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化学工程与工艺专业英语课文翻译Chemical Engineering and Process TechnologyChemical engineering is a branch of engineering that applies physical sciences (physics and chemistry) and life sciences (biology, microbiology, biochemistry) togetherwith mathematics and economics to produce, transform, transport, and properly use chemicals, materials and energy. It essentially deals with the design and operation ofplants and equipment for performing chemical reactions onan industrial scale.Chemical engineers are responsible for the development and production of a diverse range of products, such as fuels, pharmaceuticals, food and drink, and plastics. They also work in a variety of industries, including oil and gas, water treatment, and environmental management.The field of chemical engineering is constantly evolving, with new technologies and processes beingdeveloped to improve efficiency and sustainability. This requires chemical engineers to stay up-to-date with the latest developments in their field and to continually adapt their skills and knowledge.Process technology, on the other hand, focuses on the methods and techniques used to transform raw materials into useful products. This includes the design, operation, and optimization of chemical, physical, and biological processes. Process technologists work closely with chemical engineers to ensure that the processes are efficient, safe, and environmentally friendly.Some of the key areas of study within chemical engineering and process technology include thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, mass transfer, reaction kinetics, process control, and process design. These subjects form the foundation of the discipline and are essential for understanding and solving the complex problems that chemical engineers and process technologists face in their work.In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on sustainability and green engineering within the field of chemical engineering and process technology. This has led to the development of new processes and technologies that minimize waste, reduce energy consumption, and limit the environmental impact of chemical production.One example of this is the use of renewable feedstocks, such as biomass, in place of traditional fossil fuels. By utilizing sustainable raw materials, chemical engineers and process technologists can help to reduce the reliance on finite resources and decrease the carbon footprint of chemical processes.Another important development in the field is the use of process intensification, which involves the integration of multiple processes into a single, more efficient system. This approach can lead to significant improvements in productivity, energy efficiency, and cost savings.As the demand for chemical products continues to grow, the role of chemical engineers and process technologists inaddressing global challenges, such as climate change and resource depletion, becomes increasingly important. By applying their knowledge and skills to develop innovative and sustainable solutions, they can help to create a more environmentally friendly and economically viable future.In conclusion, chemical engineering and process technology are dynamic and interdisciplinary fields that play a crucial role in the production of a wide range of products. With a focus on sustainability and innovation, chemical engineers and process technologists are well-positioned to address the challenges of the 21st century and contribute to the development of a more sustainable and prosperous world.。
Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业1.Origins of the Chemical IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939).1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。
Unit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers化学工程师的例行工作The classical role of the chemical engineer is to take the discoveries made by the chemist in the laboratory and develop them into money--making, commercial-scale chemical processes. The chemist works in test tubes and Parr bombs with very small quantities of reactants and products (e.g., 100 ml), usually running “batch”, constant-temperature experiments. Reactants are placed in a small container in a constant temperature bath. A catalyst is added and the reactions proceed with time. Samples are taken at appropriate intervals to follow the consumption of the reactants and the production of products as time progresses.化学工程师经典的角色是把化学家在实验室里的发现拿来并发展成为能赚钱的、商业规模的化学过程。
化学家用少量的反应物在试管和派式氧弹中反应相应得到少量的生成物，所进行的通常是间歇性的恒温下的实验，反应物放在很小的置于恒温水槽的容器中，加点催化剂，反应继续进行，随时间推移，反应物被消耗，并有生成物产生，产物在合适的间歇时间获得。
Unit 20 Material Science and ChemicalEngineering材料科学和化学工程A few years ago, who would have dreamed that an aircraft could circumnavigate the earth without landing or refueling? Yet in 1986 the novel aircraft V oyager did just that. The secret of V oyager’s long flight lies in advanced materials that did not exist a few years ago. Much of the airframe was constructed from strong, lightweight polymer-fiber composite sections assembled with durable, high-strength adhesive; the engine was lubricated with a synthetic multicomponent liquid designed to maintain lubricity for a long time under continuous operation. These special materials typify the advances being made by scientists and engineers to meet the demands of modern society.几年以前，谁会想到一架飞机可以绕地球航行而中途不需要着陆或添加燃料？而在1986年新型的飞机航海者就做到了这一点。
航海者具备长途飞行能力的秘密就在于几年前还没有出现的先进的材料。
Unit 11 Chemical and Process Thermodynamics化工热力学在投入大量的时间和精力去研究一个学科时，有理由去问一下以下两个问题：该学科是什么？（研究）它有用途？关于热力学，虽然第二个问题更容易回答，但回答第一个问题有必要对该学科较深入的理解。
（尽管）多专家或学者赞同热力学的简单而准确的定义的观点（看法）值得怀疑，但是还是有必要确定它的定义。
然而，在讨论热力学的应用之后，就可以很容易完成其定义1．热力学的应用热力学有两个主要的应用，两者对化学工程师都很重要。
（1）与过程相联系的热效应和功效应的计算，以及从过程得到的最大功或驱动过程所需的最小功的计算。
（2）描述处于平衡的系统的各变量之间的关系的确定。
第一种应用由热力学这个名词可联想到，热力学表示运动中的热。
直接利用第一和第二定律可完成多（热效应和功效应的）计算。
例如：计算压缩气体的功，对一个完整过程或某一过程单元的进行能量衡算，确定分离乙醇和水混合物所需的最小功，或者（evaluate）评估一个氨合成工厂的效率。
热力学在特殊体系中的应用，引出了一些有用的函数的定义以及这些函数和其它变量（如压强、温度、体积和摩尔分数）关系网络的确定。
实际上，在运用第一、第二定律时，除非用于评价必要的热力学函数变化已经存在，否则热力学的第一种应用不可能实现。
通过已经建立的关系网络，从实验确定的数据可以计算函数变化。
除此之外，某一体系中变量的关系网络，可让那些未知的或者那些难以从变量（这些变量容易得到或较易测量）中实验确定的变量得以计算。
例如，一种液体的汽化热，可以通过测量几个温度的蒸汽压和几个温度下液相和汽相的密度得以计算；某一化学反应中任一温度下的可得的最大转化率，可以通过参与该反应的各物质的热量法测量加以计算。
2. 热力学的本质热力学定律有这经验的基础或实验基础，但是在描述其应用时，依赖实验测量显得很明显化学工程与工艺专业英语第十一单元化工热力学（stand out 突出）。
Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939).1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。
Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业1.Origins of the Chemical IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939).1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。
《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译-Unit3 Typical Activities of ChemicalEngineers本文将介绍化学工程师在日常工作中的一些典型活动。
化学工程师旨在将化学与工程学的原理应用于产业中，解决生产过程中的各种问题并开发新产品。
化学工程师随着技术的发展和市场的变化而发展和变化。
但以下是其典型活动：第一，设计新的工艺流程。
化学工程师需要了解化学反应原理、物质转化和热量传递方程式，以及流体力学和系统分析等方面的知识，创造出新的工艺流程。
在此基础上，他们可以设计出化学反应器、分离装置和加工设备等。
而在设计之前，化学工程师会根据产品需求和工厂生产线等因素，制定经济可行性和技术可行性分析，制定整个流程方案。
第二，工厂的设计和规划。
这些安装要求使用化学工程师的技能和知识。
工程师需要考虑由工厂所需的供电、供水和废物处理等各个方面。
他们需要选择合适的材料和设备，也需要在设计中采用节能和环境保护技术。
他们也必须为紧密的安全要求和法律法规做好准备。
第三，处理产品的生产和质量控制。
生产线上的任何错误都有可能导致生产过程劣化和生产失败。
化学工程师通过控制生产过程的不同参数和调整生产中的机器设备、材料流程和成品质量保障等，确保产品的质量和产品的性能。
如果有任何生产上的问题，他们都需要快速响应，并及时寻找解决方法。
第四，进行研究和开发。
在工业生产中，研究和开发是至关重要的。
化学工程师必须熟悉当前和未来的技术发展。
他们需要收集和分析大量的数据和材料，以探索和开发新的技术和产品，面对多种工艺流程，为生产线输入新的元素。
第五，进行销售和市场分析。
销售和市场分析也是化学工程师需要了解的另一个方面。
他们需要熟悉市场需求和市场潜力。
工程师必须在市场竞争激烈的环境中发挥创新、争取同行的业务和合作伙伴，为他们的产品寻找最佳销售渠道。
第六，维护和管理设备。
对于工厂设备的维护和管理是保证生产线平稳运转的必要条件。
Unit 1 Chemical Industry1.Origins of the Chemical IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939).1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。
what do we mean by transport phenomena ?Transport phenomena is the collective name given to the systematic and integrated study of three classical areas of engineering science : (i) energy or heat transport ,(ii) mass transport or diffusion ,and (iii) momentum transport or fluid dynamics . Of course , heat and mass transport occur frequently in fluids , and for this reason some engineering educators prefer to includes these processes in their treatment of fluid mechanics .Since transport phenomena also includes heat conduction and diffusion in solids , however , the subject is actually of wider scope than fluid mechanics. It is also distinguished from fluid mechanics in that the study of transport phenomena make use of the similarities between the equations used to describe the processes of heat,mass,and momentum transport.These analogies,as they are usually called, can often be related to similarities in the physical mechanisms whereby the transport takes place.As a consequence,an understanding of one transport process can readily lead to an understanding of other processes.Moreover,if the differential equations and boundary conditions are the same,a solution need be obtained for only one of the processes since by changing the nomenclature that solution can be used to obtain the solution for any other transport process.It must be emphasized , however, that while there are similarities between the transport processes, there are also important differences , especially between the transport of momentum (a vector ) and that of heat or mass (scalars ).Nevertheless , a systematic study of the similar ities between the transport processes makes it easier to identify and understand the differences between them.1.How We Approach the SubjectIn order to demonstrate the analogies between the transport processes , we will study each of the process in parallel-instead of studying momentum transport first , then energy transport , and finally mass transport. Besides promoting understanding , there is another pedagogical reason for not using the serial approach that is used in other textbooks : of the three processes, the concepts and equations involved in the study of momentum transport are the most difficult for the beginner to understand and to use .Because it is impossible to cover heat and mass transport thoroughly without prior knowledge of momentum transport ,one is forced under the serial approach to take up the most difficult subject (momentum transport) first .On the other hand ,if the subjects are studied in parallel , momentum transport becomes more understandable by reference to the familiar subject of heat transport. Furthermore ,the parallel treatment makes it possible to study the simpler the physical processes that are occurring rather than the mathematical procedures and representations. For example vector notation and we can often use ordinary differential equations instead of partial differential equations ,which are harder to solve . This procedure is also justified by the fact that many of the practical problems of transport phenomena can be solved by one-dimensional models.2.Why Should Engineers Study T ransport Phenomena?Since the discipline of transport phenomena deals with certain laws of nature , some people classify it as a branch of engineering . For this reason the engineer , who is concerned with the economical design and operation of plants and equipment , quite properly should ask how transport phenomena will be of value in practice . There are two general types of answers to those questions . The first requires one to recognize that heat ,mass ,and momentum transport occur in many kinds of engineering , e.g., heat exchangers ,compressors ,nuclear and chemical reactors,humidifiers, air coolers ,driers , fractionaters , and absorbers. These transport processes are also involved in the human body as well as in the complex processes whereby pollutants react and diffuse in the atmosphere.It is important that engineers have an understanding of the physical laws governing these transport processes if they are to understand what is taking place in engineering equipment and to make wise decisions with regard to its economical operation .The second answer is that engineers need to be able to use their understanding of natural laws to design process equipment in which these processes are occurring . To do so they must be able to predict rates of heat ,mass , or momentum transport .For example, consider a simple heat exchanger , i.e., a pipe used to heat a fluid by maintaining its wall at a higher temperature than that of the fluid flowing through it .The rate at which heat passes from the wall of the pipe to the fluid depends upon a parameter , etc.Traditionally heat-transfer coefficients are obtained after expensive and time-consuming laboratory or pilot-plant measurements and are correlated through the use of dimensionless empirical equations. Empirical equations are equations that fit the data over a certain range; they are not based upon theory and cannot be used accurately outside the range for which the data have heen taken .The less expensive and usually more reliable approach used in transport phenomena is to predict the heat-transfer coefficient from equations based on the laws of nature . The predicted result would be obtained by a research engineer by solving some equations (often on a computer ). A design engineer would then use the equation for the heat-transfer coefficient obtained by the research engineer .Keep in mind that the job of designing the heat exchanger would be essentially the same no matter how the heat-transfer coefficients were originally obtained. For this reason ,some courses in transport phenomena emphasize only the determination of the heat-transfer coefficient and leave the actual design procedure to a course in unit oper ations .It is of cource a “practical “ matter to be able to obtain the parameters , i.e., the heat-transfer coefficients that are used in design , and for that reason a transport phenomena course can be considered an engineering course as well as one in science .In fact , there are some cases in which the design engineer might use the methods and equations of transport phenomena directly in the design of equipment .An example would be a tubular reactor ,which might be illustrated as a pipe ,e.g., the heat exchanger described earlier, with a homogeneous chemical reaction occurring in the fluid within .The fluid enters with a certain concentration of reactant and leaves the tube with a decreased concentration of reactant and an increased concentration of product .If the reaction is exothermic , the reactor wall will usually be maintained at a low temperature in order to remove the heat generated by the chemical reaction . Therefore the temperature will decrease with radial position , i.e.,with the distance from the centerline of the pipe . Then , since the reaction rate increases with temperature , it will be higher at the center ,where the temperature is high , than at the wall , where the temperature is low . Accordingly ,the products of the reaction will tend to accumulate at the centerline while the reactants accumulate near the wall of the reactor . Hence , concentration as well as temperature will vary both with radial position and with length .To design the reactor we would need to know ,at any given length , the mean concentration of product . Since this mean concentration is obtained from the point values averaged over the cross section , we actually need to obtain the concentration at every point in the reactor , i.e., at every radial position and at every length . But to calculate the concentration at every point weneed to know the reaction rate at every point , and to calculate the rate at every point we need to know both the temperature and the concentration at every point ! Furthermore, to calculate the temperature we also need to know the rate and the velocity of the fluid at every point . We will not go into the equations involved ,but obviously we have a complicated set of partial differential equations that must be solved by sophisticated procedures, usually on a computer. It should be apparent that we could not handle such a problem by the empirical design procedures used in unit operations courses for a heat exchanger . Instead the theory and mathematical procedures of transport phenomena are essential ,unless one wishes to go go the expense and take the time to build pilot plants of increasing size and measure the conersion in each . Even then the final scale-up is precarious and uncertain.Of course ,not all problems today can be solved by the methods of transport phenomena. However, with the development of the computer ,more and more problems are being solved by these methods .If engineering students are to have an education that is not become obsolete , they must be prepared, through an understanding of the methods of transport phenomena , to make use of the computations that will be made in the future .Because of its great potential as well as its current usefulness , a course in transport phenomena may ultimately prove to be the most prac tical and useful course on a student’s undergraduate career.。
