自考英语讲义0403

自考英语语法讲义及练习主讲人：胥国红主要内容：1．动词时态和语态2．非谓语动词3．虚拟语气4．定语从句和名词性从句1.动词的时态和语态1．1 动词的时态和语态一览表时态语态一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时主动被动doare donedidwere donewill dowill be done 现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时主动被动are doingare being donewere doingwere being donewill be doing 现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时主动被动have donehave been donehad donehad been donewill have donewill have been done 现在完成进行时主动被动have been doing1.2 动词主要时态的意义及运用1) 现在完成时，过去完成时和将来完成时英语提示语：up to now, so far, for three years, since 1995, over past ten years, by the end of this week, by the year of 1995汉语提示语：已经，早已，了e.g. We haven’t met each other since last year.By the end of this week, we’ll have finished the task.2)现在完成进行时从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。

汉语提示语：一直e.g. The water has been running the whole night.3) 过去完成时a)said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。

e.g. He missed the train. He said he had missed the train.b) hardly…when, no sooner… thane.g. No sooner had he got up than he received the call.c) 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的条件状语从句中e.g. If I had tried harder, I would have won.I wish I had done better in the exam.历年考题中的动词时态和语态1. Much of the carbon in the earth ___ (come) from things that once lived.2.In the past two decades, research ___ (expand) our knowledge about sleep and dream.3.Some proverbs ___ (be) in the language for 1,000 years, for example, A friend in need is a friendindeed.4.___ (stand) at the gate was a young man in green coat.5.In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush’s approved rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recordedsince polling ___ (begin) in the 19302.6.Seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day ___ (make) ustolerate crime more than we should.7.So far, Irving ___ (live) in New York City for ten years.8.The patient ___ (send) to another hospital before we got there.9.The second half of the nineteenth century ___ (witness) the first extended translation into Englishof the writings of Eliphas Levi.10.All the worries they might have felt for him ___ (drive) off by the sight of his cheerful face.2. 非谓语动词2.1 动词主要时态和语态一览表非谓语动词形式意义现在分词一般式Doing 主动, 正在进行被动式being done 被动, 正在进行完成主动式having done 主动, 已经完成完成被动式having been done被动, 已经完成过去分词Done 被动, 已经完成动词不定式一般式to do主动,将要进行被动式to be done 被动, 将要进行完成主动式to have done 主动, 已经完成进行主动式to be doing 主动, 正在进行2.2. 非谓语动词作状语•动词不定式：1）目的状语；2）结果状语e.g. I came here to meet you. （目的）He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train. （结果）•分词：1) 伴随状语；2）原因状语；3）条件状语4）让步状语；5）时间状语e.g. Walking along the street, he met his old friend. （时间）Being very tired, my father didn’t go out with us. （原因）Made by hand, the silk shirt is very expensive. （原因）Seen from the space, the earth looks like a blue ball. (条件)2.3 非谓语动词，状语从句和独立结构1) Having done their homework, the children began to play. (分词作状语)2)After having done their homework, the children began to play. （连词+分词）3)After they had done their homework, the children began to play. （状语从句）4)With homework done, the children began to play. （独立结构）2.4 非谓语动词作定语1) If there is no choice, there is no decision ___ (make). (to be made)2)Do you know the man ____ ( stand) in front of the house? (standing)3)The question ____ (discuss) at the moment is very important. (being discussed)4)The bridge ____ (build) in the 1950s is still in good condition. (built)2.5 动名词和动词不定式*作主语和表语动名词作主语/表语表示一般、抽象的情况；动词不定时作主语表示具体某次的情况。

Unit 3 Green TransportationA FAMOUS QUOTEThe earth provides enough to satisfy every man's need, but not every man's greed.—— Mohandas Gandhi地球可以满足人类的需求，但无法填平人类的欲壑。

——莫汉达斯·甘地Mohandas Gandhi（1869-1948）, preeminent leader of the Indian nationalist movement against British rule, also a worldwide icon of nonviolent political resistance.圣雄甘地（1869 –1948 ）是印度民族主义运动的杰出领导者，他带领国家反抗英国的殖民统治。

他也是全世界范围的“非暴力”政治抵抗运动的偶像。

Speaking ActivityMaking an ApologySample DialogueRead the following conversation. Pay attention to how the speakers apologize and accept an apology.Becky: Curt.Curt: Oh, hi.Becky: Can I talk to you for a minute?Curt: I'm really busy right now.Becky: Just a minute. I promise it won't take long.Curt: Okay. Let's talk over here.Becky: Curt, I'm really sorry I told Joyce that you had a crush on her. We were talking last Friday and it just slipped out.Curt: But I told you about Joyce in confidence.Becky: I know. It's totally my fault. I really regret saying anything. I wish I could take it back.I just want you to know I'm really sorry and I hope you'll accept my apology.Curt: What's done is done. I was really annoyedwhen I found out this morning, but I've got over it now.Guided PracticeDirections: Work with your partner and make up a situation in which you apologize to him or her. You may use the following phrases to help you.I must apologize for…Please forgive me for my…I'm terribly sorry for…It's all my fault.Never mind.Forget it.Text ANew Words1、manifesto n. a written statement in which a group of people, especially a political party, explain their beliefs and say what they will do if they win an election 宣言2、privilege n. a special right or advantage that a particular person or group of people 特殊利益；优惠待遇3、haunt n. a place that somebody visits often or where they spend a lot of time 常去的场所4、symbolize v. to be a symbol of something 象征；是……的象征；代表5、independence n. the freedom to organize your own life, make your own decisions, etc. without needing help from other people 自主；自立6、peer n. a person who is the same age or who has the same social status as you 身份（或地位不相同的人；同龄人；同辈7、assistance n. help or support 帮助；援助；支持8、beckon n. to appear very attractive to somebody 吸引；诱惑9、transportation n. a system for carrying people or goods from one place to another using vehicles, road, etc. 交通运输系统10、available adj. （of things） that you can get, buy or find 可获得的；可购得的；可找到的11、propaganda n. ideas or statements that may be false or exaggerated and that are used in order to gain support for a political leader, party, etc. 宣传；鼓吹12、transition n. the process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another 过渡；转变13、vehicle n. a thing that is used for transporting people or goods from one place to another, such as a car or lorry/truck 交通工具；车辆14、commute n. the journey to and from work every day 上下班路程15、aware adj. knowing or realizing something 知道；意识到；明白16、negative adj. bad or harmful 坏的；有害的17、impact n. the powerful effect that something has on somebody/something 巨大影响；强大作用18、sprawl n.an act of spreading to cover a large area in an untidy way; something that spreads like this 随意扩展蔓延；蔓延物19、fatality n. a death that is caused in an accident or a war, or by violence or disease （事故、战争、疾病等中的）死亡20、subject v. to make somebody/something experience, suffer or be affected by something, usually something unpleasant 使经受；使遭受21、rarely adv. not very often 罕有；很少；不常22、coupe n. a car with two doors and usually a sloping back （通常斜背的）双门小汽车23、primary adj. main; most important; basic 主要的；最重要的；基本的24、slippery adj. difficult to hold or to stand or move on, because it is smooth, wet or polished 滑的；滑得抓不住（或站不稳、难以行走）的25、practical adj. （of things） useful or suitable 有用的；适用的26、sensible adj. （of clothes, etc.） useful rather than fashionable （服装等）朴素而实用的27、occasional adj. happening or done sometimes but not often 偶尔的；偶然的28、inconvenience n. a person or thing that causes problems or difficulties 带来不便者；麻烦的人（或事物）29、eavesdrop v. to listen secretly to what other people are saying 偷听，窃听（其他人说话）30、gossip n. a person who enjoys talking about other people's private lives 喜欢传播流言蜚语的人；爱说长道短的人31、giggle v. to laugh in a silly way because you are amused, embarrassed or nervous 咯咯地笑；傻笑32、toddler n. a child who has only recently learnt to walk 学步的儿童；刚学会走路的孩子33、nap n. a short sleep, especially during the day （日间的）小睡，打盹34、camaraderie n. a feeling of friendship and trust among people who work or spend a lot of time together 同事情谊；友情35、vibrant adj. full of life and energy 充满生气的；生机勃勃的36、majesty n. the impressive and attractive quality that something has 雄伟壮观；庄严；威严37、sacred adj. very important and treated with great respect 受尊重的；受崇敬的38、resource n. a supply of something that a country, an organization or a person has and can use, especially to increase their wealth 资源Phrases and Expressions1、on demand done or happening whenever somebody asks 一经要求2、except for used before you mention the only thing or person about which a statement is not true （用于所言不包括的人或事物前）除…之外3、leave…behind to leave a person, place or state permanently 永久离开（某人、某地或某国）4、subject…to… to make somebody/something experience, suffer or be affected by, something, usually something unpleasant 使经受；使遭受5、believe in to think that something is good, right or acceptable 认为某事好（或对、可接受）Proper NamesPike Place Market派克市场（位于美国西雅图）Seattle Center 西雅图中心Puget Sound普吉特海湾（位于美国华盛顿州）Mount Rainier 雷尼尔山（美国华盛顿州西部喀斯喀特山脉的一座火山）Text APre-reading Questions1.Which means of transport do you prefer in daily life?2.What are the greenest ways to travel?Bus Chick's ManifestoWhen I was in the third grade, I started riding the Metro bus alone. At first, I was only allowed to ride to school, but eventually my parents extended the privilege to include my favorite childhood haunts: ①Grandma's apartment, Pike Place Market and, in the summer, Seattle Center. Back then, the bus symbolized independence. It gave me a power rare among my eight-year-old peers: the ability to get around the city w ithout the assistance of an adult.②By the time I turned 16, a new power beckoned: a form of transportation that was available on demand and did not require an umbrella or an extra pair of gloves. ③Like most young Americans, I believed the auto industry's propaganda that a car was necessary for my transition to adulthood. ④For the next ten years — except for a short time in college, when I found myself unable to afford a vehicle of my own —I left the bus behind. But then I accepted a job at a software com pany based 15 miles outside the city.⑤ During my commutes, I became more aware of the negative impact of car culture: pollution, sprawl, isolation and fatalities.I began to question my right to subject my beloved city to the impact of my choices. ⑥So I returned to my roots and began riding the bus to work. Eventually, I was using my car so rarely that I decided to try living without one. I sold my lovely silver coupe in March 2003 and have used the bus as my primary means of transport ever since.⑦Riding the bus isn't always fun. I don't like riding it on rainy days, when the floor is slippery and the windows are so fogged- up that you can't see your stop. ⑧I don't like standing when the bus crowded.I don't like drivers who ride the brakes. ⑨I don't like practical hairstyles or sensible shoes. Despite these occasional inconveniences, I will never go back to driving, because what I believe is this:I believe in sitting next to my neighbors, in saying "How're you doing today?" and "Nice weather,isn't it?" I believe in feeling the sun on my skin, in breathing fresh air and moving my body. I believe in eavesdropping. I believe in novels you can't put down. I believe in business people and teenage lovers, middle-aged gossips and giggling toddlers. I believe in watching and listening. I believe in naps. I believe in the camaraderie that develops among riders late at night, when the smooth-voiced driver plays jazz loud enough for everyone to enjoy.I believe in clean air, in keeping cities populous and vibrant, and in protecting our remaining farmland and forests. I believe in the beauty of Puget Sound and the majesty of Mount Rainier. I believe that human life is sacred, that the world's resources should be shared and that every choice matters.⑩I believe that change is possible — if all of us ride.Key Sentences1. At first, I was only allowed to ride to school, but eventually my parents extended the privilege to include my favorite childhood haunts: … …起初，我只是被准许乘车去学校，但最终父母给我更多的权利，我可以去我最喜欢的儿童场所：… …2. It gave me a power rare among my eight-year-old peers: the ability to get around the city without the assistance of an adult.它给予我在其他八岁的同龄人中一项少有的权力：在没有成人的协助下，去往城市的任何一个角落。

2003年4月全国自学考试--经贸知识英语试题各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢ⅰ．translate the following words and expressions:(10%)english into chinese:a. consignment contractb. give rise to disputesc. inquiryd. correspondent banke. commercial invoicechinese into english:a.可转让信用证b.采取法律行动c.运载船只d.受票人e.债权人ⅱ.match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on theright:(5%)() a. after presentation of draft() b. absence of agreement() credit c. suffer() sight d. a credit that does not require shipping documents for payment () e. what one is responsible for according to lawⅲ.make brief explanations of the following terms in english:(20%)unionpurchasetreatmentⅳ.fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word from the list(you can only choose 10 from the following 12 words in the square):(10%)powerful international currencies membership subscription loanablevolume remainder quota revised voting quantity upon joining the imf, each nation was assigned a (13) based on its economicimportance and the (14) of its international trade. the size of a nation’s quota determined its (15) power and its ability to borrow from the fund. the total (16) to the fund was set in 1944 at $ billion. as the most (17) nation, the united states was assigned by far the largest quota, 31 percent. every five years, quotas were to be (18) to reflect changes in the relative economic importance and (19) trade of member nations. at the beginning of 1994, the total subscription of the fund had grown to billion sdrs ($ billion)through increases in (20) and periodic increases in quotas.upon joining the imf, a nation was to pay 25 percent of its quota to the fund in gold and the (21) in its own currency. in borrowing from the fund, the nation would get convertible (22) approved by the fund in exchange for depositing equivalent amounts of its own currency into the fund,until the fund held no more than 200 percent of the nation’s quota in the nation’s currency.ⅴ.translate the following into chinese:(15%)as we know it today would be impossible if there was no agreement or contract to bind the contracting parties. long ago, people devised a means for bargaining for the conduct of others by exchanging promises. the exchange of promises came to be known as “agreements” and gradually BECame very important in the live of the people and in the field of business. a promise or agreement is reached as a result of the process of offer and acceptance. when an agreement is reached, a contract is formed, which creates legal obligations enforceable by law.contracts can be long or short, formal or informal, simple or complicated, andverbal or written, of which the most popular is the written contract(or pre-printed contract).the importance of a contract in an international sales transaction cannot be underestimated. often it is the only document between the parties to which they may refer for clarification of mutual responsibilities, resolution of disputes in the event of disagreement. and such a contract serves as a “living document” that may well survive the relationship it defines. so the exporter should avoid viewing the contract merely as a document that initiates transaction and subsequently is filed and forgotten.ⅵ.translate the following into english :(25%)24．贸易可能产生于规模经济，也可能是由于革新或款式的需要。

自考综合英语（二）下册详解第四课1. The facilities and skills of the teachers were probably well above average for the United States at that time. —— The facilities and skills of the teachers were perhaps much better than those in most schools in………学校的设施、教师的水平在当时的美国要远远高于平均水平。

well：adv. quite，ratherThe work is well done. 这件工作干得很好。

It’s well past midnight，I think it’s more time you went home.早过了午夜，我想你该回家了。

above/below average高于或低于一般标准或水平2. ………how much I don’t yet know. ——how much I don’t know up till now.我至今依然不了解的东西太多。

yet：at this point in time3.Sometimes I think how grateful I would be today if I had learned more back then about what really matters.——I would be grateful today if I had learned more at high school about things that are really important.有时候，我想那时要是能多学点真正重要的东西，那么今天我会多么地心存感激。

I would be ………if I had learned 虚拟语气，主句表示现在，从句表示过去I would not be so sleepy if I had slept well last night.back then：back in my high school dayswhat really matters：what is important matter is used as a verb——eg：Does it matter much whether he will not pass the exams？他能否通过考试是否很重要？4.in some respects……；the only thing I ever heard in school about Napoleon was that the U.S made the Louisiana Purchase from him.In some respects在某些方面；in respect of就某方面Louisiana Purchase路易斯安那购置5.On a planet where some 95% of the inhabitants are not Americans，the only history that was thought worth teaching was American history.——The population of the US accounts for only about 5% of that of the world. But in my high school days taught American history only because it was thought that the history of other countries was not important for Americans to learn.在一个约95%的居民不是美国人的星球上，学校当局认为只有美国历史才值得讲授。

Unit 4 Friends and FriendshipA FAMOUS QUOTEThe best way to destroy an enemy is to make him a friend.——Abraham Lincoln摧毁敌人最佳旳措施就是把他变成朋友。

——亚伯拉罕·林肯Abraham Lincoln（1809 — 1865）, 16th President of the United States （1861 — 1865） and American civil war leader. He successfully led his country through its greatest constitutional, military and moral crisis — the American Civil War — preserving the Union while ending slaver and promoting economic and financial modernization. He was immortalized by his Emancipation Proclamation, his Gettysburg Address, and two outstanding inaugural addresses.亚伯拉罕·林肯，美国第16任总统（任期：1861年3月4日－1865年4月15日）美国南北战争旳领导他成功地领导他旳国家度过了宪法、军事和道德危机——南北战争——在结束奴隶制旳同步维护了联邦旳统一进了经济和金融现代化。

他旳《解放黑奴宣言》、《葛底斯堡演说》、尚有两篇杰出旳就职演说使他名垂千Speaking ActivityTalking on the PhoneSample DialogueRead the following conversation. Pay attention to how the speakers talk on the phone.Operator: Hello. This is the emergency 911 operator.Taxi Driver: Help! Please help me!Operator: Yes, sir. Please calm down and explain exactly what's the matter.Taxi Driver: Calm down! My car has broken down and I have a lady passenger and she's going labor.Operator: Now relax, sir. Explain exactly where you are.Taxi Driver: I'm…I'm in the southbound lane of the Lincoln Expressway and the lady can't w Operator: Okay. What's your name, sir, and your passenger's?Taxi Driver: It's…It's Bob, and I have no idea about the woman. She's in no condition to t me.Operator: Okay. Now where are you? What's the nearest landmark you can see?Taxi Driver: Umm, I can see golden arches…there's a McDonald's.Operator: Ok, I've just sent off an ambulance. It should be there any second.Taxi Driver: Hey, is there anything I can do for the lady while we wait for the ambulance?Operator: Yes, uh, keep her calm and warm.Taxi Driver: Okay. Please hurry. …Oh, they're too late. …It's a boy!Guided PracticeDirections: Give a phone call to the nearest restaurant and order a takeout. Supply your ow information. You may use the following tips to help you.Hello. This is…Explain exactly where you are.What's your name, sir/madam?It's…What's the nearest landmark you can see?I can see…Okay. Please hurry.Text ANew Words1、kindergarten n. a school or class to prepare children aged five or younger for school 学班；幼稚园2、scrub v. to clean something by rubbing it hard, perhaps with a brush and usually with so and water 擦洗；刷洗3、upset adj. unhappy or disappointed because of something unpleasant that has happened 不快旳；失望旳4、bicker v. to argue about things that are not important （为小事）斗嘴，争执5、lifelong adj. lasting or existing all through your life 终身旳；毕生旳6、sibling n. a brother or sister 兄；弟；姐；妹7、fulfillment n. （Am.E）the act of doing or achieving what was hoped for or expected 实现8、frequently adv. often 频繁地；常常9、subtle adj. not very noticeable or obvious 不易察觉旳；不明显旳；微妙旳10、favoritism n. （AmE）the act of unfairly treating one person better than others because like them better 偏爱；偏袒11、bitterness n. the quality or state of feeling angry and unhappy because you feel that y have been treated unfairly 愤愤不平12、constantly adv. all the time; repeatedly 一直；一直，反复不停地13、teenager n. a person who is between 13 and 19 years old （13 至19岁之间旳）青少年，青少女14、bonding n. the process of forming a special relationship with somebody or with a group people 人与人之间旳关系（或联结）15、maid of honor n. （ especially in the US） a young woman who is not married and who is main bridesmaid at wedding （尤用于美国英语，指未婚旳）首席女傧相，伴娘16、apartment n. a set of rooms for living in, usually on one floor of a building （一般指在楼层旳）公寓套房Phrases and Expressions1、on one's hands and knees on the floor, with your hands and your lower legs on the ground 地上2、you name it used to say there are many things to choose from 凡你想得起旳；不管什么3、long for to want something very much especially if it does not seem likely to happen soo 望4、get along to have a friendly relationship 和睦相处，关系良好Text APre-reading questions1. What are the most valuable gifts you have ever received?3. What shared memories do you have with your best friends?The Greatest GiftWhen I was a child I was shocked at the idea that my sisters could be my best friends. Now, wouldn't have it any other way.I'm five years old, and my mother is on her hands and knees, washing the kitchen floor. I'm telling her about a new girl in school, and she suddenly looks up at me and says, "Who are your best friends?"I'm not sure what to say. I've been friends with Jill since I was three or so, and I really Jaime, a friend in kindergarten."Jill and Jaime."My mother stops scrubbing the floor and starts to take off her yellow rubber gloves. "Well, about Karen and Cindy?"My sisters?" I don't know who their best friends are," I say."No," she says. "I'm saying, why aren't they your best friends?"She seems upset, as though I have hurt her feelings. "But they're my sisters.""Yes, but they can still be your best friends. Friends may come and go, but your sisters wi always be there for you."At the time, the idea of my two sisters being my closest friend seemed strange to me. We us fight all the time over toys, food, attention, what to watch on television — you name it, we bickered about it at some point. ①How could my sisters be my best friends? We weren't the same We all had our own friends in school.But my mother never let the three of us forget it: sisters are lifelong friends. Her wish —like most parents' — was to give us something that she had never had. Growing up as an only ch she longed for siblings. When she gave birth to three daughters — separated by only four years the fulfillment of her dream had only just begun. ② She had given us each a gift — our sister and she wanted to make sure we did not take that gift for granted. She would frequently tell us lucky we were. But there were other, more subtle ways that she encouraged us to grow closer. Sh never showed favoritism to one daughter over the other, so as not to cause jealousy or bitterne between us. She constantly took us places together — skating, shopping, swimming — so we deve common interests. And when we were teenagers, Mom always punished us equally, giving us yet ano bonding experience.We didn't always get along beautifully and fought just like any other siblings. But somewhe between Mom's lectures, the family vacations and the shared memories, we realized that our moth was right. ③Today I share things with my sisters that I share with no one else. My sister Cind I ran the New York City Marathon together, side by side, even holding hands when we crossed the finishing line. When my sister Karen got married, I was her maid of honor. Cindy and I traveled through Europe together and even shared an apartment for two years. The three of us trust each with our greatest secrets.It was twenty-three years ago that my mother first asked me who my two best friends were. ④Today she doesn't have to. She already knows.Key Sentences1. We used to fight all the time over toys, food, attention, what to watch on television —name it, we bickered about it at some point.我们从小一直为了玩具、食物、大人旳关注、看什么电视节目而争执，但凡可以争可以吵旳，都吵过了2. When she gave birth to three daughters — separated by only four yours — the fulfillmen her dream had only just begun.母亲在四年内相继生了我们三姐妹，她旳梦想也开始逐渐成为现实。

III. 部分练习讲解P168 Bridging the GapDirections: Fill in the blanks with a word or a phrase that best completes thepassage. You may choose a suitable one from the list given.解题方法：把词分类动词名词形容词improve weight stressedcheck out priority differentclearing away routine routinearrive routeWe all get the Monday blues from time to time, but there are ways to 1improveyour working life and be happy at work. If you're going through a roughpatch（经历难关，经历一段困难时期）at work or are lacking job satisfaction, 2 check outtheseways to boost your mood and have a happier work day.If your workday often leaves you feeling 3 stressed and overwhelmed, it is timeto calm things down by getting more organized. Firstly, make sure you 4 arrive afew minutes early for work to give you time to organize your tasks for the dayand get mentally prepared. Secondly, organize your space by 5 clearing awayanyclutter and streamlining your workspace. Finally, make a list of everything thatyou need to do that day in order of 6 priority. lf you can, try taking care ofthe more difficult things first to help take a 7 weightoff your mind.Variety is the spice of life, and this is never truer than when it comes to yourworking day. Following the same 8 routineday in, day out can quickly causeboredom and dissatisfaction to set in, so try making every day a little 9differentin any way you can. Try doing routine tasks in a different order,talking to someone new or taking a different 10 routeto work. If you reallycan't shake up（重组）your workday itself, instead try organizing something fun anddifferent to do on your lunch break every so often.。

Unit 4 Text AWords:interview n. 面谈v.进行面试，采访interviewer n.采访者interviewee n.被采访者crawl vi.爬行, 蠕动, 徐徐行进n.爬行, 蠕动, 缓慢的行进wheel vt.& vi 推动，拉动cart n.小车，手推车checkout n.付款台express adj.急速的, 特殊的, 明确的n.快车, 快递, 专使vt.表达, 表示project n.计划, 方案, 事业, 企业, 工程v.设计, 计划, 投射, 放映, 射出, 发射(导弹等), 凸出promotion n.促进, 发扬, 提升, 提拔, 晋升 promote v.促进，增进；提升hostility n.敌意, 恶意, 不友善, 敌对, 对抗, 反对 hostile a.敌对的risk n危险，风险take a risk 冒险 at the risk of doing sth.冒着做某事的危险 risk v.使遭受···的危险immune a. 有免疫的，不受影响的，豁免的 immunity n.免疫力，抵抗力They are always so rude that I’ve almost become immune to it.behavioral a.行为的 behave v.举动，表现 behavior n.行为stock n.积蓄，储蓄，贮藏quotient n.商数，商mistreat vt.不公平地对待，虐待inconvenience n.不便，麻烦，困难 inconvenient a. 不便的 convenience n. convenient a. insult n.侮辱，凌辱 v.侮辱，冒犯avoid vt.避免, 消除 avoid doing sth.flutter vt.vi 扑动，无规律地跳Dead leaves fluttered slowly to the ground in the wind.deserve vt.vi 应受···之优/虐待The proposals deserve serious consideration.release n.释放;流露;让渡, 豁免, 发行的书, 释放证书vt.释放, 解放, 放弃, 让与, 免除, 发表dodge vt.vi.闪避，躲闪 n.诡计 make a dodge 躲闪避开genetics n.遗传学，发生学upbringing n.儿童期的训练和教育justify v.证明...是正当的 be justified 有道理的，正当的get the best of 获胜，得意take a breath 呼吸，喘口气lose one’s temper 生气，发脾气take stock of 对···进行评价、评估和鉴定hold in 抑制calm down 安静，稳定，沉着well up 涌现，涌出She felt that tears welled up in her eyes.to the point 切题，切中要害（与of连用）达到···程度set off 使···爆发，引爆put···into motion 使···运行，详述impose on 强加···与某人dwell on 细思，详述Don’t dwell on the past. Try and be more positive.keep track of 跟上···的进程或发展，与···保持接触Don’t Let Anger Get the Best of You 别让怒火击溃你You’re late for a job interview when traffic slows to a crawl．交通阻塞，车辆缓慢地爬行，你因此而面试迟到；In the supermarket，a customer wheeling a full cart cuts ahead of you in the express checkout line．超市里你排在快速结账口，有个推着满满一车货物的顾客正好插在你前头；You spend months on a project，and your lazy colleague gets the promotion．为一个项目，你耗费了几个月的心血，而结果你那懒惰的同事得到了提升。

⾃考《英语⼆》2012出版最新讲义第四章Unit 4 The Joy of WorkA FAMOUS QUOTELabour is often the father of pleasure.——Francois-Marie Arouet （Voltaire）勤劳常是快乐之源。

——弗朗索⽡ - 马利·阿鲁埃（伏尔泰）Text A Work Is a BlessingNew Wordsblessing n. something that is good or helpful 好事；有益之事subsistence n. the state of having just enough money or food to stay alive 勉强维持⽣活sugar cane n. a tall tropical plant with thick stems form which sugar is made ⽢蔗corn n.（AmE）a tall plant grown for its large yellow grains that are used for making flour or eaten as a vegetable; the grains of this plant ⽟⽶hog n. a pig, especially one that is kept and made fat for eating 猪cash n. money in the form of coins or notes/bills 现⾦dairy adj. connected with the production of milk rather than meat 乳品业的；⽣产乳品的complain v. to say that you are annoyed, unhappy or not satisfied about somebody/something 抱怨；埋怨；发牢骚committed adj. Willing to work hard and give your time and energy to something; believing strongly in something 尽⼼尽⼒的；坚信的；坚定的brick n. baked clay used for building walls , houses and other buildings; an individual block of this 砖；砖块hammer n. a tool with a handle and a heavy metal head, used for breaking things or hitting nails 锤⼦；榔头escort n. a person or group of people or vehicles that travels with somebody/something in order to protect or guard them 护送者；护卫队remind v. to help somebody remember something, especially something important that they must do 提醒；使想起victim n. a person who has been attacked, injured or killed as the result of a crime, a disease, an accident, etc. 受害者；牺牲品ideology n. a set of beliefs, especially one held by a particular group, that influences the way people behave 意识形态；观念形态terrorism n. the use of violent action in order to achieve political aims or to force a government to act 恐怖主义depression n. a period when there is little economic activity and many people are poor or without jobs 萧条期；经济衰退；不景⽓unrest n. a political situation in which people are angry and likely to protest or fight 动荡；动乱；骚动illegal adj. not allowed by the law 不合法的；⾮法的；违法的immigrant n. a person who has come to live permanently in a country that is not their own （外来）移民；外侨trafficking n. the buying and selling of something illegally ⾮法交易；⾮法买卖gang n. a group of young people who spend a lot of time together and often cause trouble or fight against other groups ⼀帮，⼀群，⼀伙（闹事、⽃殴的年轻⼈）contribute v. to increase, improve or add to something 增加；增进；添加（到某物）quit v. to stop doing something 停⽌；戒掉Phrases and Expressionsbring in to make or earn a particular amount of money 赚得；挣eke out a living to manage to live with very little money 竭⼒维持⽣计；勉强度⽇sink in to be fully understood or realized 被完全理解；被充分意识到look forward to to be thinking with pleasure about something that is going to happen （because you expect to enjoy it）（⾼兴地）盼望，期待over and over again many times; repeatedly 多次；反复地；⼀再be prepared for to be ready and able to deal with something 准备好；有所准备believe in to think that something is good, right or acceptable 认为某事好（对、可接受）重点词汇blessing n. something that is good or helpful 好事；有益之事eg: What a blessing you weren't hurt in the accident! 你在这次事故中没有受伤, 真是幸运!其他词义：God's favour and protection 神恩; 神的保佑eg:ask for God's blessing 求神保佑衍⽣bless v. （esp. imperative in prayers 尤⽤于祷⽂中的祈使句）（fml. ⽂）（esp. imperative in prayers 尤⽤于祷⽂中的祈使句）（fml. ⽂）grant health, happiness and 赐与（某⼈/某事物）健康﹑幸福及成功eg: Bless all those who are hungry, lonely or sick. 求神赐福于那些饥饿﹑孤独或患病的⼈。