Technological Developments within 3D Location-based Services
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科技发展给我们带来的好处英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1The Benefits of Technological DevelopmentIn today's fast-paced world, technology plays a crucial role in almost every aspect of our lives. From communication to transportation, education to healthcare, technology has revolutionized the way we live, work, and interact with one another. In this essay, I will discuss the numerous benefits that technological development has brought to us.First and foremost, technology has greatly improved communication. With the advent of the internet and social media platforms, we are now able to connect with people from all over the world in an instant. This has not only made it easier to keep in touch with friends and family members, but it has also opened up new opportunities for collaboration and networking. In addition, the development of smartphones and other mobile devices has made it possible for us to access information and communicate on the go, further enhancing our ability to stay connected.Furthermore, technological advancements have revolutionized the way we work and conduct business. The use of computers and software programs has streamlined processes and increased productivity in the workplace. Online tools and platforms have made it easier for businesses to reach customers and clients, while also providing new opportunities for entrepreneurs to start their own businesses. In addition, advancements in robotics and automation have led to the creation of new jobs and industries, further stimulating economic growth.In the field of healthcare, technology has had a profound impact on the way we diagnose and treat illnesses. Medical imaging technologies such as MRI and CT scans have revolutionized the way we detect and monitor diseases. Telemedicine and virtual consultations have made it easier for patients to access healthcare services, particularly in remote areas. The development of wearable health devices has also enabled individuals to monitor their own health and fitness levels, leading to better self-care and prevention of diseases.In the realm of education, technology has transformed the way we teach and learn. Online learning platforms and virtual classrooms have made education more accessible to peoplearound the world. Interactive educational tools and multimedia resources have made learning more engaging and effective. In addition, technology has enabled us to personalize learning experiences and cater to individual learning styles, leading to improved academic outcomes.In conclusion, technological development has brought about a myriad of benefits to our society. From improved communication to enhanced healthcare, from increased productivity to better education, technology has made our lives easier, more efficient, and more enjoyable. However, it is important to note that while technology has many advantages, it also comes with its own set of challenges and risks. It is essential that we continue to innovate responsibly and address issues such as data privacy, cybersecurity, and digital divide to ensure that everyone can benefit from the advancements in technology.篇2Title: The Benefits of Technological DevelopmentIn today's modern society, technological advancements have greatly impacted our lives in numerous positive ways. The rapid development of technology has brought about many benefits and improvements in various aspects of our lives, includingcommunication, healthcare, education, and entertainment. In this essay, we will explore the advantages that technological development has brought to us.First and foremost, technological developments have revolutionized the way we communicate. With the invention of smartphones, social media platforms, and messaging apps, communication has become faster, easier, and more convenient than ever before. People can now connect with others from all around the world in real-time, share information instantly, and even conduct business meetings remotely. This has greatly improved our ability to stay connected with loved ones, collaborate with colleagues, and access information from anywhere at any time.Furthermore, technological advancements have significantly improved the field of healthcare. From advanced medical equipment and diagnostic tools to telemedicine services and personalized treatment plans, technology has revolutionized the way we diagnose, treat, and prevent illnesses. Patients can now receive quality healthcare services remotely, access their medical records online, and even monitor their health using wearable devices. This has not only improved the quality of healthcare services but also increased patient satisfaction and outcomes.In addition, technological developments have transformed the field of education. With the rise of online learning platforms, virtual classrooms, and educational apps, students can now access educational resources and interactive learning materials anytime and anywhere. This has made learning more accessible, engaging, and personalized for students of all ages. Teachers can also use technology to create interactive lessons, providereal-time feedback, and track student progress more efficiently. As a result, technology has greatly enhanced the learning experience for students and educators alike.Moreover, technological advancements have revolutionized the entertainment industry. From streaming services and online gaming platforms to virtual reality and augmented reality experiences, technology has expanded the possibilities for entertainment and leisure activities. People can now enjoy a wide variety of entertainment content, including movies, music, games, and virtual experiences, all from the comfort of their own homes. This has not only made entertainment more accessible and diverse but also created new opportunities for content creators and artists to showcase their talents to a global audience.In conclusion, technological development has brought about many benefits and improvements in various aspects of our lives. From communication and healthcare to education and entertainment, technology has transformed the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us. As technology continues to advance, it is important for us to embrace these developments and leverage them to create a brighter and more innovative future for all. Ultimately, technology has the power to improve our lives and enhance our experiences in ways that we never thought possible.篇3The Benefits of Technological DevelopmentIn recent years, the rapid development of technology has had a profound impact on our lives in both positive and negative ways. While there are certainly downsides to technology, such as increased screen time and potential job displacement, the benefits far outweigh the drawbacks. In this essay, I will discuss some of the ways in which technological development has brought about positive changes in our lives.First and foremost, technology has vastly improved our communication capabilities. With the rise of smartphones, socialmedia, and messaging apps, we can now stay connected with friends and family members all over the world in real time. This has allowed us to maintain closer relationships with loved ones who may be far away, as well as to network with new people and build relationships with colleagues and mentors. Communication technology has also revolutionized the way we conduct business, making it easier for companies to collaborate on projects and for employees to work remotely.In addition to improving communication, technology has also had a major impact on healthcare. Medical advancements like robotic surgery, 3D printing of organs, and telemedicine have made it easier for healthcare professionals to diagnose and treat patients, leading to better outcomes and faster recovery times. Technology has also improved access to healthcare for people in remote or underserved areas, by allowing them to connect with doctors and specialists online.Furthermore, technology has transformed the way we learn and acquire knowledge. The internet has made it possible to access a wealth of information on any topic at any time, allowing us to learn new skills, research academic topics, and stayup-to-date on current events. Online courses and tutorials have made education more accessible to people around the world,breaking down barriers to learning and enabling lifelong learning opportunities.Another major benefit of technological development is its impact on the environment. Innovations in renewable energy, such as solar panels and wind turbines, have allowed us to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and decrease our carbon footprint. Smart technologies have also helped us to optimize resource use, reduce waste, and create more sustainable living environments. From smart thermostats and energy-efficient appliances to electric vehicles and green building materials, technology is helping us to build a more sustainable future for the planet.In conclusion, the advancements in technology have brought about numerous benefits to our lives, from improved communication and healthcare to enhanced education and a more sustainable environment. While there are certainly challenges and risks associated with technology, it is clear that the benefits far outweigh the drawbacks. By continuing to innovate and harness the power of technology for good, we can create a brighter future for ourselves and future generations.。
新时代各行各业蓬勃发展英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1The Dawn of a New Prosperous EraAs a student living in the modern age, I can't help but be in awe of the remarkable strides made across various sectors of our society. From cutting-edge technological innovations to groundbreaking scientific discoveries, from booming economic growth to cultural renaissance, we are undoubtedly witnessing a profound transformation that is reshaping our world.At the forefront of this revolution is the ever-evolving realm of technology. The digital age has ushered in a plethora of advancements that have revolutionized the way we live, work, and communicate. Artificial intelligence, once a mere concept in science fiction, has become an integral part of our daily lives, assisting us in everything from personal assistants to complex data analysis. The rise of automation and robotics has not only improved efficiency but has also opened up new avenues for exploration and innovation.The field of medicine has also experienced a renaissance, with remarkable breakthroughs in gene therapy, regenerative medicine, and personalized healthcare. Diseases that were once considered incurable are now being tackled head-on, thanks to the relentless efforts of dedicated researchers and medical professionals. Advanced imaging techniques and minimally invasive procedures have not only improved patient outcomes but have also reduced recovery times, allowing people to return to their normal lives more quickly.However, technological advancements are not the only area where we are witnessing remarkable progress. The business world has undergone a seismic shift, with the emergence of innovative business models, disruptive startups, and a renewed focus on sustainability and corporate social responsibility. Entrepreneurs are challenging traditional norms, embracing a more inclusive and diverse workforce, and leveraging the power of technology to create new products and services that cater to the evolving needs of consumers.Moreover, the arts and cultural sectors have experienced a renaissance of their own. The proliferation of streaming platforms and social media has democratized access to various forms of artistic expression, allowing creators to reach globalaudiences and fostering a rich tapestry of diverse perspectives. Literature, music, film, and visual arts have all been infused with fresh perspectives, challenging societal norms and igniting thought-provoking conversations.Amidst this whirlwind of progress, it is crucial to acknowledge the role of education in shaping the leaders and innovators of tomorrow. Educational institutions have adapted to the changing landscape, embracing new pedagogical approaches and integrating technology into the classroom. Online learning platforms and virtual classrooms have made education more accessible than ever before, breaking down geographical barriers and providing opportunities for lifelong learning.However, as we bask in the glory of these achievements, we must also confront the challenges that accompany such rapid change. Issues of inequality, environmental degradation, and ethical considerations surrounding emerging technologies demand our attention. It is our collective responsibility to ensure that progress is inclusive, sustainable, and guided by a strong moral compass.As a student, I am both humbled and inspired by the remarkable progress unfolding before my eyes. The world welive in today is a testament to the relentless pursuit of knowledge, innovation, and human ingenuity. Yet, it is also a stark reminder that our journey is far from over. The challenges we face are complex and multifaceted, requiring a collaborative effort from all sectors of society.It is our duty as the next generation to build upon the foundations laid by those who came before us, to harness the power of technology and scientific knowledge for the betterment of humanity. We must strive to create a world where progress is not just measured by economic growth or technological advancements, but by the positive impact we have on the lives of people and the health of our planet.In this new era of prosperity, let us embrace the opportunities before us while remaining mindful of our responsibilities. Let us be the architects of a future where innovation and compassion go hand in hand, where progress is a catalyst for positive change, and where the pursuit of knowledge is a never-ending journey towards a better tomorrow.篇2The Thriving Growth of Industries in the Modern AgeAs a university student majoring in economics, I have had the incredible opportunity to witness firsthand the remarkable growth and advancements across numerous industries in our modern era. The rapid pace of technological innovation, globalization, and changing consumer demands have ushered in an era of unprecedented prosperity and transformation. In this essay, I will explore the significant developments within various sectors, shedding light on their impact on our daily lives and the overall economic landscape.The Technology Industry: Driving InnovationThe technology industry has undoubtedly been at the forefront of this revolutionary era. The advent of the internet, smartphones, and cutting-edge software has revolutionized the way we communicate, work, and access information. Companies like Apple, Google, and Microsoft have consistently pushed the boundaries of what is possible, introducing groundbreaking products and services that have reshaped our lives. From cloud computing and artificial intelligence to virtual reality and the Internet of Things, the tech industry has been a catalyst for disruption, empowering individuals and businesses alike.The Healthcare Industry: Improving LivesThe healthcare industry has also experienced remarkable advancements, driven by a relentless pursuit of better treatments, cures, and overall patient care. Breakthroughs in fields such as genomics, biotechnology, and medical imaging have paved the way for personalized medicine, targeted therapies, and earlier disease detection. Companies like Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, and Medtronic have made significant strides in developinglife-changing drugs, medical devices, and innovative treatments. Furthermore, the rise of telemedicine and digital healthcare solutions has improved accessibility and convenience for patients worldwide.The Renewable Energy Industry: Embracing SustainabilityAs concerns over climate change and environmental preservation have grown, the renewable energy industry has emerged as a crucial player in our efforts to transition towards a more sustainable future. Companies like Tesla, Vestas, and First Solar have pioneered the development and deployment of technologies such as solar panels, wind turbines, and energy storage systems. Governments and private entities alike have recognized the importance of investing in clean energy solutions, paving the way for a greener, more eco-friendly global economy.The Entertainment Industry: Captivating AudiencesThe entertainment industry has undergone a remarkable transformation, adapting to the changing preferences and consumption habits of audiences worldwide. Streaming platforms like Netflix, Hulu, and Disney+ have disrupted traditional television and movie distribution models, offering a vast array of content at our fingertips. The gaming industry, led by companies like Sony, Microsoft, and Nintendo, has also experienced tremendous growth, with immersive virtual worlds and cutting-edge graphics captivating audiences of all ages.The Retail Industry: Embracing E-CommerceThe retail industry has undergone a paradigm shift, driven by the rise of e-commerce and changing consumer behavior. Companies like Amazon, Alibaba, and Walmart have revolutionized the way we shop, offering convenience, vast product selections, and seamless online-to-offline experiences. The integration of technologies such as mobile apps, artificial intelligence, and data analytics has enabled retailers to personalize their offerings, optimize supply chains, and enhance customer experiences.The Future: Endless PossibilitiesAs we look towards the future, the possibilities for further growth and innovation across industries are endless. Emergingtechnologies like quantum computing, advanced robotics, and nanotechnology hold the potential to disrupt and transform sectors in ways we can scarcely imagine. The convergence of diverse fields, such as biotechnology and artificial intelligence, promises to unlock new frontiers in medicine, agriculture, and beyond.However, with these advancements come challenges and responsibilities. Issues such as data privacy, ethical considerations, and the impact on employment and job displacement must be addressed. It is our collective responsibility as a society to ensure that the benefits of these advancements are equitably distributed and that no one is left behind.In conclusion, the new era has brought forth a remarkable period of growth and transformation across various industries. From technology and healthcare to renewable energy and entertainment, we have witnessed groundbreaking innovations and advancements that have profoundly impacted our lives. As students and future leaders, it is our duty to embrace these changes, adapt to new realities, and contribute to the continued progress of our society. The future holds endless possibilities,and it is up to us to shape it in a way that benefits humanity as a whole.篇3The New Era: A Time of Unprecedented Growth and ProsperityAs a student witnessing the transformative changes sweeping across our nation, I cannot help but be in awe of the remarkable progress unfolding before our very eyes. The dawn of this new era has ushered in a period of unprecedented growth and prosperity, permeating every facet of our society and propelling various industries to soar to unprecedented heights.At the forefront of this remarkable renaissance lies the realm of technology, which has emerged as a driving force, revolutionizing the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us. The rapid advancement of digital innovations has given birth to groundbreaking products and services that have not only streamlined our daily lives but have also opened up new realms of possibilities.The realm of artificial intelligence (AI) stands as a shining beacon of this technological revolution. AI has transcended its nascent beginnings and now permeates virtually every industry,from healthcare and finance to manufacturing and transportation. Its applications are vast, ranging from intelligent assistants that can comprehend and respond to human language with remarkable accuracy to sophisticated algorithms that can analyze vast troves of data, discerning patterns and insights that would be imperceptible to the human eye.Moreover, the advent of 5G networks has ushered in a new era of connectivity, enabling seamless communication and data transfer at unprecedented speeds. This technological breakthrough has paved the way for the Internet of Things (IoT), a network of interconnected devices that can communicate and exchange data, revolutionizing the way we interact with our surroundings and ushering in a future of smart cities, homes, and industries.Concurrent with these technological advancements, the field of renewable energy has experienced a remarkable surge, driven by a global commitment to combat climate change and foster a more sustainable future. Innovative solutions, such as solar panels, wind turbines, and hydrogen fuel cells, have emerged as viable alternatives to traditional fossil fuels, offering clean and renewable sources of energy that can power our homes, businesses, and industries while minimizing our carbon footprint.The manufacturing sector, too, has undergone a profound transformation, embracing the principles of Industry 4.0 and leveraging cutting-edge technologies to optimize production processes, enhance efficiency, and reduce waste. Automated systems, robotics, and advanced data analytics have revolutionized assembly lines, enabling manufacturers to produce high-quality goods at unprecedented speeds while ensuring consistent quality and minimizing downtime.Beyond the realms of technology and manufacturing, the services sector has also experienced a renaissance, driven by a burgeoning middle class and an ever-increasing demand for quality experiences. The hospitality industry, for instance, has embraced innovative concepts and personalized services, offering unique and memorable experiences that cater to the discerning tastes of modern consumers.In the realm of finance, fintech (financial technology) has disrupted traditional banking and investment practices, introducing mobile banking, peer-to-peer lending, and cryptocurrency, making financial services more accessible, transparent, and efficient. This democratization of finance has empowered individuals and businesses alike, fostering financialinclusion and unlocking new opportunities for growth and prosperity.Even the agricultural sector has not been left untouched by this wave of progress. Precision farming techniques, incorporating cutting-edge technologies like GPS mapping, drones, and soil sensors, have revolutionized traditional farming practices, optimizing crop yields, minimizing waste, and ensuring sustainable food production for a rapidly growing global population.As I reflect on these transformative developments, I cannot help but feel a sense of awe and optimism for the future that lies ahead. This new era has ushered in a period of unprecedented growth and prosperity, transcending traditional boundaries and unlocking a world of possibilities that our ancestors could have scarcely imagined.However, amidst this exhilarating progress, it is crucial to acknowledge the challenges that accompany such rapid change. Issues such as job displacement, environmental concerns, and ethical considerations surrounding emerging technologies must be addressed with foresight and prudence. It is our collective responsibility to ensure that this progress is inclusive, sustainable, and aligned with our shared values and principles.As a student in this remarkable era, I am filled with a profound sense of hope and inspiration. The world around us is evolving at an unprecedented pace, and it is our duty to embrace these changes while simultaneously shaping them to create a better future for all. By fostering a spirit of innovation, collaboration, and ethical responsibility, we can harness the full potential of this new era and pave the way for a world that is more prosperous, equitable, and sustainable.In the words of the visionary physicist and author, Michio Kaku, "The future is not something we enter; it is something we create." It is up to us, the youth of today, to seize the opportunities presented by this new era and chart a course towards a brighter, more prosperous tomorrow – a future where the boundaries of human potential are limitless, and the pursuit of progress knows no bounds.。
拓展阅读一一.江西2011年高考阅读D篇文章Why should mankind explore space? Why should money, time and effort be spent exploring and researching something with so few apparent benefits?人类为何要探索太空呢?为什么时间、金钱、和精力会被花在探索一些没有显著的好处的事情上呢?Why should resources be spent on space rather than on conditions and people on Earth? These are questions that, understandably, are very often asked.为何资源会被花在太空而不是地球山的人与环境上呢?,这些不可理喻的为题常常被人问及。
Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic makeup〔基因构成〕as human beings.What drove our ancestors to move from the trees into the plains, and on into all possible areas and environments? 也许最好的答案隐藏在我们骨子里。
是什么驱使我们的先主从树上移动到地上,到所有可能的地域与环境的呢?The wider the spread of a species, the better its chance of survival.Perhaps the best reason for exploring space is this genetic tendency to expand wherever possible.越是广泛分布的种族,越有时机幸存下来。
2021年江苏省苏州市第一中学高一英语月考试题含解析一、选择题29. Our school basketball team ______ with a team from the USA yesterday.A. wonB. defeatedC. tiedD. received参考答案:C略2. –The CCTV reported that Premier Wen Jiabao played basketball with some students on Children's Day.–! And Premier Wen always encourages us to study hard and do more sports.A. What amazing newsB. How amazing newsC. What an amazing news参考答案:A略3. —Would you mind my coming over and having a look at your new garden? My little son’s curious about those roses you grow.—_____. You’re welcome.A. Yes, I doB. Never mindC. Yes, pleaseD. Not at all参考答案:D略4. ---- Excuse me?------------ How can I get to the neatest post office?A. That’s OK.B. Pardon?C. What’s wrong?D. Yes?参考答案:D5. ----Where does your little daughter want to go during her holidays.----She is looking forward to to the Wu Yi Mountain.A. takeB. takingC. being takenD. be taken参考答案:C6. A friend of mine returned to his house after a holiday only to find it ________.A. to be brokenB. had broken intoC. was brokenD. had been broken into参考答案:D7. The president said he was ______ the possibility of setting up a library.A. stepping upB. showing offC. looking intoD. carrying out参考答案:C8. If better use is _______ your spare time, you will make greater progress.A. used forB. spentC. made ofD. taken参考答案:C9. Both of my brothers work at the power station that________in my hometown.A.has set up B.has been set upC.was set up D.is set up参考答案:B解析考查动词时态和语态。
Unit 7 Interpersonal Relationship: Keys to the exercisesEnhance Your Language Awareness1 Listed in the boxes below are some of the words that you need to beveryfamiliar with. Now work in pairs and make sentences with each ofthem tosee if you have really mastered their usages. You areencouraged to consult adictionary if you are still not quite sure abouttheir meanings and usages.1) Every year before Christmas, we decorate our house with colourful lights.2) Mother scolded John for not taking good care of his younger brother when she went out.3) I quickly picked up a stick to defend myself when I saw a big dog running towards me.4) Please don’tinterrupt —wait until I have finished what I have to say.5) The mother embraced her son warmly as soon as he came into the house.ancient; he bought it 15 years ago and it is still in good condition.6) Jimmy’s car is quite7) When I arrived I saw that the place had already been occupied by two strangers.8) You have written a very good paper. I only made a few minor changes in the wording.9) At different stages of our life, we encounter different kinds of problems.10) If you need any assistance, please let me know and I’ll be more than happy to help.11) Some people tend to blame others for what they themselves have done wrong.burden for many families to bear these days.12) Children’s education is becoming too heavy aendure to see / endure seeing animals suffer like that.13) I can’t14) Davis was one of the most significant musicians of the last century.2 In the box below are some of the words you have learned in this unit. Completethe following sentences with them. Change the form wherenecessary.1) The home address was incomplete, so the letter could not be delivered.2) His father was finally released after he was proven to be innocent (无辜的), but he had already spent ten years in prison.3) Did he give you permission to use his computer?4) All rooms in this building are rented to students because it is closeto their university.5) When she recalled her miserable days during the war, my motherwould cry bitterly.6) When I told George that Maggie had refused to help, he exploded and walked out without saying anything.7) She pressed her dress smooth using a hot iron.8) With a(n) motion of his hand, he urged us to follow him.9) As soon as she accepted the job, Janet started working with great enthusiasm.10) Though she is over seventy, she is blessed with excellent health.11) The old woman was hurt so deeply by what his son had said thatshe trembled with rage.12) Just complete the attached form and return it in the envelopeprovided.13) The waiter inquired whether we would like to sit near the window.you now deserve a rest.14) You’ve been working all morning —3 In the boxes below are some of the expressions you have learned inthis unit. Doyou understand their meanings? Do you know how to usethem in the propercontext? Now check for yourself by doing theblank-filling exercise. Change theform where necessary.1) She is a very responsible lady; with her in charge, I am sure nothingwill go wrong.2) We were half way on our journey when our car broke down.3) I have lost my watch and I am quite certain I lost it on my way to thecomputer room.4) The child is very independent. He wants to make all importantdecisions by himself.5) This little girl is a dancing genius; she could dance in time to themusic as young as three years old.6) Our manager has to deal with all kinds of complaints the staffmembers make.7) She knew her subject from top to bottom and breezed through theexam in less than an hour.8) Several days had gone by before we found the missing dog.9) To my surprise, I was given the job, even though I had sent in myapplicationrather late.●Increasing Your Word Power1 A synonym is a word that has the same or nearly the same meaningas anotherword. Now identify synonyms by matching a word inColumn A with anotherin Column B. Then complete the sentenceswith an appropriate word either inColumn A or in Column B. Changethe form where necessary.1) They endured hours of backbreaking work in miserable conditions.2) Some of the boys in our class are going to skip today’s class; I wonderhow teacher will respond to it.3) She is a teacher and spent most of her career in New York.4) The wearing of seat belts is required by the law.5) Sally didn’t feel quite well, but still dragged herselfwearily out ofbed at fiveo’clock that morning.6) This new play was directed by Mike Johnson, assisted by Sharon Gale.7) It’s her birthday party so I need agift of some sort to take along.8) Tom is a stubborn child who won’t obey his mother.9) I’m not joking; I’mserious.10) From the house come bursts of merry laughter.11) Our tour departs from Heathrow Airport on 31 March and returns16 April.12) Barbara scolded her son for being so naughty before the honourable guests.13) There are no significant differences between the two groups ofstudents interms of their IQ.2 An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another word. Nowidentifyantonyms by matching a word in Column A with another inColumn B. Thencomplete the sentences with an appropriate wordeither in Column A or inColumn B1) With no thought for his own safety, he ran into the burning buildingto save thechild.2) He waited the whole day for her to call him back, but no phone callcame. Hewas so annoyed that he went to bed miserably.3) Listen! The girls are singing cheerfully in the next room. They mustbe having alot of fun together.akes.4) He did his work carelessly. That’s why he made so many mist5) Jim knew absolutely nothing about the business when he joined thefirm.6) He looked round desperately for someone to help him.7) The news report does not mention who is to blame for the trafficaccident.8) He left his hometown as a poor, working class boy and returned asanextremely wealthy man.9) I don’t like theboring / dull atmosphere in our class; I thinkeveryone should tryto be more active in class.10) She wanted to be the first woman to climb Mount Everest, andshealmost succeeded.3 The words in the box below can be used both as nouns and as verbs.Useeither the noun form or the verb form of the words to complete the followingsentences. Change the form where necessary.still feeling1) I got so mad with him that I slapped him hard across the face; I’msorry for what I did then.2) On my birthday one of my friends gave me a beautiful doll as a(n)present.3) She finally solved the problem! A smile lit up her face.4) The little donkey struggled under a heavy burden.5) He was so angry that he reached forward and gave her a(n) slap onthe cheek.6) Janet presented the director with an expensive painting as a partinggift from usall.7) I ordered a chicken and some beer and started eating and drinkingby myself.8) The lake was bathed in the soft light of the moon.9) The government is spending millions of dollars in its attempt to combat drugabuse (毒品滥用).10) She motioned me to come closer and slipped something into myhand.11) The strain on the cables (绳缆)supporting the bridge is enormous.12) You can place an online order and they will deliver the goods to thedoor.13) They strained the rope between the two posts.14) I don’t want toburden you with my problems.15) With a sweeping motion of his hand, he said, “Follow me closely.”16) Helen volunteered to have the New Year party at her house this year.17) The troops were exhausted after months of fierce combat.18) She now helps in a local school as a(n) volunteer three days a week.4 Did you notice the suffixes -ness, -ment in words such as illness, disappointmentin this unit? The suffix -ness can be put after manyadjectives to form nouns, while -ment can be added to many verbs toform nouns.Now form nouns byadding -ness or -ment to the words given in thetable and write down theChinese meaning for each.Adjectives / Verbs Suffixes Nouns Chinese Meaningsaccomplish-ment / -ness accomplishment 成就;造诣;完成adjust adjustment 调节;调整;校正appoint appointment 约会,约定;任命,委派aware awareness 意识;知道;觉悟calm calmness 平静;安静;镇静competitive competitiveness 竞争;竞争力develop development 形成;开发;发展effective effectiveness 效力;有效性encourage encouragement 鼓励;赞助;促进impulsive impulsiveness 冲动;推动;驱使Complete each of the following sentences with a proper word you have thusformed.1) There has been an increasing awareness that care of the elderly hasbecome a social problem.2) We need encouragement from each other in order to complete sucha huge project.3) With so many caregivers around her, the old woman feels a sense ofsecurity and calmness.4) To ensure competitiveness in market, the company spares no effortto improve the quality of its products.5) We are very proud of the accomplishments that we have made overthe past few years.6) If you want to see the director, you need to make a(n) appointment with him first.7) When travelling abroad, you should make necessary adjustments tothe cultural differences.8) Take your time and think about it twice so as to avoid impulsiveness in your decision.9) A series of clinical trials (临床试验)are conducted to test the effectiveness of the newly developed medicine.10) There have been significant technological developments in thiscountry in the last two decades.Grammar in ContextStudy the following sentences that appear in this unit, paying specialattention tothe italicized parts. Reflect on the grammatical functionof the present participles,and group them into different types.1) a. Adverbial of time: 2, 4, 62) b. Adverbial of reason: 9, 103) c. Adverbial of result: 84) d. Adverbial of accompanying circumstances: 1, 3, 5, 7Task 1: Rewrite the following sentences using a present participleclause.1) He sat silent in the corner. He was reading his favorite novel.He sat silent in the corner, reading his favorite novel.2) When she saw the traffic light turn green, she quickly crossed the road.Seeing the traffic light turn green, she quickly crossed the road.3) As he has engaged in the research for many years, he is quite familiar withthe topic.Having engaged in the research for many years, he is quite familiar with the topic.know where the supermarket was, so he went up to the policemanto 4) He didn’task for directions.Not knowing where the supermarket was, he went up to the policeman to ask fordirections.5) A new economic stimulus plan is said to be unveiled, and it leads to a surgein the stock market.A new economic stimulus plan is said to be unveiled, leading to a surge in the stockmarket.Task 2: Rewrite the following sentences to avoid ambiguity or danglingconstructions.1) Opening the window, a butterfly flew into my study.Opening the window, I saw a butterfly flying into my study.Or: When I opened the window, a butterfly flew into my study.2) Weighing almost 100 pounds, he lifted up the stone with one arm.Weighing almost 100 pounds, the stone was lifted up by him with one arm.Or: Although the stone weighed almost 100 pounds, he lifted it up with one arm.3) Idling about all day and indulging in games, the teacher flunked (使…不及格) the student in the final exam.Idling about all day and indulging in games, the student was flunked by theteacher in the final exam. 4) Having lived in the small county for thirty years, everything is familiar to the old man.Having lived in the small county for thirty years, the old man is familiar witheverything.5) Having received the Nobel Prize in literature, the media bombarded (向…连续提问) Mo Yan with questions of various types.Having received the Nobel Prize in literature, Mo Yan was bombarded withquestions of various types from the media.ClozeComplete the following passage with words chosen from this unit. Theinitial letterof each is given.Being a good boss has never been easy for me. The most difficult part is not about work, but about d ealing (1) with relationships at the workplace. As each and every employee in my company is s ignificant (2) to its development, I need to give enough a ttention (3) and care to everyone and to be approachable to all. At the start of the business, I encountered difficult situations and I was unsure what the best way was to handle them. For example, when an employee made a mistake, I hesitated about whether to s cold (4) him or her. Would I appear to be an i mpatient (5) boss to my employees if I did so? Would they continue to make mistakes if I was too lenient? Sometimes, I had to s ettle (6) disputes among the employees if they did not see eye to eye with each other on some tasks. This too was difficult. Should I b lame (7) any party or should I d efend (8) anyone? Howwould I bring them to see their differences and find solutions without h urting (9) each other? Sometimes I also e ncountered (10) difficult employees who seemedto feel m iserable (11) whatever I did for them. Life has never been easy, but Ihave learned the ropes along the way. The essential principle is to treat the employees s incerely (12), appreciate their contributions to the company andreward them accordingly. My employees are happy to have me as their boss, and are offering me all the a ssistance (13) they could. They have great e nthusiasm (14)for their work and have contributed significantly to the c ompany’s development. TranslationTranslate the following sentences into English, using the words givenin brackets.1) 直起身来,脚要跟上音乐拍子。
科技发展的历程英语作文The progress of technological development has been a driving force behind the rapid advancements in various aspects of human life. From the primitive tools used by our ancestors to the sophisticated digital devices we rely on today, the journey of technological evolution has been nothing short of remarkable. This essay aims to explore the historical milestones and the profound impact of technological progress on our society.The roots of technological development can be traced back to the dawn of human civilization. The earliest forms of technology were simple tools and implements crafted by our ancestors to aid in their daily tasks. The discovery of fire, the invention of the wheel, and the development of primitive agricultural techniques were all crucial steps in the technological progress that laid the foundation for more complex innovations to come.As human societies evolved, the pace of technological advancement accelerated. The Middle Ages saw the rise of mechanical clocks, the printing press, and early forms of military technology. TheRenaissance period ushered in a new era of scientific exploration and the development of groundbreaking inventions such as the telescope and the microscope. This era also witnessed the beginnings of the industrial revolution, with the introduction of steam-powered machinery and the mechanization of various industries.The 19th century was a transformative period for technological progress. The invention of the telegraph, the telephone, and the internal combustion engine revolutionized communication and transportation. The industrial revolution reached new heights, with the mass production of goods and the widespread use of electricity. This period also saw the birth of the modern scientific method, leading to advancements in fields such as physics, chemistry, and biology.The 20th century, however, marked a true turning point in the history of technological development. The rapid advancements in electronics, communications, and computer science have had a profound impact on our daily lives. The invention of the radio, television, and the computer have transformed the way we access and process information. The development of the internet and the subsequent rise of digital technologies have revolutionized the way we communicate, work, and entertain ourselves.The 21st century has witnessed an unprecedented acceleration in technological progress. The ubiquity of smartphones, the rise of artificial intelligence, and the ongoing developments in fields such as biotechnology, renewable energy, and nanotechnology have profoundly changed the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us. The ability to store, process, and analyze vast amounts of data has enabled us to make more informed decisions, solve complex problems, and push the boundaries of human knowledge and capabilities.The impact of technological progress on our society cannot be overstated. It has revolutionized the way we work, learn, and communicate, leading to increased efficiency, productivity, and connectivity. The advancements in healthcare, for instance, have led to significant improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, as well as the development of life-saving medical devices and therapies. In the field of education, technology has enabled remote learning, personalized instruction, and access to a wealth of information and resources, breaking down geographical barriers and democratizing knowledge.Moreover, technological progress has also had a profound impact on the way we interact with our environment. The development of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydropower, has paved the way for a more sustainable future, reducing our relianceon fossil fuels and mitigating the effects of climate change. Advancements in transportation technology, such as electric vehicles and high-speed rail, have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve the overall environmental footprint of our society.However, the rapid pace of technological progress has also brought about new challenges and ethical considerations. The rise of automation and artificial intelligence has raised concerns about job displacement and the need for reskilling and retraining of the workforce. The increasing reliance on digital technologies has also raised issues of data privacy, cyber-security, and the potential for technology to be misused for nefarious purposes.As we continue to navigate the ever-changing landscape of technological progress, it is crucial that we approach it with a balanced and thoughtful perspective. We must strive to harness the power of technology to address the pressing challenges facing humanity, while also being mindful of the potential risks and unintended consequences. By fostering a culture of innovation, collaboration, and responsible stewardship, we can ensure that the progress of technological development continues to benefit humanity as a whole.In conclusion, the journey of technological progress has been aremarkable and transformative one, shaping the very fabric of our civilization. From the earliest tools and implements to the cutting-edge technologies of today, the progress of technology has been a constant companion in our human experience. As we look to the future, it is our responsibility to embrace the opportunities presented by technological advancement while also navigating the complexities and challenges that come with it. By doing so, we can ensure that the progress of technology continues to be a positive force that enhances our lives, improves our societies, and paves the way for a brighter and more sustainable future for all.。
UNIT 5 Sociology Matters1.Culture is the totality of learned,socially transmitted customs,knowledge,material objects,and behavior.It includes the ideas,values,customs,and artifacts of groups of people.Though culture differ in their customs,artifacts,and languages,they all share certain basic characteristics.Furthermore,cultural characteristics change as cultures develop ,and cultures infuence one another through their technological ,commercial, and artistic achievements.文化是指社会传播学,海关,知识,材料的对象,和行为。
它包括思想,价值观,习俗,和人群的文物。
尽管文化在他们的习俗,文物,和语言不同,但是他们都有一些共同的基本特性。
此外,当文化发展时文化特征也在变化,并且文化通过他们的技术,商业,艺术成就相互影响。
Cultural universals文化共性2.All societies,despite their differences,have developed certain general practices known as cultural universals.Many cultural universals are ,in fact,adaptations to meet essential human needs ,such as people’s need for food ,shelter,and clothing. Anthropologist George murdock compiled a list of cultural that included athletic sports, cooking ,funeral ceremonies,medicine,and sexual restrictions.所有的社会,尽管他们的差别,已经形成了一定的一般做法被称为文化的共性。
Part 1 Vocabulary and Structure(每小题:1 分)Directions: For each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one to complete each sentence.1.The company may be reluctant to ________ toofar from the basic terms of this agreement, but there are a number of things that are negotiable.A. deviateB. disconnectC. detachD. distract2.As manager of our computer department, I________ your employee, John Doe, for the prompt and polite service he provided to us last week.A. commentB. celebrateC. claimD. commend3.Let us be exact in what we say so as to________ any possibility of misunderstanding.A. replyB. alleviateC. precludeD. proclaim4.She has remained loyal to him throughout his________.A. shortcomingB. misfortuneC. circuitD. tragedy5.The company has been developing in a big wayand is gaining ________ internationally.A. prestigeB. dedicationC. humanityD. persecution6.The glamorous actress always went shoppingwith many ________ crowding round her.A. participantsB. managersC. statesmenD. attendants7.When he is confronted with a ________, heusually makes an arbitrary decision by throwing a coin.A. paradoxB. prejudiceC. dilemmaD. conflict8.During the construction of high buildings, cranes(起重机) are used to ________ building materials to the upper floors.A. tossB. increaseC. hoistD. enhance9.Students and teachers should have ________attitudes toward each other.A. respectfulB. respectedC. respectiveD. respectable10.My usual feeling of respect, ________ with a littlefear, had been replaced by the warmest concern.A. migratedB. matchedC. mingledD. melted11.The purpose of many such small-scaleadaptations is to ________ the enterprise forward.A. proposeB. doomC. tossD. propel12.The pill cannot cure a common cold, but it can________ the symptoms (症状).A. aggravateB. alleviateC. medicateD. bypass13.I did not switch on the light in case it should________ her.A. glareB. shineC. faintD. dazzle14.The crime was ________ by evidence of childabuse and the fact that the victim was very young.A. increasedB. strengthenedC. reinforcedD. aggravated15.Good television programs should ________ todifferent types of interest and taste among the public.A. matchB. caterC. adoptD. clingwren was well off and able to ________painting as his favorite pastime.A. submit toB. take intoC. participate inD. indulge in17.She ________ my suggestion that everyoneshould make a donation to the handicapped soldier.A. poured scorn onB. took pains withC. preclude vision fromD. cast light upon18.The top managers are full of ________ towardthe sales volume of mobile phones next year.A. optimismB. endeavorC. attitudeD. deliberation19.If the ________ guest is unable to pay, then thereceptionist may refuse to accommodate that person.A. prospectiveB. perspectiveC. permissiveD. prominent20.As a small boy, Thomas Edison was slow________ learning to read and write.A. onB. withD. in21.This ________ accident can serve as a reminderto our future generations.A. weakB. tragicC. patrioticD. suspicious22.Fortunately, there is a more ________ attitudetowards other religions in most parts of the world today.A. impatientB. tolerantC. crudeD. inevitable23.They got themselves in a mess by losing millionson loans to foreign countries and ________ borrowers at home.A. prospectiveB. consistentC. dubiousD. glamorous24.You must insist that students give a truthfulanswer ________ with the reality of their world.A. proficientB. insistentC. consistentD. sufficient25.His ________ to help the poor people earn himgreat prestige.A. dilemmasB. iconsC. endeavorsD. accommodation26.Due to the ________ domestic market, thebusiness has to adjust its import and export policies.B. tediousC. suspiciousD. slack27.He realized that it was difficult to ________ onthis infertile land any longer.A. inhibitB. inhabitC. gatherD. retreat28. A national ________ is someone who, by themere mention of his name, will remind people of his country.A. iconB. cowboyC. pedestrianD. senator29.Members of society tend to cooperate ________the goals they share.A. in reward ofB. in pursuit ofC. in view ofD. in light of30.One expert in psychology believes that peoplelike jobs mainly because they need other people — to chat with, to ________ with, and to build relationships with.A. hang upB. hang inC. hang outD. hang onto31.There is a standard method ________ officersare selected for promotion.A. thatB. whereC. in thatD. whereby32.I suggest we put the scheme into effect, for it isquite ________.A. vulnerableB. probableC. practicableD. sustainable33.That part of the city has long been ________ forits street violence.A. responsibleB. illegalC. historicalD. notorious34.Under the guidance of their teacher, the pupilsare building a model boat ________ by steam.A. hauledB. towedC. tossedD. propelled35.Rumors are everywhere, spreading fear,damaging reputations, and turning calm situations into ________ ones.A. vulnerableB. turbulentC. suspiciousD. tragic36.The police were alerted that the escaped criminalmight be in the ________.A. vainB. proximityC. jailD. court37.There is supposed to be a safety ________which makes it impossible for trains to derail.A. mechanismB. machineC. mechanicsD. machinery38.Some researchers feel that certain people havenervous systems particularly ________ to hot, dry winds. They are what we call weather-sensitive people.A. subjectiveB. liableC. inferiorD. vulnerable39.In spite of the ________ economic forecasts,manufacturing output has risen slightly.A. bleakB. feebleC. obscureD. shadowy40.The winners of the football championship ran offthe field carrying the silver cup ________.A. imperativelyB. tremendouslyC. turbulentlyD. triumphantly41.Here he was stressing ________ his originalprinciple that his unit should be used strategically.A. regrettablyB. forciblyC. graciouslyD. gravely42.All the people in the stadium cheered up whenthey saw hundreds of colorful balloons ________ slowly into the sky.A. elevatingB. lingeringC. ascendingD. escalating43.Professor Hawking is ________ as one of theworld's greatest living physicists.A. clarifiedB. acknowledgedD. illustrateditary orders are ________ and cannot bedisobeyed.A. alternativeB. defectiveC. imperativeD. conservative45.The ball ________ two or three times beforerolling down the slope.A. bouncedB. hoppedC. swayedD. escorted46.________that the demand for power continues torise at the current rate, it will not be long before traditional sources become inadequate.A. ConcerningB. AssumingC. RegardingD. predicting47.Inquiries ________ the condition of patients maybe made personally or by telephone.A. givingB. regardingC. followingD. considering48.You can't let your eyes ________ across thelines of a book and come up with an understanding of what you have read.A. runB. comeC. glideD. encounter49.The assumptions ________ this argument arestrong, as was indeed recognized in Ricardo's discussion.B. proposingC. hoveringD. underlying50.Please analyze it ________ the principlesdiscussed.A. in the event ofB. in case ofC. in preparation forD. in the light of51.________ several hypotheses have been madefor the changing of the climate in the area, no conclusive evidence supports any of them.A. AlthoughB. AsC. IfD. Despite52.The author was ________ by the audience's lackof interest.A. dreadedB. encouragedC. dismayedD. impressed53.Proper lightening is necessary for good eyesight,________ human night vision can be temporarily damaged by extreme flashes of light.A. whereasB. moreoverC. furthermoreD. somehow54.She felt ________, as if what he had done to herhad somehow paralyzed not only her limbs but her senses too.A. gaspedB. stunnedC. strappedD. ousted55.The excuse was too ________ for the teacher tobelieve.A. subtleB. detailedC. feebleD. slender56.Each member of the alliance agrees to take suchaction as it ________ necessary, including the use of armed force.A. suggestsB. deemsC. requiresD. appraise57.I could see that my wife was ________ on havingthat fur coat, whether I approved of it or not.A. eagerB. dependentC. focusedD. intent58.Technological developments ________ newskills in many industries, leaving those workers with outdated skills out of work.A. intendB. necessitateC. requestD. deviate。
2024年最新新闻报道英语作文Title: Breakthrough in Renewable Energy Revolutionizes Global Power Supply in 20242024 marks a significant milestone in humanity's quest for sustainable energy solutions, as the world witnesses an unprecedented breakthrough in renewable technologies. Spearheaded by innovative research and dedicated efforts, this revolution has forever altered the global power supply landscape.Solar Power Revolutionizes Energy Generation:In a stunning development, solar energy has emerged as the dominant source of power generation across the globe. Advancements in photovoltaic technology have made solar panels more efficient and cost-effective than ever before. Vast solar farms, stretching across thousands of acres, now dot the landscapes of numerous countries. The widespreadadoption of solar power has dramatically reduced our reliance on traditional fossil fuels, curbing carbon emissions and mitigating the looming threat of climate change.Wind Energy Flourishes:Simultaneously, wind energy has made significant strides in its growth. Technological innovations have exponentially increased the efficiency of wind turbines, allowing for harnessing stronger wind currents at higher altitudes. Offshore wind farms have multiplied, taking advantage of consistent sea breezes to generate substantial amounts of electricity. The successful integration of wind energy into existing power grids has yielded positive outcomes, making it an essential component of the global renewable energy mix.Breakthroughs in Energy Storage:Another crucial aspect of the renewable energy revolution lies in the field of energy storage. 2024 has witnessed unprecedented advancements in battery technology, catapultingenergy storage to new heights. Cutting-edge developments in lithium-ion batteries have allowed for their increased lifespan, improved efficiency, and reduced costs. These batteries are now widely utilized for storing excess energy generated by solar and wind farms, which can be used during intermittent power generation or when demand exceeds supply. This breakthrough in energy storage has resolved one of the major challenges faced by renewable energy sources.Economic and Environmental Benefits:The transition to renewable energy sources has not only mitigated environmental degradation but also shown remarkable economic benefits. Countries heavily invested in renewable energy have experienced job creation, as the industry demands a skilled workforce for production, installation, maintenance, and research. Moreover, the declining cost of renewableenergy has translated into reduced electricity bills for consumers, boosting their disposable income. This has furtherstimulated economic growth and propelled nations towards a greener, more sustainable future.Global Cooperation and Policy Reformation:The success of the renewable energy revolution can be attributed to significant global cooperation and policy reforms. Leaders from various nations recognized the urgency to address the growing energy crisis and the imperative need to curb greenhouse gas emissions. Multilateral agreements and collaborations have fostered knowledge sharing, research funding, and joint technological advancements. Additionally, governments worldwide have incentivized the shift towards renewable energy through tax benefits, subsidies, and regulatory support.A Sustainable Future:As 2024 progresses, the renewable energy revolution continues to reshape the global power supply, enabling humanity to aspire to a sustainable future. The continueddevelopment and deployment of renewable technologies hold the promise of a cleaner, more environmentally friendly world. With the collective efforts of governments, industries, and individuals, the vision of a carbon-neutral society is within reach.In conclusion, the year 2024 has witnessed a remarkable breakthrough in renewable energy, with solar and wind power leading the charge. The advancements in energy storage, economic benefits, and global cooperation have propelled this revolution, significantly transforming our approach to power generation. With renewable energy at the forefront, we are paving the way for a greener and more prosperous world.。
Technological Developments within 3D Location-based ServicesSiyka Zlatanova and Edward VerbreeSection GIS-technology Delft University of Technology Delft, The Netherlands s.zlatanova@citg.tudelft.nl; e.verbree@citg.tudelft.nlAbstractLocation Based Services (LBS) are gaining much importance for all kind of human activities ranging from tourist navigation to support of rescue teams in disaster management. LBS have been developed as an independent from GIS stream for wireless services, but nowadays about 80% of all supplied data is spatially related, i.e. they are presented in a form of 2D map (raster of vector). LBS is becoming a special kind of GIS. In this paper we analyse the state-of-the-art of technology toward 3D LBS. We consider four important aspects of LBS namely standards, positioning, visualisation and geo-DBMS, which we believe will largely contribute to a breakthrough 3D LBS. These are addressed in detail. A final discussion elaborates on urgent topics for research.1. IntroductionThe OpenGIS Consortium (OGC) defines Location-based Services as ‘any application service that exploits the position of a mobile terminal’. Given this definition, LBS can be regarded as a special kind of GIS, with the restriction that all kind of information query and retrieval is more or less related to the known position of the user in the field. Most LBS-applications are limited to 2D, both for the input of the location-component (a site on the surface of the Earth) as for the feedback of the information query from the GIS-server to the mobile-client with standard 2D-maps. But the third dimension is affordable, as many GIS-packages and geo-DBMS offer support for 3D-data storage, 3D-queries and 3D-visualisations. In conjunction with the improvements of the hardware of the mobile terminals, high-speed connections, 3D-positioning and the need for 3D-perspective of the user in the terrain, we believe that 3D will be the next step within LBS. In this paper, we concentrate on the available technology and systems and analyse the possibilities LBS to step into the third dimension. The paper is organised in sections as follows: Section 2 discusses the work of OGC toward standardisation of developments in LBS. Section 3 summarises the progress in mobile devices. Section 4 discusses current possibilities for 3D positioning. Section 5 concentrates on the stateof-the art in 3D visualisation on mobile devices. Section 6 discusses some aspects of 3D GIS related to the support of 3D models. Section 7 concludes on the needed 3D developments toward 3D LBS.2. 3D within the OpenGIS Implementation Specification for Location ServicesThe OpenGIS Consortium (OGC) has intensively worked on Implementation specification for Location Services. In June, OGC members voted to adopt the OpenGIS(R) Location Services (OpenLS(TM)) Implementation Specification, and the OpenGIS Web Map Context Implementation Specification (/techno/implementation.htm).The Web Map Context Documents Specification describes how to save a map view comprised of many different layers from many distributed Web map servers. The primary objective of the Specifications is defining access to the core services and the Abstract Data Types (ADT) that are part of the GeoMobility Server (Figure 1). Besides the core services and ADT, the GeoMobilty Server should be able to provide a location (by connecting to the Gateway Mobility locations Center) and appropriate content (such as maps, routes, addresses, points of interest, traffic, etc.) on the same server or other databases via the Internet. It might be possible that other supporting functions for personalization, context management, billing, logging, etc. will be provided by the server. The OpenGIS Consortium currently mentions six core services:• • • • • •Directory service: to access directory with location information like the Yellow and White pages; Gateway service: to fetch a position of a mobile terminal; Geocoder service: transform a description of a location (an address) to a normalized description of the location (an coordinate); Reverse geo-coder service; Route service: give travel routes, and Presentation service (including route display, map display and route description display).Currently, the OpenLS specifications consider visualisation of raster images as a base map (i.e. the rendering is done at the server and the mobile unit obtain PGN image in a predefined scale). The Abstract Data Types (ADTs) are usually obtained as outputs from core services. To date OpenLS has Address ADT, Position ADT, Route ADT, Point Of Interest ADT and Map ADT. Location ADT is a complex type that can be considered as a semantic tree that includes Point, PositionADT, Address ADT and POI ADT. The services have to able for all classes of mobile devices like phones and Personal Digital Assistants (PDA’s). The core services and the ATD are defined with XML for Location Services (XLS). XLS is practically the format for data exchange between an application and the Mobility server. XLS will use a description of geometries (point, line, polygon) according to the SFS of OGS. Theoretically this means that 3D geometry will be also possible to send to the mobile devices. Figure 1 gives an example how the mobile user will request and receive information. The request should contain the type of the user device (according to a list with well-known devices) and a number of parameters specifying the range and type of requested information. Note that localisation of mobile users is also a task of the Mobility Server. It has to request the position of the mobile unit from the Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC) if not provided another way (determined by GPS or given manually by the user).Figure 1: The role of Geo-Mobility Server: request-response scenario3. Mobile devicesThe concept ‘mobile device’ is quite vague, due to the board range of equipment and the integration of functionality within these tools. Cellular phones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDA), Digital Cameras and even GPS-devices can be extended or are upgraded and renamed (i.e. Smart Phone) to indicate the functionality better. Cellular phones are becoming more and more versatile for accessing network services. A cellular phone can be used as a terminal itself or it can be used together with palmtop or handheld computer devices toaccess network data services. As a display, mobile phones have some limitations. As long as the mobile phones are tiny, practical and easy to carry in your pocket, the resolution of the display has its limitations in use. The handheld computer industry has been very active in the past few years, and a lot of devices are available on the market. Some are oriented to be used as personal organisers, while others are more powerful and programmable computing devices. A common characteristic is the ability to synchronise data in the mobile device with a desktop PC, calendar appointments, task lists and e-mail messages. The major difference between palmtop and handled is the keyboard. While palmtops use a stylus (pen-based) and virtual keyboards as the input method, the handheld devices are more like tiny computers connected to physical keyboard (but also touch screen and pen-based interface). Several different combinations of the devices specified above are also possible: • A cellular phones with built-in GPS like the Benefon Esc! NT2002 (); • A PDA with integrated GPS technology like the Palm iQue 3600 () or • A palmtop computer with embedded cellular communications features like the Palm Tungsten/W ().4. 3D PositioningGlobal positioning devices are able to offer the easiest way and a relatively accurate way of 3D positioning of the user. Apart from the most used GPS-NAVSTAR network of satellites, Galileo is to be considered in near future. The receivers are getting rapidly portable, cheaper and more convenient for general use and implementation in handheld devices than ever. For example, Motorola launched a GPS chip (November 2002), sufficiently small (49 square millimetres) and cheap to be implemented in any consumer-electronics device such as cell phones and notebook computers. It is this development Steve Wozniak (co-founder of Apple) to announce a new business that will focus on designing wireless products for tracking just about anything by aiming to make Global Positioning System (GPS) devices cheap, plentiful and indispensable to businesses and individuals. (/cgibin/f_headline.cgi?bw.012302/220230088) Despite the progress, still there are many drawbacks and difficulties in using global positioning for LBS. One main problem is the disturbed satellite availability, particularly due to urban canyons in cities or in forest areas. The other problem is the capture of location information from the GPS and sending this to the LBS server. These are two distinct problems with partial solutions offered by a variety of hardware platforms and operating systems. The positioning within mobile networks (using only the information related to the base network transmitter) is very attractive but very inaccurate and practically not applicable even for LBS. In urban areas, it may occur even that a mobile phone is connected to a transmitter in a cell different from the cell the mobile unit is (thus the accuracy may go down to kilometres). The only advantage, compared to GPS positioning, is the possibility of working inside buildings. A variety of solutions to increase the accuracy already exist. For example, the Cell Global Identity and Time Advance Positioning Method (CGI-TA) CGI identifies within which network cell the mobile client is located with the help of supplementary information (e.g. postal code information, street, town names). Further, the accuracy is improved by using the timing advance (TA) information that defines the time taken for information to reach the mobile device from a base transceiver station. The TA parameter provides an estimate of distance from the receiver accurate to about 500 metres. Since, no directional information is employed, the user could be located anywhere in a circular band (or a section of a circular band) around the base station (Figure 2, right). This approach has the potential to achieve accuracies of around 100 metres on the ground. The major advantage is that it can be employed on existing GSM and GPRS network infrastructures. Other approaches implement localisation possibilities within the mobile unit using the signal from at least three network transmitters. Still the accuracy cannot be increased more that 50 m. Hybrid solutions attempt to overcome individual problems of GPS and network solutions. For example SnapTrack () a US firm offering commercial network assisted GPS solutions. SnapTrack's Personal Location Technology™ is based on a thin-client Wireless Assisted GPS™ systemand may be incorporated into cellular phones, pagers, personal digital assistants, and other wireless devices. The user sends the appropriate location and receives from the server-assisted data (e.g. GPS almanac and other data) to speed up the initialisation of the GPS receiver. While traditional GPS receivers may take several minutes to provide a location fix, SnapTrack's system generally locates callers within a few seconds. The system allows very faint GPS signals to be detected thus providing GPS coverage in areas that are formerly GPS black spots. This is done by sharing many of the tasks performed by the handheld GPS across a distributed system of clients and servers.Figure 2: Urban Canyon (left) and CGI-TA Solution (right)Due to weak GPS signals and limited precision of GSM network solutions, hybrid solutions offer a better potential for positioning mobile clients outdoors. Both technologies are in a period of change and increased precision is expected from both techniques. Neither of both techniques is however appropriate for indoor positioning. Wireless LANs (WLANs) are seen as a possibility to track mobile users in closed spaces as buildings and tunnels. There are several standards already available (e.g. IEEE 802.11 and HyperLAN) and many areas are covered with such networks (e.g. harbour Rotterdam). The advantage of such network is the high bandwidth (11-54 Mbps) compared to GPRS (70kbs) and UTMS (1Mps) and disadvantages are the security and the relatively limited area (about 300m). The first systems for localisation using WLANS are already available. Ekahau Positioning Engine () is one solution available for 802.11 and HiperLAN2. The engine runs on a standalone server and gives the x,y-position and the floor of the mobile unit. The positioning is based on a priory accomplished calibration map created by collecting sample points of the area. Each sample point contains received signal intensity and related map coordinates (for the current floor). The accuracy achieved by such positioning is up to 1m. The implementation is Java and practically able to run on any platform. Apparently, in the future a range of solutions, from GPS, networks (GPRS WLAN, etc.) has to be used to be able to track mobile devices indoors and outdoors. Integrated solutions are likely to become standard to cater for the anticipated demand for location sensitive information. In this respect, it is critical to agree on standards for communication. Two important organizations in communication domain are: Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) (/index.html) with more that 300 companies are committed to preparing open standards for interoperable mobile standards. The consortium will stimulate the adoption of new services (enhanced mobile information, entertainment services). The particular focus in the last year was on the specification OMA Client provisioning (that further simplifies the configuring of a mobile units) and OMA Billing Framework (related to recording services). Further OMA has created two new groups to identify the user requirements for M-commerce market (MCommerce) and to allow networking in games (Mobile Gaming). The Third Generation Partnership Program (3GPP) (/) concentrates on air interfaces. The original scope of 3GPP is to develop globally applicable Technical Specifications and Technical Reports for a 3rd Generation Mobile System based on evolved GSM core networks and the radio access technologies that they support. This scope was subsequently amended to include the maintenance and development of the GSM Technical Specifications and Technical Reports including evolved radio access technologies (e.g. GPRS) and Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)).5. 3D Mobile visualisationOne of the most critical aspects is the provision of 3D graphics on mobile devices. The 3D capabilities of mobile devices are largely restricted in several aspects: dedicated 3D hardware chip, floating point units (floating point calculations are done by the software), hardware division circuits (for integer division), memory bandwidth (3D rendering needs large amounts of texture to be read from the memory) and CPU speed (Jacobs, 2003). Besides, the visibility scene management algorithms have to be adapted for the low-resolution screens of mobile devices. Breakthrough in 3D rendering on mobile devices are observed in several directions. Industry unite their efforts to improve the performance of mobile hardware. QUALCOMM CDMA Technologies (/) announced a powerful CPU single chip solution (MSM7xxx) for 3G handheld multimedia devices. Among all the improvements such as processing speed (300MHz to 1GHz), a low power consumption, large-format, high-resolution Quarter Video Graphics Array, the chip offers a high-speed 2D and 3D graphics rendering. A number of companies offer already 3D rendering engines for mobile devices mostly in the form of games and entertainment software. For example (Figure 3), Superscape-Swerve (), HI Corporation (www.hicorp.co.jp), Xen Games (/) and Fathammer Inc. (/). The navigation software TomTom (running on Windows CE) is another example of 3D visualisation, i.e. a ‘3D birds eye’ view of a navigated route. Most of the 3D visualisation tools/games are available simultaneously for different OS. Still, the efforts are toward developing 3D games. 3D gaming on mobile phones is for some countries (e.g. Japan, using the rendering engine of Hi Corporation) already a standard item ranging from car racing to fishing and taking care of personal virtual pets. The Mascot Software engine is embedded into more than 10 million handset in Japan (Donelan 2003).Figure 3: Swerve (Superscape), Mascot Capsule (Hi-Corporation), XenGames, X-Forge (Fathammer), TomTom.Companies sign agreements on collaborations toward integrating hardware core functionality and 3D graphics functionality. For example, ARM (), the provider of 16/32 embedded RISK microprocessors together with Imagination Technologies (), a international licensing company for 2D and 3D graphics and Superscape have agreed (April, 2003) on collaboration to develop 3D solutions for mobile devices. The idea is to combine the core microprocessor and graphics function of ARM with the software solutions of Superscape. A similar cooperation is established recently (July 2003) between Hi Corporation and Motorola (). Hi Corporation will make Mascot Capsule Engine available to Motorola’s Convergence i.250 customers and i.MX and i.SmartPhone applications.. Standards for visualisation of 3D graphics on mobile devices are already available or under developments. OpenGL ES, based on OpenGL (the mostly adopted cross-platform graphics API) is already available for downloading at (/opengles/). The South Korea Telecom already announced (June, 2003) their choice of OpenGL ES as its standard graphics API for 3D applications. The Java Specification Request 184 (JSR 184) focusing scalable, small-footprint, interactive 3D API (based on J2ME technology) is ready and announced for public comments (/aboutJava/communityprocess/review/jsr184). New consortiums are founded to define standards and specifications for developing a mobile hardware. For example, the Mobile Industry Processor Interface (MIPI) is a very new initiative (ARM, Nokia, STMicroelectronics and Texas Instruments Inc., July 2003) that aims at defining and promoting microprocessors, peripherals and software interfaces. Some of the target functionality is large graphics (from black& white display at 96x64 to 16-bit colours and 320x240 display), power and memory (fromlittle processing power to 3D graphics acceleration and floating point units). This standard aims at resolving issues like building and maintaining scene hierarchy and selecting viewpoints. To decrease the size of the application, increases of the amount of processing in native code versus e.g. Java code is assumed.6. 3D GISGeoDBMS, GIS, CAD and VR systems host already huge amounts of spatial data as many of them are 3D. All the systems attempt to extend their functionality by offering integrated maintenance of spatial and attribute data, spatial analyses, topology layers and 3D visualisation and navigation. Several important developments are observed in this area: DBMS manage spatial data, progress of 3D visualisation and appreciation of topology in LBS. With the support of spatial data types by DBMS (Oracle Spatial, PostGIS, Informix), GIS, CAD and VR vendors (ESRI, Bentley, AutoDesk) have the opportunity to organise their data seamless, integrated data structures. These developments hit the role and the nature of GIS from application-oriented, desktop system toward multi-purpose and distributed. (Oosterom et al 2002, Zlatanova et al 2002). The developments toward the third dimension are also significant. 3D object can be maintained (using spatial data types supported by DBMS) and visualised in different front ends (Stoter and Zlatanova 2003). The understanding of the role played by topology in LBA is increasing. The word is often about locationbased applications where all spatial relationships are maintained directly in the database itself, without the need for any specialised GIS application. Such a solution will provide integrated dynamic topology and spatial analysis from any wireless handheld device.7. The future of 3D LBSBearing in mind the technology review, we can conclude that 3D LBS may possible for realisation in the coming several years. Still a large amount of issues (3D LBS standards, 3D positioning, 3D visualisation and 3D geo-DBMS) needs a special attention: • OGC accepted Implementation Specifications for Locations Services, but specialisation for output of 3D geo-information is not considered yet. • 3D localisation is possible in various ways but it mostly based on GPS. To be able to position user in dense urban areas or indoors, alternative approaches (based on communication networks, WLANs, or others) are urgently needed. • Mobile devices are ready for 3D visualisation but currently the vendor efforts are mostly toward designing games. • Management of 3D objects is also possible, although not standardised. The main problem remains 3D topology as a major requirement for a 3D navigation. Intensive research is needed to extend the role of GeoMobility in several general directions: • Evolving of all components into the third dimension: 3D GeoMobility Server, 3D protocols (perhaps XLS based on SFS), 3D rendering on mobile • Core services have to be available for 3D cases as well. This will effect the Gateway service (3D position of mobile device), the Geocoder service (transform a description of a location 3D coordinates), the Route service (give travel 3D routes, e.g. in a building) and the Presentation service (3D route or 3D map display). • GeoMobility Sever has to be further extended to switch between different networks (e.g. UTMS, WLAN). Furthermore, the GeoMobility server should be aware of the used network and adapt the request/response protocol according to the bandwidth. • A sort of intelligence has to be incorporated in the GeoMobilily Server, e.g. awareness of the status of the mobile terminal (memory, graphic display, battery, etc.) or awareness about the level of urgency. This is especially critical for 3D routing, bearing in mind the larger amounts of data compared to 2D. Depending on the status, it may be to ‘expensive’ to generate 3D routing, e.g. a simple text routing might be a better solution. The Server has to be able to decide on the type of data. • 3D visualisation on mobile devices is still hardly explored area, which requires much more investigations. An important aspect is the correct impact on the user. For the preparation of 3D outputs, similar principles as for the design of conventional maps are valid, i.e. the shown objects shall be represented in a geometrically correct way and at the right position. Furthermore, the visualisation used as communication instrument demands an adequate•degree of readability (Kray et al 2003). An important issues to be addressed are: geometric resolution, utilisation of textures, priority for visualisation of objects and their characteristics, size of the important objects, etc. Input/update of 3D graphics information and sending back to the original data host source. This issue is closely related to maintenance of data consistency and data integrity.References: Donelan, J., 2003, Graphics to go, Computer Graphics World, April 2003, available at: /Articles/Article_Display.cfm?Section=Articles&Subsection=Display&ARTICLE _ID=171451 Jacobs, S. 2003, 3D rendering on Mobile Devices, Xen Games, available at: /docs/2003/02/24/ (last accessed, August 2003) OGC, 1999, OpenGIS Simple Features Specification for SQL. Revision 1.1, OpenGIS Project Document 99-049 Oosterom, P.J.M. van, J.E. Stoter, C.W. Quak and S. Zlatanova, 2002, The Balance Between Geometry and Topology. In: Advances in Spatial Data Handling, 10th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Dianne Richardson and Peter van Oosterom (eds.), ISBN 3-540-43802-5, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2002, pp. 209-224 Kray, Ch., Ch. Elting, K. Laaksoand V. Coors, 2003, Presenting route instructions on mobile devices, IUI'03, January 12-15, 2003, Miami, Florida, USA, 9p. Rakkolainen, I, Vainio, T. A. 2001, A 3D City info for Mobile Users, Computers & Graphics, Special Issues on Multimedia Appliances, Vol 25 No.4 Elsevier 2001, pp. 619-6125 Stoter, J.E. and S. Zlatanova, Visualisation and editing of 3D objects organised in a DBMS, EUROSDR workshop: Rendering and visualisation, January 2003, Enschede, the Netherlands, 16 p. Zlatanova, S., A.A. Rahman and M.Pilouk, 2002, Trends in 3D GIS development, in: Journal of Geospatial Engineering, Vol.4, No.2, pp. 1-10。