研究生实用英语期末考试说明(XX3)

工程硕士研究生实用英语期末复习资料UNIT 1VOCABULARY1.Although not the newest, the engine won’t let you down. It is reliable and long-lasting.2.You’ll obtain a certificate of attendance upon completion of the training.3.He asked me who will participate in this meeting.4.Her proposal focuses on what steps we can take to minimize the losses.5.He recognized that he was not qualified for the post after the interview.6.Increased interaction between colleagues can greatly improve work-efficiency.7.It doesn’t take much to buy the machine, but you have to spend much on the maintenance of it.8.She decided to pursue her studies after obtaining her first degree.9.The incident provoked press interest. Reporters from several newspapers came to interview him.10.The activity will be a learning experience for you and all those who are involved.11.For optimal result, place this code at the very end of your page.12.Fortunately my boss has recognized the importance of a commitment to education.13.Good developers are focused on solving challenging technical problems.14.He’s a good salesman, but his offhand manner tends to put people off.15.Please turn off your cell phone or switch it to the vibrating mode while the meeting is going on.16.Plenty of exercise will help you keep in shape.17.This company has a unique way to train its employees.18.This new suggestion is an distinct improvement from the one I originally made.19.What he said is really a novel idea to the interviewers.20.Working abroad could become an incredible adventure for you. TRANSLATION1.In other words, I lead a team of engineers whose job it is to provide reliable medical equipment that will keep the astronauts healthy on orbit!也就是说，我带领一队工程师专门负责提供可靠的医疗设备，以使空中的航天员保持健康。

安徽大学研究生英语期末学位考试通知安大,英语,期末考试关于硕士研究生英语学位考试的通知1.硕士研究生英语学位考试一:口试口试时间:XX年年1月2日(周五)——7日(周三)口试(注:XX年年12月31日(周三)答疑具体要求:①考试随堂进行②学生单独测试,5分钟/人③满分为20分④优秀率(即17-19分)原则上不超过班级总人数的40%口试题型:①朗读:朗读综合英语上下册6个单元课文中抽到的内容(3分钟/人)②口头作文:就抽到的某个话题演讲(2分钟/人)朗读内容:①上册UnitTwoTextAparas.3-5(p32-33)②上册UnitThreeTextAparas.3,4&10(p67&p70)③下册UnitOneTextBparas.5,10&11(p16-18)④下册UnitTwoTextAparas.1,2,9&10(p36&p40)⑤下册UnitFourTextAparas.4,5&6(p104)⑥下册UnitFiveTextAparas.4,6&17(p144-145&p148)口试话题:①Howtoavoidaddiction?②Cultureisdynamic.③Howtosocializewithpeople?④MyidealwelfaresysteminChina.⑤HowtodevelopyourEQ?⑥Howtomanageyourmoney?注意事项:①老师准备6个朗读内容及6个口试话题标签②学生自备综合英语教材上､下册③学生考试前将打印好的其中4个话题讲稿交给老师做口试成绩参考2.硕士研究生英语学位考试二:笔试笔试时间:XX年年1月9日(周五)上午8:50-10:50题型及分值:①Listening30%(1×30=30;9:20播放听力)②V ocabularyandStructure10%(0.5×20=10)③Readingprehension30%(2×15=30;3passages)④Cloze10%(0.5×20=10)⑤Translation10%(5×2=10)⑥Writing10%(summarizeagiventextwe’velearnedandmakeabriefmentonthetopicwithin160—200words)出卷原则:课内内容60%(听力包括所学单元的TestYourself部分);课外内容40%3.硕士研究生学位英语总评成绩:平时成绩20%+口试成绩20%+笔试成绩60%研究生教研室XX年-11-30。

1、图标作文：第一段：概述图表揭示的规律趋势；第二段：阐释产生的原因；第三段：展望未来或提出建议、措施2*3型As isillustratedin thebar chart; （significant changes have taken place in the past several years with regard to (主题，用名词) ；）it is apparent that xx(state owned houses )declinedfrom 75% in 1990 to 60% in 1995 and then to 20% in 2000,while private houses increased from 25% to 40% and then to 80% during the same period.表增加/减少：This significant growth/ tremendous growthin; has rapidly increased/grown from…to…slight/steady;slightly/steadily;sharply cut from…to…;表对比：Compared with ;while;wherea表倍数：N times + As +adj/adv+as ;n +times +as+adj/adv比较级+thanIt is universally known that the above-mentioned chart truly demonstrates a social issue which is becoming more and more popular currently. What prove to be the underlying reasons for it? Without any doubt, 3 reasons stated as follows can be adopted to account for it. First and foremost,(阐释具体的现象或原因)more importantly, (阐释具体的现象或原因)，last but not the least.(阐述具体的现象或原因)To sum up,in order to maintain such a sound momentum, a number of great efforts should be made to take some effective measures in this regard, on the one hand,具体的措施，on the other hand，具体的措施，only in this way,can this momentum be kept smoothly, (如果以上说的是好的趋势)或者Generallyspeaking, in order to put an end to this bad momentum, some effective measuresshould be taken into account, on the one hand,具体措施，onthe other hand,具体措施，only if we have taken theabove-mentioned measures ,can this momentum be curbed/hindered effectively.(如果以上说的是不好的趋势)建议：In order to protect the wildlife；I have some suggestions. , the governments should make laws to prevent them from being caught and killed. Second, the society organization should call on people to love nature and protect it. Third, as for ourselves, we should take practical actions to protect our living environment.措施：In my opinion, it is imperative for us to take steps to reverse（扭转图表中所示的）the disturbing trend (令人不安的趋势；打扰；烦恼)illustrated in the charts. One measure would be to forbid the building of cities in areas where wild life is threatened with extinction.But, more importantly, men must learn to stop polluting the environment, or he himself will be extinct.2、写一篇关于交流的说明文；步骤：1)描述现象，引出话题。

1. 复习范围以课本第1--6单元passage A, B课文中的某些句子（已用页码和行数标示）和课后习题为主。

但不同程度地对原文原题进行了加工处理。

不可机械照搬照写。

2. 与书本有关的分值多达55分。

3. 题型有听力15分，词汇与结构40分，阅读理解20分，英汉互译25分，没有作文。

4. 翻译试题除了选自课后翻译题外，还包括课文中的句子。

均进行了编辑合成处理，要灵活答题。

11-12-1 10级实用英语期末考试复习大纲注意：本大纲可作为部分复习参考资料，不涵盖所有备考内容。

请同学们认真复习1-6单元课后的词汇和翻译习题，真正理解和运用。

Part 1 vocabulary & structureabuse: child abuse drug abuseimpose: The government is going to impose heavier taxes on the rich.dispose:He was forced to dispose of his art treasures oppose: We opposed the plansuppose: We are supposed to have a meeting at 8 o’clock. expose: Don’t expose yourself to the sun too much in summer. be exposed to…relieve/relief: This medicine can help relieve the pain. sufficient=enoughdefend one’s title/honor: try to win again:She’s going to defend her Wimbledon title later this month.accessible: Medicine should not be kept where it is accessible to childrensucceed in doing sth. succeed sb/sth.=replace sb./sth.approve /disapprove of: My parents disapproved of my marriage.withdraw interviewconsiderable: They have given the plan considerable attentionconsiderateprofound : I give you my profound thanks for saving my life.He has a profound knowledge of mathematics. deserve humble:He deserves all the praises that people give him, but he is still very humble.quit: stop doingmotivesinteraction—reaction—transactionrescuerroutineencourage sb. to do… discourage sb. from doing sth…drop out dropoutfrom a … standpoint/point of view/viewpointhave a…impact/influence on…due to=owing towreckage/debrisbe scheduled: Our meeting is scheduled at 8 o’clock. postpone=delay cancelconventional=traditionalsurvive (in)concern—concerning—concerned:I am concerned about you.I will give a talk concerning air pollution miserable origininherit: He intended that his son should inherit his business survey: Half of those surveyed said that they supported the Labour Party.in any case—in case;Traffic may be bad, but in any case we will be there in time for the dinner.Take an umbrella in case it rains.celebritysustain: We don’t have enough money to sustain our campaign for long.retain: We shall retain our right.obtain=get, acquireby accident= by chancesignal—sight—sigh—signcoincidence—collision in collision with dangle urge—emerge—usher obstacles toaccuse sb ofhave prejudice against: He has prejudice against women.in case—so that—now thatextinguish: Water extinguished the fire.distinguish: Can you distinguish the twins apart?Let’s welcome our distinguished guest.extinct; Dinosaurs have been extinct for millions of years. distinct; totally differentbe bound fordistributecontributeattribute: He attributed his success to working hard. suggest/require/propose等动词后的宾语从句中运用虚拟语气的格式but for=without: I would not have succeeded but for your help.due to=thanks to = owing to…分词的独立主格结构P 76 课文line4-5 P77 line 44-45Part IV Translation (英汉互译)P105 15(2) + P105 15(5) P100 8(1)+ P120 7(5) P16 8(5)+ P66 15(30)P13 line 41-43 P117 line 43-47This agreement will break through the obstacles to free trade.Talks between the two countries completely broke down, because neither of them wanted to give in.How can we find proper way to steer disabled people toward success?Natural disasters have obviously contributed to the country’s economic crisis.Students should check carefully that they are eligible to join this club before making their decision, as each of them is restricted to only one choice.We should help students adopt a positive attitude towards life.P 13 Line41-43为了实现这个目标，学校将针对知识环境何整个社会反展的需要，为员工提供进行创新研究所需的设施何支持；提倡既富革新精神又严格认真的教学，使教学与研究环境卓有成效地互动从而推动教学。

2022级研究生实用英语期末考试说明〔2022-2022学年第一学期〕1. 考试时间〔1〕口语考试时间：第16周星期二〔12月13日，11，22班〕第16周星期四〔12月15日，33，44班〕第17周星期二〔12月20日，11，22班〕第17周星期四(12月22日，33，44班〕第18周星期二〔12月27日，11, 22班〕第18周星期四〔12月29日，33, 44班〕〔2〕写作考试时间：可能18周周四(12月29日)晚，由研究生院统一安排, 请留意研究生院网页通知2. 考试形式及题型〔1〕口语考试〔总40分〕形式：每3-5个考生为一组，每组从课程口语局部的8个话题中随机抽取1个话题，10-15分钟准备，15分钟考试，其中10分钟考生就话题展开活动，形式不限，5分钟老师提问。

每个话题附有假设干子话题：每组考生可以共同选择其中某一个子话题进展交谈等〔形式不限〕，也可以分别选择不同的子话题。

列出的子话题仅供参考，考生也可以在不脱离抽到的话题的条件下自由发挥。

考前须知：* 请各组考生按任课老师安排的时间到平时上课的教室参加考试并签到。

* 考试时考生假如查看甚至照读准备的内容，不给成绩。

* 考生必须自己制作醒目的姓名卡，考试时别在衣服上，以供考官记录成绩。

〔2〕写作考试〔总30分〕：题型：信函写作10分+摘要句子排序5分+摘要汉译英15分形式：开卷时间：60分钟考前须知：* 由研究生院安排统考，详细考场安排届时见研究生院网页。

* 考试安排中会列出班号，上课的时间，教室，老师姓名等信息，各考生一定要到自己上课所在班级相应的考场参加考试并签到，否那么造成成绩缺失的，后果自负。

口语考试话题、子话题见2-12页！Class 11 TopicsTopic 1 Health and DietSub-topic 1What important factors contribute to or influence people’s health nowadays?Sub-topic 2What do you think of the health situation of today’s Chinese university students? What are the main problems of their physical and mental health?Sub-topic 3What are the main threats to people’s health in modern society? How to cope with the problem? Topic 2 Traffic and TransportationSub-topic 1What are the reasons that cause more and more traffic accidents in China today?Sub-topic 2Should people in our country be encouraged to take public transportation or own their private cars? Why or why not?Sub-topic 3What do you think of the public transportation in Wuhan or in our school?Topic 3 Interpersonal relationshipSub-topic 1What interpersonal relationships we are facing every day in our life? What are important in ensuring good human relationships?Sub-topic 2What is real friendship? (Or How many real friends you have and why you think they are real friends with you? You can use your own experience as example)Sub-topic 3Has the Internet brought people closer or not? How do you consider net-friend?Topic 4TravelingSub-topic 1:What do people often do before leaving home for traveling?Sub-topic 2:Where do you dream to go to? Why?Sub-topic 3:Which one do you prefer, joining a group traveling arranged by a travel agency or traveling by yourself with a free line?Topic 6 Job and CareerSub-topic 1What jobs are popular? Do you know some newly arisen careers?Sub-topic 2What factors will you take into consideration when you’re looking for a job in the job market?Where will you work after you graduate from school? In big cities with high salary and high house price, or smaller cities with lower salary and lower house price? Why?Topic 7 Success and HappinessSubtopic 1What is success? Does success means happiness?Subtopic 2How to succeed? Are people with higher degree easier to succeed? What kind of people is easy to succeed?Subtopic 3What is happiness? Are you happy now? Why or why not? More money more happiness?Topic 8 Past and FutureSubtopic 1What is the thing you cherish most in your childhood? Why?Subtopic 2What are your ambitions and what is your dream for the future from life (family, money, position, career...)?Subtopic 3Can you name a few scientific advancements that have greatly changed human life in the past centuries? What impacts will new technologies have on human life, like cloning, invisible cloak? Subtopic 4What will be the main problems of the future? Can scientific development solve these problems? Topic 10 Chinese and ForeignersSubtopic 1What words we can use to describe the characteristics of Chinese or China? (or American, Indian, Japanese, British people…)?Subtopic 2Do you have any plan to go abroad, either for study or for tour? If so, which country do you want to go and why? If not, why?Subtopic 3Can you mention some cultural differences or even shocks between Chinese and foreigners? Use real examples to discuss the advantages or disadvantages of them.Class 22Topic 1 Health and DietSub-topic 1What important factors contribute to or influence people’s health nowadays?What do you think of the health situation of today’s Chinese university students? What are the main problems of their physical and mental health?Sub-topic 3What are the main threats to people’s health in modern society? How to cope with the problem? Topic 2 Traffic and TransportationSub-topic 1What are the reasons that cause more and more traffic accidents in China today?Sub-topic 2Should people in our country be encouraged to take public transportation or own their private cars? Why or why not?Sub-topic 3What do you think of the public transportation in Wuhan or in our school?Topic 3 Interpersonal relationshipSub-topic 1What interpersonal relationships we are facing every day in our life? What are important in ensuring good human relationships?Sub-topic 2What is real friendship? (Or How many real friends you have and why you think they are real friends with you? You can use your own experience as example)Sub-topic 3Has the Internet brought people closer or not? How do you consider net-friend?Topic 4TravelingSub-topic 1:What do people often do before leaving home for traveling?Sub-topic 2:Where do you dream to go to? Why?Sub-topic 3:Which one do you prefer, joining a group traveling arranged by a travel agency or traveling by yourself with a free line?Topic 5 Love and MarriageSub-topic 1What’s your opinion on love on campus or love at the first sight?Sub-topic 2What kind of girl friend /boy friend do you want to find? (What kind of person will be your ideal Mr. / Mrs. Right) ?Sub-topic 3Are house and car necessary for marriage? Will you get married without them? Why or why not? Sub-topic 4What do you think of blind date(相亲) What will you do if your parents force you to blind date? Topic 6 Job and CareerSub-topic 1What jobs are popular? Do you know some newly arisen careers?Sub-topic 2What factors will you take into consideration when you’re looking for a job in the job market? Sub-topic 3Where will you work after you graduate from school? In big cities with high salary and high house price, or smaller cities with lower salary and lower house price? Why?Topic 8 Past and FutureSubtopic 1What is the thing you cherish most in your childhood? Why?Subtopic 2What are your ambitions and what is your dream for the future from life (family, money, position, career...)?Subtopic 3Can you name a few scientific advancements that have greatly changed human life in the past centuries? What impacts will new technologies have on human life, like cloning, invisible cloak? Subtopic 4What will be the main problems of the future? Can scientific development solve these problems? Topic 10 Chinese and ForeignersSubtopic 1What words we can use to describe the characteristics of Chinese or China? (or American, Indian, Japanese, British people…)?Subtopic 2Do you have any plan to go abroad, either for study or for tour? If so, which country do you want to go and why? If not, why?Subtopic 3Can you mention some cultural differences or even shocks between Chinese and foreigners? Use real examples to discuss the advantages or disadvantages of them.Class 33Topic 1 Health and DietSub-topic 1What important factors contribute to or influence people’s health nowadays?Sub-topic 2What do you think of the health situation of today’s Chinese university students? What are the main problems of their physical and mental health?Sub-topic 3What are the main threats to people’s health in modern society? How to cope with the problem? Topic 2 Traffic and TransportationSub-topic 1What are the reasons that cause more and more traffic accidents in China today?Sub-topic 2Should people in our country be encouraged to take public transportation or own their private cars? Why or why not?Sub-topic 3What do you think of the public transportation in Wuhan or in our school?Topic 4TravelingSub-topic 1:What do people often do before leaving home for traveling?Sub-topic 2:Where do you dream to go to? Why?Sub-topic 3:Which one do you prefer, joining a group traveling arranged by a travel agency or traveling by yourself with a free line?Topic 5 Love and MarriageSub-topic 1What’s your opinion on love on campus or love at the first sight?Sub-topic 2What kind of girl friend /boy friend do you want to find? (What kind of person will be your ideal Mr. / Mrs. Right) ?Sub-topic 3Are house and car necessary for marriage? Will you get married without them? Why or why not? Sub-topic 4What do you think of blind date(相亲) What will you do if your parents force you to blind date? Topic 6 Job and CareerSub-topic 1What jobs are popular? Do you know some newly arisen careers?Sub-topic 2What factors will you take into consideration when you’re looking for a job in the job market? Sub-topic 3Where will you work after you graduate from school? In big cities with high salary and high house price, or smaller cities with lower salary and lower house price? Why?Topic 7 Success and HappinessSubtopic 1What is success? Does success means happiness?Subtopic 2How to succeed? Are people with higher degree easier to succeed? What kind of people is easy to succeed?Subtopic 3What is happiness? Are you happy now? Why or why not? More money more happiness?Topic 8 Past and FutureSubtopic 1What is the thing you cherish most in your childhood? Why?Subtopic 2What are your ambitions and what is your dream for the future from life (family, money, position, career...)?Subtopic 3Can you name a few scientific advancements that have greatly changed human life in the past centuries? What impacts will new technologies have on human life, like cloning, invisible cloak? Subtopic 4What will be the main problems of the future? Can scientific development solve these problems? Topic 10 Chinese and ForeignersSubtopic 1What words we can use to describe the characteristics of Chinese or China? (or American, Indian, Japanese, British people…)?Subtopic 2Do you have any plan to go abroad, either for study or for tour? If so, which country do you want to go and why? If not, why?Subtopic 3Can you mention some cultural differences or even shocks between Chinese and foreigners? Use real examples to discuss the advantages or disadvantages of them.Class 44Topic 1 Health and DietSub-topic 1What important factors contribute to or influence people’s health nowadays?Sub-topic 2What do you think of the health situation of today’s Chinese university students? What are the main problems of their physical and mental health?Sub-topic 3What are the main threats to people’s health in modern society? How to cope with the problem?Topic 2 Traffic and TransportationSub-topic 1What are the reasons that cause more and more traffic accidents in China today?Sub-topic 2Should people in our country be encouraged to take public transportation or own their private cars? Why or why not?Sub-topic 3What do you think of the public transportation in Wuhan or in our school?Topic 3 Interpersonal relationshipSub-topic 1What interpersonal relationships we are facing every day in our life? What are important in ensuring good human relationships?Sub-topic 2What is real friendship? (Or How many real friends you have and why you think they are real friends with you? You can use your own experience as example)Sub-topic 3Has the Internet brought people closer or not? How do you consider net-friend?Topic 4TravelingSub-topic 1:What do people often do before leaving home for traveling?Sub-topic 2:Where do you dream to go to? Why?Sub-topic 3:Which one do you prefer, joining a group traveling arranged by a travel agency or traveling by yourself with a free line?Topic 5 Love and MarriageSub-topic 1What’s your opinion on love on campus or love at the first sight?Sub-topic 2What kind of girl friend /boy friend do you want to find? (What kind of person will be your ideal Mr. / Mrs. Right) ?Sub-topic 3Are house and car necessary for marriage? Will you get married without them? Why or why not? Sub-topic 4What do you think of blind date(相亲) What will you do if your parents force you to blind date? Topic 6 Job and CareerSub-topic 1What jobs are popular? Do you know some newly arisen careers?Sub-topic 2What factors will you take into consideration when you’re looking for a job in the job market?Sub-topic 3Where will you work after you graduate from school? In big cities with high salary and high house price, or smaller cities with lower salary and lower house price? Why?Topic 7 Success and HappinessSubtopic 1What is success? Does success means happiness?Subtopic 2How to succeed? Are people with higher degree easier to succeed? What kind of people is easy to succeed?Subtopic 3What is happiness? Are you happy now? Why or why not? More money more happiness?Topic 8 Past and FutureSubtopic 1What is the thing you cherish most in your childhood? Why?Subtopic 2What are your ambitions and what is your dream for the future from life (family, money, position, career...)?Subtopic 3Can you name a few scientific advancements that have greatly changed human life in the past centuries? What impacts will new technologies have on human life, like cloning, invisible cloak? Subtopic 4What will be the main problems of the future? Can scientific development solve these problems?。

GENERAL ENGLISH QUALIFYING TESTFOR NON-ENGLISH MAJOR GRADUATE STUDENTS试卷BPAPER ONEPart I Listening ComprehensionSection A (1 point each)Directions:In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a third voice will ask a question about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices, A, B, C and D by marking the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET I with a single line through the center.1. A. Three dollars and twenty-five cents.B. Five dollars.C. One dollar and fifty cents.D. One dollar.2. A. The man considers himself a good traveler.B. The man brought his pet along on the trip.C. The woman would like to join the man the next time.D. Neither of them has had a chance to see the play.3. A. He doesn’t want to work tomorrow night.B. He can’t find the way out of the student center.C. He’s afraid to work at night.D. He’s afraid the work will be real ly hard.4. A. In a camera store.B. In a hardware store.C. In an art gallery.D. In a machine repair shop.5. A. She parked her car in a safe place.B. Her car ran out of gas.C. Brenda has borrowed her car.D. She came with Brenda today.6. A. Stay awake for the midnight news program.B. Prepare an editorial for this week’s newspaper.C. Find the newspaper editor.D. Find a job working as a reporter.7. A. A refinished cellar.B. A new record.C. A furnished house.D. A recent book.8. A. He hadn’t had time to do the experiment.B. The experiment turned out well.C. The experiment took a lot of time.D. He only did part of the experiment that day.9. A. Inspecting the wiring.B. Replacing the lamp.C. Keeping the check.D. Sending a wire.Section B (1 point each)Directions:In this section, you will hear two short passages and some questions. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After you hear one question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices, A, B, C and D by marking the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET I with a single line through the center.Questions 10-12 are based on the following passage:10. A. Children taught one another in small supervised groups.B. Parents instructed their chi ldren in the “three R’s”.C. Teachers came to children’s homes.D. Children acquired the information they needed by direct experience.11. A. Outmoded methods of farming and ineffective means oftransportation.B. Larger family units and greater financial hardships.C. A new dependence on people far away and the use of money.D. The introduction of a new alphabet and numerical system.12. A. The increasingly complex skills subsequently taught in schools.B. The problems evolved in the construction of new schools.C. The various means of survival taught by parents in contemporarysociety.D. The importance of history instruction in the first schools.Questions 13-125 are based on the following passage:13. A. To point out similarities between jazz and classical music.B. To describe what makes a good jazz performance.C. To explain the importance of learning rhythm and harmony in jazz.D. To show that jazz is not really music at all.14. A. They perform their music as a means of individual self-expression.B. They possess detailed knowledge of the rules of jazz composition.C. They memorize their music before performing it.D. They are more famous than performers of other kinds of music.15. A. Watch a film about jazz performers.B. Listen to some recordings of jazz music.C. Practice various jazz rhythms.D. Interview a jazz musician.Section C (1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage. The passage will be read TWICE. After you hear the passage, complete the following paragraphs with the information you get from the tape. You should write your answer on ANSWER SHEET II.Bones can provide archaeologists with a valuable method of measuring time. The name of the method is calcium-9 dating. Calcium-9 dating is based on the fact that animals accumulate calcium in their bones. The calcium in the bones of the animalscomes from 16 that the animals ate while they were alive. There are certain varieties, or isotopes, of all elements known to man. These isotopes are known to occur in specific amounts in nature. When a large amount of calcium is collected in one place it should reflect the amounts found in nature. There is one complication of this simple model which makes 17 possible. Over a period of time the type of calcium known as calcium-9 tends to deteriorate into the more common form of calcium. Because scientists can guess how fast this change should happen, they can guess how old a piece of bone is by testing how much calcium-9 is present in the bone 18 .It is true that as the bone develops and new layers are added, the same levels of calcium-9 are not always added to the bone at the same rate. Also, 19 can have an effect on the exact amount of calcium-9 found in a bone. But since there are so many millions of atoms of calcium in a tiny piece of bone, a scientist can essentially date the age of a bone even though the guess will not be exact.In the early 1970’s a team of archaeologists used the calcium-9 technique to date a series of prehistoric bones found in West Africa. They compared the levels of calcium-9 in the ancient bones with those of an animal that had recently died. The comparison actually made it possible to determine the century in which the older bones had been buried. Little by little, the system was extended backward into time. Eventually, calcium-9 dating produced 20 going back over two million years. Part II Cloze (10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions:In this part, there is passage with twenty blanks. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer for each blank and mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET I with a single line through the center.It has been necessary to refer repeatedly to the effects of the two world wars in promoting all kinds of innovation. It should be 21 also that technological innovations have 22 the character of war itself by the 23 of new mechanical and chemical devices. One weapon developed during World War II 24 a special mention. The 25 of rocket propulsions was well known earlier, and its possibilities as a 26 of achieving speeds sufficient to escape from the earth’s gravitational pull had been 27 by the Russian and the American scientists. The latter built experimental liquid-fuelled rockets in 1926. 28 , a group of German and Romanian pioneers was working 29 the same lines, and in the 1930s, it was this team that developed a rocket 30 of delivering a warhead hundreds of miles away. Reaching a height of over 100 miles, the V-2 rocket 31 the beginning of the Space Age, and members of its design team were 32 in both the Soviet and United States space programs after the war.Technology had a tremendous social 33 in the period 1900-1945. The automobile and electric power, 34 , radically changed both the scale and the quality of 20th-century life, 35 a process of rapid urbanization and a virtual revolution 36 living through mass production of household goods and 37 . The rapid development of the airplance, the cinema, and radio made the world seem suddenly smaller and more 38 . The development of many products of the chemical industry further transformed the life of most people. In the years 391945 the constructive and creative opportunities of modern technology could be 40 , although the process has not been without its problems.21. A. detected B. commentedC. observedD. notified22. A. simulated B. innovatedC. imitatedD. transformed23. A. alteration B. eliminationC. innovationD. introduction24. A. deserves B. furnishesC. entitlesD. requires25. A. doctrine B. strategyC. disciplineD. principle26. A. medium B. techniqueC. meansD. methods27. A. pointed out B. carried outC. handed overD. taken over28. A. Instantaneously B. SpontaneouslyC. AdvantageouslyD. Simultaneously29. A. with B. alongC. atD. across30. A. suitable B. possibleC. ableD. capable31. A. marked B. labeledC. informedD. spoiled32. A. integral B. structuralC. mechanicalD. instrumental33. A. conflict B. impactC. connectionD. influence34. A. for instance B. on the contraryC. as a resultD. on the other hand35. A. assisting B. promotingC. urgingD. encouraging36. A. on B. throughC. inD. by37. A. equipment B. instrumentsC. utilitiesD. appliances38. A. controversial B. complexC. accessibleD. perceptive39. A. following B. subsequentC. previousD. preceding40. A. processed B. adoptedC. appliedD. exploitedPart III Reading Comprehension (35 points, 1 point each)Directions:In this part, there are six short passages, which are followed by questionsor unfinished sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one by marking the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET I with a single line through the center.Passage OneIn most countries, the law on organ transplantation is poorly defined, as legislation has not yet been created to cope with this advance in surgery. The existing framework relating to physical assault and care of the dead has no provision for organ transplantation. It is customary to ask the permission of the relatives, but, because organ removal must take place immediately after death, it may be impossible to reach the relatives in time. It has been suggested that there should be a widespread campaign to encourage persons to provide in their wills that their organs be used for transplantation. An alternative is to provide by law that permission is assumed unless removal has been forbidden by the individual in his lifetime. Such laws have been passed in Denmark, France, Sweden, Italy, and Israel. Compulsory postmortem (死后的) examination, a far more extensive procedure than organ removal for grafting (移植), is required in most countries after unexpected death, and this compulsion is not a matter of public concern and debate.There would seem to be no reason why organ removal for transplantation purposes should not also be accepted to public opinion, provided there is a mechanism by which individuals in their lifetime can refuse this permission. This, of course, requires an efficient register of those who indicate their refusal: the register would be consulted before any organs would be removed. It is important that there be public reassurance that consideration of transplantation would not impair normal resuscitative (抢救的) efforts of the potential donor.Transplantation has obviously raised important ethical considerations concerning the diagnosis of death, and, particularly, how far resuscitation should be continued. Every effort must be made to restore the heartbeat to someone who has had a sudden cardiac arrest (心跳骤停) or breathing to someone who cannot breathe. Artificial respiration and massage of the heart, the standard methods of resuscitation, are continued until it is clear that the brain is dead. Most physicians consider that beyond this point efforts at resuscitation are useless.41. According to the author, which of the following is NOT true?A. The traditional way of asking for permission of relatives for organremoval does not prove to be always feasible.B. Most countries do not6 have an effective law on organtransplantation.C. In some countries there are laws providing that the permission oforgan removal is taken for granted unless it has been refused by the person inhis lifetime.D. It is hard to understand why people should remain silent on compulsorypostmortem exam after unexpected death.42. Which of the following is NOT a suggestion made in the passage?A. Organ removal should be permitted in the course of compulsorypostmortem exam.B. People should be encouraged to donate their organs after death.C. Organ removal for transplantation could be considered legal unlessthe dead person stated otherwise in his lifetime.D. Organ removal for transplantation should be advocated because it benefitsthe human society.43. The underlined word “impair” at the end of Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by_______.A. weakenB. neglectC. be superior toD. come together with44. It is believed that efforts at resuscitation are useless when _______.A. a person’s heartbeat and breath has totally stoppedB. artificial respiration and massage of the heart have yielded no obvious resultC. the brain is certainly deadD. standard methods of resuscitation have failed45. Which of the following can best sum up the passage?A. Some underlying principles on organ transplantation.B. Legal and ethical problems of organ transplantation.C. The difference between compulsory postmortem exam and organtransplantationD. The diagnosis of death before organ transplantation.Passage TwoWith human footprints on the moon, radio telescopes listening for messages from alien creatures (who may or may not exist), technicians looking for celestial and planetary sources of energy to support our civilization, orbi ting telescopes’ data hinting at planetary systems around other stars, and political groups trying to figure out how to save humanity from nuclear warfare that would damage life and climate on a planet-wide scale, an astronomy book published today enters a world different from the one that greeted books a generation ago. Astronomy has broadened to involve our basic circumstances and our mysterious future in the universe. With eclipses and space missions broadcast live, and with NASA, Europe, and the USSR planning and building permanent space stations, astronomy offers adventure for all people, an outward exploratory thrust that may one day be seen as an alternative to mindless consumerism, ideological bickering (争吵), and wars to control dwindling resources on a closed, finite Earth.Today’s astronomy students not only seek an up-to-date summary of astronomical facts: they ask, as people have asked for ages, about our basic relations to rest of the universe. They may study astronomy partly to seek points of contact between science and other human endeavors: philosophy, history, politics, environmental action, even the arts and religion.Science fiction writers and special effect artists on recent films help today’s students realize that unseen worlds of space are real places --- not abstract concepts. Today’s students are citizens of a more real, more vast cosmos than conceptualized by students of a decade ago.In designing this edition, the Wadsworh editors and I have tried to respond tothese developments. Rather than jumping at the start into murky waters of cosmology, I have begun with the viewpoint of ancient people on Earth and worked outward across the universe. This method of organization automatically (if loosely) reflects the order of humanity’s disco veries about astronomy and provides a unifying theme of increasing distance and scale.46. This passage is most probably taken from _______.A. the introduction of a book of astronomyB. an article of popular scienceC. the preface of a piece of science fictionD. a lecture given by the author to astronomy students47. The author’s purpose in presenting the first paragraph is _______.A. to discuss in detail the most recent achievements in space researchB. to explain the background and new features o f today’s astronomyC. to illustrate that the world today is different in many aspects from that of ageneration agoD. to introduce some newly established space stations48. The author thinks that the growing interest in space exploration among people onEarth will probably lead to _______.A. the realization of permanent settlement on other planetsB. all people having chances of traveling in spaceC. orders, harmony and peace on our planet EarthD. more disturbance not only on Earth but also in outer space49. The author believes that today’s astronomy students _______.A. no longer care about astronomical factsB. are much brighter than students of a generation agoC. may learn more about man and his research in various fields through thestudy of astronomyD. are better-informed about the unseen worlds of space50. In the last paragraph, the underlined expression “these developments” refers to allof the following EXCEPT _______.A. the new concepts about the universe acquired by today’s astronom y studentsB. the development of science fiction and special effects of filmsC. humanity’s new achievements in the field of astronomyD. the world-wide involvement in space explorationPassage ThreeTelevision --- the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth --- is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.The word “television”, derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (vision: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image (focused on a special photo-conductive platewithin a camera) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire of cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is non-broadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment. These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well. We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.51. What is the literal meaning of the world “television”?A. Sight from distance.B. Medium of the masses.C. Vehicle for communication.D. Airwave transmission.52. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a function of electronics in television transmissions?A. The sending of impulses through a wire cable.B. The conversion of an image into electronic impulses.C. The feeding of impulses into a receiver.D. The changing of one image into another image.53. According to the passage, how many major broadcast networks are there?A. Three.B. Two.C. Five.D. Four.54. What field of television is intended for specific interest groups?A. Reconstituted.B. Broad-based.C. Non-broadcast.D. Traditional.55. Which of the following statements about the relationship between the television and its viewers can be inferred from the passage？A. Viewers would prefer increased news coverage.B. Viewers do not take an active role in watching television.C. Viewers have grown tired of television.D. Viewers like to use television to reach other human beings.Passage FourWholly aided from aesthetic and moral considerations, fashion is an economic absurdity, and there is little to be said in its favor. Nevertheless, we can appreciate the wisdom in Gina Lombroso’s belief that the enormous stress which women lay oneverything pertaining to clothes and the art of personal adornment is connected with the tendency to crystallize sentiment into an object. Woman symbolizes every important event in her life by a special dress; and a jewel or a beautiful gown means to a woman what an official decoration means to a man. “The temptation of dress is the last step in the ceremony to which the novice has to submit before entering the cloister. The memory of the gown which she too might have worn was the strongest temptation that assailed St. Catherine before she took her solemn vows --- a gown, embroidered with gold and stars, like those her sisters had worn, which her grandchildren would have gazed at with eyes filled with wonder and admiration …”.“If a woman’s clothes cost the family and society a little time, money, and activity, they allow woman, independent of lies and calumnies, to triumph and come to the fore outside of man’s world and competition. They allow woman to satisfy her desire to be the first in the most varied fields by giving her the illusion that she is first, and at the same time enabling her rival to have the same illusion. Clothes absorb some of woman’s activit y which might otherwise be diverted to more or less worth-while ends; they give woman real satisfaction, a satisfaction complete in itself, and independent of others, and … they constitute a safety valve which saves society from much greater and more dange rous evils than those which they cause.”The aptness of these observations lies in the emphasis on clothes which are really beautiful and distinctive. But fashion is not primarily concerned with beauty; and fashion connotes conformity, not the individuality so cherished by our society and so artfully suggested by the copywriters. Many people who rigorously follow fashions believe they are following their own inclinations; they are unaware of the primitive, tribal compulsion; and this is true of fashions in manners, morals, and literature, as well as in clothes.56. Gina Lombroso believes that with regard to clothes and the art of personal adornment, women _______.A. are absurdB. are individualisticC. are not sentimentalD. tend to crystallize sentiment into an object57. A gown embroidered with gold and stars is _______.A. said to be the strongest temptation St. Catherine faced before she took herfinal vowsB. offered as a temptation to every novice entering the conventC. worn by novices when they take their vowsD. the dream of every woman58. A woman’s clothes allow her to _______.A. triumph outside of man’s worldB. be the best, actually, in many fieldsC. deceive both men and womenD. compete on an equal basis in a man’s world59. The author of this article believes that fashion _______.A. promotes individualityB. promotes conformityC. is concerned only with the clothes that are beautiful and distinctiveD. is primarily concerned with beauty60. In the author’s opinion, women who follow fashion vigorously _______.A. follow their own inclinationsB. are highly individualisticC. must be wealthyD. obey a primitive, tribal impulse61. According to this article, conformity in manners, morals, and literature _______.A. stems from the same kind of impulses as does conformity in fashionsB. differs distinctly from conformity in fashionsC. is impossible because all artists are individualistsD. has no exceptions62. Which of the following statements is not stated but implied in the passage?A. Fashion is not primarily concerned with beauty.B. Copywriters suggest that fashion connotes conformity.C. Fashion emphasizes clothes that are beautiful and distinctive.D. People who follow fashions are not really following their own inclinations. Passage FiveIn a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or lesser extent, notions of male superiority are hard to maintain. The pattern of sharing in tasks and in decisions makes for equality, and this in turn leads to further sharing. In such a home, the growing boy and girl learn to accept that equality more easily than did their parents and to prepare more fully for participation in a world characterized by co-operation rather than by the “battle of the sexes”.If the process goes too far and man’s role is regarded as less important --- and that has happened in some cases --- we are as badly off as before, only in reverse.It is time to reassess the role of the man in the American family. We are getting a little tired of “Momism” --- but we don’t want to exchange it for a “neo-Popism ()”. What we need, rather, is the recognition that bringing up children involves a partnership of equals. There are signs that psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and specialists on the family are becoming more aware of the part men play and that they have decided that women should not receive all the credit --- nor all the blame. We have almost given up saying that a wom an’s place is in the home. We are beginning, however, to analyze man’s place in the home and to insist that he does have a place in it. Nor is that place irrelevant to the healthy development of the child.The family is a co-operative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules, because each family needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems.Excessive authoritarianism has unhappy consequences, whether it wears skirts or trousers, and the ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is pertinent not only toa healthy democracy, but also to healthy family.63. The ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is _______.A. both A and BB. responsible for MomismC. pertinent to a healthy family lifeD. fundamental to sound democracy64. Notions of male superiority are _______.A. difficult to maintain in a home where household tasks are shared by themother and fatherB. difficult to maintain in a home where the father is the acknowledged ruler ofthe familyC. difficult to maintain in a home where the woman does most of the workD. maintained by most American women65. The danger in the sharing of household tasks by the mother and father is that_______.A. sharing leads to constant arguingB. the children will grow up believing that life is a battle of the sexesC. the role of the mother may become an inferior oneD. the role of the father may become an inferior one66. The author states that bringing up children _______.A. involves a partnership of equalsB. is the job of schools and churchesC. belongs among the duties of the fatherD. is mainly the mother’s job67. Today, people who specialize in family problems _______.A. are becoming more aware of the importance of the father’s role in the familyB. have concl uded that today’s delinquent children are the result of MomismC. would re-establish the father as the autocratic ruler of the familyD. reaffirm the belief that a woman’s place is in the home68. With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?A. A woman’s place is in the home --- now as always.B. Division of household responsibilities is workable only in theory.C. Men are basically opposed to sharing household chores.D. A healthy, co-operative family is a basic ingredient of a healthy society. Passage SixCulture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us.To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.People once thought of the languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped forms of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward” languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all languages needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted: 1. All languages seem to possess。

(仅供参考)第一课1.For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Y et English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually(actually) all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and W elsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.1. 因为英语是个杀手。

正是英语造成了凯尔特语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语等语言的消亡。

这些岛上的分地区依然还有很多社区的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。

然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。

所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。

英语对仅存的三种凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，人们一定认为它们遥远的未来是岌岌可危的。

s2.He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism [a condition parallel to(equal to/ similar to) racism and sexism]. As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have [by design(=deliberately) or default(=mistake)] encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some (about) three centuries ago as (when) economic and colonial expansion.2.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（与种族歧视、性别歧视等类似）的偏见密切相关。

Title: The Challenge of Mastering Word Count in Graduate English FinalsAs graduate students embark on the final exam of their English coursework, they often find themselves grapplingwith the often-overlooked, yet critical, aspect of word count. This aspect, though seemingly minor, holds immense importance in determining the quality and impact of the essay. The struggle to strike the perfect balance between brevity and depth, while adhering to the prescribed word limit, is a skill that requires meticulous planning and execution.The first challenge lies in understanding the purpose and scope of the essay. Graduate-level English exams often demand a higher level of critical thinking and analysis, which naturally translates into a more detailed and nuanced discussion. However, it is essential to recognize that verbosity does not equate to quality. Instead, the key isto distill complex ideas into concise yet powerful language. This process begins with outlining. An effectiveoutline not only organizes the thoughts but also helps estimate the word count. It allows students to allocateappropriate space for each argument or point, ensuring that the essay flows smoothly and covers all essential aspects. Another crucial aspect is the choice of vocabulary. Graduate-level writing demands a more sophisticated vocabulary, but it is important to avoid unnecessary jargon or overly complex words. Clear and precise language is always preferred over convoluted phrases. This not only makes the essay easier to read but also helps manage the word count.The final step is revising and editing. This stage is crucial for optimizing the word count. Students should carefully review their essays, eliminating redundant phrases, tightening sentences, and ensuring that every word contributes to the overall argument. This process not only improves the essay's clarity but also often leads to a more concise and impactful piece.In conclusion, mastering word count in graduate English finals is not just a matter of adhering to a numerical limit. It is a reflection of one's ability to distill complex ideas into a coherent and powerful narrative. By understanding the essay's purpose, outlining effectively,choosing appropriate vocabulary, and revising diligently, students can overcome this challenge and produce essaysthat are both within the word limit and of the highest quality.**研究生英语期末考试作文字数之挑战**研究生在英语期末考试中，往往面临着作文字数控制这一常被忽视却至关重要的挑战。

关于2015-2016学年第二学期全日制学术型硕士研究生英语期末
考试安排的通知
各研究生培养单位，全日制学术型硕士研究生：
现将2015-2016学年第二学期全日制学术型硕士研究生英语期末考试安排通知如下：
一、考试时间
考试时间：2016年6月11日（星期六）09：00-11：30；入场时间08:40；听力试播时间08:5 0
二、考试地点
新校区公共教学楼西3教学楼，具体考试地点请各研究生登陆研究生教育管理信息系统查看（以今天正式确定的为准，之前的安排作废），具体座位安排考试当天张贴于各考场门外。

三、考生注意事项
1、务必准时进入考场（08:40）。

2、严格遵守考试相关规则，手机必须关机。

3、携带研究生证（跟读生、旁听生必须携带身份证）及配有耳机的调频收音机（务必确保可以收听）进入考场，频率为FM86.5左右，以当日通知为准。

4、务必正确填写、填涂学生代号（即学号），在答卷及答题卡指定位置正确填写考试地点、任课教师、班级（见座位条）。

如有问题请于6月8日前在上班时间及时与研究生院培养与学籍管理办公室反映，电话请通知相关研究生，并请相互转告。

研究生院
2016年5月27日。