Grammar6 – 7Determiners1.Generic类指and specific reference特指Where do articles come from?one---a, an (按其发音为准); the---that, this, these, thoseGive the names of each determiner:e.g. What does this word mean?I bought a house whose window faces south.John‘s brother gave my sister a lot of records, some tapes, three song books and a CD player.This is the second time for him to do so.Their house is about three times the size of ours. 他们的房子大约是我们房子的三倍。
1. Classification of determiners:1) articles : a, an, the,2) possessive determiner (adj.) : my, mine3) genitive noun 名词属格: John’s, my father’s4) demonstrative determiner 指示: this, these, such5) relative determiner 关系：whose, which6) interrogative determiner 疑问:what, which7) indefinite determiner 不定: no, each, either, neither, some, any, all, half, many, a few, a little, enough, another8) cardinal and ordinal numeral : 66, the second9) Multiplicative倍数词and fractional numeral分数: three times, twice, 2/310) quantifier 量词: a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large number of2. Collocations between determiners and nouns1)With singular N-sin. only: 与名词单数搭配e.g. There are trees on each side of the street.Because of typhoon neither shipment will arrive this week.Neither statement is true. (are -- informal)But: Neither of the books is of any use to me.(each / neither / many a / such a) + (N-sin.)2)With both N-sin. / N-pl: 与单数/ 复数搭配e.g. The first immigrants from Three Gorges arrived yesterday.(the first, the second, the last, the next)The second quiz is in October.(the first) + N-pl, (the second) + N-sin3. Word orderOrder—‗pre-determiner + central determiner + post-determiner‘: the order of the three determiners‘前位-中位-后位限定词’的顺序a) pre-determiners: all, both, 2, 2/3, such (a), etc.e.g. He has such a funny character. such beautiful flowersNote: Only such a is pre-determiner.b) Central determiners: articles, demonstrative, possessive; genitive:a, the, this, my, Mary‘s, s ome, either, neither, etc.c) post-determiners: two, first, many, last, a lot of, such, etc.e.g. All the first immigrates can live in new houses.a b cOne-third that meat is bad.a bHis many friends usually speak highly of him.b cNote:When such is used with ―some, any, no, all, few, one, another, one such‖, such should be used as post-determine.We CAN‘T say ―some of such …..‖; while ―some such‖ is OK.e.g. A single parent, one of many such people in the neighborhood.单亲，这地区附近有许多这样的人I want some such books.There is no such book. (none of such books X ) / There is no such a book (informal)All such books should be burned up.Have you ever met any such man?Every such person is good for the community.I need 3 such novels.Few (Many) such dogs are no sale.4.both/all, either/neither, neither/none2 items at least3 items全部both all全无neither none: thingsno one: people任一either any5.each, everyeach, every这两个词都有“每个”的意义。
each强调各别、各个，而every 强调全部、都e.g.He gave each boy an apple. 他给每个孩子一个苹果。
From each according to his ability, to each according to his work. 各尽所能，按劳分配。
The sun shines every day. 每天都是阳光灿烂。
He is only forty-one years old, and he has already been to nearly every country.他只有41岁，而他已经几乎到过一切国家。
6. such1)such 修饰单数名词时，置不定冠词前。
修饰复数名词时，置名词前。
e.g. He‗s such a man. 他就是这么一个人。
I have been involved in many such courses.我参加过许多种这样的课程。
2) 若名词前有one，no，any，some，all, many 等，such 则置该词后。
e.g. every such possibility 每一个这样的可能性any such plan 任何这样的计划There is no such thing. 没有这么一回事。
3) such 位于句首，须倒装。
e.g. Such is my hope for the future.我对未来的希望就是这样。
Such were the facts. 事实就是这样。
4) 在such…that…/ such…as…的区别-- such…..that: 用在从句不缺少句子成分时，表示―如此…以至于‖；e.g. He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.（从句完整）他的胳臂很长，(以至于)几乎能碰到天花板。
-- such…..as: 用在从句缺少句子成分时，表示―像…一样‖。
e.g. She is such a good teacher just as we e xpect.（从句缺宾语) 正如我们所料，她是一位好老师。
5) such as / as such的区别：▪-- such as: ―例如，像‖e.g. I like drinks such as tea and soda. 我喜欢诸如茶和汽水之类的饮料。
▪-- as such:A) 同样地, 同量地; 如所指的，照那样的e.g. He is a child, and must be treated as such.He is a good man, and is known as such to everyone.B) 本身e.g. A name, as such, means nothing. 姓名本身并无意义。
Success, as such, doesn‘t always brings happiness.成功本身并不总是带来幸福。
I have no prejudice against foreigners as such, but I don‘t think they should be allowed to take work fromour own people. (取代)Wealth, as such doesn't matter much. 财富本身算不了什么。
C) （用语否定句）并不真是e.g. It is not an agreement as such, but will serve as one.It is not a good book as such but it has some interesting pictures.6) such and such: ―某某，这种那种的‖e.g. Such and such results follow fromsuch and such causes.这样那样的原因就产生这样那样的结果。
