南京航空航天大学《212翻译硕士俄语》考研专业课真题试卷

南京航空航天大学2014年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题 A卷 科目代码: 842满分: 150 分科目名称: 翻译与写作注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！Part One: Translate the following into Chinese ( 60 points)（1）The progress of science depends upon many factors, and not least among these is the existence of satisfactory arrangements for the rapid exchange of new ideas and experimental results between research workers having similar interests. In a branch of learning that prides itself particularly upon its power of systematization, it is surprising that in this respect so much has been left to chance and so little has been done to formulate and follow an agreed policy appropriate to modern needs. There is, of course, no lack of scientific literature, both books and journals: the World List of Scientific Periodicals now lists some 50,000 titles. Indeed, almost every scientist now finds it impossible to read all the words relevant to his own subject, far less to read extensively outside it. Yet wide reading is becoming increasingly important, for it is very frequently in the fields where several branches of science overlap that the most exciting results are obtained.（2）As we reached the pavilion, a truly beautiful sight unfolded itself to the east. The vast Hebei Plain stretched out in front of us with our beloved city, Beijing, hidden in the thick of the misty trees. It was wondrous, in a way, to see Kunming Lake in the Summer Palace, which had always been considered a great lake, appear more like a basin of clear water, and Wanshoushan ( Longevity Hill ) and Foxiangge ( Temple of Incense to the Buddha ) mere little artifices for flower pots. We had forgotten about the leaves although the slope higher up was completely covered with them, yellowing and turning red. Too bad that the rain had spoiled the color, preventing them from turning a true red. How beautiful they might otherwise have been in the sunshine!（3）No man thinks more highly than I do of the patriotism, as well as abilities, of the very worthy gentlemen who have just addressed the house. But different men often see the same subjects in different lights; and, therefore, I hope it will not be thought disrespectful to those gentlemen, if, entertaining as I do, opinions of a character very opposite to theirs, I shall speak forth my sentiments freely, and without reserve. This is no time for ceremony. The question before the house is one of awful moment to this country. For my own part, I consider it as nothing less than a question of freedom or slavery. And in proportion to the magnitude of the subject, ought to be the freedom of the debate. It is only in this way that we can hope to arrive at truth, and fulfill the great responsibility which we hold to God and our country.Part Two: Translate the following into English (40 points)（1）上个世纪70年代末，中国向世界开放，主要是向西方开放。

翻译与写作（英语）2012年南京航空航天大学硕士研究生考试真题南京航空航天大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题 A科目代码： 842 科目名称：翻译与写作(英语) 满分： 150 分注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！Part One: Translate the following into Chinese ( 60 points)（1）Judging from the scientists I know, and those whom I’ve read about, you can’t pursue the laws of nature very long without bumping into beauty. “I don’t know if it’s the same beauty you see in the sunset,” a friend tells me, “but it feels the same.” This friend is a physicist, who has spent a long career deciphering what must be happening in the interior of stars. He recalls for me this thrill on grasping for the first time Dirac’s（狄拉克）equations describing quantum mechanics, or those of Einstein describing relativity. “They’re so beautiful,” he says, “you can see immediately they have to be true. Or at least on the way toward truth.” I ask him what makes a theory beautiful, and he replies, “Simplicity, symmetry, elegance, and power.”（2）It is time for the baby’s birthday party: a white cake, strawberry-marshmallow ice cream, a bottle of champagne saved from another party. In the evening, after she has gone to sleep, I kneel beside the crib and touch her face, where it is pressed against the slats, with mine. She is an open and trusting child, unprepared for and unaccustomed to the ambushes of family life,and perhaps it is just as well that I can offer her little of that life.I would like to give her more. I would like to promise her that she will grow up with a sense of her cousins and of rivers and of her great-grandmother’s teacups, would like to pledge her a picnic on a river with fried chicken and her hair uncombed, would like to give her home for her birthday, but we live differently now and I can promise her nothing like that.（3）I desire urbanity. I believe this is the rarest quality in the world. Indeed, it probably does not exist anywhere. A really urbane person — a mortal open-minded and affable to conviction of his own shortcomings and errors, and unguided in anything by irrational blind prejudices — could not but in a world of men and women be regarded as a monster. We are all of us, as if by instinct, intolerant of that which is unfamiliar: we resent its impudence, and very much the same principle which prompts small boys to jeer at a straw-hat out of season induces their elders to send missionaries to the heathen.Part Two: Translate the following into English (40 points)（1）从小学到中学，所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。

2022年翻译硕士212翻译硕士俄语考研真题和答案2022年翻译硕士《212翻译硕士俄语》考研全套【考研真题＋专用教材＋题库】内容简介•全国名校翻译硕士《212翻译硕士俄语》考研真题详解说明：本书收录了部分名校近年的212翻译硕士俄语考研真题，并提供了答案及详解。

2．教材教辅•2022年翻译硕士《212翻译硕士俄语》专用教材•2022年翻译硕士《212翻译硕士俄语》考研题库说明：《专用教材》根据大纲对重点内容进行了整理，《考研题库》参考名校考研真题并精选重要习题编写而成。

•试看部分内容2015年北京外国语大学《翻译硕士俄语》考研真题及详解一、选择题（40分）1Уменядвесестрыи_____ преподаватели.А) дваВ) двоеС) обаD) обе【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：我有两个姐姐，她们两个都是教师。

根据句意，表示“两者都……”，要用оба/обе。

所指为阴性，则要选用обе。

故正确答案选D。

2Когдамы_____ домой, насзасталдождь.А) возвращаясьВ) вернулисьС) возвращалисьD) вернемся【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：我们回家时，下起来了雨。

前后主体不一致，则不能选用副动词形式。

когда＋未完成体动词，表当……时；когда＋完成体动词，表动作完成发生或完成之后。

句中时态为过去时，且动作为部分同时关系，则应选用未完成体过去时形式。

故正确答案选C。

3Всеготово, _____ осталосьтольковзятьчемоданипоехатьнавокзал.А) намиВ) намС) мыD) снами【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：所有的一切都准备好了，我们只需拉着箱子去火车站了。

остаться用于无人称句中，意为“只要、只需、只好”，句中主体用第三格。

故正确答案选B。

南京航空航天大学2013年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题 A卷 科目代码: 211满分: 100 分科目名称: 翻译硕士英语注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！I. Vocabulary and Structure (15 points)Directions: There are 15 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.1. Last week our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem______ none of usworked out.A. thatB. whichC. asD. so that2. _______ you’re got a chance, you might as well make full use of it.A. Now thatB. AfterC. AlthoughD. As soon as3. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point _____ he can walk correctlyand safely.A. whenB. whereC. whichD. how4. Grace doesn’t want to move to New York because she thinks if she _____ there, she wouldn’tbe able to see her parents very often.A. livesB. would liveC. having askedD. were to live5. Robert felt very sorry that he had missed the chance ____ the president.A. to meetB. meetC. meetingD. to have met6. Film has a much shorter history, especially when _____ such art forms as music and painting.A. having compared toB. comparing toC. compare toD. compared to7. Because his first wife didn’t give birth ____ a son, the King decided to ____her.A. with; divorceB. to; divorceC. to; divorce withD. with; divorce with8. Albert Einstein once said,” People owe my success _____ my talents. Actually my success lies_____ my diligence.A. to; onB. to; inC. with; inD. for; on9. A promising executive should be ready to welcome tight _______ and hard work.A. depositB. bidC. speedD. budget10. The lecturer continued that _______ law was different to criminal law.A. defenseB. civicC. culturalD. civil11. The schoolboys are more ______ not to make any mistakes in spelling than ever before.A. careB. cautiousC. liableD. dangerous12. Behind these obvious _______ motives to anti‐Jewish attitudes there was a deeper cause.A. ridiculousB. sadC. reasonableD. encouraging13. Scientists believe that oxygen is released as a ______ of the photosynthesis(光能合成)A. financeB. therapyC. by‐productD. doubt14. The local police made an ______ into the accident which caused ten deaths.A. interferenceB. investigationC. interruptionD. interaction15. The judicial minister _______ the latest crime figures as proof of the need for strengtheningof the comprehensive administration of social public order.A. spokeB. citedC. examinedD. playedII. Fill in the blanks (10 points)Directions: In the following passage you may select suitable words from the words given below. Do not use any of the words more than once.A) disgusting B) embarrassing C) pierced D) appeal E) commit F) upset G) challenge H) comment I) remove J) suddenly K) unique L) negative M) offensive N) absolutely O) awfulI have to write to you about the way you dress. I was a little intimidated to _________ in person, so I am writing instead. I hope this doesn’t ______ you, but something has to be done. I must ______ to you to start dressing like a mom.Your _______ sense of fashion is more like a sister’s than a mother’s. Personally, it’s ________ to have a mom who dresses younger than I do. You wear T‐shirts with torn jeans and your nose is __________. My friends say it’s strange, but I think they’re being a little too _______. It’s most likely because their boyfriends think you are pretty. Still, if you want me to have any friends in this community, it is vital that you _______ the ring from your nose and start dressing like the other moms. Don’t your peers ever show any concern?Don’t you remember how horrible being a teenager can be? I feel ______ because I think people of my age would rather talk to you than to me. Last week at the shopping center, I had the ______ worst experience of my life. The young man who took our money asked if you were my older sister. I thought he would like ask you out if I hadn’t said “Thanks, mom” to you. It was disgusting.III. Cloze (20 points)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.Geography is the study of the relationship between people and the land. Geographers(地理学家) compare and contrast __1__ places on the earth. But they also __2__ beyond the individual places and consider the earth as a __3__ The word geography __4__ from two Greek words, ge, the Greek word for “earth” and graphein, __5__ means “to write.” The English word geography means “to describe the earth.” __6__ geography books focus on a small area __7__ a town or city. Others deal with a state, a region, a nation, or an __8__ continent. Many geography books deal with the whole earth. Another __9__ to divide the study of __10__ is to distinguish between physical geography and cultural geography. The former focuses on the natural world; the __11__ starts with human beings and __12__ how human beings and their environment act __13__ each other. But when geography is considered as a single subject, __14__ branch can neglect the other. A geographer might be described __15__ one who observes, records, and explains the __16__ between places. If all places __17__ alike, there would be little need for geographers. We know, however, __18__ no two places are exactly the same. Geography,__19__, is a point of view, a special way of __20__ at places.1. A) similar B) various C) distant D) famous2. A) pass B) reach C) go D) set3. A) whole B) unit C) part D) total4. A) falls B) removes C) results D) comes5. A) what B) that C) which D) it6. A) Some B) Many C) Most D) Few7. A) outside B) except C) as D) like8. A) extensive B) entire C) overall D) enormous9. A) way B) means C) habit D) technique10. A) world B) earth C) geography D) globe11. A) second B) later C) next D) latter12. A) learns B) studies C) realizes D) understands13. A) upon B) for C) as D) to14. A) neither B) either C) one D) each15. A) for B) to C) as D) by16. A) exceptions B) sameness C) differences D) divisions17. A) being B) are C) be D) were18. A) although B) whether C) since D) that19. A) still B) then C) nevertheless D) moreover20. A) working B) looking C) arriving D)gettingIV. Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. You should decide on the best choice and write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1The UK is made up of four countries‐‐‐England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland‐‐‐which have widely differing cultures and languages.Wales was the first country to fall under English control, in the late 16th‐century. The Welsh were never actually defeated by the English. Instead, they realized that unity with their bigger neighbor was the only way to end the almost continuous state of war that existed between the two countries. Since unity, England and Wales have had the same systems of law, education and government.The situation between Scotland and England was very different. They fought fierce wars for centuries, each invading each other, whenever the situation seemed in their favour. This came to an end in the 17th‐century when King James VI of Scotland inherited the throne (王位)of England, after Queen Elizabeth I died without children. In 1707, Scotland and England were brought together in an Act of Union. This took away much of the Scots’ control of their own affairs, but they kept their own systems of law and education.For the three countries, union resulted in peace. But England’s occupation of Ireland has always been characterized by violence. Ireland was slowly brought under English control in the 16th‐ and 17th‐centuries. But it retained its own government until 1801, when it was brought together with the Parliament at Westminster.However, most of its people spoke Gaelic rather than English and they remained faithful Catholics, while the established religion in England was Protestantism. By 1920, Britain was under pressure to leave Ireland by 1920. In 1920, an agreement was signed whereby a separate Irish Free State (today called the Irish Republic) was created. This did not, however, include the six countries of Northern Ireland, which remain part of the “united Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland”.1. The main topic of this passage is about ________.A. the different cultures and languages in UKB. how the four countries fought with each otherC. how the UK came aboutD. the history of the UNK2. Which of the following is NOT part of UK?A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. Wales and Northern IrelandD. The Irish Republic3. Who kept their own systems of law and education in spite of losing much of the control of their own affairs?A. The EnglishB. The ScotsC. The WelshD. The Irish4. It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that _______A. it is easy for England to occupy IrelandB. it is extremely difficult for England to occupy IrelandC. it is easy for England to occupy ScotlandD. it is especially difficult for England and Wales to be united5. Which of the following statements in NOT true?A. The Welsh, compared with other people in the UK, love peace most.B. Scotland and England fought fierce wars for centuries.C. Ireland kept their own government until 1801.D. England has completely occupied Ireland up till now.Passage 2The Internet can make the news more democratic, giving the public a chance to ask questions and seek out facts behind stories and candidates, according to the head of the largest US on‐line service.“But the greatest potential for public participation is still in the future,” Steven Case, chairman of America On‐line, told a recent meeting on Journalism and the Internet sponsored by The Freedom Forum, though other speakers say the new technology of computers is changing the face of journalism, giving reporters access to more information and their readers a chance to ask questions and turn to different sources.“You don’t have to buy a newspaper and be confined to the four corners of that paper anymore,” Sam Meddis, on‐line technology editor at USA Today, observed about the variety of information available to computer users.But the speakers noted the easy access to the Internet also means anyone can post information for others to see. “Anyone can say anything they want, whether it’s right or wrong,”said Case. Readers have to determine for themselves who to trust. “In a world of almost infinite voices, respected journalists and respected brand names will probably become more important, not less,” Case said.The Internet today is about where radio was 80 years ago, or television 50 years ago or cable 25 years ago, he said. But it is growing rapidly because it provides people fast access to news and a chance to comment on it.He forecast increased political participation on‐line in this year and in 2000 with politicians able to answer directly to the public‐‐‐an opportunity to increase voter turnout and for politicians to raise funds from the public.6. The main topic of this passage is ________________.A. the development of journalismB. the rapid development of the InternetC. the effect the Internet has on journalismD. the advantages of the Internet7. It can be inferred from this passage that ______ may NOT be regarded as the advantages of the Internet?A. the news can be made more democraticB. the public can turn to different sourcesC. the public can get a chance to ask questionsD. anything can be posted on the Internet for others to see.8. The correct order for the appearance of the four technologies is ______.A. Internet‐cable‐television‐radioB. radio‐television‐cable‐InternetC. radio‐cable‐television‐InternetD. Television‐radio‐cable‐Internet9. Which of the following statements is true?A. Only respected journalists can post information on the Internet for others tosee.B. Respected journalists will probably become more important than before.C. Everyone is using the Internet now.D. The greatest potential of public participation of the Internet’s is in the nearfuture.10. On the whole, the attitude Steven Case holds for the Internet’s futuredevelopment is _______.A. pessimisticB. optimisticC. doubtfulD. unknownPassage 3Planet Earth was stricken by floods, drought and fire in 1997, a year which ended with the world’s major polluters quarreling about ways to prevent further environmental disaster.The 160 nations attending a UN conference on global warming, billed as one of the most vital ever held, finally reached a consensus on cutting greenhouse gas emissions through the next decade.The climate was dominated in the latter part of the year by El Nino, a swelling of warmerwater off the South American coast which affects global weather patterns. “I think for sure the most dramatic thing has been the El Nino phenomenon that has been experienced throughout the tropics,” said Jeffery Sayer, director‐general of the International Centre for Forestry Research. El Nino is being blamed for widespread floods and drought in the tropics, and has affected other areas as well.El Nino, called by Peruvian fisherman after the Christ Child because of its appearance around Christmas, is being blamed for widespread floods and drought in the tropics, and has affected other areas as well.A major demonstration of the phenomenon was drought‐intensified bush fires in Indonesia that spread a smog across large areas of Southeast Asia before badly‐delayed rains started to fall in late November. Floods swept arid Somalia in East Africa, while the rain forests of Indonesia’s Irian Jaya dried out and hundreds of tribes people died from starvation and disease. Apart from El Nino, eastern and central Europe suffered the worst floods in living memory in early July, with over 100 people killed and many thousands of families displaced through the region and eastern Germany.In the ancient Japanese capital of Kyoto, a UN gathering of 159 countries on global warming finally agreed on cutting greenhouse gas emissions through the next decade after 11 days of confused and uncontrolled negotiations. The conference accepted scientific evidence that heating of the Earth’s surface by gases trapped in the atmosphere causes more and fiercer storms, expanding deserts, melting polar ice and raising sea levels which threaten to flood low‐lying islands.US Vice President Al Gore called the Kyoto agreement “a vital turning point,” but added that more still needed to be done.11. This passage mainly talks about _______.A. global weather patternsB. environmental disasters on earthC. the El Nino phenomenonD. a gathering on global warming12. The word “polluter” (Par. 1) probably refers to those ______ which have polluted the environment.A. planetsB. countriesC. companiesD. people13. In July, 1997, many families in eastern and central Europe were displaced because ________.A. there was a war in that regionB. rains were badly delayed thereC. they suffered the worst bush fires in living memoryD. they suffered the worst floods in living memory14. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the El Nino phenomenon?A. FloodB. DesertC. FireD. Earthquake15. According to this passage, El Nino is mainly caused by _______.A. the cutting down of treesB. the gas emissionsC. the melting of polar iceD. the swelling of warmer waterV. Translation (10 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese.Please write your version in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet.It has become increasingly clear that the United States must find methods to control inflation, probably the single problem that most worries the average American. President Jimmy Carter noted that inflation is the cruelest tax that anyone can pay. Many people agree with that sentiment, arguing that the persistent decline in the dollar’s purchasing power hurts people directly because products cost more, and also causes a kind of psychological damage. Recent polls have shown that the average American, far from being optimistic, expects prices to rise to ever higher rates. In the short run this has caused consumers to maintain their levels of spending with the conviction that it is better to buy this year rather than next. But the question is: how long can this go on?V. Writing (15 points)Directions: For this part, you are asked to write a composition entitled “Advertising”. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:1. 广告的作用2. 广告可能造成的损害3．如何对待广告。

09. Voilà des pommes de terre. Voulesz-vous __________ passer deux ? A) m’en B) en me C) les me D) me les 10. Qu’est-ce que vous allez faire jusqu’à ce que votre voiture __________ ? A) est réparée B) sera réparée C) soit réparée D) serait réparée 11. La Chine se développe rapidement ces dernières années, __________ étonne tous les étrangers. A) ce qui B) ce que C) qui D) que 12. Le jour où _________ ma montre, ___________ à Madrid. A) j’ai perdu ; je serais B) j’ai perdu ; j’étais C) je perdais ; jai été D) je perdais ; j’étais 13. ___________ tu verrais Jean, dis-lui que je l’attends dans mon bureau. A) Si B) A condition C) Au cas où D) Quand 14. Le professeur m’a rencontrée ___________ dans le campus. A) en promenant B) en me promenant C) me promener D) en se promenant 15. __________ ma grande surprise, il a raté le baccalauréat. A) A B) Pour C) De D) Selon 16. Je ne supporte plus ce film, il est vraiment trop violent. Passe-moi __________, je vais changer de chaîne. A) le satellite B) la télécommande C) l’appareil D) le programme 17. Nous avons rendez-vous dans _____________ vers 10 heures. A) l’après-midi B) le jour C) la matinée D) le matin 18. Je dors très peu depuis une semaine. Je ___________ sommeil. A) suis B) manque du C) voudrais du D) ai besoin de 19. Nous habitons un appartement de quatre _____________. A) pièces B) salles C) chambres D) cabines

2021翻译硕士《俄语翻译基础》专业硕士考研真题一、词语翻译。

（每小题1分，共30分）1Филфак【答案】语文系~~~2 теракт【答案】恐怖袭击~~~3 МГИМО【答案】莫斯科国际关系学院~~~4 СНГ【答案】独联体~~~5 ВВС【答案】空军~~~6 «тещинывечера»【答案】岳母晚会日~~~7 СветлоеХристовоВоскресение【答案】复活节~~~8 Пасхальныекрашеныеяйца【答案】复活节彩蛋~~~9 Крестныйход【答案】十字架游行~~~10 «диалектикадуши»【答案】唯心辩证法~~~11 «Всписокнезначился»【答案】《未列入名册》（鲍里斯·瓦西里耶夫的小说作品）~~~12 «Котлован»【答案】《基坑》（前苏联作家安德烈·普拉东诺夫的中篇小说）~~~ 13 «Дьяволиада»【答案】《魔障》（米哈伊尔·布尔加科夫的短篇小说）~~~14 «Недоросль»【答案】纨绔少年（俄罗斯喜剧，作者冯维辛）~~~15 «Пиковаядама»【答案】《黑桃皇后》（普希金作品）~~~16《儒林外史》【答案】«Неофициальнаяисторияконфуцианцев»（清代小说家吴敬梓创作的章回体长篇小说）~~~17《西厢记》【答案】«Западныйфлигель»（元代王实甫创作杂剧）~~~18《窦娥冤》【答案】«ОбидаДоуЭ»（元关汉卿所作）~~~19《牡丹亭》【答案】«Пионоваябеседка»（明汤显祖作）~~~20《桃花扇》【答案】«Веерсперсиковымицветами»（清孔尚任作）~~~21《赵氏孤儿》【答案】«СиротаЧжао»（元纪君祥作）~~~22《阳春白雪》【答案】«Белыйснегсолнечнойвесной» ~~~23《百鸟朝凤》【答案】«Тысячаптицпоклоняютсяфениксу» ~~~24《二泉映月》【答案】«Отражениелунывдвухродниках» ~~~25《步步高》【答案】«Ступеньказаступенькой»（歌曲名）~~~26顶层设计【答案】проектированиеверхнегоуровня~~~27宏观调控【答案】макрорегулированиеимакроконтроль~~~28全国政协【答案】НПКСК(НародныйполитическийконсультативныйсоветКитая) ~~~29能源安全【答案】энергетическаябезопасность~~~30可再生能源【答案】возобновляемыеисточникиэнергии, ВИЭ~~~二、俄汉翻译。

南京航空航天大学2022年[法语]考研真题I: Structure grammaticale et vocabulaire 单项选择（20%）1. Un Français ______ cinq fait aujourd’hui partie de ce qu’on appelle le troisième âge.A. surB. parC. entreD. dans2. Dimanche prochain, Paul va ______ de guide auprès d’une délégation chinoise.A. se servirB. devenirC. se faireD. servir3. Il faut qu’on ______ cette voiture chez un mécanicien.A. conduiseB. dirigeC. rouleD. pilote4. Il a dit qu’il ne buvait plus parce que c’était ______ par le médecin.A. autoriséB. défenduC. prévuD. averti5. Ma femme est très ______ quand je prends l’avion.A. dangereuseB. peurC. inquièteD. crainte6. Maintenant on peut trouver des pommes en ______ saison.A. toutB. tousC. touteD. toutes7. Notre ami nous a réservé des chambres dans ______ hôtel.A. ceB. cetC. cetteD. ces8 ______ retard de Sophie, j’ai manqué l’avion.A. Malgré leB. Grâce auC. Parce queD. A cause du9. David ne m’a pas reconnue, il m’a ______ pour ma soeur.A. prisB. priseC. appriseD. crue10. — Les étudiants n’ont toujours pas compris le texte.— Pourtant je ______ ______ ai déjà expliqué dix fois.A. le leurB. leur l’C. lui l’D. le lui11. On ne sait pas ______ il vient, où il va, ni qui il est.A. oùB. là oùC. d’oùD. ce qu’12. Elle admire beaucoup l’énergie _______ il mène toute chose.A. qu’B. avec laquelleC. en quoiD. dans laquelle13. Ayant peur ______ par le vent, nous n’avons pas pris le café sur la terrasse.A. d’être gênésB. d’embeterC. de gênerD. d’être ennuyé14. Pourvu que vous ______ bien votre travail, on vous laissera transquille.A. faitesB. ferezC. avez faitD. fassiez15. L’enfant est roi aujourd’hui, tout le monde ______.A. l’entendB. le supposeC. le constateD. le propose16. La maladie de sa mère est assez grave, dans son cas, un traitement urgent est absolement______.A. disponibleB. dispensableC. indispensableD. inévitable17. Vous m’avez posé une question ______, bien imprécise, ce n’est pas facile à répondre.A. bien claireB. très drôleC. trop généraleD. assez bête18 Il ne se passe pas une journée ______ il n’y ait d’accident de la route.A. à moins qu’B. sans qu’C. oùD. tant qu’19. Comme d’habitude, Paul est le premier ______ arriver.A. pourB. deC. enD. à20. ______ de ces voitures sont en panne?A. LesquellesB. DesquellesC. QuellesD. CellesII. Conjugaison des verbes 动词变位（5%）21. Dans le futur, on (pouvoir) ______ voyager dans l’espace.22. Sa soeur (arriver) ______ pendant qu’il pleuvait.23. Depuis qu’il (recevoir) ______ cette lettre, il était mal dans sa peau.24. Elle reste à la maison, bien qu’il (faire) ______ beau.25. Si j’étais à New York, je (apprendre) ______ l’anglais.III. Compréhension écrite 阅读理解（10%）Texte unSi j’avais la possibilité de passer plusieurs mois en France, il me semble que je préfèraism’installer en province. Mais si je devais rester simplement quelques jours ou quelques semaines,je choisirais Paris. Dans ce dernier cas, je viendrais à Paris, car c’est la capitale de la France, uneville célèbre entre toutes pour la beauté de ses monuments, la richesse de ses musées, la vieculturelle en général. J’aimerais aussi beaucoup me promener dans les grandes avenues ou lesquartiers connus du monde entier: les Champs-Elysées, le boulevard Montparnasse, le quartierLatin, des noms qui font rêver les étrangers.Pourtant, si je devais vivre en France, je choisirais la province, car jepense que la qualité de la vie doit y être meilleure. Une capitale est toujours active, donc, bruyante, et la vie quotidienney est certainement plus agitée. Par ailleurs, il me semble qu’en province on peut mieux découvrirl’âme du pays. D’abord parce qu’on dispose sûrement de davantage de temps pour la découvrir,et ensuite parce qu’il est probablement plus facile d’entrer en contact avec les gens, sans douteplus disponibles qu’à Paris, de leur parler, de les connaître donc et à travers eux, leur pays.26. “Dans ce dernier cas, je viendrais à Paris...” “Dans ce dernier cas” veut dire ______A. “S’il doit rester longtemps en France”.B. “S’il devait rester longtemps en France”.C. “S’il doit rester peu de temps en France”.D. “S’il devait rester peu de temps en France”.27. Paris est connu surtout pour ______A. les grandes avenues.B. la qualité de la vie.C. les quartiers connus.D. la beauté de ses monuments et la richesse de ses musées.28. Pourquoi l’auteur choisirait-il la province s’il vivait en France? Parce que la vie en province est ______A. calme.B. agitée.C. bruyante.D. difficile.29. Pourquoi est-il facile d’entrer en contact avec les gens en province?Parce que, d’après l’auteur, les gens en province ______A. sont curieux.B. sont bavards.C. ont l’habitude d’être dans la rue.D. sont aimables et serviables.30. Pourquoi peut-on mieux découvrir l’ âme du pays en province? Parce qu’en province ______A. il y a beaucoup plus de choses à voir.B. on a plus de temps libre.C. il y a plus de gens dans la rue.D. les gens parlent français plus lentement.Texte deuxUn frère ou une soeur en plusEntre le plus jeune de la famille c’est une position favorable dans bien des cas, mais quand ledernier grand frère n’est pas là pour vous voler vos disques ou votre pull tout neuf, la maisonsemble parfois un peu vide. Alors on rêve d’avoir une soeur ou un frère pour le remplacer et pouranimer la famille.“Vivre sans frontière” vous offre cette possibilité. Si vous le souhaitez et quelques que soientvos raisons, vous pourrez accueillir pendant un an un jeune étudiant étranger: ils ont en généralentre 16 et 18 ans, ils viennent de terminer leurs études secondaires dans leur pays d’origine etsuivent pendant un an les cours d’un lycée français. Ces étudiants devront être considérés parvotre famille comme un enfant en plus qui partagera la vie de tous les jours. Vous, vous découvrirez des habitudes, des façons de penser et vous vous perfectionnerez dans la langue devotre hôte. Et peut-être, qui sait, vous ferez-vous en quelques mois un ami pour la vie?“Vivre sans frontière” est la seule association en France qui organise des échanges de longue durée entre jeunes et familles dans quelques 65 pays du monde.31. Que signifie le titre de ce texte? Ce titre signifie que (qu’) ______A. le nombre des naissances augmente en France.B. il est possible de recevoir des étudiants étrangers.C. chaque famille doit nourrir un enfant de plus.D. dans chaque famille, il y a un garçon ou une fille.32. Combien d’enfants a la mère de famille?A. Un seul enfant.B. Un garçon et une fille.C. Deux garçons.D. Au moins deux garçons.33. Pourquoi la famille veut-elle recevoir un étudiant étranger? Parce qu’ ______A. il ne vous volera pas vos disques.B. il pourra faire le ménage.C. il pourra rendre la famille plus animée et le dernier-né moins seul.D. il y a un pull tout neuf à lui donner.34. Cette possibilité est-elle intéressante pour les jeunes étudiants étrangers? Pourquoi?A. Oui, elle leur permet d’apprendre un métier en France.B. Oui, elle leur permet d’apprendre la langue française.C. Oui, elle leur permet de suivre un an d’études dans une Universitéfrançaise.D. Oui, elle leur permet de rester en France.35. Que signifie “partager la vie de tous les jours”?A. Partager leurs dépenses.B. Suivre les mêmes cours.C. Vivre de la même manière.D. Vivre en commun.IV. Version 法译汉（25%）Les progrès de la médecineAvec tous les nouveaux moyens de soigner l’homme, la vie sera plus longue: de 100 à 150ans. Certains médecins pensent même qu’une future mère pourra choisir elle-même d’avoir ungarçon ou une fille. Des idées folles? Non, ce n’est pas un roman, nous n’avons rien inventé.Toutes ces choses peuvent être raisonnablement prévues d’après les progrès de la science et del’homme, cet éternel chercheur.V. Thème 汉译法（25%）1. 这些年轻人总是找一切机会来显示他们的独立和自由。

2021翻译硕士《212翻译硕士俄语》专业硕士考研资料一、词汇谓语副词谓语副词(предикативноенаречие)表示各种静止的状态和应该不应该，能够不能够等意义，通常在无人称句中作主要成分。

例如：Мнежарко. Вкомнатетемно.1谓语副词的构成在谓语副词中有一部分与性质副词或形容词短尾中性形式不相对应，即只能作谓语副词用，如должно, можно, нельзя, надо, стыдно, совестно, тошно等。

但有一部分与性质副词对应，即既可作性质副词，也可作谓语副词用，但意义和用法不同。

试比较：Вкомнатебылотихо. Онговорилтихо. Больномуоченьплохо. 有些名词转化为谓语副词，试比较：Насталагорячаяпоражатвывдеревне. Порасобиратьурожай. 某些谓语副词和性质副词一样，可以构成比较级形式。

例如：Больномусталолучше.2谓语副词的意义(1)表示人的感觉和心理状态。

例如：холодно, жарко, хорошо, плохо, скучно, весело, радостно, приятно等。

(2)表示自然现象和周围环境。

例如：чисто, грязно, шумно, тихо, светло, темно等。

(3)表示情态意义。

例如：надо, нужно, можно, нельзя, необходимо, невозможно等。

(4)表示其他意义。

例如：время, пора, охота, видно, жаль, лень等。

3谓语副词的用法(1)作无人称句的主要成分，主体用第三格形式表示。

例如：Сегоднябольномуплохо. Мнеприятновкругудрузей.(2)谓语副词和动词不定式连用，共同作无人称句主要成分。

南京航空航天大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题 A卷 科目代码:211满分:100 分科目名称:翻译硕士英语注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！I. Vocabulary and Structure (10 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.1. So nervous _____ that he didn’t know how to explain.A. since he becameB. would he becomeC. that he becameD. did he become2. Had I received one more vote in the last election, I ______ the chairman now.A. might have beenB. would have beenC. wereD. would be3. Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the lower ground levels, thereby ______ from freezing.A. to save the seedsB. which saves the seedsC. saving the seedsD. the seeds saved4. Kate was watching a movie, completely _____ to the outside world.A. being lostB. having lostC. losingD. lost5. Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, _____ the behavior of an animal depends mainly oninstinct.A. whileB. whenC. asD. for6.There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _____ a sudden loud noise.A. being thereB. there wasC. there having beenD. should there be7.______ the English examination, I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.A. In spite ofB. Bur forC. As forD. Because of8._____ a rainy day, I decided to stay at home.A. It beingB. WhatC. BeingD. Such9.She never laughed, _____ lose her temper.A. or she ever didB. nor did she everC. or did she everD. nor she ever didnguage belongs to each one of us, to the flower-seller ____ to professor.A. as much asB. as fat asC. the same asD. as long as11.The policeman accidentally discovered the _____ of the stolen money.A. locationB. siteC. spotD. position12. The funeral will be ____, and only members of the dead man’s family will attend.A. aloneB. personalC. peculiarD. private13. _____ any remarriage this money would pass to your late husband’s younger brother.A. On account ofB. In accordance withC. With reference ofD. In the event of14. Several members of the committee, unwilling to take sides, _____ from voting.A. abstainedB. declinedC. dodgedD. eluded15. No one is ____ to serve on the committee until he has been a member of the club for two years.A. applicableB. congenialC. eligibleD. convenient16. There have been so many ____ statements about the invention that it is difficult to know where the truth lies.A. conflictingB. distinguishedC. reactionaryD. reverse17. The judge recommended more humane forms of punishment for juvenile _____.A. convictsB. delinquentsC. outlawsD. villains18. It is delightful island, above all because it is still ____, in spite of the growth of tourism.A. humbleB. primitiveC. ruralD. unspoiled19. His plan sounds_____, so you’d better carry it out.A. feasibleB. feebleC. favorableD. edible20. Her life was devoted to _____ the sick and needy.A. caring ofB. caring withC. caring aboutD. caring forII. Cloze (20 points)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.Movie makers feared for a while that they might be put out of business by television. Recently, ___21___, more and more people have been going to the movies. This ___22___ be partly because the economic situation in America has become ___23___. In the movies, you forget your troubles as you get ___24___ in the story on the screen. Also, directors have been producing pictures that ___25___ numbers of people want to see. Americans ___26___ the millions are returning to a love ___27___ with the movies. Motion picture ___28___ experts see two main ___29___ for this: an increased need by Americans to ___30___ from economic worries and a large number of new movies with broad audience ___31___. Movies makers admit that their ___32___ popularity is ___33___ the result of poor ___34___ conditions, which traditionally bring an increase in theater ___35___. “When people are fearful ___36___ the future, they look for escape,” ___37___Jack Valenti, president of the Motion Picture Association of America. “In a ___38___ theater, with a 65-foot screen, you lose ___39___ for two and a half hours. People find this ___40___.21. A especially B. further C. however D. moreover22. A. might B. could C. should D. may23. A. better B. worse C. best D. improved24. A. connected B. encouraged C. involved D. shocked25. A. large B. small C. few D. little26. A. of B. in C. for D. with27. A. event B. occurrence C. accident D. affair28. A. industry B. deal C. manufacture D. contract29. A. excuses B. factors C. reasons D. proofs30. A. hide B. separate C. break D. escape31. A. appeal B. interest C. consideration D. concern32. A. raising B. falling C. rising D. losing33. A. by no means B. partly C. insufficiently D. completely34. A. cultural B. industrial C. commercial D. economic35. A. attendance B. buildings C. performances D. programs36. A. to B. about C. with D. at37. A. claims B. comments C. commends D. complains38. A. shaded B. darkening C. colorful D. lighted39. A. reason B. worry C. taste D. yourself40. A. beneficial B. harmful C. unhealthy D. humorousIII. Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. You should decide on the best choice and write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1A growing world’s population and the discoveries of science may alter this pattern of distribution in the future. As men slowly learn to master disease, control floods, prevent famines and stop wars, fewer people die every year; and in consequence the population of the world is steadily increasing. In 1925 there were about 2000 million people in the world; by the end of the century there may well be over 4000 million.When numbers rise, the extra mouths must be fed. New lands must be brought under cultivation, or land already farmed made to yield larger crops. In some areas the accessible land is largely so intensively cultivated that it will be difficult to make it provide more food. In some areas the population is so dense that the land is parceled out in units too tiny to allow for much improvement in farming methods. Were a large part of this farming population drawn off into industrial occupation, the land might be farmed much more productively by modern methods.There is now a race for science, technology, and industry to keep the output of food rising faster than the number of people to be fed. New strains of crops are being developed which will thrive in unfavorable climates; there are now farms beyond the Arctic Circle in Siberia and North America; irrigation and dry-farming methods bring arid lands under the plough, dams hold back the waters of great rivers to ensure water for the fields in all seasons and to provide electric power for new industries; industrial chemistry provides fertilizers to suit particular soils; airplanes spray crops to destroy locusts and many plant diseases. Every year some new means is devised to increase or to protect the food of the world.41. The author says that the world’s population is growing because ___________A.there are many rich valleys and fertile plainsB.the pattern of distribution is being alteredC.people are living longerD.new land is being brought under cultivation42.We are told that there are now farms beyond the Arctic Circle. This has been made possible by ______.A.producing new strains of cropsB.irrigation and dry-farming methodsC.providing fertilizersD.destroying pests and diseases43.If a large part of faming population are employed in industry, the land may be cultivated_____.A. by modern methodsB. worseC. by old methodsD. better44.Which of these words is nearest in meaning to the word “strain”?A. typesB. sizesC. seedsD. harvests45.This passage focuses on ______.A. populationB. food productionC. control of diseaseD. development of science and technologyPassage 2A British sociologist has advanced the theory that many working-class children are unsuccessful at school because of the nature of their language. They use what he terms a “restricted” code of speech, whereas most teachers use an “elaborated” code, which is familiar to middle-class children.Working-class language is a language of personal experience and direct command rather than of rationalization and distinction between subtleties. In school, however, the latter abilities are demanded of children. Middle-class children, who have been brought up in such a way as to enable them to respond to argument and reasoning, are able to cope with the classroom situation much better than their working-class contemporaries, who are frequently at a loss to understand the implication of what their teacher is saying.So it seems that working-class children fail to take full advantage of the educational system, not because they are less bright than middle-class children, but because the language of the classroom is alien to them.46. What do you know from the first paragraph?A. Working-class children do less well at school in comparison with the middle-class children.B. Middle-class children do as well as working-class children at schoolC. School teachers and middle-class children bear less similarity in language.D. School teachers and working-class children bear more similarities in language.47. Middle-school children do better at school because _______.A. they have learned much more than working-class children before they go to schoolB. they are brighter than working-class childrenC. school teachers give them more helpD. they can understand their teachers better than the working-class children in class48. The word “alien” in the last paragraph means ________.A. difficult to understandB. strangeC. newD. stupid49. The gap between working-class children and their teachers can be narrowed only by _____.A. giving them more helpB. giving them more time to review their lessonsC. improving their languageD. giving them more homework to do50.The author’s main purpose in writing this article is to ______.A. argue a beliefB. describe a phenomenonC. be entertainingD. propose a solutionPassage 3Every year thousands of people are arrested and taken to court for shop-lifting. In Britain alone, about HK $ 3 000 000’s worth of goods are stolen from shops every week. This amounts to something like HK $ 150 million a year, and represents about 4 per cent of the shops’ total stock. As a result of this “shrinkage” as the shops call it, the honest public has to pay higher prices.Shoplifters can be divided into three main categories: the professionals, the deliberate amateur, and the people who just can’t help themselves. The professionals do not pose much of a problem for the store detectives, who, assisted by closed circuit television, two-way mirrors and various other technological devices, can usually cope with them. The professionals tend to go for high value goods in parts of the shops where security measures are tightest. And, in any case, they account for only a small percentage of the total losses due to shoplifting.The same applies to the deliberate amateur who is, so to speak, a professional in training. Most of them get caught sooner or later, and they are dealt with severely by the courts.The real problem is the person who gives way to a sudden temptation and is in all other respects an honest and law-abiding citizen. Contrary to what one would expect, this kind of shoplifter is rarely poor. He does not steal because he needs the goods and cannot afford to pay for them. He steals because he simply cannot stop himself. And there are countless others who, because of age, sickness or plain absent-mindedness, simply forget to pay for what they take from the shops. When caught, all are liable to prosecution, and the decision whether to send for the police or not is in the hands of the store manager.In order to prevent the quite incredible growth in shop-lifting offences, some stores, in fact, are doing their best to separate the thieves from the confused by prohibiting customers from taking bags into the store. However, what is most worrying about the whole problem is, perhaps, that it is yet another instance of the innocent majority being penalized and inconvenienced because of the actions of a small minority. It is the aircraft hijack situation in another form. Because of the possibility of one passenger in a million boarding an aircraft with a weapon, the other 999 999 passengers must subject themselves to searches and delays. Unless the situation in the shops improves, in ten years’ time we may all have to subject ourselves to a body-search every time we go into a store to buy a tin of beans!51.Why does the honest public have to pay higher prices when they go to the shops?A. There is “shrinkage” in market values.B. Many goods are not available.C. Goods in many shops lack variety.D. There are many cases of shoplifting.52. The third group of people steal things because they _____A. are mentally illB. are quite absent-mindedC. can not resist the temptationD. can not afford to pay for goods53. According to the passage, law-abiding citizens _______.A. can possibly steal things because of their povertyB. can possibly take away good without payingC. have never stolen goods from the supermarketsD. are difficult to be caught when they steal things54. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the main types of shop-lifting?A. A big percentage of the total losses are caused by the professionals.B. The deliberate amateurs will be punished severely if they get caught.C. People would expect that those who can’t help themselves are poor.D. The professionals don’t cause a lot of trouble to the store detectives.55.The aircraft hijack situation is used in order to show that _____.A. “ the professionals do not pose much of a problem for the stores”B. some people “simply forget to pay for what they take from the shops”C. “the honest public has to pay higher prices”D. the third type of shoplifters are dangerous peoplePassage 4Recent findings in the southeast corner of Washington indicate that prehistoric hunters roamed the area 10 000 years ago, and perhaps even earlier. Remains of Marmes Man uncovered at the site, among the oldest ever found on the North American continent, consist of three separate, broken skullcaps and other skeletal material from more than one individual. The site itself, a cave located above the convergence of the Snake and Palouse Rivers, records the longest span of human existence found in the New World, and hints that man has lived in North America for close to 13 000 years.Although radiocarbon dating places samples unearthed near Lewisville, Texas, as early as 38 000 years ago, some archeologists contend that accidental fires rather than human hearths produced the charcoal. Pieces of stone that may have been fashioned for choppers and scrapers have also been found at Lewisville and other extremely ancient sites, but these, too, are disputed.First discovered in 1965 by an expedition from Washington State University, the Marmes site has a unique and continuous sequence of man-made artifacts, fossil animal bones and geological strata, as well as human skeletal remains. Among the artifacts is an extremely line bone needle, probably used to sew waterproof average diameter of 1/3232 of an inch, which is “probably the oldest artifact of its kind ever found in the United States.” As a feat of engineering, it has been compared to the wheel. Unfortunately, further exploration of the site has been stopped by dam construction which flooded the area near Snake River recently.56. Probable remains of Marmes Man were uncovered ________.A. near Lewisville, TexasB. in Washington State UniversityC. in a caveD. underneath a river57. According to the passage, how many years has man lived in North America?A. 10 000—13 000B. 12 000--- 13 000C. 19 000---25 000D. 30 00058. All of the following were found at the site in Washington EXCEPT______A. broken skullcapsB. fossil animal bonesC. a bone needleD. a primitive wheel59. The passage implies that ancient man probably knew ________A. how to build a wheelB. how to sewC. how to readD. none of the above60.The article indicates that ______A. the Snake River area has a great deal of rainB. the expedition took place at Washington State UniversityC. the archeologists used needles as toolsD. radiocarbon is used to determine the age of plant or animal originIV. Translation (30 points)Directions: Translate the following passages. Please write your version in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet.1. Universities are holding special seminars at which professors and students discuss the problem. At least one school, the University of Illinois, issues a pamphlet for its faculty that describes some of the more ingenious methods students may use to cheat and ways to stop them. Several others are tightening their computer security, after having discovered that computer hackers were breaking into electronic college files in order to alter their grades.2. Of course, today scientists, engineers and a few million computer hobbyists know the power of computer networking, and they take the convenience of networking for granted. But imagine that the network could transmit not just text video and voice. It is easy to imagine uses for such a system because prototypes are already available. But the prototypes are limited because they link only a few computers.3.博物馆变了。

南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题 A卷 科目代码:211满分:100 分科目名称:翻译硕士英语注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！I. Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.1. Only after he handed in his paper _____ he had made a few spelling mistakes.A. he realizedB. has he realizedC. did he realizeD. would he realize2. ____ is most touching in O Henry’s stories is the bravery with which ordinary people struggle to maintaintheir dignity.A. WhichB. WhatC. ThatD. One3.______ we have everything ready, we should begin right now.A. Since thatB. Since nowC. By nowD. Now that4. “John told me that he was late for school this morning.” “Oh, he rarely used to be late, ______?”A. wasn’t heB. was heC. didn’t heD. did he5. “Mrs. White is quite unfriendly.” “I think she’s ____ than unfriendly.”A. shyerB. shyC. more shy ratherD. more shy6. If the fire alarm is sounded, all residents are requested to ______ in the courtyard.A. combineB. uniteC. mobilizeD. assemble7. Such a change would not _____ to the present wishes of the great majority of people.A. comfortB. complyC. conformD. confirm8. Your dislike for women drivers has no logical foundation: it is due only to ______..A. preferenceB. prejudiceC. psychologyD. propaganda9. The doctor carefully examined the driver who suffered ______ all over his body in a car accident.A. scarsB. scratchesC. bruisesD. wrenches10. Police officer assures us ______ will be taken to guard against the recurrence of such incidents.A. preventionB. preparationC. predictionD. precaution11. A baby might show fear of an unfamiliar adult, _____ he is likely to smile and reach out to another infant.A. asB. ifC. wheneverD. whereas12. One of the most beautiful natural wonders in the United States is the Grand Canyon, ______ located innorthwestern Arizona.A. beingB. whereC. which isD. and13. His acceptance speech was _______, eliciting thunderous applause at several points.A. tediousB. cowardlyC. well-receivedD. loud14. During the war, the shipping lanes proved _____ to attack.A．vulnerable B．dangerous C．futile D．difficult15. After speaking for two hours, the lecturer found he could scarcely talk, so he had become______.A．hoarse B．inarticulate C．speechless D．tongue-tied16. We decided to ______ the program.A. carry awayB. adhere toC. give inD. get at17. He is very cute and always _____ giving offence.A. cautious ofB. aware ofC. certain aboutD. good at18. Diamonds that are _____ or are too small for jewelry are used to cut very hard metals.A. flawedB. perfectC. luminousD. crude19. Leaves are not distributed _____ on a plant stem, but are arranged in a very precise way that assures them the maximum light.A. dangerouslyB. randomlyC. denselyD. linearly20. Accountants record all information ______ the economic aspects of an organization’s activities.A. submitted toB. limitingC. pertinent toD. taxingII. Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. You should decide on the best choice and write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1The standardized educational or psychological tests, which are widely used to aid in selecting, assigning or promoting students, employees and military personnel, have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for, in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified condition. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context: they provide a quick, objective method of getting some kind of information about what a person has learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the empirical evidence concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.In general, the tests work most effectively when the traits or qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined ( for example, ability to do well in a particular course of training program ) and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined, for example, personality or creativity. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized.1. In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with _________.A. the necessity of standardized testsB. the validity of standardized testsC. the method used to interpret standardized tests’ results.D. the theoretical grounds of standardized tests.2. The author’s attitude toward standardized tests is _______.A. criticalB. vagueC. optimisticD. positive3. What can be inferred from the passage?A. Standardized tests should no longer be used.B. Standardized tests’ results accurately reflect testees’ abilities.C. The value of standardized tests lies in their proper interpretationD. Special methods must be applied to evaluate standardized tests.4. According to the passage, an informed prediction _______.A. can surely be validated by later performanceB. is based on abundant and the most reliable informationC. always tends to be wrong like other predictions tooD. don’t need any interpretation5. According to the passage, standardized tests work most effectively when ____________.A. the objectives to be measured are most precisely defined.B. the user knows how to interpret the results in advance.C. the persons who take the test are intelligent or skillful.D. they measure the traits or qualities of the testsPassage 2A quality education is the basic liberator. It can free people from poverty, giving them the power to greatly improve their lives and take a productive place in society. It can also free communities and countries，allowing them to jump forward into periods of wealth and social unity that otherwise would not be possible. For this reason，the international community has devoted itself to getting all the world’s children into primary school by 2015，a commitment known as Education for All.Can education for All be achieved by 2015? The answer is undoubtedly “yes”，although it is a difficult task．If we now measure the goal in terms of children successfully completing a minimum five years of primary school，instead of just enrolling（注册）for classes，which used to be the measuring stick for education，the challenge will become even more difficult．Only 32 countries were formerly believed to be at risk of not achieving education for all on the basis of enrollment rates．The number rises to 88 if completion rates are used as the standard. Still，the goal is achievable with the right policies and the right support from the international community．59 of the 88 countries at risk can reach universal primary completion by 2015 if they bring the efficiency and quality of their education systems into line with standards observed in higher-performing systems．They also need significant increases in external financing and technical support．The 29 countries lagging farthest behind will not reach the goal without unprecedented rates of progress．But this is attainable with creative solutions，including the use of information technologies，flexible and targeted foreign aid，and fewer people living in poverty．A new plan for achieving global education targets is to be put to development and finance ministers at ameeting of the World Bank’s Development Committee.A key lesson of experience about what makes development effective is that a country’s capacity to use aid well depends heavily on its policies，institutions and management．Where a country scores well on these standards，foreign assistance can be highly effective．The new action plan calls on governments to show their commitment by transforming their education systems. Meanwhile, external partners would provide financial and technical support in a transparent manner.6．In the first paragraph，the author says a quality education has the function of_________．A. helping countries free from foreign rulesB. letting people get rid of any exploitationC. giving people more freedomD. speeding up the progress of society7．According to the international community, the goal of Education for All is to ____.A. get all children to achieve education on the base of enrollment ratesB. make all the children in the world go to primary school by 2015C. let poor children have the same chances as rich ones to go to schoolD. support those countries determined to transform their education systems8. In the past, the enrollment of students for classed played a part of ______.A. ensuring children to complete five years’ education successfullyB. measuring the standard of educationC. measuring teachers’ teaching levelsD. attempting to make all the children in poor countries well educated9. According to the passage, which of the following belongs to the right policy of achieving Education for All?A. Setting up more primary schools.B. Speeding up the development of economy first.C. Using information technologies.D. Increasing the internal financing.10. We can know from the last paragraph that the high efficiency of foreign aid ______.A. depends on a country’s high standards of policies, institutions and managementB. is mainly achieved in those observing high-performing educational systemsC. is the most essential for helping the poor get rid of povertyD. is the most important policy for achieving Education for AllPassage 3.We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist (免疫学家)Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown thatanimals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don’t develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned (使形成条件反射) mice to avoid saccharin（糖精）by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader re-exposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.11. Laudenslager’s experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off theelectricity____.A. was strengthenedB. was not affectedC. was alteredD. was weakened12. According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to______ .A. try to control unpleasant stimuliB. turn off the electricityC. behave passively in controllable situationsD. become abnormally suspicious13. The reason why the mice in Ader’s experiment avoided saccharin was that ______.A. they disliked its tasteB. it affected their immune systemsC. it led to stomach painsD. they associated it with stomachaches14. The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Ader’s experiment wasthat_____ .A. they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharinB. the sweetener was poisonous to themC. their immune systems had been altered by the mindD. they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning15. It can be concluded from the passage that the immune systems of animals_______.A. can be weakened by conditioningB. can be suppressed by drug injectionsC. can be affected by frequent doses of saccharinD. can be altered by electric shocksPassage 4As one works with color in a practical or experimental way, one is impressed by two apparently unrelated facts. Color as seen is a mobile changeable thing depending to a large extent on the relationship of the color to other colors seen simultaneously. It is not fixed in its relation to the direct stimulus which creates it. On the other hand, the properties of surfaces that give rise to color do not seem to change greatly under a wide variety of illumination colors, usually looking much the same in artificial light as in daylight. Both of these effects seem to be due in large part to the mechanism of color adaptation mentioned earlier.When the eye is fixed on a colored area, there is an immediate readjustment of the sensitivity of the eye to color in and around the area viewed. This readjustment does not immediately affect the color seen but usually does affect the next area to which the gaze is shifted. The longer the time of viewing, the higher the intensity, and the larger the area, the greater the effect will be in terms of its persistence in the succeeding viewing situation. As indicated by the work of Wright and Schouten, it appears that, at least for a first approximation, full adaptation takes place over a very brief time if the adapting source is moderately bright and the eye has been in relative darkness just previously. As the stimulus is allowed to act, however, the effect becomes more persistent in the sense that it takes the eye longer to regain its sensitivity to lower intensities. The net result is that, if the eye is so exposed and then the gaze is transferred to an area of lower intensity, the loss of sensitivity produced by the first area will still be present and appear as an "afterimage" superimposed on the second. The effect not only is present over the actual area causing the "local adaptation" but also spreads with decreasing strength to adjoining areas of the eye to produce "lateral adaptation." Also, because of the persistence of the effect if the eye is shifted around from one object to another, all of which are at similar brightness or have similar colors, the adaptation will tend to become uniform over the whole eye.16. This selection is concerned primarily with ____.A. the adaptation of the eye to colorB. the color of colorsC. the properties of colored surfacesD. the effect of changes in color intensity17. Whether a colored object would, on two viewings separated in time, appear to the viewer as similar or different would depend mostly on ____.A. the color mechanism of the eye in use at the time of each viewingB. what kind of viewing had immediately preceded each of the viewingsC. the properties of the surfaces viewedD. the individual's power of lateral adaptation18. If a person's eye has been looking at an object in bright sunlight for some time, and then shifts to an object not well lit --- such as a lawn or shrub in shadow --- we can expect ____.A. a time lag in the focusing ability of the eyeB. some inability to see colors of the latter---named objects until loss of sensitivity has been regainedC. the immediate loss of the "afterimage" of the first objectD. the adaptation in the central area of the eye but little adaptation in the lateral areas to the new intensitylevel19. The present selection has apparently been preceded by some explanation of ____.A. some experiments with color pigmentsB. the nature of colorC. the color properties of various surfacesD. the mechanism of the eye's adaptation to color20. This selection tells us all the following EXCEPT that ____.A. color depends on what other colors are seenB. the adjustment of the eye to the color it sees affects the next color it seesC. since properties of surfaces that give rise to color do not change, the surfaces of objects always look justthe same in artificial light as in daylightD. the adjustment of the eye is affected by three variables: size of areas, intensity of color and length of timeIII. Translation A (20 points)Directions: Translate the following passages into Chinese. Please write your version in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet.1.Despite these distinctions, the similarities between manufacturing and service organizations are compelling.Every organization has processes that must be designed and managed effectively. Some type of technology, be it manual or computerized, must be used in each process. Every organization is concerned about quality, productivity, and the timely response to customers. A service organization, like a manufacturer, must make choices about the capacity, location, and layout of its facilities. Every organization deals with suppliers of outside services and materials, as well as scheduling problems. Matching staffing levels and capacities with forecasted demands is a universal problem. Finally, the distinctions between manufacturing and service organizations can get cloudy.2.Anger is good for you, as long as you keep it below a boil, according to a new psychology research basedon face reading. People who respond to stressful situations with short-term anger or indignation have a sense of control and optimism that lacks in those who respond with fear. Therefore, in maddening situations in which anger or indignation are justified, anger is not a bad idea, and the thinking goes.IV. Translation B (15 points)Directions: Translate the following passages into English. Please write your version in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.1.二战后，日本开始重建时，政府选定汽车、钢材、化学品、造船及机械制造作为支持产业。

2017年南京航空航天大学外国语学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解Ⅰ. Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.1. Only after he handed in his paper _____ he had made a few spelling mistakes.A. he realizedB. has he realizedC. did he realizeD. would he realize【答案】C【解析】句意：他交上卷子之后才意识到自己犯了几个语法错误。

only位于句首表示状语时，句子需要部分倒装。

2. _____ is most touching in O Henry’s stories is the bravery with which ordinary people struggle to maintain their dignity.A. WhichB. WhatC. ThatD. One【答案】B【解析】句意：欧·亨利的小说中最感人的是普通人努力维护尊严的勇气。

句中第二个is是谓语，所选词引导主语从句，又在主语从句中做主语，因此what符合题意。

3. _____ we have everything ready, we should begin right now.A. Since thatB. Since nowC. By nowD. Now that【答案】D【解析】句意：既然我们都准备好了，我们应该立刻开始行动。

南京航空航天大学翻译硕士英语学位MTI考试真题2012年(总分：150.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.stock exchange（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：证券交易所2.economic depression（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：经济萧条3.airport terminal（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：机场航站楼4.CEO（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：首席执行官(Chief Executive Officer)5.NATO（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：北大西洋公约组织(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)6.Euro-zone（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：欧元区7.greenhouse gas emissions（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：温室气体排放量8.jetliner（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：喷气式客机9.email spam（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：垃圾邮件10.the House of Representatives（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：(美)众议院posite materials（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：复合材料12.Easter（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：复活节anic food（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：有机食品14.telemarketing（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：电话营销15.jet lag（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：飞机时差反应二、Part Ⅱ(总题数：15，分数：15.00)16.自动飞行系统（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：automatic flight system(AFS)17.微机（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：microcomputer18.欧共体（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：European Community(EC)19.三农（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：agriculture, countryside and farmers20.私企（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：private enterprise21.能耗（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：energy consumption22.第三产业（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：tertiary industry23.中国石化（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：Sinopec24.全球定位系统（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：GPS(Global Positioning System)25.工商管理硕士（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：MBA(Master of Business Administration)26.身份证（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：ID card27.人大（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：NPC(National People"s Congress)28.激光唱片（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：CD(compact disk)29.亚太经合组织（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：APEC(Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation)30.雅思考试（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：IELTS(International English Language Testing System)三、Part Ⅲ(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：30.00)31.One of the greatest challenges that face every American president is to ensure that events of the day do not become cascading crises that crowd out the pursuit of our nation"s long-term strategic priorities and interests. This has been particularly true over the past three years, when the US has confronted a daunting array of challenges: global financial crises; the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan; terrorist threats; direct challenges to global nuclear non-proliferation regimes; and the still unfolding, events across the Middle East and North Africa. Even as we havedealt with these dynamics, President Obama has pursued a rebalancing of our foreign policy priorities—and renewed our long-standing alliances, including with NATO—to ensure that our focus and our resources match our nation"s most important strategic interests.（分数：30.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：历任美国总统所要面对的最大挑战之一，是确保日常发生的事件不会演变成妨碍我们追寻国家长期战略重点和利益的一连串危机。

南京航空航天大学2016年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题 A卷 科目代码:211满分:100 分科目名称:翻译硕士英语注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！I. Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.1. Columbus' decision to sail west to reach the East _____ on his belief that the earth was round.A. existedB. satC. relaxedD. rested2. Despite the wonderful acting and well-developed plot the _____ movie could not hold our attention.A. three-hoursB. three-hourC. three-hours'D. three-hour's3. Difficulties can _____ a person's best qualities.A. bring upB. bring outC. bring aboutD. bring to4. Doctors sometimes _____ old cures when modern medicine doesn't work.A. fall onB. fall down onC. fall back onD. fall in upon5. Does brain power _____ as we get older? Scientists now have some surprising answers.A. descendB. declineC. deduceD. collapse6. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _____ it comes to classroom tests.A. whenB. sinceC. beforeD. after7. Don't worry. The company will _____ all your expense.A. satisfyB. meetC. payD. submit8. Eventually, people spread throughout the continent, ______ the entire species.A. wiping outB. wiping awayC. wiping offD. wiping up9. Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to ______ healthy.A. preserveB. stayC. maintainD. reserve10. Faced with the ______ difficulties, they are determined to carry on their program.A. satisfactoryB. attributableC. innocentD. intangible11. Fewer and fewer of today's workers expect to spend their working lives in the same field, ______ the samecompany.A. all elseB. much worseC. let aloneD. less likely12. Flying in an airplane was once thought to be an impossible ______.A. taskB. professionC. promiseD. contest13. Fresh vegetables are straight from the ______ and raw vegetables are ______.A. earth...cookedB. soil...uncookedC. floor...cookedD. ground...uncooked14. Such poets as Shakespeare ________ widely read，of whose works，however，some ________ difficult tounderstand.A．are；are B．is；is C．are；is D．is；are15. Three quarters of the forest ________ burnt to ashes and the rest ________ cut down for construction.A．was；has been B．was；have been C．have been；is D．are；has been16. It is well admitted that the high ______ rate is caused in part by failure to communicate.A. unemploymentB. birthC. divorceD. inflation17. Fumes from the exhaust of an automobile are ______.A. notoriousB. anxiousC. noxiousD. delicious18. George wasn't in class today, Professor Brown excused him ______.A. from attendingB. of attendingC. to attendD. attending19. Cleaning out the basement was a ______job.A. tediousB. miserableC. marvelousD. desirable20. Hamlet _____ his father's death on his uncle.A. reversedB. revertedC. revengedD. revealedII. Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. You should decide on the best choice and write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1The Internet can make the news more democratic, giving the public a chance to ask questions and seek out facts behind stories and candidates, according to the head of the largest US on-line service.“But the greatest potential for public participation is still in the future,” Steven Case, chairman of America On-line, told a recent meeting on Journalism and the Internet sponsored by The Freedom Forum, though other speakers say the new technology of computers is changing the face of journalism, giving reporters access to more information and their readers a chance to ask questions and turn to different sources.“You don’t have to buy a newspaper and be confined to the four corners of that paper anymore,” Sam Meddis, on-line technology editor at USA Today, observed about the variety of information available to computer users.But the speakers noted the easy access to the Internet also means anyone can post information for others to see. “Anyone can say anything they want, whether it’s right or wrong,” said Case. Readers have to determine or themselves who to trust. “In a world of almost infinite voices, respected journalists and respected brand names will probably become more important, not less,” Case said.The Internet today is about where radio was 80 years ago, or television 50 years ago or cable 25 years ago, he said. But it is growing rapidly because it provides people fast access to news and a chance to comment on it. He forecast increased political participation on-line in this year and in 2000 with politicians able to answer directly to the public --- an opportunity to increase voter turnout and for politicians to raise funds from the public.21. The main topic of this passage is ________.A. the development of journalismB. the rapid development of the InternetC. the effect of the Internet has on journalismD. the advantages of the Internet22. It can be inferred from this passage that _______ may NOT be regarded as the advantages of the Internet?A. the news can be made more democraticB. the public can turn to different sourcesC. the public can get a chance to ask questionsD. anything can be posted on the Internet for others to see23. The correct order for the appearance of the four technologies is ______.A. Internet-cable-television-radioB. radio-television-cable-InternetC．radio-cable-television-Internet D. Television-radio-cable-Internet24. Which of the following statements is true?A. Only respected journalists can post information on the Internet for others to see.B. Respected journalists will probably become more important than before.C. Everyone is using the Internet now.D. The greatest potential of public participation of the Internet is in the near future.25. On the whole, the attitude Steven Case holds for the Internet’s future development is ___________.A. pessimisticB. optimisticC．doubtful D. unknownPassage 2Sex prejudices are based on and justified by the ideology(观念) that biology is fate. According to this ideology, basic biological and psychological differences exist between the sexes. These differences require each sex to play a separate role in social life. Women are the weaker sex both physically and emotionally. Thus, they are naturally suited, much more so than men, to the performance of domestic duties. A woman’s place, under normal circumstances, is within the protective environment of the home. Nature has determined that women play caretaker roles, such as wife and mother and homemaker. On the other hand, men are best suited to go out into the competitive world of work and politics, where serious responsibilities must be taken on. Men are to be the providers; women and children are “dependents”.The ideology also holds that women who wish to work outside the household should naturally fill these jobs that are in line with the special capabilities of their sex. It is thus appropriate for women, not men, to be employed as nurses, social workers, elementary school teachers, household helpers, and clerks and secretaries. These positions are simply an extension of women’s domestic role. Informal differences between “women’s work” and “men’s work” in the labor force, according to the ideology, are simply a functional reflection of the basic differences between the sexes.Finally, the ideology suggests that nature has worked her will in another significant way. For the human species to survive over time, its members must regularly reproduce. Thus, women must, whether at home or in the labor force, make the most of their physical appearance.So goes the ideology. It is, of course, not true that basic biological and psychological differences between the sexes require each to play sex-defined roles in social life. There is a great deal of evidence that sex roles vary from society to society, and those role differences that do exist are largely learned.To a degree people actually believe that biology is fate and that nature is intended for men and women to make different contributions to society, but sex-defined roles will be seen as totally acceptable.26. Why is women’s place considered to be within the home to some extent?A. Because they are so weak that they can’t do outdoor jobs.B. Because they can provide children with much better care.C. Because they dislike to compete with men in any field.D. Because they are biologically fit for domestic jobs.27. In the author’s opinion, the difference of sex roles ______.A. is determined by social factorsB. is determined by emotional and physical factorsC. only depends on the education people receiveD. depends on biological and psychological factors28. The author thinks that women’s roles as nurses and clerks _____.A. indicate that women are important for these jobsB. are the extension of women’s household rolesC. reflect a basic difference between men and womenD. show clearly what women are good at29. According to the passage we can know that _____.A. people think the different roles men and women play in society are determined by nature to some extentB. men can provide whatever women and children need in the competitive worldC. men are unable to do the job such as social workers and secretariesD. it is necessary for each to play sex-defined roles in social life30. What’s the author’s attitude towards the ideology that biology is fate?A. ApprovingB. IndifferentC. ObjectiveD. DisapprovingPassage 3.Unlike written language, speech itself was not a technology devised to overcome human limitations in the face of social and environmental changes. In this sense, spoken language isn’t a technology at all. Though humans created or devised particular spoken languages, we did not create or devise spoken language itself any more than we created our circulatory systems.Our ability to speak language is an inborn characteristic of our species. We carry in our genes and our brains the capacity for spoken language. If the day ever arrives when we abandon spoken language and the sign languages used by people with hearing and speaking disabilities, we will be waving good-bye to the species of human beings that we are.In contrast to written language, spoken and sign languages are user friendly. As very young children, we just start speaking or signing; we don’t have to spend years in school learning to speak. Nor does spoken language divide the world’s population the way written language does --- dividing humanity into those who can read and write and those who are nonliterate. Everyone who is mentally and physically able can speak a language.Historically, spoken language came to human before written language. Biologically, speech or sign language has to come to each child before literacy. This is because written language are symbolic representations of spoken languages. Had we no spoken language, we could not have created written language. Written language may have emerged as the primary method used to store and retrieve information in certain areas of the world, but it is based on and derived from spoken language.In the twenty-first century, people with access to voice-in/ voice-out computer technology will once again be able to use spoken language to access all stored information. Talking computer are going to make writing, reading, spelling, punctuation, written numerals and all other notational systems out of date.The obituary(讣告)for written language will not be written. It will be spoken by someone talking to VIVO computer in 2050.31. It can be inferred from the last sentence of Paragraph 2 that ______.A. human beings will never abandon spoken and sign languagesB. human beings will abandon spoken and sign languages one dayC. people with hearing and speaking disabilities will never abandon spoken and sign languagesD. people don’t have to spend years in school learning to speak32. The expression “user friendly” in paragraph 3 probably means ________.A. are friendly to usersB. are easy for users to useC. are friendly usersD. are friends of users33. The word “ nonliterate” (Par.3) probably means “________”.A. able to read and writeB. unable to read and writeC. able to listen and speakD. unable to listen and speak34. According to the author, which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Written language was a technology devised to overcome human limitations.B. In the 21 century, talking computers will make it possible for people to use spoken language to access allstored information.C. In the 21 century, talking computers are unlikely to make written language disappear from the earth.D. The death of written language will be announced by someone who is talking to a talking computer.35. The best title of this passage is: ________.A. The Power of SpeechB. The Power of Written LanguageC. Spoken Language --- an Inborn AbilityD. The Replacement of Spoken Language by Written LanguagePassage 4When Columbus reached the New World, corn was the most widely grown plant in the Americas. A study by an American professor who was an important figure in the field of American history, has shown that this plant’s range extended from what is now southern Canada to lower South America. At that time some tribes cultivated it at sea level, others at elevation of more 11,000 feet. It could grow in almost every corner of Americas simply because its strong flexibility to various weathers.“Columbus had no way of knowing that corn was far more valuable than the spices and gold he had hoped to find,” said Frances B. King, a professor at a university of Pittsburgh. At Columbus time, corn was rather strong but short. Through human intervention, this plant has developed into several hundred races, or varieties. Their heights vary from 2 to 12 feet, and their maturity ranges from little more than 2 months to almost a year. Their ears vary not only in color, but also in size.Unlike other cereals, corn bears little resemblance to its wild ancestors. In fact, it differs from the appearance of its immediate ancestors more than any other cultivated plant known. From humble origins as a lowland grass, corn developed into western world’s important grain, which is now widely used to feed cattle, or domestic animals and even human beings. As its high yields allowed communities to grow far beyond what early agriculture could feed, most scientists viewed corn as having largely fueled pre-Columbian growth and civilization. Now, new findings are greatly altering researchers’ notions about the time when corn revolution occurred. The findings were obtained through several years’ research and field investigation by a great number of scientists. New dates for its emergence from Mesoamenrica do not support the widely held view. The evidence now suggests that the signs of corn in Americas can date back 5,500 years at least.36. The first paragraph states that corn ______.A. was mainly grown at sea levelB. was not grown below the elevation of 11,000 feetC. was widely grown in Canada onlyD. spread throughout Americas37. The second paragraph implies that _______.A. the purpose of Columbus’ exploration was to discover cornB. corn was one of Columbus’ discoveries, but more precious than anything elseC. Columbus knew corn so well that he brought back to Europe at onceD. Corn was the only Columbus’ discovery that was remembered38. According to the passage, some varieties of corn can _______.A. ripen little more than 2 monthsB. last little more than 2 monthsC. stay fresh for almost a yearD. stay alive from 2 months to almost a year39. Corn helped the early communities to grow because _______.A. it was easy to digestB. it had a lot of varietiesC. it could produce high yieldsD. it could last long40. The widely held view was challenged by ______.A. a new revolutionB. new findings about cornC. the signs of corn 5,500 years agoD. new dates for communities’ emergenceIII. Translation A (20 points)Directions: Translate the following passages into Chinese. Please write your version in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet.1.To an Asian colors are full of beliefs, religious and otherwise. To the Chinese, red is very lucky, but toThais yellow brings good fortune. The combination of blue, black, and white is, to the Chinese, suggestive of a funeral. Color is a touch thing. Advertisers are advised to take into consideration the religious and superstitious beliefs connected with colors before using them. The color combinations of green and purple are acceptable throughout Asia as these colors seem to have been worn by religious leaders in earlier times.2.There were reasons for this marked shift of national emphasis from political affairs to the greatdevelopment of the nation’s economy and industry. The nation at large was exhausted from the Civil War.By the 1870’s, most Americans felt that it was time to turn to building their own lives. At the same time, the post-war expansion of railroad transportation, and the exploitation of steam and electrical power obviously played major roles. Equally important too, was the vast physical size of the nation itself with its endless supply of resources ---iron, coal copper, gold, etc. Almost all these lay waiting after the war, inviting exploitation.IV. Translation B (15 points)Directions: Translate the following passages into English. Please write your version in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 城镇化(urbanization)是指农村人口向城市迁移的过程。