid stimulating hormoneD. adrenocorticotropic hormoneE. thyrotropin releasing hormone39. Which of the following hormones is associated with cretinism?A. growth hormoneB. thyroid hormoneC. prolactinD. adrenocorticotropic hormoneE. melanophore stimulating hormone40. Which of the following hormones is not secreted from adenohypophysis?A. growth hormoneB. thyroid stimulating hormoneC. prolactinD. luteinizing hormoneE. corticotropin releasing hormone.II Define the Concepts (2 marks each, 20 marks in total)1. Voltage gated channel2. Threshold potential3. Ejection fraction4. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)5. Hemostasis6. Basic electrical rhythm7. Visual Accommodation8. Food specific dynamic effect9. Forced expiratory volume10. Axoplasmic transportIII Answers the following questions (8 marks each, 40 marks in total)1.Describe the possible mechanisms of glucose transport across cell membrane.2. What factors determine the arterial blood pressure?3. Describe the factors that determine the glomerular filtration rate.4. Describe the regulation of glucocorticoids secretion.5. Describe the detail of the neuronal circuit and function of the skeletal muscle stretch reflex. Examination of Physiology(B)Class_____ Name_____________ Numbers_____ Scores_____I .Choose the best answer for each of the following ( 1 point for each, total 40 points)1.The most important mechanism to maintain the homeostasis isA.Negative feedbackB.Positive feedbackC.Nervous regulationD.Humoral regulationE.Autoregulation2. Which of the following is not an example of cotransport?A.Movement of glucose and Na+ through the epithelial membrane in the intestinal epitheliumB.Movement of Na+ and K+ through the action of the Na+ pumpC.Movement of Na+ and glucose across the kidney tubulesD.Movement of Na+ into a cell while Ca2+ moves outE.Exchange between Na+ and H+ ions3. What would happen if the threshold potential were increased?A.Amplitude of AP will be higher than normalB.Propagation velocity of AP will be increasedC.Sodium channels will be more activatedD.Excitability of cells will be increasedE.Excitability of cells will be decreased4.Ca2+ triggers contraction by binding toA.TropomyosinB.ActinC.Cross bridgeD.TtroponinE.Myosin5. In resting muscle, tropomyosinA. Inhibits Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulumB. Prevents Ca2+ from binding to troponinC. Excites the binding of heavy meromyosion globular heads to actin subunits.D. Prevents the formation of cross-bridgesE. Promots Ca2+ transport from plasma to sarcoplasmic reticulum6. An increase of intracellular Na+ concentration would expected toA.Stimulate Ca2+ pumpB. Stimulate Na+ pumpC.Low excitability of the cellD.Increase intracellular level of amino acidE.Decrease intracellular Ca2+ concentration7. The transmission at neuromuscular junction is characterized byA.Two way directional propagationB. No time delayC. Affected uneasy by drugs and changes of environmentD. One to one transportE. All above are false8. A hematocrit of 45% means that in the sample of blood analyzedA.45% of the hemoglobin is in the plasmaB.45% of the total blood volume is made of blood plasmaC.45% of the total blood volume is made of platelets and red and white blood cellsD.45% of the hemoglobin is in the red blood cellsE.45% of the formed elements in blood are red blood cells9.When the radius of the resistance vesseles is increased, which one of the following is increased?A. Systolic blood pressureB. Diastolic blood pressureC.Viscosity of the bloodD.HematocritE.Capillary blood now10.Stroke volume is increased byA.Decrease in venous complianceB.Increase in afterloadC.Increase in contractilityD.Increase in heart rateE.Decrease in coronary blood now11. When a person moves from a supine position to a standing position, which of the following compensatory changes occurs?A.Decreased heart rateB.Increased contractilityC.Decreased total peripherad resistanceD.Decreased cardiac outputE.Increased phase 0 of the action potential12.The membrane potential of a ventricular myocardium is closest to equilibrium potentialof K+ duringA.Phase 0 of the action potentialB.Phase 2 of the action potentialC.Phase 3 of the action potentialD.Pphase 4 of the action potentialE.The effective refractory period13.If systolic pressure is 120 mmHg, diastolic pressure is 80mmHg, the mean blood pressure isA.100mmHgB.93.3mmHgC.95.3mmHgD.90mmHgE.80mmHg14.If the ejection fraction increases, there will be a decrease inA.Cardiac outputB.End-diastolic volumeC.Heart rateD.Pulse pressureE.Stroke volume15.Which of the following agents or changes has a negative inotropiceffect on the heart?A.Increased heart rateB.Sympathetic stimulationC.Norepinephrine (NE)D.Acetylcholine(ACh)E.Cardiac glycosides16.Total lung capacity is the sum ofA.Residual volume + Functional residual volumeB.Residual volume + Vital capacityC.Residual volume + Expiratory volume + Tidal volumeD.Residual volume + Inspiratory reserve volumeE.Functional residual volume + Tidal volume17.A lack of normal surfactant will result inA.Increased lung complianceB.Stabilization of alveolar volumeC.Increased retractive force of the lungsD.Reduced alveolar-arterial O2 tension differenceE.Increased partial pressure of O2 in blood18.Hypoxemia (low partial pressure of PO2 in blood) produces hyperventilation by adirest effect on theA.Phrenic nerveB.J receptorsC.Lung stretch receptorsD.Medullary chemoreceptorsE.Arotid and aortic body chemoreceptors19.If an area of the lung is not ventilated because of bronchial obstruction, the pulmonary capillary blood serving that area will have a Po2 that isA.Equal to atmospheric PO2B.Equal to mixed pulmonary venous PO2C.Equal to normal systemic arterial Po2D.Lower than mixed pulmonary venous PO2E.Higher than the mixed pulmonary venous PO220.The most versatile and important digestive juice isA.Gastric juiceB.Small intestinal juiceC.Pancreatic juiceD.BileE.Saliva21.Which of the following factors inhibits the gastric emptying?A.Gastric tonic contractionB.The enterogastric reflexC.The distention of foods on gastric wallD.AcetylcholineE.Gastric peristalsis22. When surrounding temperature is greater than the skin temperature the only means by which the body can loses heat isA.RadiationB.ConductionC.ConvectionD.EvaporationE.Brown fat tissue23.Which one of the following is not the important factor that determines the rate of heat production ?A.BMR of all the cellsB.Extra metabolism caused by muscle activityC.Extra metabolism caused by the effect of hormoneD.Shivering thermogenesis and non-shivering thermogenesisE.Decreasing of the skin vascular tone24.The force opposing glomerular filtration isA. Arterial blood pressureB. Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressureC. Plasma colloid osmotic pressureD. Blood pressure of afferent arterioleE. Blood pressure of efferent arteriole25.Which of followings can increase glomerular filtratioon rate ?A. Arterial blood pressure increases from 80 mmHg to 180 mmHgB. Arterial blood pressure decreases from 80 mmHg to 60 mmHgC. Increased action of renal sympathetic nerveD. Intravenously infusing a large volume of normal saline ?E. Intravenously infusing hyperosmotic glucose solution ?26. When reabsorption of water filtrated by glomerulus decrease 1%, how much the quantityof urine will increase ?A.1%B.10%C.50%D.70%E.100%27. The location reabsorbing glucose isA.proximal tubuleB. Henle’s loopC.distal convoluted tubuleD. collecting ductE. proximal tubule and distal tubule28. The location regulated by antidiuretic hormone isA. Proximal convoluted tubleB. Thick segment of descending limbC. Thick segment of ascending limbD. Thi n segment of Henle’ loopE. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct(Test Paper B)29. When sound wave is transmitted by tympanic membrane and ossicular chain to oval window, which of followings is correctA. Both amplitude and pressure intensity of sound wave increaseB. Both amplitude and pressure intensity of sound wave decreaseC. Amplitude of sound wave decreases and pressure intensity of sound wave increasesD. Frequency of sound wave increasesE Frequency of sound wave decreases30.which of the following is related to after discharge?A.DivergenceB.ConvergenceC.Chain circuitD.Recurrent circuitE.Synaptic sensitization31.All of the following are true for neuromodulator, exceptA.Often synthesized by presynaptic cellB.Involved in rapid communicationC.Co-released with neurotranmitterD.Amplifying or dampening the effectiveness of ongoing synaptic activityE.Change the presynaptic cell’s metabolism of a transmitter32. Which of the following is not important in saltatory conduction of the action potential along the axonA.The myelin sheath surrounding the axonB. The node of ranvierC. Loading neurotransmitter in the synaptic vesicleD.Passive current flow along the length of the membraneE.Voltage-sensitive Na+ gates33. Which one is not the feature of visceral pain ?A.The highly localized types of damage to the viscera cause severe painB.Ischemia, chemical damage, and stretching of the ligaments cause severely painC.Localization of visceral pain is frequently difficultD Often followed by the referred pain and referred hyperalgesiafibers GABA (a E.The signals are transmitted by A gamma-aminobutyric acid)34.Which one of following is wrong about tendon reflexA.It is caused by rapid stretch of the muscleB.An instantaneous, strong reflex contraction of the same muscleC.A dynamic stretch reflexD.Multiple synaptic pathway, continues for a prolonged periodE.Transmitted to spinal cord from the IA sensory ending of the muscle spindle35. The most importment output pathway from the motor cortex isA.The rubrospinal tractB.The reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tractsC.The corticospinal tractD.The pontocerebellar fibersE.The olivocerebellar fibers36. The specific neurotransmitter pathway from the substantia nigra to striatum isA.DopamineB.AcetylcholineC.Gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA)D.NoradrenalineE.Glutamate37.The cause of the acromegaly isA.High concentration of growth hormone in adultB.Low concentration of growth hormone in adultC.Low concentration of growth hormone in childhoodD.High concentration of thyroid hormones in adultE.High concentration of growth hormone in childhood38.About the humoral regulation of protein metabolism, which is right?A.GH increases the breakdown of proteinsB.Thyroid hormones decreases the synthesis of the protein in normal levelC.In patients with hyperthyroidism, high level of T3/T4 always promote the catabolismD.Cortisol increases the breakdown of proteins in liverE.Cortisol inhibits the breakdown of proteins in muscle39.Which one of the following is not the hormone that increases the glucose of blood?A.CortisolB.EpinephrineC..NorepinephrineD.Growth hormoneE.Somatostatin (SS)40.Which one of the following is right?A.ACTH increases the release of CRHB.Wolf-Chaikoff effect is caused by the increase of T3/T4C.Stimulation of parasympathetic nerve inhibits the release of T3/T4D.Cortisol increases the release of ACTHE.Cortisol decreases the number of red blood cellII. Define the terms (2 points for each term,total 20 points)1.Optimal length2.Oxygen capacity3.Forced expiratory volume4.Effective refratory period5.Basic electrical rhythm6.Hypothalamic regulatory peptide7.Filtration fraction8.Dark adaptation9.The specific dynamic action of protein（food specific dynamic effect）10.Afferent collateral inhibitionIII.Answer the questions (10 points for each question,total 40 points )1.Describe the types of glucose transport across epithelial cell.2.To describe the mechanism of production of an action potential in ventricular muscle cell.3. Describe the composition and function of gastric juice.4.Describe the function of the muscle spindle.Answer Points for the Terminal Examination of Physiologyfor English Medicine Student（A)Answer sheetI. Select the Correct Answer (1 mark each, 40 in total)1 A2 A3 A4 E5 D6 E7 B8 B9 D 10 D 11 B 12 A 13 A 14 B 15 C16 B 17 D 18 E 19 D 20 E 21 A 22 D 23 C 24 A 25 E 26 D 27 A 28 D29 C 30 C 31 B 32 E 33 B 34 A 35 B 36 C 37 A 38 39 B 40 DII Define the Concepts (2 marks each, 20 marks in total)1. Voltage gated channelIt is a type of ionic channel which gate is controlled by changes in the membrane potential.2. Threshold potentialIt is a critical membrane potential level at which an action potential can occur. The value of threshold potential of most excitable cell membrane is about 15 to 20 mV less negative than the resting potential.3. Ejection fraction55-65％stroke volume/ end-diastolic volume4. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)The quantity of ultrafiltrate formed by both kidneys per unit time (each minute) is called GFR5. HemostasisProcess to stop bleeding automatically of small vessel.6. Basic electrical rhythmThe smooth muscle membrane automatically and slowly, depolarizes and repolarizes in a cyclic fashion, this electric activity is called the slow wave or basic electric rhythm.7. Visual AccommodationThe process whereby near objects are brought to a sharp focus on the retina is called accommodation of eye or visual accommodation8. Food specific dynamic effectAfter a meal that contains a large quantity of carbohydrates or fats, the metabolic rate usually increases only about 4 per cent. However, after a meal that contains large quantities of protein, the metabolic rate usually begins rising within 1 hour, reaching a maximum about 30 per cent above normal, and this lasts for 3 to 12 hours. This effect of food on the metabolic rate is called the specific dynamic action of food 9. Forced expiratory volumeThe volume of air expelled during the first second of forced expiration is called the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). It is normally in excess of 83% of the FVC.10. Axoplasmic transportVarious organelles and materials must be moved from the cell body, where they are made, to the axon and its terminals in order to maintain the structure and function of the cell axonIII Answers the following questions (8 marks each, 40 marks in total)1. Describe the possible mechanisms of glucose transport across cell membrane.(1) Facilitated diffusion via carrierFacilitated Diffusion means the diffusion of lipid insoluble or water soluble substances across the membrane down their concentration gradients by aid of membrane proteins. Facilitated diffusion via carrier is the diffusion carried out by carrie r protein. Mechanism is a ―ferry ‖ or ―shuttling ‖ process carried out by carrier protein in the cell membrane.(2) Secondary Active TransportSecondary Active Transport is a type of active transport in which process the expending energy is supplied indirectly from ATP.Mechanism is a Na+ -glucose co-transport mechanism, a process carried out by Na+ - glucose transporter or symporter.Process: ①Na+ ions diffuse from higher to lower concentration because the intracellular concentration of Na+ is kept low by the primary active transport of Na+ out of the cell across the basolateral membrane, where all of the Na+ pumps are located. In other words, Na+ moves downhill into the epithelial cell and then uphill out of it to the blood. ②The transporter (symporter) on the lumen membrane has 2 binding sites on its exterior side, one for Na+ ion and one for glucose molecule. Once both Na+ and glucose bind to these two sites, a conformational change of the transporter occurs automatically, and this allows both Na+ and glucose to be transported together into the inside of the cell at same time. Therefore, glucose moves from a lower concentration in the lumen fluid to a higher concentration in the epithelial cell, and the intracellular concentration of glucose becomes higher than lumen fluid. ③Glucose in the epithelial cell is then transported by carrier mediated facilitated diffusion across the basement membrane of the epithelial cell into blood.2. What factors determine the arterial blood pressure?(1) Stroke volume—systolic .pulse pressure increase(2) HR –diastolic,(3) Peripheral resistence—diastolic(4) Electic property of the aortic ---pulse pressure(5) Rate of the circulatory volume and vessel system volume3. Describe the factors that determine the glomerular filtration rate.(1) Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure: It is the force driving filtration, it promotes the filtration ,GFR is is in direct proportion to (positive related to) it. The higher the Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure, the more the GFR(2) Pplasma colloid osmotic pressure: It is force opposing filtration, GFR is in negative proportion to it(3) Bowman’s capsular hydrostatic pressure: It is force opposing filtration, GFR is in negative proportion to it(4) Renal plasma flow(RPF): GFR is in direct proportion to RPF.(5) Filtration coefficient ( KF): GFR is in direct proportion to both the fluid permeability and surface area of filtration membrane..4. Describe the regulation of glucocorticoids secretion.Hypothalamus – Anterior Pituitary – Adrenocortical Axis(1) Action of ACTH: Cortisol secretion is almost entirely controlled by ACTH (adrenocorticotropin。
