英语修辞的讲义美学修辞Aesthetic Rhetoric

英语修辞学教案English Rhetoric 英语修辞学I. Connotation of Rhetoric：rhetoric的含义1. Rhetoric may be used as an ordinary（普通用词）word anda technical term（专业术语）.1) As an ordinary word, rhetoric in a derogatory sense means “skilful argumentation”（巧辩）and “empty or exaggerated eloquence”（虚夸的话）.e.g. the exaggerated rhetoric of presidential campaigns（总统竞选期间唱的高调）；the empty rhetoric of the politicians（政客们的花言巧语）;flowery rhetoric（华丽的辞藻）Rhetoric also means (1) “language designed to have a persuasive or impressive effect on its audience”（言语，辞令）,e.g. employ stirring rhetoric; soothing rhetoric; glowing rhetoric(2) “a rtistic language”（艺术语言）, e.g. the rhetoric of fiction （小说的艺术语言）; the rhetoric of film(电影语言); body rhetoric(肢体语言)2) As a technical term, rhetoric has several senses. In America, the writing course or the writing textbook is entitled “rhetoric”. Apart from the above senses, rhetoric also has the following important senses:(1) Speaking rhetoric（演讲修辞）: the art of speaking(2) Compositional rhetoric（写作修辞）: the art of writing(3) Stylistic rhetoric（风格修辞，文体修辞）: the style of writing2. Rhetoric may also be subdivided into the following:1) Lexical rhetoric（词汇修辞）:the rhetorical law of choosing words and phrases2) Sentence rhetoric（句子修辞）:the rhetorical law selecting sentence patterns3) Paragraph rhetoric（段落修辞）:the rhetorical law of organizing paragraphs4) textual rhetoric（语篇修辞）:the rhetorical law of organizing textsII. Definition of Rhetoric修辞学的定义What is rhetoric ?1.Origin of modern rhetoric: 现代修辞学的起源Rhetoric originated in “speaking”（说话）. Aristotle（亚里士多得）, in the 4th century BC, first defined rhetoric as the art of persuasion, equivalent to argumentation as people understand today. John Locke（约翰.洛克）, English philosopher of the late 17th century, described rhetoric as “the science of oratory(演说术)” or “the art of speaking with propriety, elegance and force(修辞学是说话得体、优美和有力的艺术)”. All this explains why the word “rhetoric” means “speaking”in such Europea n languages as Greek, Latin, French, Spanish and Italian. In the book Modern Rhetoric by American linguists Brooks（布鲁克斯）and Warren（沃伦）rhetoric is defined as “the art of using language effectively（修辞学是有效地使用语言的艺术）”.In the New Oxford Dictionary of English rhetoric is described as “the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the exploitation of figures of speech or other compositional techniques（修辞学是有效或有说服力的演说或写作的艺术，特别是运用英语修辞格或其它写作的艺术）”.2.Rhetoric and Figures of Speech:Figures of speech are quite different from rhetoric, but theyare important components in English rhetoric. In the New Oxford Dictionary of English, “figure of speech” is defined as “ a word or phrase used in a non-literal sense too add rhetorical force or interest to a spoken or written passage”(修辞格是用一个非字面意义的单词或短语使一段口头或笔头的文字增加修辞效果或兴趣). They refer to rhetorical devices（修辞手段）, each of which has a fixed pattern, e.g. Simile is introduced by comparative words as, like, as if, as though, etc.; Like Simile, Metaphor refers to the comparison of two essentially unlike things which have one point of resemblance;Irony refers to the intended implication of which is the opposite of the literal sense of words; Oxymoron refers to the conjunction of two words or phrases which are incongruous or contradictory in sense so as to describe a person or thing; Pun; a play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes onthe similar sense or sound of different words; etc. These figures are employed in the following.He is as stupid as a goose. (=He is very stupid.)He has a heart of stone./ He has a heart like flint.(=He is unfeeling and stubborn.)He slept like a log / top. (=He slept very soundly.)They are birds of a feather. (=They are people of the same sort.) (Simile and metaphor are used of the comparison of two essentially unlike things which have one point of resemblance.) This hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week. (If a boy seldom reads more than an hour per week, he must be very lazy, not hard-working.)(Irony refers to the intended implication being the opposite of the literal sense of words)He seems to be a clever fool. (=He seems to be a fool, but in fact he is very clever.)(Oxymoron refers to the conjunction of two words or phrases which are incongruous or contradictory in sense)Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man.(grave: adj. serious; n. tomb The speaker stresses the latter.) (Pun refers to a play on words，sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words)3.The difference between rhetoric and grammar, phonetics,lexicolog y1)The difference between rhetoric and grammarRhetoric is different from grammar, but it is closely related to grammar and also based on grammar. To be grammatically correct is foundation to writing, but it is not enough. Basic rhetorical requirements must also be met. Francis Christensenn, an American French rhetorician, once said:Grammar maps out the possible(计划可能发生的事情);rhetoric narrows the possible down to the desirable and effective （使可能发生的事情变成很理想的事情或有效地事情）.In the preface to the book A handbook of English Rhetoric Warren quoted a passage by a scholar:Grammar is the law of language, considered as language;rhetoric is the art of language, considered as thought.Grammar tells what is correct; rhetoric tells what is effective and pleasing.2)Rhetoric and phonetics, lexicologyRhetoric is quite different from phonetics and lexicology. Phonetics is about the study of speech sounds and their pronunciation;lexicology is about the study of the vocabulary of a language;grammar concerns the study or science of rules for forming words and combining them into sentences; whereas rhetoric is the art of speaking or writing so as to persuade people effectively.I II. The Object of the Study of Rhetoric（修辞学研究的内容）Rhetoric aims at studying all forms of culture, which may be forms of mass media or any cultural phenomenon, concrete or abstract. Modern rhetoric seems to include all forms of discourse ---- written or colloquial, even all forms of communication in symbols.（修辞学研究的对象是一切文化形式，它们可以是任何这样或那样、具体或抽象的文化现象。

英语修辞(Rhetoric) English Figures of Speech1. Simile(明喻)▪拉丁语similis (like)▪ 1.three parts : subject (主体) reference（喻体）indicator of resemblance（比喻词）▪ My love is like a red red rose.▪ 2。

主体和喻体一般指两个不同的事物。

▪ John is as tall as a Maypole.五朔节花柱(庆祝五朔节围绕此柱歌舞)▪What is simile? E.g. ▪ The snow was like a white blank drawn over the field.▪The structure:▪ The signified, the simile marker, and the signifier▪本体, 比喻词, 喻体Compare the followingsentences:▪ Jim looks like his brother Billy.▪ My car runs as fast as the train.▪ A real friend is like a mirror that can help you see any dirt on your face. ▪ Life was like a journey full of pitfalls.▪ -- (The first two sentences are not cases of simile.) Simile is a comparisonbetween two unlike things across domains (跨领域).Like and as型▪Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress; those who are without want to get in, and those within want to get out .▪婚姻象是一个被包围的堡垒；外面的想要进去，里面的人想要出来。

高级英语修辞总结HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】Rhetorical Devices一、明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。

常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等，例如：1、This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。

2、He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。

3、It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。

二、隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。

1、German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets...德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。

2、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。

三、Allusion（暗引）其特点是不注明来源和出处，一般多引用人们熟知的关键词或词组，将其融合编织在作者的话语中。

引用的东西包括典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。

英语修辞(English Rhetoric)Figures of speech are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively.1.Simile明喻: An explicit comparison, e.g. The pen is to a writer what the gun is toa soldier.2.Metaphor暗喻: An implicit comparison, e.g. Some books are to be tasted, othersto be swallowed and some few to be chewed.3.Personification拟人: The attribution of animate qualities to inanimate objects, e.g.the wind whistled through the trees.4.Onomatopoeia拟声: the imitation of sounds, e.g. tinkle, clank, bang5.Hyperbole夸张: Overstatement, exaggeration, e.g. A drop of ink may make amillion think.6.Understatement低调陈述: A restrained statement, e.g. He could do better.7.Euphemism委婉语: An inoffensive expression, e.g. the needy, cease to think8.Parallelism排比: Parallel structures, e.g. We shall fight him by land …by sea …in the air.9.Repetition重复: repetition o f the same words, e.g. Don’t trouble trouble until …10.Antithesis对照: Contrast, e.g. Men make houses, women make homes. Pennywise, pound…11.Climax渐进: Progression of thought, e.g. I came, I saw, I conquered.12.Anti-climax突降: Sudden descent of thought, e.g. He lost his empire, his familyand his pen.13.Paradox隽语: A seemingly contradictory statement, e.g. The child is father of theman.14.Oxymoron矛盾修辞: the combination of contradictory terms, e.g. cruel sweetlove15.Transferred epithet 移就: a descriptive term transferred from the appropriatenoun to modify another to which it does not really apply, e.g. sleepless night, expensive tastes, sweet teeth16.Alliteration头韵: Head rhyme, e.g. Practice makes perfect.17.Assonance腹韵: V owel rhyme, e.g. First thrive, then wife.18.Consonance尾韵: End rhyme, e.g. East or west, home is best.19.Rhyme押韵: e.g. Man proposes; god disposes. Well begun is half done. Well fed,well bred.20.Pun双关: Humorous use of homonymy, e.g. Seven days without water make oneweak/week.21.Allusion引喻: an implicit reference to an event/story, e.g. pound of flesh22.Metonymy转喻: The use of the name of one thing for another with which it isclosely associated, e.g. The pen is mightier than the sword. the gray hair, the bottle, the tongue23.Synecdoche提喻: the substitution of the whole for the part, or vice versa, e.g.short of hands,24.Antonomasia换喻: the use of a proper name to stand for sth else having anattribute associated with that name, Judas for a traitor, Solomon for a wise man, Nero for a tyrant25.Irony反语: The expression of actual intent in words that carry the oppositemeaning.sarcasm明讽: a strong form of irony, e.g. Gentlemen like you carry only large notes.innuendo暗讽: a mild form of irony, e.g. In a group they were brave.satire讽刺文学: An ironic literary work1.parody 仿拟: Beauty is more than skin deep. Once choose, always use.2.zeugma 轭式搭配: He gets out of bed and humor.3.syllepsis一语双叙: take the oath and his seats,He lost his temper and his hat.4.palindrome回文: No X in Nixon. Step on no pets. Madam, I’m Adam.5.epigram警句: brief, pointed saying that has the nature of a proverb6.malapropism词语误用: 200 light years ago, brus diver (bus driver), brive a dus 1.Analogy: a comparison in which different items are compared point by point,usually with the idea of explaining something unknown by something known.Analogies are offered to provide insights, and can be very instructive. Dictionaries are like watches; the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true.2.Symbolism: In writing, symbolism is the use of a word, a phrase, or a description,which represents a deeper meaning than the words themselves.3.Plantification: giving man or things plant-like characters. The sky was like a fadedrose.4.materialization: 美感垂手可得却无法靠前5.Zoosemy: reverse personification, animal or things attributes applied to people.e.g. Children are flowers of our country.6.Apostrophe顿呼: England! Awake! Awake! Awake!7.Rhetorical question修辞问句: The rhetorical question is usually defined as anyquestion asked for a purpose other than to obtain the information the question asks.8.Periodic sentence圆周句: a complex sentence in which the main clause comeslast and is preceded by the subordinate clause (loose sentence松散句)9.anagram变位词: Words or phrases rearranged, William Shakespeare = I swearhe's like a lamp. We all make his praise. Has a peer, I ask me? Ah, I speak a swell rime (rhyme).10.Hypallage移就: synaesthesia通感, empathy移情and transferred epithet转类通感Sweet voice/ icy look/ sharp cry/ sour remark/ oily-tongued移情Lazy clouds drifted across the sky.转类His dry humor doe sn’t seem intentional.修辞格(figures of speech) 大体分为三类：音韵phonological词义semantic句法syntactical。

Rhetoric Study语体文体修辞学：（Stylistics）语体部分研究语言在不同的交际领域中所形成的功能分化，如科技语体、公文语体、新闻语体、法律语体、口语语体等；文体部分则研究文学语言与风格，包括个人风格与时代、流派风格。

人文修辞学：（Rhetoric）重点研究控制读者或听者反应的技巧，具体包括：语言符号在各种交际活动中的影响力，深化认识和影响感情的手段，劝说的各种论辩技巧，表达内容与表达方式之间的关系等。

交际修辞（Communicative Rhetoric）在内容表达上偏重炼字煅句、明确流畅，在形式的结构上偏重于平均慎密、严谨妥帖，总体上讲究逻辑思维，叙述准确，鞭辟入里，以有效地发挥语言的交际功能。

•美学修辞（Aesthetic Rhetoric）运用逻辑思维的同时，偏重随情应景，运用想象和联想，通过辞格（figures ofspeech）唤起生动的意象，使语言文字新鲜活泼，意韵优美，发挥更大的感染力和说服力，取得艺术性的表达效果。

1.Metaphor : One object is likened to another by speaking of it as if it were that other.The world is a stage.“These magical beasts”, as they have been called, are assisting hassled, often incompetent teachers.2.Metonymy: The name of one thing is applied to another thing with which it is closely associated.Are you reading much Shakespear?The English simply worship the crown.He is too fond of the bottle.3.Synecdoche: commmonly, the naming of a part to mean the whole, as in “hands” for “men who do manual labor” ,“a fleet of 50 sails” for “ a fleet of 50 shi ps”. But various other such substitutions are also included in the term. Have you any coppers?He is the Newton of this century.4.Allusion引喻: it is a casual mention or an indirect reference to some person, fact, idea, event, either historical orfictional. The purpose is to make or arouse association and vivid imagination.Those same kids on line are just a few key strokes击键away from Pandora’s hard drive.5.Onomatopoeia拟声: The use of words that, when pronounced, suggest their meaning, such as “hiss” or “buzz”. Inpoetry it involves suiting sound to sense and thereby creating verses that carry their meaning in their sound.And murmuring of innumerable bees…The ice was all around; It cracked and growled, and roared and howled.6.Euphemism the s ubstitution of an inoffensive expression for one that may be disagreeable, as in the use of “passaway or pass on” for “die”, “misinform” for “lie” in “the gentleman is misinformed”, “remain” for a “corpse”, “visiting the necessary” for “going to the toilet”, etc.7.Hyperbole a conscious exaggeration for the sake of emphasis, not intended to be understood literally.The wave ran mountain high.8.Paradox (雋语) a statement that appears to be logically contradictory and yet may be true, the purpose of which isto provoke fresh thought.雋语辞格指似是而非的俏皮话。

英语修辞课堂笔记美学修辞(Aesthetic rhetoric)1.Simile(明喻) is a figure of speech in which two quite different things arecompared because they appear to be similar in at least one characteristic. It’s a rule that simile is introduced by “as” , “like” , “as though” .2.Simile’s classification① Illustrative similee.g. Beauty is like summer, it’s easy to pass.② descriptive similee.g. When he first came to the company, he was like a new kid at school.③ illuminative similee.g. He is a myth. As it were, he returns from the dead.④ open similee.g. He is like a pig.3.MetaphorMetaphor(隐喻) is a comparison that shows how two things that are not alike in most ways are similar in one important way.① A metaphor is the expression of an understanding of noe conceptin terms of another concept.e.g. Your insincere apology just added fuel to fire.② A metaphor is the understanding itself of one concept in terms ofanother.Convertional metaphor is a metaphor in a culture to give structureto some portion of that culture’s conceptional system.e.g. It’s time to get on with your life.③ Ontological存在论的metaphor is a metaphor in which an abstraction. Such as an activity, emotion, or idea is represented as something concrete.具体有形Such as an object, substance, container or person.e.g. He gets a lot of satisfaction from teaching.④ Orientational metaphor is a metaphor in which concept are spatially related to each other.4.AnalogyAnalogy(类比) is the comparison of two pairs have the same relationship.Verbal symbol is a figure of speech in which an object animate of inanimate represents or stands for something else.dove --- peace rose --- loveforget-me-not --- true love white lily --- purity5.MetonymyMetonymy(转喻) is broadly defined a trope in which one entity is used to stand for another assiciated entity, more specifically, a replacive relationship that is the basis for number of conventional metonymic expressions occurring in ordinary language.6.Synecdoche 提喻Synecdoche is a figure in which one of the following (or its reverse) is expressedA part stands for a wholeAn individual stands for a classA material stands for a thinge.g. The boss employed six handsIn this smiling year, they came.He has a smooth tongue.There is a mixture of tiger and ape in the characters of the Frenchman.7.Empathy 移情(中国的移就)The attribution of one’s own feeling to an objecte.g. The windows of that building look sadly at the street.8. SynaesthesiaSynaesthesia is a sensation produced in one modality when a stimulus is applied to another modality, as when the hearing of a certain sound indnaes the visualization of a certain color.(联觉)9.Transferred epithet 转类Transferred epithet is a figure of speech where an epithet is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify to another to which it does not really belong.dry humor 冷笑话 / wet concept 错误的概念10.HypallageHypallage is an interchange of two elements in a phrase or a sentence from a more logical to a less logical relationship or from a right or sensible expression to a wrong or absurd one in order to achieve literally effects.e.g. Madame, I set your eyes before my woes.His coward胆小 lips did from their color罗马军队 fly.Lie me truth, and tell not.11.Personification 拟人Personification is giving human traits (qualities, feelings, action, or characteristics) to non-living objects.e.g. The sun is smiling.The branch beats his face.12.Periphrasis 迂回Periphrasis is the use of a longer phrasing in place of a possible shorter form of expression: a round about or indirect manner of writing or speaking. In literature it is sometimes used for comic effect.e.g. Fragrant beverage drawn from China’s herb. (tea)13.Understatement 低调陈述Understatement is a statement deliberately used to weaken the importance or value of something. The purpose is to make the statement sound ironical or more polite.e.g. I know little about running a company.(The man who are very successful in business will say like this) The grave is a very peaceful and private place.14.Euphemism 委婉语Euphemism is an expression intended by the speaker to be less offensive, disturbing, or troubling to the listener than the word or phrase it replace, or in the case of double speak to make it less troublesome for the speaker.①Traditional euphemism②Stylistic(praise) euphemism③Compounding 合词法④Acronym 首字组合⑤Backformation 反成法⑥Clipping 截短法⑦Phonetic distoration 改变读音e.g. ghost --- gosh⑧Rhyming slang / e.g. piss⑨Back slang / e.g. belly --- elly-bay 逆拼法⑩Punctuation 省略 / e.g. son of XXX⑪Synonyms / e.g. fat – stout - plump skinny – skim ⑫Borrowing 借词⑬Fuzzy words 模糊词语 / e.g. affairs⑭Nurseryism 儿语派(法) / e.g. pee-pee poo-poo⑮Negation unwise⑯Metaphoric transfer⑰Mytonymical transfer⑱Understatement / e.g. smelly = stinking 臭气熏天⑲Periphrasis 迂回 e.g. Would you please be kind enough to satisfy the need of the chair to embrace you? 请坐⑳Interpretation of initial 首字母曲解法e.g. He is in the shithouse . 做有趣的事情Where is the powder room? 女性问化妆间,厕所Dear John letter 绝交信I must go and pick flowers. 上厕所do NO.1 开大 / do NO.2 开小She has canceled all her social engagement. (1856) She is in an interesting condition. (1880)She is in a delicate condition. (1895)She is knitting a little bootee. (1910)She is in a family way. (1920)She is expecting. (1935)She is pregnant. (1956)fair weather friend 只共享福共不了患难的朋友/ snobbishMay I have your specimen? 样本(医)Euphemism was used in:①life , death, disease, age②poverty③sex④wars⑤physical phenomena⑥crime, juvenile delinquent⑦advertising⑧professions⑨teacher’s evaluative / low at his age(低矮)15.Hyperbole 夸张A hyperbole is a figure of speech which is deliberate exaggeration, which states things in false meaning. People do this to emphasize something or to achieve comic effect, to add adornment, exclamation, etc.16.Phonetic rhetoric deviceRhyme ①Alliteration 押头韵is the repletion of initial sounds in neighboring words.e.g. sweet smell of success / bigger and betterTwisters:Clever Clifford cutter clumsily closed the closet clasps.②assonance 谐韵,类韵Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds in two or more stressed syllables(not consonant)e.g. fleet feet sweep by sleeping geeks③consonance 辅音(end rhyme)Consonance is the repetition of the same consonant or similar consonant sound in words stressed in the same place(but differ). Also, a kind of invented alliteration, in which final consonants rather than initial or middle ones, repeat in nearby words, especially at the end of stressed syllables without the similar correspondence of vowels.e.g. stoke and luck④onomatopeia 拟声法Onomatopoeia is a word that imitates the sound it represents.Translation:Tom Crowel, 84, the ice-cream tycoon whose voice ----a near – indescribable mix of grumble, mumble, rasp and gasp --- peddled his company’s wares in radio and TV ads for 35 years died in his sleep in Pine Plains, N.Y. Oct 21.17.IronyVerbal ironyDramatic ironySituational ironySocratic irony 苏格拉底式18．Pun 双关语Pun is the humorous use of a word or phrase so as to emphasize or suggested its different meanings or applications, or the use of words that are alike or nearly alike in sound but different in meaning, a play of words.①homophonic pun 同音双关②paronomasia 近音双关，双关语③antanadasis 同词异义双关④eylleptic pun 一词多义双关⑤asteismus 歧解双关e.g. 1. An elevator makes ghosts happy because it lifts spirit.③2. Time flies like an arrow, fruit flies like a banana. ④3. A bicycle can’t stand on its own because it is two-tyred. ①4. When a clock is hungry it goes back four seconds. ①5. They pray for you on Sunday, and pray on you on Monday. ②6. Ask for me tomorrow, you’ll find me a grave man. ⑤⑤7. Learn some craft when young, when old you may live without craft.8. More sun and air for your son and heir.19. Syllepsis 一语双叙（一石双鸟）Syllepsis is a combination of grammatical parallelism and semantic incongruity, often with a witty or comical effect. It happens when a single word that governs or modifies two or more others must be understood differently with respect to each of those words.20.Antithesis 对仗（对偶）Antithesis is a figure of speech in which irreconcilable opposite or strongly contrasting ideas are placed in sharp just position and sustained tension. The opposing clauses, phases, or sentences are roughly equal in length and balanced in contiguous grammatical structures.e.g. I always lie.Eye it, try it, and buy it.21.Hierarchy①Hierarchies are constructed on the basis of numerous negative and commandments to the degree to which they are followed.②Though the hierarchic principle is inevitable, no particular hierarchy is evitable.③Hierarchies serve as motives as individual struggle to rise or maintain position insocio-cultural hierarchies.22.Perfection①Perfection perceived to be at the top of each hierarchy②Perfection serves as a motives driving entities toward the completeness of perfection.③Burke claimed that humans are rotten or corrupted with perfection(as even language has a quality of perfection) clichés 陈词滥调D.MysteryPhysical and experiential separation of individuals creates mystery in various ways.Occupational psychosisTerministic screenTrained capacityLogologyLogology is the study of theological terms for the insight they produce into languageRichard M.WeaverI.Key termsTyrannicing imagecenter of culture which represents the cultural ideal or vision of excellence for which a society strives and sees as perfectionLanguageprocess through which ultimate truth of metaphysical dream is conveyed to individuals of a culture.RhetoricTruth plus artful presentation(真理加艺术的表现)II.Human involvement in rhetoricBody Self-centered and pull the individual down for sensory satisfaction M Mind Rational - cognative facultySoul Emotional- aestheitc faculty – emotionsIII. Dialectic and rhetoric ---- reveals truth through language①Dialectic helps humans achieve the third level of knowledge(truth)②Rhetoric helps humans actualize the truth revealed through dialecticIV. Rhetorical embodiment of world view。

英语修辞手法总结Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸张）： It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as” pass away".8) Metonymy (转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).9) Synecdoche (提喻）It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.10) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11) Pun: (双关语）It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)12) Solipsism: (一语双叙）It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here we are used to refer to you and me.)In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting, and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配）It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, the sun shall not burn you by day or the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)14) Irony: (反语）It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good. 15) Innuendo: (暗讽）It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.16) Sarcasm: (讽刺）It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语）It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary toestablished fact or practice, but which onfurther thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste, less speed.18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰）It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).19) Antithesis: (对照）It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.20) Epigram: (警句）It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.21) Climax: (渐进）It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered.22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降） It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.23) Apostrophe：(顿呼）In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said.For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词）It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project.25) Alliteration: (头韵）It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声）It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement。

接受美学视角下英语化妆品广告修辞汉译研究全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Exploring the Rhetoric Translation of Cosmetic Advertisements from the Aesthetic PerspectiveHi everybody! Today, let's talk about something super cool - cosmetic advertisements! Have you ever seen those ads that make you want to buy all the makeup in the world? Well, guess what? We're going to dive deep into how these ads use language to make us feel all fancy and fabulous.First things first - what's rhetoric? Rhetoric is basically the art of persuasion through language. And in the world of cosmetic advertisements, rhetoric plays a huge role in convincing us that we absolutely NEED that new lipstick or eyeshadow palette.Now, let's talk about translation. When we see an ad in English, it might sound super fancy and sophisticated. But when it's translated into Chinese, how do they make sure it still sounds just as convincing and appealing?One way they do this is by using the beauty of the Chinese language to convey the same emotions and ideas as the English ad. They might use different words or phrases that have a similar impact on the audience.For example, if an English ad says "Get flawless skin with our new foundation," a Chinese translation might say something like "，，" (Let your skin be flawless and perfect like a painting, our new foundation gives you a perfect experience). See how they use beautiful language to make you feel like you absolutely must have that foundation?!So next time you see a cosmetic ad, pay attention to the words they use and how they make you feel. And remember, beauty is not just about makeup, it's about feeling confident and comfortable in your own skin. Thanks for reading, beauties! See you next time!篇2Hey guys! Today I want to talk about a cool study about makeup ads using aesthetic perspective. It's like, when we see those ads for makeup on TV or online, they always make it look so amazing, right? But have you ever thought about why theyuse certain words or images to make us want to buy the product?This study is all about how makeup ads use language and visuals to make us feel like we need to have that product. It's like, they use words like "perfect" or "flawless" to make us think that if we use this makeup, we'll look perfect too. And they use images of models with really smooth skin or shiny hair to make us think that if we use this makeup, we'll look just like them.But the thing is, not everyone looks like those models in the ads. And that's where the aesthetic perspective comes in. It's all about how we see beauty in different ways. So maybe we don't need to look like those models to feel beautiful. Maybe we can find our own beauty in different ways.So next time you see a makeup ad, think about the words and images they use. Do they make you feel like you need to buy the product to be beautiful? Or do they make you feel like you're already beautiful just the way you are? It's important to think about these things and remember that beauty comes in all shapes and sizes. Let's embrace our own unique beauty and not get caught up in what the ads are trying to sell us. You're beautiful just the way you are!篇3I'm a little kid, and I'm gonna tell you about this really cool study on English makeup ads from a fancy point of view called aesthetics. So basically, this study looks at how makeup ads use language to make their products sound super awesome and appealing to us.First of all, let's talk about this thing called "rhetoric." It's like how companies use words and phrases to persuade us to buy their stuff. For example, they might say a mascara will give you "long, lush lashes" to make you feel like you absolutely need it.Then there's this thing called "translation." It's when they take fancy words from other languages and use them in their ads to sound more high-class. Like saying a moisturizer will make your skin "radiant" instead of just saying it'll make you glow.And lastly, there's this thing called "metaphor." It's when they compare their makeup to something else to make it seem even better. Like saying a lipstick will give you "kissable lips" to make you think you'll be super attractive if you wear it.So, next time you see a makeup ad, pay attention to all the sneaky language tricks they use to make you want to buy theirproducts. And remember, it's all just words – what really matters is how you feel when you wear makeup, not what the ad says!篇4Title: Super Cool Essay on English Makeup Advertisements from Aesthetic PerspectiveHey guys! Today we are going to talk about something super interesting - English makeup advertisements! Have you ever noticed how persuasive and cool those ads are? Well, it's all thanks to the beauty of language and the power of persuasion!First of all, let's talk about the aesthetics of these ads. They always use beautiful models and stunning visuals to catch our attention. They make us think, "Wow, I want to look like that too!" And that's how they draw us in. They appeal to our senses and make us want to try out their products.Secondly, the language they use is super important. Have you ever noticed how they always use words like "flawless," "radiant," and "perfect"? These words are meant to make us feel like we will be flawless and perfect too if we use their products. It's a clever trick, but it works!Another cool thing about these ads is how they talk about the benefits of their products. They always talk about how their makeup will make us look younger, more beautiful, and more confident. And who doesn't want that, right? It's like they are selling us a dream of being our best selves.In conclusion, English makeup advertisements are super cool because they use beautiful visuals, persuasive language, and appealing benefits to draw us in. Next time you see an ad, pay attention to these things and see if you can spot all the tricks they use to make us want to buy their products. Who knows, maybe you'll become a makeup ad expert too!篇5One day, I watched a super cool video about English makeup ads research. The video was all about how makeup ads use different tricks to make us want to buy their products. It was so interesting!First, they talked about how ads use beautiful words to describe their makeup. Words like "radiant," "flawless," and "glowing" make us think that if we buy the product, we will look just like the models in the ads. It's like they're promising us that we'll be super pretty if we use their makeup.Next, the video showed how ads use celebrities to advertise their makeup. When we see our favorite celebrities using a certain makeup brand, we want to use it too. It's like we think that if we use the same makeup as them, we'll be as cool and stylish as they are.Then, they talked about how ads use before and after pictures to show us how amazing their makeup is. They show a regular person looking kind of blah without makeup, and then after using the product, they look super awesome. It makes us think that if we use the makeup, we'll have a total makeover too.Overall, the video taught me that makeup ads are super sneaky. They know just how to use words, celebrities, and pictures to make us want to buy their products. It's like they're playing tricks on us, but it's kind of fun too. Now I'll be more careful when I see makeup ads and remember that they're just trying to sell me stuff.篇6Oh, hi there! Today I want to talk to you about this super cool research paper about English makeup ads from a aesthetics perspective. It's going to be so much fun!So, the paper is all about studying how makeup brands use language in their ads to make their products sound amazing and make us want to buy them. It's like they use all these fancy words and phrases to make us think their products are the best thing ever.The researchers looked at a bunch of makeup ads and analyzed the words and phrases they used. They found that a lot of ads use words like "luxurious", "innovative", and "revolutionary" to describe their products. And they use really flowery language to make us feel like we absolutely need to have their products.But here's the thing - not all of these words are actually true. Sometimes, makeup brands use these words to make their products sound better than they actually are. It's like they're tricking us into thinking their products are amazing when they're really just okay.But hey, that's just how advertising works, right? They want us to buy their products, so they use all these tricks to make us want them. It's pretty sneaky, but also kind of fun to study.In conclusion, makeup ads use a lot of fancy language to make their products sound amazing. But we should always be critical and think about whether the products are really as greatas they say. So next time you see a makeup ad, remember to take it with a grain of salt!And that's it for today's research paper review. Thanks for listening, and I'll see you next time!篇7Title: Fun Study on Translating and Analyzing Makeup Advertisement Rhetoric from Aesthetic PerspectiveHey guys! Today we are going to talk about something super cool and fun – translating and analyzing makeup advertisement rhetoric from an aesthetic perspective. I know it sounds a bit fancy, but don't worry, I'll make it super easy to understand!So, first things first, what is rhetoric? Rhetoric is basically the art of using language to persuade or impress people. And when it comes to makeup ads, rhetoric is used to make the products sound amazing and irresistible.Now, let's talk about translating makeup ads into Chinese. When we translate these ads, we need to make sure that we capture the beauty and excitement of the original English text.We want our Chinese readers to feel the same way as the English speakers when they read the ad.Next, let's talk about analyzing makeup advertisement rhetoric. In these ads, you will often see words like "radiant," "flawless," and "glow." These words are used to create a sense of beauty and perfection. The ads also use images of beautiful models to make the products seem even more desirable.Overall, translating and analyzing makeup advertisement rhetoric is a super fun and interesting topic. It helps us understand how language can be used to create a certain mood or feeling. And who knows, maybe one day you'll be creating your own amazing makeup ads! Keep on learning and exploring, guys!篇8Oh wow, have you ever seen those fancy makeup ads on TV? They always talk about how their products are so amazing and can make you look beautiful! But have you ever thought about how they use language to persuade us to buy their makeup?In this article, we are going to explore the world of makeup ads from a aesthetic perspective and see how they use cleverlanguage tricks to convince us to buy their products. So buckle up and get ready to dive into the world of English makeup ads!First off, let's talk about how these ads use visual imagery to make their products seem more appealing. They always show models with flawless skin and perfect makeup, making us think that if we use their products, we can look just as amazing. This is called visual rhetoric, and it plays a big role in makeup ads.Next, let's discuss how these ads use language to make their products sound irresistible. They often use words like "magical", "transformative" and "luxurious" to describe their products, making us feel like we absolutely need them in our lives. This is called persuasive rhetoric, and it's a powerful tool in the world of advertising.Overall, makeup ads are not just trying to sell us products, they are trying to sell us a dream of looking beautiful and confident. By using clever language tricks and visual imagery, they make their products seem like a must-have for anyone who wants to feel their best. So next time you see a makeup ad, remember to think about the words they are using to convince you to buy their products. It's all part of the magical world of English makeup ads!篇9Beauty is everywhere, from the colorful flowers in the garden to the bright stars in the night sky. But did you know that we can also find beauty in makeup products? In this article, we will explore the world of beauty through the eyes of aesthetics and take a closer look at English makeup advertisements.First of all, let's talk about what aesthetics is. Aesthetics is all about beauty and art, it's like a magic wand that can make everything look more beautiful. When we talk about makeup advertisements from an aesthetic point of view, we are looking at how these ads use language and images to make their products look more appealing and desirable.In English makeup advertisements, you will often see words like "radiant," "flawless," and "glowing." These words are carefully chosen to create a sense of beauty and perfection. They make us feel like we can achieve the same flawless look if we use the product being advertised. It's like a secret spell that promises to transform us into our most beautiful selves.In addition to words, images also play a big role in makeup advertisements. Have you ever noticed how the models in these ads always have perfect skin and shiny hair? These images aremeant to show us how beautiful we can be if we use the product. It's like a glimpse into a world where everyone is flawless and glamorous.Overall, English makeup advertisements are like a fairy tale come to life. They use words and images to create a world where beauty is the ultimate goal. So next time you see a makeup ad, take a moment to appreciate the beauty and artistry behind it. Who knows, maybe you'll find a little magic in that tube of lipstick or jar of foundation.篇10Sure! Here is a brief and simplified English version of the article on the study of English makeup advertisements from an aesthetic perspective:---Hey guys! Today let's talk about English makeup ads and how they use fancy words to make their products sound super cool. Have you ever noticed how makeup ads always talk about how amazing their products are? Well, that's because they use a special kind of language called rhetoric to make us feel like we need their products.So, what is rhetoric? It's basically using persuasive language to convince people to do or buy something. In makeup ads, they use words like "flawless," "radiant," and "perfect" to make us feel like we need their products to look beautiful. They also use images of super pretty models with flawless skin to make us think we can look just like them if we use their products.But how do these ads make us feel so excited about makeup? Well, they manipulate our emotions by using language that appeals to our senses. For example, they might say a foundation will make your skin feel "silky smooth" or a lipstick will make your lips "soft and kissable." These words create a picture in our minds of how amazing we will look and feel when we use their products.In conclusion, English makeup ads are not just about selling products, they are also about making us feel confident and beautiful. So next time you see a makeup ad, remember to think critically about the words they use and how they make you feel. And always remember, true beauty comes from within!。

英语的修辞可以分为消极修辞和积极修辞两大类。

一、消极修辞(Passive Rhetoric Techniques)它主要指那些没有相对固定格式的修辞性写作技巧，它与语法、语言结构和词汇的关系密切，只是为了修辞和立意新颖的缘故，对之做了一些调整。

举一种情况进行说明：为了增加文采，强化文章的表现力，常常避免重复使用同一个词汇，而另选他词。

这种无固定格式可循的消极修辞手段被称为Elegant Variation （求雅换词）。

如在Elizabeth Razzi写的题为10 Ways to Lose Pounds 的文章中，“减肥”的表达竟有8种，文笔活泼，文采灿然：1. Try to shed a few extra pounds? 2. Studies show these efforts may shave off the pounds quickly. 3. Here are ten simple strategies that can help melt away your fat forever. 4. …like a logical way to peel off a few pounds. 5. …roughly the amount needed to burn off one pound. 6. You must eat less to lose weight. 7. A key obstacle to dropping extra pounds is after-dinner snacking. 8. 10 Ways to Lose Pounds. 以上8句中的斜体字让我们欣赏了英语词汇的活力与风采。

遗憾的是，大部分精彩的用词不能直译。

求雅换词的手法之一是大字小用，或小词大用。

如：Don’t take the low-fat label as a license to eat. 句子写得精彩，最难忘的是其中license一词。