The American Civil War (1861–1865)

介绍一下美国内战英文作文The American Civil War was a pivotal moment in American history, lasting from 1861 to 1865. It was a conflict between the Northern states, known as the Union, and the Southern states, known as the Confederacy. The war was fought over issues such as slavery, states' rights, and the power of the federal government.The war began with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in South Carolina in April 1861. This attack led to the secession of several Southern states from the Union, and the formation of the Confederacy. The Union, under the leadership of President Abraham Lincoln, fought to preserve the Union and end slavery. The Confederacy, led by President Jefferson Davis, fought for the right to secede and maintain the institution of slavery.The war was marked by several significant battles, such as the Battle of Gettysburg and the Battle of Antietam. These battles resulted in massive casualties on both sides,and the war became increasingly brutal as it continued. The Union eventually emerged victorious, with the Confederacy surrendering in April 1865.The end of the war resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the United States. However, the aftermath of the war was marked by continued tensions between the North and South, as well as the struggle for civil rights for African Americans.Overall, the American Civil War was a defining moment in American history, shaping the country in profound ways that still resonate today. It was a conflict that tested the very foundations of the United States, and ultimately led to the creation of a more just and equal society.。

1．Civil WarThe American Civil War (1861–1865), often referred to simply as The Civil War in the United States, was a civil war fought in the United States of America. In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, 11 southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America ("the Confederacy"); the other 25 states supported the federal government ("the Union"). After four years of warfare, mostly within the Southern states, the Confederacy surrendered and slavery was outlawed everywhere in the nation. Issues that led to war were partially resolved in the Reconstruction Era that followed, though others remained unresolved.In the presidential election of 1860, the Republican Party, led by Abraham Lincoln, had campaigned against expanding slavery beyond the states in which it already existed. The Republicans strongly advocated nationalism, and in their 1860 platform they denounced threats of disunion as avowals of treason. After a Republican victory, but before the new administration took office on March 4, 1861, seven cotton states declared their secession and joined to form the Confederate States of America. Both the outgoing administration of President James Buchanan and the incoming administration rejected the legality of secession, considering it rebellion. The other eight slave states rejected calls for secession at this point. No country in the world recognized the Confederacy.Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina. Lincoln responded by calling for a volunteer army from each state to recapture federal property, which led to declarations of secession by four more slave states. Both sides raised armies as the Union seized control of the border states early in the war and established a naval blockade. Land warfare in the East was inconclusive in 1861–62, as the Confederacy beat back Union efforts to capture its capital, Richmond, Virginia, notably during the Peninsular Campaign. In September 1862, the Confederate campaign in Maryland ended in defeat at the Battle of Antietam, which dissuaded the British from intervening.[2] Days after that battle, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal.[3]In 1863, Confederate general Robert E. Lee's northward advance ended in defeat at the Battle of Gettysburg. To the west, the Union gained control of the Mississippi River after the Battle of Shiloh and Siege of Vicksburg, splitting the Confederacy in two and destroying much of their western army. Due to his western successes, Ulysses S. Grant was given command of the eastern army in 1864, and organized the armies of William Tecumseh Sherman, Philip Sheridan and others to attack the Confederacy from all directions, increasing the North's advantage in manpower. Grant restructured the union army, and put other generals in command of divisions of the army that were to support his push into Virginia. He fought several battles of attrition against Leethrough the Overland Campaign to seize Richmond, though in the face of fierce resistance he altered his plans and led the Siege of Petersburg which nearly finished off the rest of Lee's army. Meanwhile, Sherman captured Atlanta and marched to the sea, destroying Confederate infrastructure along the way. When the Confederate attempt to defend Petersburg failed, the Confederate army retreated but was pursued and defeated, which resulted in Lee's surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865.The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars. Railroads, the telegraph, steamships, and mass-produced weapons were employed extensively. The practices of total war, developed by Sherman in Georgia, and of trench warfare around Petersburg foreshadowed World War I in Europe. It remains the deadliest war in American history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties. Historian John Huddleston estimates the death toll at ten percent of all Northern males 20–45 years old, and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18–40.[4] Victory for the North meant the end of the Confederacy and of slavery in the United States, and strengthened the role of the federal government. The social, political, economic and racial issues of the war decisively shaped the reconstruction era that lasted to 1877.美国南北战争（1861-1865），通常被称为在美国南北战争，是一场内战，战斗在美利坚合众国。

THE MAKING OF A NATION #116- The American Civil War: Victory Is Close for the Union译文南方邦联首都陷落1865年3月4号，亚伯拉罕·林肯宣誓就职，开始了他的第二个总统任期。

这次总统换届是在北方举行的，北方各州遵照的依旧是美国宪法，而退出联邦的南方各州则制定了自己的宪法。

宣誓就职当天晚上，白宫对公众开放，数千民众前来看望总统，庆祝活动直到午夜时分才结束。

林肯很高兴庆祝活动终于结束了，他总算可以集中精力处理当务之急了。

他希望在第二个四年任期内结束内战，缓和战争带来的怨恨和仇视。

林肯希望能轻松过渡到和平，不希望对失败的一方采取绞刑等残暴手段，只希望看到南方邦联士兵返回家园，成为统一国家的和平公民。

林肯希望国家能重新团结在一起。

战争不会持续太长时间了。

南方战局大势已去，但是南方邦联领袖拒绝承认失败。

南方邦联首都里士满附近地区依旧处于罗伯特·李的控制之中，但是李将军知道，他也撑不了多久了。

罗伯特·李手下原本庞大的队伍现在只剩下不到五万人了，这些人全都饥肠辘辘，疲惫不堪，还要守住从里士满到彼得斯堡一条将近60公里长的防线。

南方已经没有足够的兵力打仗了。

罗伯特·李决定，唯一的希望就是放弃这两座城市，挥师南下，跟北卡罗来纳约翰斯顿将军率领的部队会合，或许能联手打败那里的北方军，然后再回过头来对付格兰特将军的队伍。

这项计划成功的机会微乎其微，但可以让南方部队的生命延续几个星期或是几个月。

罗伯特·李很快就发现，冲出里士满和彼得斯堡的包围圈并不容易，格兰特的部队似乎无处不在。

罗伯特·李在格兰特战线附近部署了一万一千人，等待敌人进攻。

最初，天气帮了南方的忙，连续一天多的暴雨，淹没了道路和农田，让北军部队无法前进。

等他们终于可以行动的时候，南方部队已经做好了准备，击退了北军的进攻。

关于美国内战的英语作文The American Civil War, fought from 1861 to 1865, was a significant and bloody conflict that divided the United States. The war was primarily fought over the issues of slavery and states' rights, with the Northern states (Union) fighting against the Southern states (Confederacy).The root cause of the Civil War was the institution of slavery. The Southern states relied heavily on slavery for their agricultural economy, while the Northern states were more industrialized and did not depend on slave labor. The differences in economic systems and ideologies led to increasing tensions between the two regions.The trigger for the war was the election of Abraham Lincoln as President in 1860. The Southern states feared that Lincoln's anti-slavery stance would threaten their way of life, prompting them to secede from the Union and form the Confederacy. The first shots of the Civil War were fired at Fort Sumter in South Carolina in April 1861.The Civil War was characterized by brutal battles, high casualties, and immense suffering on both sides. The Union forces eventually prevailed, leading to the abolition of slavery with the Emancipation Proclamation issued byLincoln in 1863. The war officially ended in 1865 with the surrender of the Confederate forces.The impact of the Civil War was profound and long-lasting. It resulted in the preservation of the Union, the end of slavery, and the beginning of Reconstruction to rebuild the war-torn nation. The war also set the stage for the modernization and industrialization of the United States in the post-war years.Overall, the American Civil War was a watershed moment in U.S. history, shaping the nation's future and leaving a lasting legacy of unity and freedom.中文翻译：美国内战发生在1861年至1865年间，是一场意义重大且血腥的冲突，分裂了美国。