情态动词用法总结及相应练习

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Modal Verbs

在英语中,情态动词属于助动词。除了作简略回答外,它们一般不能单独使用,它们必须与动词原形一起使用构成句子的谓语。不同的情态动词会有不同的意义和用法。有时,同一个情态动词在不同的语境中也会产生不同的含义。下面我们将讨论这些情态动词的用法。

情态动词的推测性用法和非推测性用法

情态动词一般有两种用法:推测性用法(epistemic use) 和非推测性用法(non-epistemic use) 。推测性用法是指做出推测,预测事物发生的可能性; 非推测性用法则指情态动词本身的基本含义,如can表示能力,may 表示许可,must和should表示必须和义务,need表示需要等。例如:

I can swim. (非推测性用法)

This can be true. (推测性用法)

You may go now. (非推测性用法)

He may be ill now. (推测性用法)

You must finish it before lunch time. (非推测性用法)

He must be at home for he never goes out at dinner time. (推测性用法)

我们把英语中的9大情态动词按其推测性和非推测性用法列表如下:

情态动词非推测性用法的说明

1. may和might表示允许

may可以与不同的人称搭配,表示“许可、允许”。例如:

May I know your name?

You may be the first to leave if you are in a hurry. (我允许你第一个离开。)

You may keep the book for two months. (我允许你借。)

In certain circumstances a police officer may ask a driver to take a breath test.

may用在疑问句中,经常表示“允许、许可”的意思。例如:

May I know your name?

May I come in?

might可以用来表示过去时态,也可以表示委婉语气。例如:

She said that he might take her dictionary. (may的过去式)

Might I have a word with you? (委婉用法)

I wonder if I might have more salad. (委婉用法)

但在回答中,我们一般用may加强肯定的语气,而不用might.例如:

Yes, of course you may.

may not可用来表示“禁止”或“不许”,因语气较强,所以不用might not.例如:

Students may not stay out of the dormitory after midnight without written permission.

must not也可以表示“禁止”,而且语气比may not更强,强调上级对下级的不允许。

另外,may/might as well也是一个常用的词组,后接动词原形,意思是“不妨,最好”

相当于had better.例如:

It's very late. We might as well go home.

2. can和could

1) 表示能力

can,could和be able to都可以表示能力。

但若要表示在过去某个具体场合下能够做某事的能力,我们用was/were able to.例如:

— Thank you for your help.

—I‘m glad I was able to help you. (在这种情况下能够帮你,而且已经帮了。)

所以was/were able to不仅表示过去的某个具体场合下的能力,还强调动作已经成功完成,相当于manage to do或succeed in doing.例如:

We were able to save him. (把他救活了。)

He was able to explain what had happened. (他能解释,而且也解释了。)

He could explain what had happened. (他能做出解释,但可能没有说。)

但这种区别只局限在陈述句,在否定句中,be able to和could可以互换。

有时,could表示的并不是can的过去式,而是一种委婉的语气。例如:

Could you run the business yourself?

I could give you a chance.

Could you please give me your reply as soon as possible?

could have done有虚拟的含义,即“本来能够做,但事实上却没有做”。例如:

You could have told me earlier.

I could have helped her.

I could have passed the exam if I had worked harder.

2) 表示许可

can也可以用来表示“允许”,例如:

Can I smoke here?

You can use my dictionary now.

The policeman says we can't park our car here.

could可以使句子更显礼貌,但在肯定回答中,我们一般用can代替could,加强肯定的语气。