刘意青《简明英国文学史》课后习题详解(20世纪中期英国文学 战后文学)【圣才出品】

刘意青《简明英国⽂学史》课后习题详解（⽂艺复兴与莎⼠⽐亚英国⽂艺复兴时期⽂学）【圣才出品】第3章英国⽂艺复兴时期⽂学1.How did England become the most powerful country during the Tudor reign? Key:The Tudor reign reached its summit during the time of Queen Elizabeth (reigning1558-1603),who adopted moderate policies to achieve a balance both between the rising middle class and the feudal lords and between the Protestants and the Catholics.It was a peaceful time and England became a powerful state.In 1588the English navy defeated the Spanish invincible Armada and thus eliminated her most dangerous enemy on the high seas and in the world trade. English ships started to visit lands all over theworld,including America and other distant countries.They brought home great wealth and fortunes and set up the first English colonies overseas as well.2.What does the word“Renaissance”mean and why do we call this historical period the English Renaissance Period? Key:Renaissance is a French word,meaning“rebirth”or“revival”,and in this particular context,it means the revival of arts and sciences of ancient Greece and Rome after the long years of neglect in the medieval time.In England,at first a great number of classical works were translated into English in the15th and16th centuries and English scholars and men of letters showed a strong interest in ancient Greek and Roman art and science.They followed in the wake of the intellectual and literary movement which began inthe14th century in Italy and later spread to France,Spain,Holland and other western European countries.This was usually called the Renaissance Movement in England and its ideal was Humanism.3.Give a brief account of Thomas More’s life and his major work Utopia.Key:Sir Thomas More(1478-1535)was the most prominent humanist of this period,and he was also a Parliament member and a judge by profession.He devoted his spare time to writing and wrote the famous book Utopia in Latin, which was published in1516.In the book More meets a traveler at Antwerp,who has seen a place called Utopia,or“Land of Nowhere”,where communism is adopted as the social system,education is offered to all people,including women,and religious differences are tolerated.It presents More’s ideal of the best possible government form.And since then the word“Utopia”has been used all over the world for ideals that are usually beyond human reach./doc/850d88410266f5335a8102d276a20029bc646312.html Spenser’s major literary work and tell what it is about.Key:Spenser’s major literary work is The Faerie Queene.(1)It is an allegorical romance in verse.According to his plan,there should be 12books,each telling the adventures of one knight dispatched by the Faerie Queen,Gloria,who represents glory in general and Queen Elizabeth in particular.(2)According to his contemporary thought,the virtuous man knows how togovern himself,and thus is qualified to govern others.(3)In the poem Spenser identifies the good ruler with the good man and emphasises the importance of education.(4)But Spenser only managed to finish six books,in which the six virtues of Truth,Temperance,Friendship,Justice,Chastity,and Courtesy are presented./doc/850d88410266f5335a8102d276a20029bc646312.html more writers(poets and playwrights)of this period and tell what you know about them.Key:(List out some writers in this period and introduce their lives and major works according to the textbook.)6.What are Bacon’s chief contributions?Key:Bacon’s chief contributions are that he wrote many significant works,which have become great wealth of human being.7.Who was the greatest playwright before Shakespeare?Discuss one of his plays. Key:Christopher Marlowe was the greatest playwright before Shakespeare.The Tragical History of Dr.Faustus,written in blank verse,is Marlowe’s masterpiece.The story is taken from a medieval German legend,but Marlowe emphasizes humanistic ideals through Faustus’pursuits.Fed up with the four subjects of medieval knowledge(theology,philosophy,medicine and law),he turns to magic to seek the supernatural.Finally he succeeds in raisingMephistophilis,the Devil’s servant and strikes a contract with him,by which Mephistophilis will satisfy his desires such as conjuring the spirit of Alexander the Great in a king’s court,marrying Helen of Greece,and so on.And in exchange for all these services done for him,he agrees to sell his soul to the Devil.He goes through endless spiritual and moral struggles between good and evil during his transaction with Mephistophilis.But,he also shows the Renaissance human spirit of pursuing knowledge and infinite power,as well as the courage to challenge fate and authority.Although Marlowe’s drama lacks variety of characterisation and construction,his success with the blank verse and his mighty dramatic lines mark him as the most important predecessor of Shakespeare.8.What kind of comedy is Ben Jonson’s special contribution?And as a playwright how different is Ben Jonson from Shakespeare?Key:“Comedy of humours”is Ben Jonson’s special contribution.He forms a nice contrast to Shakespeare.(1)Jonson’s theory of“humours”reduces his characters to types,who represent greed,vanity,falsehood,etc.They are flat,one-sided and have no development.Unlike him,Shakespeare digs deep into human nature and depicts the complexities of human relations.(2)Ben Jonson advocates classic Roman and Greek masters,strictly observes the three unities and disapproves of any mixture of the tragic with the comic,while Shakespeare creates according to his own judgment and the taste of the audience,and is very flexible in his handling of drama rules set by hispredecessors.Their differences were so obvious that later Samuel Johnson described one as the poet of art and the other as the poet of nature.However,Jonson could not but see the great talent in Shakespeare,and as a good playwright and a learned man himself,he also admired his rival.。

刘意青《简明英国⽂学史》课后习题详解（18世纪英国⽂学⼩说的兴起）【圣才出品】第9章⼩说的兴起1.Discuss the social and historical elements that promoted the birth of the modern novel in England.Key:There are several factors that promote the rise and the first flowering of the English novel.First,as we’ve said in the previous section,in the18th century science and technology developed fast,and printing grew as one of the most prosperous trades.Therefore,books were quickly printed and in comparatively larger numbers.Second,with the growth of capitalist economy,the middle class grew strong to become the dominant element in all the aspects of social,political and economic life of England.And with it an urban economy also came into being. Big cities like London increased in number in the country and farmers or the agricultural population swarmed into the city to gradually settle down as traders, servants,workers and apprentices.These new settlers in the cities formed a reading public that badly needed to improve themselves and they provided the necessity and possibility of the flourish of a book market.Third,with the development of industry,women were deprived of their previous opportunities of spinning and weaving at home.Without a way to earn a living,women who failed to marry into a family with secure financial means to support them were forced to work as maids,or became thieves,prostitutes orkept women in the cities.These women,no matter as an idle wife of a rich man,or as a servant girl,joined the public readers and some of them even became writers themselves who sold popular literary works to earn a living.Thus,by mid-18th century,a large book market had been established in England that sold reading stuff of all kinds,from journals and newspapers,political pamphlets,conduct books,travel guides,manuals for house decoration,ghost stories,romances,etc. to serious literature of poetry,drama and prose work written by classical masters like Swift and Johnson.2.Discuss Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe as a typical middle-class novel.Key:Readers of China are mostly familiar with this novel.In the past we emphasised Crusoe’s imperialist and capitalist side,because Marx says in his On the Capital that Crusoe is the typical representative of the rising capitalist class whose sole interest is to expand and exploit,and in Crusoe’s adventures we see how capital is accumulated at the early stage of capitalism.While what Marx says is correct,he only sees the story from a political and economic point of view.As a literary figure,Crusoe is more than just a money-grabbing capitalist and colonialist.He also shows many positive sides of the rising middle class,such as the love for labor,the industrious and thrifty life style,courage to explore strange lands,a curiosity to know the world,and the strong desire to test one’s own strength and establish one’s individual identity.3.What kind of novel did Richardson write?And discuss his two major novels toshow your points.Key:All Richardson’s novels and writings preach the Puritan ideology of hard work,honesty,thrift,industry,and,most of all,the importance of living a virtuous life.For example,his Pamela,or Virtue Rewarded and Clarissa,or The History of a Young Lady.In Pamela,or Virtue Rewarded,Pamela grew up into a beautiful and virtuous young woman with good taste and refined manners,getting through many hardships and threats,and finally she is married to his young master Mr.B, which indicates that her virtue is rewarded. In Clarissa,or The History of a Young Lady,unlike Pamela in birth,Clarissa Harlowe was the daughter of a rich merchant.She was both beautiful and virtuous and had her own share of wealth given to her by her grandfather.But such a young lady could not choose to marry a man she liked and respected,for her father and brother forced her to marry a rich but disgusting and vulgar merchant,in order to merge the property and wealth of the two families.To escape the hatedmarriage,Clarissa,inexperienced and innocent,fell into the hands of a rake Mr.Lovelace and was deceived and kidnapped to a brothel,and later drugged and raped.Although afterwards Lovelace realised his true feelings for Clarissa and proposed marriage,the virtuous girl could neither forgive him nor herself for harboring illusions toward a rake.Finally,she sought a slow suicidal death and wrote her own story as a warning to all the young women.4.How did Fielding name his panoramic novels?What are the main features of his novels?Key:Fielding named his panoramic novels“comic epic in prose”.Epics are usually written in verse,and the subjects are always adventures and heroic deeds of the heroes of noble birth.But here Fielding tells us that he has written a prose work with the epic scope and power,but the main protagonists are common people and even people of the low social status.This is a real revolution in the Western literary history in which literary genres abide by a rather strict rule of levels of style.Although Parson Adams and Joseph are still comic roles,they are no longer minor characters,but the centre of the story.In this experiment of Fielding’s,the new novel has paved way to the more realistic representation of common people’s experiences in the19th century.5.Why do we say that Tristram Shandy is a strange and difficult novel?In what way does this novel anticipate the postmodern novel tendencies?Key:We have several reasons to call Tristram Shandy experimental and difficult. First,it is perhaps the first English novel that does not respect the plot’s time sequence.Second,the book is made difficult by Sterne with a lot of typographical oddities.And third,he has employed a lot of sexual jokes such as his own unfortunate accidents during his mother’s conception of him and later the doctor’s crushing of his nose.Sterne is the first novelist who anticipates the postmodern violation of the temporal sequence of a narrative.。

第4部分18世纪英国文学（1688-1780）一、填空题1.Henry Fielding has been regarded as“_____”,for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.（吉林大学2007研）【答案】Father of the English Novel【解析】亨利·菲尔丁被誉为“英国小说之父”。

2.A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift is a sharp_____against the social injustice in_____.（天津外国语学院2011研）【答案】satire,Ireland【解析】1729年斯威夫特发表的《一个温和的建议》是对英国政府对爱尔兰人民剥削压迫的极度讽刺。

这一宣传册建议爱尔兰的穷人把刚满一周岁的孩子卖给富人，富人可将孩子做成美餐，而穷人也将获得一笔收入。

3.The English novel began to prosper in18th century as a new literary genre.In this period there appeared a number of great novelists such as_____,Daniel Defoe, and_____.（天津外国语学院2011研）【答案】Jonathan Swift,Samuel Richardson【解析】18世纪英国文学的小说家主要有Defoe，Swift，Richardson，Fielding，Smollett and Sterne等。

4.Author:_____Title:_____.（南京大学2007研）At other times,the like battles have been fought between the Yahoos of several neighborhoods,without any visible cause:those of one district watching all opportunities to surprise the next,before they are prepared.But if they find their project has miscarried,they return home,and,for want of enemies,engage in what I call a civil war among themselves.【答案】Author:Jonathan Swift Title:Gulliver’s Travels【解析】题中文段节选自乔纳森的《格列佛游记》。

第7部分世纪末和现代主义文学（1880-1930）一、填空题1._____is the representative among the writers of aestheticism and decadence.The Picture of Dorian Gray is a typical decadent novel written by him.【答案】Oscar Wilde【解析】奥斯卡·王尔德（Oscar Wilde）是19世纪末英国唯美派剧作家、诗人、小说家和文学批评家。

《道林·格雷的画像》（The Picture of Dorian Gray）是王尔德最出色的作品，最为详细地阐述了他的颓废主义思想。

2.The Happy Prince and Other Tales and The House of Pomegranates are two collections of_____written by Oscar Wilde.【答案】children’s stories3.The reputation of_____rests largely on two of his novels:Animal Farm and_____.（大连外国语学院2008研）【答案】George Orwell Nineteen Eighty-four【解析】《1984》和《动物庄园》是英国作家乔治·奥威尔最负盛名的作品。

4.Through the military life experience of Guy,and disillusionment of his dream of elimination of the evils through just wars,Evelyn Waugh explores in his work, _____,the nature of war.【答案】Unconditional Surrender【解析】伊夫林·沃在小说《无条件投降》（Unconditional Surrender）写到，盖伊希望通过战争消除罪恶的梦想最终破灭，从而以此来探索自己对战争本质的认识。

第3章英国文艺复兴时期文学1. How did England become the most powerful country during the Tudor reign? Key: The Tudor reign reached its summit during the time of Queen Elizabeth (reigning 1558-1603), who adopted moderate policies to achieve a balance both between the rising middle class and the feudal lords and between the Protestants and the Catholics. It was a peaceful time and England became a powerful state. In 1588 the English navy defeated the Spanish invincible Armada and thus eliminated her most dangerous enemy on the high seas and in the world trade. English ships started to visit lands all over the world, including America and other distant countries. They brought home great wealth and fortunes and set up the first English colonies overseas as well.2. What does the word “Renaissance” mean and why do we call this historical period the English Renaissance Period?Key: Renaissance is a French wor d, meaning “rebirth” or “revival”, and in this particular context, it means the revival of arts and sciences of ancient Greece and Rome after the long years of neglect in the medieval time.In England, at first a great number of classical works were translated into English in the 15th and 16th centuries and English scholars and men of letters showed a strong interest in ancient Greek and Roman art and science. Theyfollowed in the wake of the intellectual and literary movement which began in the 14th century in Italy and later spread to France, Spain, Holland and other western European countries. This was usually called the Renaissance Movement in England and its ideal was Humanism.3. Give a brief account of Thomas More’s life and his major work Utopia.Key: Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) was the most prominent humanist of this period, and he was also a Parliament member and a judge by profession. He devoted his spare time to writing and wrote the famous book Utopia in Latin, which was published in 1516.In the book More meets a traveler at Antwerp, who has seen a place called Utopia, or “Land of Nowhere”, where communism is adopted as the social system, education is offered to all people, including women, and religious differences are tolerated. It presents Mo re’s ideal of the best possible government form. And since then the word “Utopia” has been used all over the world for ideals that are usually beyond human reach.4. Name Spenser’s major literary work and tell what it is about.Key: Spenser’s major litera ry work is The Faerie Queene.(1) It is an allegorical romance in verse. According to his plan, there should be 12 books, each telling the adventures of one knight dispatched by the Faerie Queen, Gloria, who represents glory in general and Queen Elizabeth in particular.(2) According to his contemporary thought, the virtuous man knows how to govern himself, and thus is qualified to govern others.(3) In the poem Spenser identifies the good ruler with the good man and emphasises the importance of education.(4) But Spenser only managed to finish six books, in which the six virtues of Truth, Temperance, Friendship, Justice, Chastity, and Courtesy are presented.5. Name more writers (poets and playwrights) of this period and tell what you know about them.Key: (List out some writers in this period and introduce their lives and major works according to the textbook.)6. What are Bacon’s chief contributions?Key: Bacon’s chief contributions are that he wrote many significant works, which have become great wealth of human being.7. Who was the greatest playwright before Shakespeare? Discuss one of his plays. Key: Christopher Marlowe was the greatest playwright before Shakespeare.The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus, written in blank verse, is Marlowe’s masterpiece. The story is taken from a medieval German legend, but Marlowe emphasizes humanistic ideals through Faustus’ pursuits. Fed up with the four subjects of medieval knowledge (theology, philosophy, medicine and law), heturns to magic to seek the supernatural. Finally he succeeds in raising Mephistophilis, the Devil’s servant and strikes a contract with him, by which Mephistophilis will satisfy his desires such as conjuring the spirit of Alexander the Great in a king’s court, marrying Helen of Greece, and so on. And in exchange for all these services done for him, he agrees to sell his soul to the Devil. He goes through endless spiritual and moral struggles between good and evil during his transaction with Mephistophilis. But, he also shows the Renaissance human spirit of pursuing knowledge and infinite power, as well as the courage to challenge fate and authority. Although Marlowe’s drama lacks variety of characterisation and construction, his success with the blank verse and his mighty dramatic lines mark him as the most important predecessor of Shakespeare.8. What kind of comedy is Ben Jonson’s special contribution? And as a playwright how different is Ben Jonson from Shakespeare?Key: “Comedy of humours”is Ben Jonson’s special contribution.He forms a nice contrast to Shakespeare. (1) Jonson’s theory of “humours” reduces his characters to types, who represent greed, vanity, falsehood, etc. They are flat, one-sided and have no development. Unlike him, Shakespeare digs deep into human nature and depicts the complexities of human relations. (2) Ben Jonson advocates classic Roman and Greek masters, strictly observes the three unities and disapproves of any mixture of the tragic with the comic, while Shakespeare creates according to his own judgment and the taste of theaudience, and is very flexible in his handling of drama rules set by his predecessors.Their differences were so obvious that later Samuel Johnson described one as the poet of art and the other as the poet of nature. However, Jonson could not but see the great talent in Shakespeare, and as a good playwright and a learned man himself, he also admired his rival.。

简明英国文学史问题及答案Quiz (1)1.The first settlers of the British Isles were Celt, and Britain got its name from a branch of thispeople called Briton. But later they were driven to live in Scotland, Wales and Ireland.不列颠群岛的第一批定居者是凯尔特人，Britain的叫法则就是来源于他们的一个叫做Briton（不列颠人）的分支。

但后来他们被驱赶到苏格兰，威尔士和爱尔兰居住。

2.The Angles, Saxons and Jutes were Germanic tribes originally living on the Continent. Theymoved to the British Isles and became the ancestors of the English people.盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人是最初居住在大陆的日耳曼部落。

他们搬到不列颠群岛，成为英国人的祖先。

3.The most important event of the Old English Period was Norman Conquest, which tookplace in the year 1066.古英语时期最重要的事件是1006年发生的诺尔曼征服。

4.The Roman Catholic Church sent St. Augustine to England in 597 to convert the Englishpeople to Catholicism.罗马天主教会于597年将圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰，使英国人皈依天主教。

/doc/f77344205.htmltwo poems of this period apart from Beowulf: Widsith, and The Seafarer.请列出这段时期的除了《贝奥武夫》两首诗：Widsith(威德西斯)和The Seafarer(水手) 6.Beowulf is an epic of Alliterative lines, andit tells the events that took place on theContinent before they moved to the British Isles.贝奥武甫（Beowulf）是一首头韵体裁的史诗，它讲述了在大陆迁移到不列颠群岛之前发生的事件。

第15章维多利亚时期小说家1.Choose to discuss one of Dickens’novels.Key:A Tale of Two Cities is a novel telling about individual destinies in a gigantic and turbulent social change like the French Revolution.The two cities referred in the title are Paris and London and the main characters shuttle between the two cities with the former as the center of all conflicts and dangers whereas the latter as the stronghold of safety and the final retreat of the victims of revolution. Unlike his other novels,this one adopts the basic tone of a romantic tale.This novel has always been well received mostly for its thrilling story and the dramatic depiction of characters.It is also good material for films and TV shows. In it we see clearly Dickens’profound sympathy for the exploited and oppressed French peasant class and the persecuted Doctor Manette.Besides the horrible rape and killing and the kidnapping of the innocent doctor to bury his whole life in prison,Dickens’strong accusation of the dissipated and cruel French aristocratic class is also shown in the famous episode of the marquis’carriage dashing through the small town and running over a poor child.Without even stopping,he throws a handful of coins out of the carriage and then orders the carriage to dash ahead,leaving the poor father howling with the dead boy in his arms.Although Dickens’sympathy is with the down-trodden French people,his attitude toward French Revolution is critical.In the novel,he depicts therevolutionary people of Paris as mobs who,guided by hatred,persecute and kill many people indiscriminately.They are described as mad with their intense desire of revenge.Madam Defarge is shown to sit in their inn knitting all day before the revolution.What she knits into the shawl is the names of those who will be sent to the guillotine as soon as they rise up to power.In the end,when trying to kill Darnay’s wife Lucie and their child,this mad woman is shot to death by Lucie’s old nurse in a very comic way.Dickens is not at all alone in abhorring the terror of the mobs after the French Revolution.Some critics criticise him for vilifying revolutionary masses as mad avengers like Madam Defarge.But we can defend him with his equal exposure and criticism in the novel of the cruelty of the French aristocracy.Dickens is, therefore,fully shown as a humanitarian writer advocating moderate reforms to better the society.2.Analyse Vanity Fair to show Thackeray’s thematic emphasis and novelistic style. Key:The sub-title of the book,“A Novel Without a Hero”emphasizes the fact that the writer’s intention was not to portray individuals,but the bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole.In Vanity Fair,Thackeray has produced a gallery of characters from different strata of the English bourgeois and aristocratic circles.Except for Amelia and Dobbin,all the others are negative in one way or another with Rebecca Sharp topping all in her unscrupulous maneuvers and greed.She has become a classicimage in English literature as well as in life to represent that category of people. However,she is also a victim of that vanity-fair kind of social life.Although his depiction of the positive character Amelia is comparatively weaker,Thackeray’s satirical power and depth in this masterpiece are universally acknowledged not only in his contemporary time,but for always.3.Discuss the romantic elements in Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights.Key:In Jane Eyre,the story is romantic in nature with realistic reflections of Victorian values and social problems.In recent years,critics are paying more attention to its natural images and fairy-tale sub-structures and its references to the Bible and other literary works,which is the element of inter-textuality shown in it.For instance,Jane’s marriage to Rochester,a wealthy man from a higher class,is suggestive of the fairy tale Cinderella.Starting from Jane’s Thornfield life till the end,the novel turns from realistic exposure of the Victorian society to a romantic love affair in an almost secluded country place where strong passion, hidden secret and even Gothic settings and unexpected turns of events replace the cruel but sober reality of life in the first part.Wuthering Heights tells a story of class persecution and revenge.Love in the novel is tragic,morbid and devastating.However,in some critics’mind, Wuthering Heights resembles one of the Gothic romances of the latter part of the 18th century,with its atmosphere of horror on the lonely moor remote from the outside world,and its melodramatic effects and fantastic motifs.ment on George Eliot and her novel Middlemarch.Key:George Eliot was a talented and diligent writer.She was plain,worked hard for accomplishment to win love from her family and friends.She was brave enough to pursue her true love with a married man.She had her own selfhood. Middlemarch is regarded as Eliot’s masterpiece.It is a multi-dimensioned presentation of the provincial life in a small town called Middlemarch.There are two main plot lines:one with Dorothea Brooke’s growth,her marriage and remarriage as its central story,and the other with Doctor Lydgate’s pursuit of his professional ambition and the shattering of his dreams by his wrong marriage and the small town politics.Dorothea is Eliot’s portrait of an honest and courageous woman,who is always sincere and sympathetic toward others and has a strong sense of duty where family,friends and society are concerned.Although she is too idealistic and simple at the start,and makes quite a number of mistakes in her judgment and choice of life,her noble heart and character strength guarantee that she takes lessons from her mistakes and goes on courageously to face life.Eliot describes her musical voice,which shows her as possessing feelings and passions, but at first she is blind to her own nature and obsessed entirely with her intellectual pursuit.But in her second marriage she is able to correct her own mistake.In choosing Ladislaw,an easygoing artist who does not pretend to be authority in any field,she lets her feelings take control.She is Eliot’s ideal ofwhat we should be,that is,a person with all the basic good qualities who develops and matures through life and whose noble and benevolent heart brings good to the community.。

第7章德莱顿与班扬1.Choose either Absalom and Achitophel or Mac Flecknoe and analyse it to show Dryden’s satirical power.Key:Mac Flecknoe is a parody of the heroic epic poem,a satire on Thomas Shadwell(c.1642-1692)who had had a number of different political,religious and literary views from Dryden’s and had openly criticised Dryden’s drama pieces as an abuse to the tradition handed down by Ben Jonson.The two were not on good terms for years.In this poem Dryden makes use of Richard Flecknoe(?-1678),an Irish poet and dramatist whom Dryden despised as dull and unaccomplished.The title “Mac Flecknoe”means“son of Flecknoe”,and the poem describes the coronation ceremony of Shadwell to succeed to the throne of his father Flecknoe to be the poorest and most dull poet of all times.The coronation parade passes through a very small area,which is to be the scope of the kingdom of Mac Flecknoe and all the guests attending the ceremony are cheating publishers and swindlers.Twelve owls fly overhead,which is a mock parody of the earliest Roman rulers who had12hawks to guide them to the site where they built up Rome. After the parade comes to an end,Flecknoe speaks to praise his small reign, boasts of his power,and wishes his son to do better than he.2.Why is Dryden called“Father of English Literary Criticism”?What are hisliterary views presented in Of Dramatick Poesie?Key:Dryden shows a certain preference for the English drama and a patriotic enthusiasm in defending the innovative achievements of English playwrights.He has shown foresight and good taste in his evaluation.Therefore,he is called “Father of English Literary Criticism”by Samuel Johnson.Of Dramatick Poesie(1668)is written in dialogues.On the day when celebrating the defeat of the Dutch on the sea by the English navy,four poets sailed on the Thames and discussed the comparative merits of English and French drama,as well as the merits of the old and new English drama.At first Dryden lets the characters emphasize the importance of following the Neoclassical model of French dramatists.But soon Neander,one charecter shows his partiality toward English drama,praising Shakespeare,Ben Jonson and some other English playwrights,and defends Dryden’s own heroic plays in which he adopts rhymed verse and mixing tragedy with comedy.He approves the breaking up of the ancient rules of three unities,and in this way he actually negates the principles held up by the French Neoclassicists.3.What kind of a writer is John Bunyan?Key:John Bunyan was born in a pious Puritan family.He received a little education at the local primary school.In1644his father died and his mother remarried not long afterward.Left by himself,he joined the Parliamentary Army at16to fight for the Puritan cause.Upon returning home,Bunyan took up thebusiness of a tinker and spent a lot of time reading the Bible.In1648,Bunyan married.His wife brought him two books:Plain Man’s Pathway to Heaven and Practice of Piety.They,together with the Bible and the Prayer Book formed the source of Bunyan’s learning and thought.Bunyan was a staunch Puritan.He fought resolutely for his belief and his Christian ideals,in which there was a strong humanistic spirit besides the religious doctrines.In the character Christian in The Pilgrim’s Progress,Bunyan praises the optimistic fighting spirit and the unyielding attitude in one’s pursuit of high goals.4.Discuss as well as you can The Pilgrim’s Progress.Key:Bunyan’s immortal work The Pilgrim’s Progress is a religious allegory.It tells a believer’s journey,or rather spiritual journey from this world to Heaven. One day,the writer falls asleep in the open and he has a dream.In the dream he sees a man named Christian standing in the field.There is a heavy bag(his sin)on his back and he is reading a book(the Bible),in which he learns that soon great disasters will befall the city he is living in.The city is called the City of Destruction (the Earth).He appeals to Heaven as to what he should do.At this time an evangelist comes and tells him to leave his home and embark on a journey to the Celestial City(Heaven).Christian goes home and tries to persuade his family members and neighbors to leave with him,but fails.He goes on this journey alone.On the way to the Celestial City,Christian meets with lots of difficulties anddangers.Finally,they see a high hill and angels are waiting for them at the gate of Heaven.Bunyan lived in a very turbulent era.Through Christian’s experiences and mental struggles,Bunyan discusses everyday problems and concerns of his contemporaries in simple and eloquent prose.This explains the extreme popularity it has since enjoyed.In the character Christian,Bunyan praises the optimistic fighting spirit and the unyielding attitude in one’s pursuit of high goals.It is not strange that The Pilgrim’s Progress became a book owned by almost every family in England for two following centuries,a record perhaps only next to the Bible itself.Quiz:I.Choose one correct answer from the four offers given after each of the following sentences or questions:(15%)1.Who was the leader of the Puritan Revolution of England?A.John LilburneB.Oliver CromwelltonD.Charles IIKey:B2.Who was executed as the enemy of the English people after the victory of theBourgeois Revolution?A.James IIB.Queen ElizabethC.Charles IID.Charles IKey:D3.The Glorious Revolution took place in the year of_____.A.1660B.1688C.1642D.1649Key:B4.The Bible was translated under the reign of_____and published in_____.A.King James I,1611B.King Charles I,1625C.King James II,1688D.King Charles II,1660Key:A5.In the early17th century there was a group of court poets represented by JohnSuckling,Robert Herrick,etc.who were called_____.A.metaphysical poetsB.cavalier poetsC.satirical poetsD.lyrical poetsKey:Bton’s poem Lycidas is a(n)_____and his Paradise Lost is writ in_____.A.epic,heroic coupletB.pastoral poem,sonnetC.lyrical poem,rhymed verseD.elegy,blank verseKey:D7.Metaphysical poets are noted for their use of_____.A.blank verseB.conceitsC.alliterationD.typographyKey:B8.In the Restoration Period,drama revived mainly because_____.。

第11章华兹华斯与柯勒律治l. What was the historical situation that nurtured the English Romanticism? Key: The end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century witnessed profound and gigantic social changes in England. (1)With the development of Capitalism, a new proletarian class also gradually came into being. The working people lived in poverty, exploited mercilessly by the capitalists, and class conflicts thus aggravated to an unprecedented degree.(2)Besides domestic contradictions, England’s relationships in the last phase of the 18th century with Ireland, Scotland and her colonies in North America also became critical. (3)In the first half of the 19th century, Britain had to constantly adjust her home and foreign policies and to carry out reforms to solve one crisis after another, in the process of which a strong industrial and imperialist country was gradually consolidated. English Romanticism rose among all the social conflicts and at first was very much inspired by the French Revolution.2. Who are the representatives of English Romantic Poetry? And how are they generally grouped?Key: The representatives of English Romantic Poetry include William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats.In the literary world of the Western countries a usual way of dividing these romantic poets is to categorize Wordsworth and Coleridge as Passive Romanticists who withdrew from the upheavals of the outside world to dwell in the quiet Lake District of England, and they are also called the Lake School or the Lake Poets. Byron and Shelley are categorized as representatives of the Active Romanticists, who engaged themselves more directly in the struggles and revolutions both at home and abroad.3. Say what you know about Wordsworth’s life and his ideas about poetry. Key: William Wordsworth was born in a small village located on the edge of the Lake District of England. He received formal schooling from a neighbouring infants’ school, and then moved to grammar school in the town Hawkshead. His days spent in this school were very important to him. It was during this period that he not only did serious studies, but also came across a broad range of literature. In 1787 Wordsworth was admitted to Cambridge and attended St. John’s College there. He finished the program and received his B.A. degree in 1791. It was during his study at Cambridge that he started the habit of taking long walks through the country, and in the summer of 1790, accompanied by a friend he even took a walking tour through France, Switzerland and Italy.Wordsworth was very sympathetic with the cause of the French Revolution. Soon the indiscriminate killings of the French Revolution spread terrors all over Europe, and Wordsworth’s attitude toward this revolution changed to a rathernegative one.Wordsworth got married in October of 1802 with Mary Hutchinson, his old schoolmate and long-time friend, and he had 5 children by her.His friendship with Coleridge was terminated in 1810, for which neither of them was truly to blame. And then came the years of his low productivity. He lived the rest of his life in solitude, enjoyed the care and attention of his sister and his wife, but did not stop receiving visitors. In 1812 he went to London and became reconciled with Coleridge. Starting from 1814 he took a number of tours with his family and friends and in 1839 Oxford University conferred a honorary degree on him. In 1843 he succeeded Robert Southey as poet laureate of England. After seven years of laureateship, Wordsworth died in 1850.Wordsworth held that poetry “is the spontaneous overflow of powerful fe elings…”.4. Choose two of Wordsworth’s poems and analyse them with your own perceptions.Key: “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”, written in 1804, describes the poet’s own experience based on his recollection in tranquility. In the poem Wordsworth sings of the harmony between things in nature and the harmony between nature and the poet himself. It is written in iambic tetrameter, with the rhyme scheme of “ababcc” in each stanza.“Michael” is a pastoral poem, but this 19th-century pastoral is the oppositeof the pastoral in the traditional English or Greek sense. The poet here presents not the false happy Arcadian pictures of shepherds and shepherdesses, but a sad story of a real shepherd Michael of the Lake District whose peaceful and stable life is destroyed by the encroachment of capitalist development of economy. Of all the poems of solitary people, “Michael” is the one with the greatest dignity. Michael loses with noble forbearance, and the poem is a protest against the city as symbol of evil, the place that ruins his son Luke, and consequently ruins his whole family and heritage.5. Give an account of Coleridge’s life and his literary achievements.Key: Samuel Taylor Coleridge was the son of a country vicar. He was precocious and started reading when only 3 years of age. In early childhood he had read the Bible, Robinson Crusoe and many other books. After his father died, Coleridge was sent to a charity school in London and studied there for 8 years. Then he went to the Jesus College of Cambridge, but in 1794 he ran away from a debt he could not pay. He joined the army and served in a regiment for only 4 months. His brother discovered him and took him back to Cambridge. Before the year drew to its end, Coleridge left school again and for good without taking a degree.In 1795 Coleridge came to know Wordsworth and saw in the latter the best poet of the age. In the planning of Lyrical Ballads, their friendship deepened. In 1798 they went to Germany together and Coleridge stayed to study German literature and philosophy. He kept in close contact with Wordsworth and wrotehis best poems during this period.Coleridge was also a literary critic, good at giving lectures. He was the first critic of the Romantic school. Coleridge was a highly gifted man but a great dreamer. He became an opium-eater owing to some neurotic pain. As with Wordsworth, he became more and more conservative as years went on.His major works include “The Rime of the A ncient Mariner”, “Kubla Khan”, “Christabel” and Biographia Literaria, etc.6. Tell the story of “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” and try to analyse its romantic features.Key: The story goes like this: An old sailor stopped one of the three men on their way to a wedding. He then related a sea adventure of his, which is filled with horror. He said that when the ship he was on board approached the South Pole, a white albatross came through the snow-fog to perch on the rigging. The old mariner was impulsive and killed it without any reason. This brought a great misfortune to the crew, who died one after another of thirst as punishment of the old sailor’s random cruelty. The spell was lifted only after he repented and the ship was finally driven back to England.Although it is supernatural in content, Coleridge succeeds in giving it a sense of reality with the details of sea life and sailing such as the description of the immensity of the sea, its fresh breath, seething foam, the horrible snow- fog, the blood-red sun, the helpless tossing of the sailors dying of starvation and thirstand its horrible atmosphere…all of these, at the same time, show the romantic features of this work.。

刘意青《简明英国文学史》配套题库【章节题库】（3-4章）【圣才出品】第3部分17世纪英国文学（1616-1688）一、填空题1.“With its hero traveling into different places with different companions the story discusses the features of each stage of human life.”（武汉大学2010研）Answer:“_____”by_____【答案】Pilgrim’s Progress;John Bunyan2.John Donne and his followers wrote what would later be called_____—complex highly intellectual verse filled with metaphors.（南开大学2008研；南开大学2007研）【答案】Metaphysical poetry【解析】约翰·多恩是英国十七世纪玄学派诗人，玄学派诗歌以奇特的意象和独具匠心的暗喻著称。

3.John Bunyan,a village tinker,with his strength and sincerity inscribed his name in the English literary history by his famous work_____written in the old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.（天津外国语2010研）【答案】Pilgrim’s Progress【解析】约翰·班扬的代表作《天路历程》被誉为“英国文学中最著名的寓言”。

4.The main part of the title of the novel Vanity Fair,or A Novel without A Hero istaken from the English writer_____’s work_____.（国际关系学院2009研）【答案】John Bunyan;The Pilgrim’s Progress【解析】《名利场》是萨克雷的代表作，该书名字来自于班扬的《天路历程》。

刘意青《简明英国文学史》模拟试题及详解（一）【圣才出品】刘意青《简明英国文学史》模拟试题及详解（一）I. Fill in the blanks1. Henry Fielding has been regarded as “_____”, for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.【答案】Father of the English Novel【解析】亨利?菲尔丁被誉为“英国小说之父”。

2. _____ is generally considered to be Chauce r’s masterpiece.【答案】The Canterbury Tales【解析】《坎特伯雷故事集》被公认为是乔叟的代表作。

3. John Bunyan, a village tinker, with his strength and sincerity inscribed his name in the English literary history by his famous work _____ written in the old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.【答案】Pilgrim’s Progress【解析】约翰·班扬的代表作《天路历程》被誉为“英国文学中最著名的寓言”。

4. Heathcliff and Catherine are characters in _____ written by _____.【答案】Wuthering Heights, Emily Bront?【解析】Heathcliff和Catherine是英国小说家Emily Bront?小说《呼啸山庄》中的人物。

5. Pip is a character in _____.【答案】Great Expectations【解析】Pip是英国作家Charles Dickens的小说《远大前程》中的主角。

新乡豫新发电有限责任公司规章制度发布通知2009年第34号《新乡豫新发电有限责任公司绩效工资考核发放管理暂行办法》，已于二00九年四月八目通过，现予发布，自发布之日起施行。

总经理2009年4月8日规章制度控制表新乡豫新发电有限责任公司绩效工资考核发放管理暂行办法1 目的在明确绩效工资计提标准的基础上，建立公司月度综合计划考核结果与部门、员工收入挂钩机制，并加强日常管理考核工作，增强薪酬激励的及时性和有效性，实现员工利益和企业利益的统一，促进公司全面协调持续发展。

2 适应范围公司属各部门在职在岗员工。

3 职责3.1 绩效考核领导小组3.1.1 公司设立绩效考核领导小组，主任由总经理担任，副主任由其他公司领导成员担任，总经理工作部、人事劳动部、财务部、经营管理部、监察审计部、生产管理部、市场营销部、安全监察部、党群工作部的负责人为成员。

绩效考核领导小组负责对各部门重点工作任务和综合计划指标开展情况进行及时跟踪分析、考核和反馈。

3.1.2 各职能部门设立由部门领导和员工代表组成的绩效考核工作小组，负责制定本部门的考核实施细则，并组织实施。

3.2 经营管理部根据分公司下达的月度综合计划编制、下达公司月度综合计划。

3.3 绩效管理委员会的九个职能部门按照《新乡豫新发电有限责任公司月度综合计划管理制度》中管理职责的规定积极开展工作，协助配合经营管理部做好月度综合计划的编制和考核工作，并做好本部门所属管理制度的实施与考核工作。

3.4 人事劳动部负责下达各部门月度绩效工资基数，并根据各职能部门的考核结果兑现各部门月度绩效工资。

4 绩效工资计提标准月度绩效工资基数的计提标准：按核定的各部门当月实际全部在岗员工的岗位工资加技能工资乘以相应的比例，再加上岗位工资的100%计提。

部门中层人员基数＝(J+G)×40%+G×100%;部门主管人员基数＝(J+G)×35%+G×100%;部门其他人员基数＝(J+G)×30%+G×100%;其中：J -- 技能工资G -- 岗位工资三个层级人员的计提基数相加为本部门的当月绩效考核工资基数。

五、简答题1.Please interpret Jane Austen’s novel Mansfield Park with“education”as a central concern.（北航2015研）Key:Like other Austen novels,this one is concerned with a young woman striving to find her place in society through individual development.Fanny comes from a poor family but is being raised by her rich aunt and uncle.Fanny has to determine her status by marrying,but only based on her character.The novel explores the issue about whether“nature”—one’s innate qualities—or“nurture”—the environment in which one is raised—is the primary determinant of character. Fanny’s virtue and her cousins,Mary and Henry Crawford’s vice seem to suggest that city life promotes vice and inhibits one’s moral development,while growing up in a country house exposes a child to all that is good.Virtue is finally rewarded in this world,and it is the primary determinant of an individual’s eventual fate.2.Based on“Death of the Laird’s Jock”and“The Tapestried Chamber”, discuss Sir Walter Scott’s art of short story structuring,paying special attention to how the way the story is told heightens the effect of the story.（武汉大学2011研）Key:Sir Walter Scott’s short story is romantic in imagination and his special short story structuring contributes a lot to the mysterious atmosphere of the story.In both“Death of the Laird’s Jock”and“The Tapestried Chamber”,SirWalter Scott tells his story in a narrative style.At first he gives all the background information of the story,which gives the story a general historical setting.And next,through some clues,he tells the strange phenomenon in the story for the reader to imagine,which adds the mysterious atmosphere to the story.Then,Sir Walter Scott tries to reveal the answer through the story itself and finally,he gives his own opinions of the story.3.Describe and make a comment on the following character in about50words: Emma Woodhouse(from Emma).（厦门大学2012研）Key:Emma Woodhouse is a beautiful girl of a rich family.She is happy,clever,and headstrong and is inordinately fond of matchmaking.But she herself is oblivious to the question of whom she might marry.Through this comedy of sentimental education,she discovers a capacity for love and marriage.4.Summarize Puritans’beliefs.（北航2011研）Key:The Puritans are seen as a society of prudish and extremely strict Christians who possess rigid orthodox and disciplined rules and beliefs,and live their lives according to the Holy Bible.The puritans believe in leading a simple and plain life, according to the most supreme scriptures of God,the Bible.They believe that their destinies are predetermined by God in terms of the soul that will be saved. They also believe that reading the Bible is the only way to reach the true salvation. Original sin,total depravity,and limited atonement,from God’s grace are theirbeliefs,too.5.What historical events combined to bring about the European Renaissance? Which word best sums up the values and ideals of the European Renaissance?（西安交大2008研）Key:(1)European Renaissance was stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture,the new discovery in geography and astronomy,the religious reformation and the economic expansion.(2)Humanism best sums up the values and ideals of the European Renaissance.European Renaissance is a historical period in which humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas.By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of present life,the humanists voiced the assertion of the greatness of man,which was the cornerstone of the Renaissance philosophy.6.How many books does Paradise Lost consist of?Who are the four main characters in the epic,and what are the respective relations between them?（人大2006研）Key:Paradise Lost consists of ten books,the main characters in which are Satan, God,Adam and Eve.Satan and God are enemies.Adam and Eve are the first man and woman made by God.But seduced by Satan,they ate the fruits on the tree ofthe knowledge of good and evil,which annoyed God,finally were banished from the Garden of Eden.7.Please explain the theme of reconciliation in William Shakespeare’s play The Tempest;please also show your understanding of the development of Shakespeare’s thoughts by comparing this play with Hamlet.（北航2015研）Key:An examination of the major character Prospero can show that there is little true forgiveness and reconciliation.After years of banishment,Prospero finally seizes the opportunity to revenge on his brother,who usurped his throne,by putting the men through the agony of false death of Prince ter it is Ariel’s plea that convinces Prospero to end their misery.Prospero feels free to forgive those who sinned against him only after he has emerged triumphant and has seen the men,now mournful and"penitent",pay for their transgressions. Alonso’s brief and conciliatory“pardon me”is reluctant and perfunctory.And there is clearly no reconciliation amongst Prospero,Sebastian,and Antonio. Shakespeare’s thoughts of revenge seem to be more temperate here compared with Hamlet in terms of the ending.8.Why is Alexander Pope known as representative of the Enlightenment?（国际关系学院2007研）Key:Alexander Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism into England. He believed in the necessity of universal education,especially that of socialmorality,classic culture and scientific knowledge.He also assumed the role of champion of traditional civilization:of reason,classical learning,sound art,good taste and public virtue,and undertook it as his duty to“correct”and enlighten people through his poetry.His“Essay on Man”is an important work of enlightenment.9.In what way is the West Wind both a destroyer and a preserver in Shelly’s Ode to the West Wind?（南京大学2007研）Key:The poet describes vividly the activities of the west wind on the earth,in the sky and on the sea,and then expresses his envy for the boundless freedom of the west wind,and his wish to be free like the wind and to scatter his words among humankind.The west wind is the destroyer as it is turbulent and strong and destroys the wide spread vegetation.It drives the last signs of life from the trees. It is the preserver as it brings life to the dead atmosphere,and it scatters the seeds which will come to life in the spring.The west wind enjoys boundless freedom and has the power to spread messages far and wide.10.Please comment on T.S.Eliot’s poem“The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock”, concerning both its themes and its style.（北航2015研）Key:The poem is an examination of the tortured psyche of the prototypical modern man—overeducated,eloquent,neurotic,and emotionally stilted.Prufrock,the poem’s speaker,seems to be addressing a potential lover,withwhom he would like to“force the moment to its crisis”by somehow consummating their relationship.But Prufrock knows too much of life to “dare”an approach to the woman.The poem is a variation on the dramatic monologue,a type of poem popular with Eliot’s predecessors.Eliot modernizes the form by removing the implied listeners and focusing on Prufrock’s interiority and isolation.The epigraph to this poem,from Dante’s Inferno,describes Prufrock’s ideal listener:one who is as lost as the speaker and will never betray to the world the content of Prufrock’s present confessions.11.Describe and make a comment on the following characters in about50words:Pip(from:Great Expectations)（厦门大学2011研）Key:Pip(Philip),an orphan and the protagonist of Great Expectations, throughout his childhood,have thought that he is going to be trained as a blacksmith,but with Magwith’s anonymous patronage,Pip travels to London and tries to learn to be a gentleman.Pip is a confused character constantly seeking his own identity,but he seems never to understand who he is or where he is going in life.The different stages of childhood,adolescence,and adulthood are important factors in this story.Growing from a young boy into adulthood,Pip develops into an adult who is more understanding of others and develops his own identity.。

刘意青《简明英国文学史》配套题库【章节题库】（18世纪英国文学（1688-1780））第4部分18世纪英国文学（1688-1780）填空题1. Henry Fielding has been r egarded as “_____”, for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel. （吉林大学2007研）【答案】Father of the English Novel【解析】亨利?菲尔丁被誉为“英国小说之父”。

2. A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift is a sharp _____ against the social injustice in _____. （天津外国语学院2011研）【答案】satire,Ireland【解析】1729年斯威夫特发表的《一个温和的建议》是对英国政府对爱尔兰人民剥削压迫的极度讽刺。

这一宣传册建议爱尔兰的穷人把刚满一周岁的孩子卖给富人，富人可将孩子做成美餐，而穷人也将获得一笔收入。

3. The English novel began to prosper in 18th century as a new literary genre. In this period there appeared a number of great novelists such as _____, Daniel Defoe, and _____. （天津外国语学院2011研）【答案】Jonathan Swift,Samuel Richardson【解析】18世纪英国文学的小说家主要有Defoe, Swift, Richardson, Fielding, Smollett and Sterne等。

4. Author: _____ Title: _____. （南京大学2007研）At other times, the like battles have been fought between theYahoos of several neighborhoods, without any visible cause: those of one district watching all opportunities to surprise the next, before they are prepared. But if they find their project has miscarried, they return home, and, for want of enemies, engage in what I call a civil war among themselves.【答案】Author: Jonathan Swift. Title: Gullive r’s Travels【解析】题中文段节选自乔纳森的《格列佛游记》。

第8章古典主义时期1.What are the essential features of Neoclassicism in the18th-century England? Key:(1)Glorious Revolution happened at the end of17th Century.With the firmly established political power of the middle class,capitalism flourished rapidly in England,especially after1769in which year James Watt(1736-1819)invented the steam engine.(2)To match the rapid development of economy,there emerged in Britain a number of great thinkers of social sciences.(3)London and many other cities soon became big metropolises and a working class was also being formed during the process.(4)People of the18th-century England attached great importance to Reason and joined in the great Enlightenment Movement.(5)However,when science and reason were promoted,religion felt threatened. the major Neoclassic representative writers of this period and introduce their major achievements.Key:The Age of Classicism,or rather of Neoclassicism,in English Literary History refers to the literary trend in the first half of the18th century.The new literature reached its peak with strong concentration and vigour,of which Alexander Pope was its central figure.Besides Pope,Swift was also its outstanding representative. The two writers are great masters of satire and poetry in heroic couplet,which are the most prominent achievements of English Neoclassicism.Pope’s major achievements lie in his representative works such as The Rapeof the Lock,On Literary Criticism,The Dunciad,An Essay on Man and Translations of Homer,etc.Jonathan Swift’s major works include The Battle of the Books(1704),A Tale of a Tub(1704),Bickerstaff Almanac(1708),Gulliver’s Travels(1726),The Drapier’s Letters(1726)and A Modest Proposal(1729),etc.ment on Pope’s literary contributions.Key:When Pope died in1744the Neoclassicism as a literary trend to represent the Enlightenment Movement in England had ebbed toward its end.But,as a great satirist and master of language and an ingenious poet who had brought the heroic couplet to its perfection,Alexander Pope has acquired an immortal place in the history of English literature.4.Analyse Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels.Key:Gulliver’s Travels is the work that has made Swift known all over the world, which is not a real novel in the modern sense,but rather a satirical allegory that tells improbable and fantastic events with the purpose of criticising his contemporary reality.The novel consists of Lemuel Gulliver’s four travels, arranged in4books.Gulliver was a physician,but could not earn enough money in London to support his family.Therefore,he found a doctor’s position on a ship to sail overseas.The first two travels,that is Gulliver’s adventures in Lilliput, the country of tiny men and Brobdingnag,the country of the giants,are the mostwidely-read parts of the book,and they are often adapted into reading material or cartoons for children and young readers.The third and fourth adventures are more philosophical and demanding and,as a result,they are less known to the general reading public,but are dearly liked by serious and mature readers.Gulliver’s Lilliput experience is aimed at criticising the English government and exposing the political and religious problems of England.In Book II,he introduces England proudly to the king of Brobdingnag,boasting about its law system,and the wars fought in the English history,and recommends weapons of all kinds to be very effective reigning tools to the Brobdingnag king,who is surprised by the cruelty and meanness of races like Gulliver’s.In both Books I and II,Swift displays to the full his rich imagination,by playing with the smallness of the Lilliputians and the giant figures of the Brobdingnag people against Gulliver and achieves many fantastically humourous and satirical effects.In the third and fourth books,Gulliver experiences even more unbelievable adventures.In the third one,that is Gulliver’s adventure in the country of the Flying Island,Swift fulfills the task set to him by the Scriblerus Club to expose and ridicule false learning,and he did so to a burlesque degree.For instance,people on the Flying Island do not know how to live a good and normal life.They are solely interested in mathematics and music.In consequence,they wear ill-fitting clothes decorated with music notes and geometry shapes.On land below,the scientists in the Academy of Lagado,a colony of the Flying Island,are all engaged in the most impossible experiments,such as to extract sunshine from cucumbers,to restore food from human excrement,and to build houses from top to the bottom.Through such bitter attacks on modern science Swift intended to ridicule all the false learning of his time.But,here we must notice that as a staunch Christian of the Church of England,Swift was also worried about the encroaching of science into the spiritual scope of human beings.He was trying at the same time to give warnings to those who are overly enthusiastic about the omnipotence of science at the expense of human love and humanistic spirit.In this book,he also criticises early imperialist ventures of England.The fourth book has been generally regarded as the most shocking of the four,because in it Swift describes men as so low and depraved that they are made to serve the horses.His last adventure brings Gulliver to the country of horses,or of the Houyhnhnms,and here he sees an animal of human shape called yahoo.The yahoos are filthy beasts of strong passion with hair covering a human body.Their masters are horses with good manners,clean living habits and absolute reason.They live in wood houses and eat hay,fruits,and vegetables.In contrast to the horse masters,yahoos are chained in a dirty yard when they are not doing any work of the beasts of burden.They eat rotten meat,dead mice and frog,sleep wallowing in the mud and often fall to fighting each other over the most trivial things.What is more,the yahoos are all fond of colored stones,which, if found by a yahoo,will be hidden like treasures,and yahoos all the time fight each other over the possession of them.Here,Swift is referring to those European imperialists who go overseas to plunder wealth of other countries.Thegray horse that Gulliver stays with points out the similarities of his guest to his yahoos,but because Gulliver is dressed,the horse master finally believes him to be different.Here,Swift makes Gulliver number to the horse master all the wars, cheatings,the dissipation of the life of the rich and the dire poverty of the poor, and tell all other sorts of ill maneuvers of the Europeans to the horse master.He boasts of his fellow human beings’crimes of plunder and killing,which shocks the horses to the extreme.By portraying human beings as depraved and disgusting yahoos and setting them against the noble horses that are guided by reason,Swift is launching the most severe attack on humanity and the European reality.But on the other hand,he is also criticising absolute reason represented by the cool-headed horses,who never have problems caused by love or passion.In the fourth book,Swift’s attack is,first of all,aimed at his fellow men who have fallen so low that Swift wants to use yahoos to shock them into realising their depravity.Because of this,for a long time,he is criticised as a misanthropist who hates human race to the point of eulogising the horses as their betters. However,on the other hand,by presenting Gulliver’s crazy worship of reason in the form of the horse in the most burlesque way,Swift is also criticising absolute reason.What he advocates is,man of Christian faith and benevolence.Such people can guide their own behaviour with Christian morals,and be free from selfish desires and passion on the one hand,but on the other hand they are by no means as cold and indifferent as absolute reason advocates. two important newspapers of the period and tell what you know about them.Key:The Tatler(1709-1711)and The Spectator(1711-1712)were two important newspapers of the period.At first,it was Steele who started The Tatler,coming out three issues a week to carry the domestic and foreign news,poetry and drama,and there were some special columns like“From My Own Apartment”,to which Swift made frequent contributions.Pretending to be a Mr.Isaac Bickerstaff whose comments on restoration plays were sharp literary criticism.There was also a main persona Mr. Tatler who discussed all kinds of social,political and literary topics with his readers.It was a newspaper very much in the satirical style of Swift and focused on the didactic aim of educating the populace.Due to Steele’s lack of subtlety, The Tatler on the whole was short of literary flavor and sometimes offended people,and thus its popularity gradually dwindled.In January1711,The Tatler had to terminate its publication.Two months later with Addison joining Steele The Spectator was born.It was a daily newspaper with only one essay per issue,all of which were almost totally written by Addison and Steele themselves,and Addison,rather than Steele, influenced both its style and the content.The main character Mr.Spectator discussed,for instance,what he had seen when traveling on the Continent, commenting on issues of a broad scale.Many of the articles were of an enlightening nature and thus met with the eager popular demand for knowledge。

why do we say that the victorian age was one of great changes?The Victorian era is generally agreed to stretch through the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901). It was a tremendously exciting period when many artistic styles, literary schools, as well as, social, political and religious movements flourished. It was a time of prosperity, broad imperial expansion, and great political reform. It was also a time, which today we associate with "prudishness" and "repression". Without a doubt, it was an extraordinarily complex age, that has sometimes been called the Second English Renaissance. It is, however, also the beginning of Modern Times.The social classes of England were newly reforming, and fomenting.There was a churning upheaval of the old hierarchical order, and the middle classes were steadily growing. Added to that, the upper classes' composition was changing from simply hereditary aristocracy to a combination of nobility and an emerging wealthy commercial class. The definition of what made someone a gentleman or a lady was, therefore, changing at what some thought was an alarming rate. By the end of the century, it was silently agreed that a gentleman was someone who had a liberal public (private) school education (preferably at Eton, Rugby, or Harrow), no matter what his antecedents might be. There continued to be a large and generally disgruntled working class, wanting and slowly getting reform and change.Conditions of the working class were still bad, though, through the century, three reform bills gradually gave the vote to most males over the age of twenty-one. Contrasting to that was the horrible reality of child labor which persisted throughout the period. When a bill was passed stipulating that children under nine could not work in the textile industry, this in no way applied to other industries, nor did it in any way curb rampant teenaged prostitution.The Victorian Era was also a time of tremendous scientific progress and ideas. Darwin took his Voyage of the Beagle, and posited the Theory of Evolution. The Great Exhibition of 1851 took place in London, lauding the technical and industrial advances of the age, and strides in medicine and the physical sciences continued throughout the century. The radical thought associated with modern psychiatry began with men like Sigmund Feud toward the end of the era, and radical economic theory, developed by Karl Marx and his associates, began a second age of revolution in mid-century. The ideas of Marxism, socialism, feminism churned and bubbled along with all else that happened.The "prudishness" and "repressiveness" that we associate with this era is, I believe, a somewhat erroneous association. Though, people referred to arms and legs as limbs and extremities, and many other things that make us titter, it is, in my opinion, because they had a degree of modesty and a sense of propriety that we hardly understand today. The latest biographies of Queen Victoria describe her and her husband, Albert, of enjoying erotic art, and certainly we know enough about the Queen from the segment on her issue, to know that she did not in anyway shy away from the marriage bed. The name sake of this period was hardly a prude, but having said that, it is necessary to understand that the strictures and laws for 19th Century Society were so much more narrow and defined that they are today, that we must see this era as very codified and strict. Naturally, to an era that takes more liberties, this would seem harsh and unnatural.Culturally, the novel continued to thrive through this time.Its importance to the era could easily be compared to the importance of the plays of Shakespeare for the Elizabethans.Some of the great novelists of the time were: Sir Walter Scott, Emily, Anne, and Charlotte Bronte, Anthony Trollope, George Eliot, Oscar Wilde, and, of course, Charles Dickens. That is not to say that poetry did not thrive - it did with the works of the Brownings, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, the verse of Lewis Carroll and Rudyard Kipling.An art movement indicative of this period was the Pre-Raphaelites, which included William Holman Hunt, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Christina Rossetti, and John Everett Millais. Also during this period were the Impressionists, the Realists, and the Fauves, though the Pre-Raphaelites were distinctive for being a completely English movement.As stated in the beginning, the Victorian Age was an extremely diverse and complex period. It was, indeed, the precursor of the modern era. If one wishes to understand the world today in terms of society, culture, science, and ideas, it is imperative to study this era.what's being Victorian?Being Vitorian suggests practices of prudery,false modesty and empty respectability,all of which came from the exaggeratedVictorian notion of the high standards of decency. People avoided talking about sex. And many writers expose the age's hypocrisy in their novel to champion honesty,sincerity and humanitarian love in human relationships.Choose to discuss one of Dickens' novels.A Tale of Two CitiesThemesThe Ever-Present Possibility of ResurrectionWith A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens asserts his belief in the possibility of resurrection and transformation, both on a personal level and on a societal level. The narrative suggests that Sydney Carton’s death secures a new, peaceful life for Lucie Manette, Charles Darnay, and even Carton himself. By delivering himself to the guillotine, Carton ascends to the plane of heroism, becoming a Christ-like figure whose death serves to save the lives of others. His own life thus gains meaning and value. Moreover, the final pages of the novel suggest that, like Christ, Carton will be resurrected—Carton is reborn in the hearts of those he has died to save. Similarly, the text implies that the death of the old regime in France prepares the way for the beautiful and renewed Paris that Carton supposedly envisions from the guillotine. Although Carton spends most of the novel in a life of indolence and apathy, the supreme selflessness of his final act speaks to a human capacity for change. Although the novel dedicates much time to describing the atrocities committed both by the aristocracy and by the outraged peasants, it ultimately expresses the belief that this violence will give way to a new and better society.Dickens elaborates his theme with the character of Doctor Manette. Early on in the novel, Lorry holds an imaginary conversation with him in which he says that Manette has been “recalled to life.” As this statement implies, the doctor’s eighteen-year imprisonment has constituted a death of sorts. Lucie’s love enables Manette’s spiritual renewal, and her maternal cradling of him on her breast reinforces this notion of rebirth.The Necessity of SacrificeConnected to the theme of the possibility of resurrection is the notion that sacrifice is necessary to achieve happiness. Dickens examines this second theme, again, on both a national and personal level. For example, the revolutionaries prove that a new, egalitarian French republic can come about only with a heavy and terrible cost—personal loves and loyalties must be sacrificed for the good of the nation. Also, when Darnay is arrested for the second time, in Book the Third, Chapter 7, the guard who seizes him reminds Manette of the primacy of state interests over personal loyalties. Moreover, Madame Defarge gives her husband a similar lesson when she chastises him for his devotion to Manette—an emotion that, in her opinion, only clouds his obligation to the revolutionary cause. Most important, Carton’s transformation into a man of moral worth depends upon his sacrificing of his former self. In choosing to die for his friends, Carton not only enables their happiness but also ensures his spiritual rebirth.The Tendency Toward Violence and Oppression in RevolutionariesThroughout the novel, Dickens approaches his historical subject with some ambivalence. While he supports the revolutionary cause, he often points to the evil of the revolutionaries themselves. Dickens deeply sympathizes with the plight of the French peasantry and emphasizes their need for liberation. The several chapters that deal with the Marquis Evrémonde successfully paint a picture of a vicious aristocracy that shamelessly exploits and oppresses the nation’s poor. Although Dickens condemns this oppression, however, he also condemns the peasants’strategies in overcoming it. For in fighting cruelty with cruelty, the peasants effect no true revolution; rather, they only perpetuate the violence that they themselves have suffered. Dickens makes his stance clear in his suspicious and cautionary depictions of the mobs. The scenes in which the people sharpen their weapons at the grindstone and dance the grisly Carmagnole come across as deeply macabre. Dickens’s most concise and relevant view of revolution comes in the final chapter, in which he notes the slippery slope down from the oppressed to the oppressor: “Sow the same seed of rapacious license and oppression over again, and it will surely yield the same fruit according to its kind.” Though Dickens sees the French Revolution as a great symbol of transformation and resurrection, he emphasizes that its violent means were ultimately antithetical to its end.SymbolsThe Broken Wine CaskWith his depiction of a broken wine cask outside Defarge’s wine shop, and with his portrayal of the passing peasants’ sc rambles to lap up the spilling wine, Dickens creates a symbol for the desperate quality of the people’s hunger. This hunger is both the literal hunger for food—the French peasants were starving in their poverty—and the metaphorical hunger for political freedoms. On the surface, the scene shows the peasants in their desperation to satiate the first of these hungers. But it also evokes the violent measures that the peasants take in striving to satisfy their more metaphorical cravings. For instance, the narrative directly associates the wine with blood, noting that some of the peasants have acquired “a tigerish smear about the mouth” and portraying a drunken figure scrawling the word “blood” on the wall with a wine-dipped finger. Indeed, the blood of aristocrats later spills at the hands of a mob in these same streets.Throughout the novel, Dickens sharply criticizes this mob mentality, which he condemns for perpetrating the very cruelty and oppression from which the revolutionaries hope to freethemselves. The scene surrounding the wine cask is the novel’s first tableau of the mob in action. The mindless frenzy with which these peasants scoop up the fallen liquid prefigures the scene at the grindstone, where the revolutionaries sharpen their weapons (Book the Third, Chapter 2), as well as the dancing of the macabre Carmagnole (Book the Third, Chapter 5).Madame Defarge’s KnittingEven on a literal level, Madame Defarge’s knitting constitutes a whole network of symbols. Into her needlework she stitches a registry, or list of names, of all those condemned to die in the name of a new republic. But on a metaphoric level, the knitting constitutes a symbol in itself, representing the stealthy, cold-blooded vengefulness of the revolutionaries. As Madame Defarge sits quietly knitting, she appears harmless and quaint. In fact, however, she sentences her victims to death. Similarly, the French peasants may appear simple and humble figures, but they eventually rise up to massacre their oppressors.Dickens’s knitting imagery a lso emphasizes an association between vengefulness and fate, which, in Greek mythology, is traditionally linked to knitting or weaving. The Fates, three sisters who control human life, busy themselves with the tasks of weavers or seamstresses: one sister s pins the web of life, another measures it, and the last cuts it. Madame Defarge’s knitting thus becomes a symbol of her victims’ fate—death at the hands of a wrathful peasantry.The MarquisThe Marquis Evrémonde is less a believable character than an archetype of an evil and corrupt social order. He is completely indifferent to the lives of the peasants whom he exploits, as evidenced by his lack of sympathy for the father of the child whom his carriage tramples to death. As such, the Marquis stands as a symbol of the ruthless aristocratic cruelty that the French Revolution seeks to overcome.Discuss the romantic elements in Jane Eyre and Wuthering HeightsJane Eyre One of the secrets to the success of Jane Eyre lies in the way that it touches on a number of important themes while telling a compelling story. Indeed, so lively and dramatic is the story that the reader might not be fully conscious of all the thematic strands that weave through this work. Critics have argued about what comprises the main theme of Jane Eyre. There can be little doubt, however, that love and passion, two romantic elements, together form a major thematic element of the novel.On its most simple and obvious level, Jane Eyre is a love story. The love between the orphaned and initially impoverished Jane and the wealthy but tormented Mr. Rochester is at its heart. The obstacles to the fulfilment of this love provide the main dramatic conflict in the work. However, the novel explores other types of love as well. Helen Burns, for example, exemplifies the selfless love of a friend. We also see some of the consequences of the absence of love, as in the relationship between Jane and Mrs. Reed, in the selfish relations among the Reed children, and in the mocking marriage of Mr. Rochester and Bertha. Jane realizes that the absence of love between herself and St. John Rivers would make their marriage a living death, too.Throughout the work, Brontë suggests that a life that is not lived passionately is not lived fully. Jane undoubtedly is the central passionate character; her nature is shot through with passion. Early on, she refuses to live by Mrs. Reed's rules, which would restrict all passion. Her defiance of Mrs. Reed is her first, but by no means her last, passionate act. Her passion for Mr.Rochester is all consuming. Significantly, however, it is not the only force that governs her life. She leaves Mr. Rochester because her moral reason tells her that it would be wrong to live with him as his mistress: "Laws and principles are not for the time when there is no temptation," she tells Mr. Rochester; "they are for such moments as this, when body and soul rise against their rigor."Blanche Ingram feels no passion for Mr. Rochester; she is only attracted to the landowner because of his wealth and social position. St. John Rivers is a more intelligent character than Blanche, but like her he also lacks the necessary passion that would allow him to live fully. His marriage proposal to Jane has no passion behind it; rather, he regards marriage as a business arrangement, with Jane as his potential junior partner in his missionary work. His lack of passion contrasts sharply with Rochester, who positively seethes with passion. His injury in the fire at Thornfield may be seen as a chastisement for his past passionate indiscretions and as a symbolic taming of his passionate excesses.Wuthering Heights Romanticism, the literary movement traditionally dated 1798 to 1832 in England, affected all the arts through the nineteenth century. Wuthering Heights is frequently regarded as a model of romantic fiction. What is more, it is said to construct a biography of Brontё's life, personality, and beliefs. In the novel, she presents a world in which people marry early and die young, just like they really did in her times. Both patterns, early marriage and early death, are considered to be Romantic, as most artists of the Era died young. What Brontё describes in the novel is what she knows personally, those are scenes somehow taken from her own life and experience that the reader encounters while. The wild household of Wuthering Heights is set against the mild and tame Thrushcross Grange, the constant conflict between the nature and civilization changes the relationships between the characters, and the characters themselves, as they go on the journey into themselves searching for deeper truths they explore their limits, manoeuvre between natural impulses and artificial restraint. All of these Romantic elements are somehow closed within the 'Chinese box' narration, which sets the order of the story, but leaves a gateway of interpretation by providing it with the key to the unlimited imagination of the author.（283）4. poets who had some connection with the Pre-Raphaelite circle include Christina Rossetti, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, George Meredith, William Morris, and Algernon Charles Swinburne. Pre-Raphaelitism in poetry had major influence upon the writers of the Decadence of the 1890s, such as Ernest Dowson, Lionel Johnson, Michael Field, and Oscar Wilde, as well as upon Gerard Manley Hopkins and William Butler Yeats, both of whom were influenced by John Ruskin and visual Pre-Raphaelitism.Pre-Raphaelitism in painting had two forms or stages, first, the hard-edge symbolic naturalism of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood that began in 1849 and, second, the moody, erotic medievalism that took form in the later 1850s. Many critics imply that only this second, or Aesthetic, Pre-Raphaelitism has relevance to poetry. In fact, although the combination of realistic style with elaborate symbolism that distinguishes the early movement appears in a few poems, particularly in those by James Collinson and the Rossettis, this second stage finally had the largest -- at least the most easily noticeable -- influence on literature.As Anthony Harrison points out in his study of Christina Rossetti,the Pre-Raphaelites predictably etherealized sensation, displacing it from logical contexts and all normally expected physical relations with objects in the external world. With thePre-Raphaelites the sensory and even the sensual become idealized, image becomes symbol, and physical experience is superseded by mental states as we are thrust deeply into theself-contained emotional worlds of their varied personae. Very seldom do we have even the implied auditor of Browning's dramatic monologues to give us our bearings, to situate aspeaker's perceptions in the phenomenal world. In this respect Pre-Raphaelite poems resemble many from the first two volumes of their much-admired Tennyson (especially "Mariana," "The Lotos-Eaters," "The Palace of Art," and "Oenone"). However, unlike his Pre-Raphaelite emulators, Tennyson, after In Memoriam, for the most part rejected predominantly aesthetic poetry. [Christina Rossetti in Context]Nonetheless, if one looks for a poet whose work parallels the artistic project of thePre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, one immediately notices Robert Browning , whose work was enormously popular with them all and a particular influence on Rossetti, who wrote out Pauline (1833) from the British Museum copy. Like the paintings of the Brotherhood, Browning's poems simultaneously extend the boundaries of subject and create a kind of abrasive realism, and like the work of the young painters, his also employ elaborate symbolism drawn from biblical types to carry the audience beyond the aesthetic surface, to which he, like the painters, aggressively draws attention. One must mention the Browningesque element in Pre-Raphaelite poetry because it appears intermittently all the way up to Hopkins in self-consciously difficult language, the dramatic monologue, and elaborate applications of biblical typology.Aesthetic Pre-Raphaelitism, nonetheless, has most in common with the poets of this group, all of whom draw upon the poetic continuum that descends from Spenser through Keats and Tennyson -- upon the poetic line, in other words, that emphasizes lush vowel sounds, sensuous description, subjective psychological states, elaborate personification, and complex poetic forms, such as the sestina, borrowed from Italian and Provençal love poetry.What are the differences of Victorian poetry from the Romantic poetry that goes before it?(1)Differences: the glory of Victorian poetry has often been overshadowed by the Romantic poetry of the first 30 years of the century. Despite the fact that still went very strong and distinguished itself with its own special features. Poets of this period, though influenced by the Romanticists, were already conscious of the changes of the time and thus could not commit themselves only to the aesthetic pursuit of the strange, the remote and the beautiful of Wordsworth and Shelley. The Victorian poets may choose subject matter from remote times such as myths or legends, they may also write about nature and themes concerning love, death and beauty, but almost none of them wandered away from the immediate social issues of the time. Many poems were allegorical efforts to represent the poets’ concerns and thoughts about their contemporary reality.Another significant poetic phenomenon of the period was the flourishing of the dramatic monologue.(2) Features of Victorian literatures1) Literature in this Age has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems and interests, and is a powerful instrument of human progress.2) The tendency of literature is strongly ethical; all the great poets, novelists, and essayists of the age are moral teachers.3) Science in this age exercises an incalculable influence. On the one hand it emphasizes truth as the sole object of human endeavor; it has established the principle of law throughout the universe; and it has given us an entirely new view of life, as summed up in the word “evolution,” that is, the principle of growth or development from simple to complex forms. On the other hand, its first effect seems to be to discourage works of the imagination. Though the ageproduced an incredible number of books, very few of them belong among the great creative works of literature.4) Though the age is generally characterized as practical and materialistic, it is significant that nearly all the writers whom the nation delights to honor vigorously attack materialism, and exalt a purely ideal conception of life.Comment on two poems by Tennyson1) Idylls of the King (1842-1885)It is his most ambitious work which took him over 30 years to complete. It is made up of 12 books of narrative poems, based on the Celtic legends of King Arthur & his Knights of the Round Table. But it is not a mere reproduction of the old legend, though. It is a modern interpretation of the classic myth. For one thing, the moral standards & sentiments reflected in the poem belong to the Victorians rather than to the medieval royal people. For another, the story of the rise & fall of King Arthur is, in fact, meant to represent a cyclic history of western civilization, which , in Tennyson's mind , is going on a spiritual decline & will end in destruction.Tennyson sought to encapsulate the past and the present in the Idylls. Arthur in the story is often seen as an embodiment of Victorian ideals; he is said to be "ideal manhood closed in real man" and the "stainless gentleman." Arthur often has unrealistic expectations for the Knights of the Round Table and for Camelot itself, and despite his best efforts he is unable to uphold the Victorian ideal in his Camelot. Idylls also contains explicit references to Gothic interiors, Romantic appreciations of nature, and anxiety over gender role reversals all point to the work as a specifically Victorian one.Tennyson tried to appeal to his Victorian audience by setting his female characters up as the opposite of what is good in the poem. In the Victorian age there was a renewed interest in the idea of courtly love, or the finding of spiritual fulfillment in the purest form of romantic love. This idea is embodied in the relationship between Guinevere and Arthur in the poem especially; the health of the state is blamed on Guinevere when she does not live up to the purity expected of her by Arthur as she does not sufficiently serve him spiritually. Tennyson's position as poet laureate during this time and the popularity of the Idylls served to further propagate this view of women in the Victorian age.2) In MemoriamPresumably it is an elegy on the death of Hall am, yet less than half of its l00 pieces are directly connected with him. The poet here does not merely dwell on the personal bereavement. As a poetic diary, the poem is also an elaborate & powerful expression of the poet's philosophical & religious thoughts - his doubts about the meaning of life, the existence of the soul & the afterlife, & his faith in the power of love & the soul's instinct & immortality. Such doubts & beliefs were shared by most people in an age when the old Christian belief was challenged by new scientific discoveries, though to most readers today, the real attraction of the poem lies more in its profound feeling & artistic beauty than in the philosophical & religious reflections. The familiar trance-like experience, mellifluous rhythm & pictorial descriptions make it one of the best elegies in English literature.The most loved of all his works is In Memoriam, which, on account of both its theme and its exquisite workmanship, is “one of the few immortal names that were not born to die.” The immediate occasional of this remarkable poem was his profound personal grief at the death of his fr iend Hall am. As he wrote lyric after lyric, inspired by this sad subject, the poet’s grief mourning for its dead and questioning its immortality took possession of him. Gradually the poem became an expression, first, of universal doubt, and then of universal faith,---a faith which rests ultimately not on reason or philosophy, but on the soul’s instinct for immortality. Theimmortality of human love is the theme of the poem, which is made up of over one hundred different lyrics. The movement takes us through three years, rising slowly from poignant sorrow and doubt to a calm peace and hope, and ending with a noble hymn of courage and faith,---a modest courage and a humble faith, love-inspired,---which will be a favorite as long as saddened men turn to literature for consolation.Tell Browning’s chief contributions to English poetry and discuss his poem “My Last Duchess”.(1)Browning’s Chief Contribution to LiteratureHe is famous for his development and his masterly creation of the “dramatic monologue.” His monologues often serve as masks that help to reveal the various facades of his characters as well as the poet’s own complex ideas. “My Last Duchess” is a good representative work in the form of dramatic monologue.Dramatic monologue refers to a lyric poem in which a speaker addresses himself to one or several listeners who don’t reply. Such poems not only tell stories but also reveal the personality and innermost soul of each character.His monologues, often short in length, effectively describe “souls in action.” When Thomas Hardy said that Browning was “the literary puzzle of the 19th century” he probably meant that his ideas were uncommonly rich and profound -(2)My Last Duchess"My Last Duchess" is Browning's best-known dramatic monologue. The poem takes its sources from the life of Alfonso II, duke of Ferrara of the 16th-century Italy, whose young wife died suspiciously after three years of marriage. Not long after her death, the duke managed to arrange a marriage with the niece of another noble man. This dramatic monologue is the duke's speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage. In his talk about his "last duchess," the duke reveals himself as a self-conceited, cruel & tyrannical man. The poem is written in heroic couplets, but with no regular metrical system. In reading, it sounds like blank verse.Say what you know about the Pre-Raphaelite poetry and discuss his poem "my last duchess"poets who had some connection with the Pre-Raphaelite circle include Christina Rossetti, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, George Meredith, William Morris, and Algernon Charles Swinburne. Pre-Raphaelitism in poetry had major influence upon the writers of the Decadence of the 1890s, such as Ernest Dowson, Lionel Johnson, Michael Field, and Oscar Wilde, as well as upon Gerard Manley Hopkins and William Butler Yeats, both of whom were influenced by John Ruskin and visual Pre-Raphaelitism.Pre-Raphaelitism in painting had two forms or stages, first, the hard-edge symbolic naturalism of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood that began in 1849 and, second, the moody, erotic medievalism that took form in the later 1850s. Many critics imply that only this second, or Aesthetic, Pre-Raphaelitism has relevance to poetry. In fact, although the combination of realistic style with elaborate symbolism that distinguishes the early movement appears in a few。

第4章威廉·莎士比亚1.How is Shakespeare’s literary career usually divided and what are the main achievements of each period?Key:1.Shakespeare’s literary career is usually divided into three periods.In the first period(1590-1600),he created mainly history plays and comedies. Altogether22plays were written in this period,of which we should know at least five histories:Richard III(1592),Henry IV,Part I and Part II(1597),Henry V(1598) and Julius Caesar(1599);four comedies:A Mid-Summer Night’s Dream(1595), Much Ado about Nothing(1598),A s You Like It(1599)and The Twelfth Night (1600);one problem play:The Merchant of Venice(1596);and one tragedy: Romeo and Juliet(1594).The second period(1601-1608)is the one of great tragedies,namely Hamlet (1601),Othello(1604),Macbeth(1605)and King Lear(1605).In the last period(1609-1612),Shakespeare wrote four dramatic romances,of which The Winter’s Tale(1610)and The Tempest(1612)are better known to the world.2.Cite one or two of Shakespeare’s history plays and make some comments. Key:Among Shakespeare’s history plays,the most significant ones are Henry IV, Part I and Part II,which present the troubled time of the15th-century England.Richard II,vain,politically weak and blind,was unable to keep the rebelliouslords under control.HenryⅣthen usurped the power,murdered Richard in prison and suppressed the rebellion of the feudal lords.Shakespeare is critical to the kings.He does not evade the negative sides of their personalities.But there is one exception,which is Henry IV’s son,Prince Hal,later King Henry V.He is Shakespeare’s ideal of a perfect monarch,who led England in battles against France and won glory in the Hundred Years War.But in Henry IV,during the process of growing up,Prince Hal is shown as a loose young man,mixed himself with problematic people and spent lots of time in taverns with the fat knight John Falstaff.He even gets involved in a highway robbery of his rogue friends.What is more,he is imprisoned for striking the Lord Chief Justice,and as soon as he is released he goes to the Boar’s Head Tavern to seek the company of Falstaff.But when he succeeds to the throne after Henry IV dies,he immediately becomes a capable and wise king,turning his back to the dying Falstaff.Because of this inconsistency in Prince Hal’s characterisation,critics have been arguing about how to evaluate such sudden changes in behaviour,and whether Prince Hal is a hypocrite.Falstaff is one of the most successful dramatic figures created by Shakespeare.Many show sympathy for the rejected fat knight who dies in misery and poverty.However,Henry V is Shakespeare’s ideal king who embodies the patriotism of the English nation at the time.It is Henry V who defeated the French and brought glory to the country.Therefore,one way of explaining this,offered by critics,is as follows:as he is young,Hal must have been fascinated by the riotous life at first,but all the while he is studying the society,learning about thelowly people’s life,and gaining necessary experiences,which provide him with knowledge he needs later as a king.Also Prince Hal is shown with a talent for politics and very brave in battles.Thus,in Henry IV Shakespeare has depicted the growth of a powerful king who possesses all the qualities required by the throne but who has to go through a process of apprenticeship among the people to become finally fit for his royal duties.3.Give an example of the problem plays by Shakespeare and analyse it as well as you can.Key:The Merchant of Venice is an example of the problem plays by Shakespeare.(To analyze this play according to the textbook and some more materials from other sources.)4.Tell the story of Hamlet,and discuss why Hamlet delays in taking revenge. Key:Hamlet is the prince of Denmark and a student at the University of Wittenberg.At the beginning of the play,Hamlet’s father,King Hamlet,has recently died,and his mother,Queen Gertrude,has married the new king, Hamlet’s uncle Claudius.Hamlet is melancholy,bitter,cynical and full of hatred for his uncle and disgust at his mother for marrying him.When the ghost of Hamlet’s father appears and claims to have been murdered by Claudius,Hamlet becomes obsessed with avenging his father’s death.Mistakenly,he kills Polonius,father of Ophelia.Ophelia,lover of Hamlet,goes mad because of herfather’s death and then is drowned in a stream.This leads to Ophelia’s brother —Laertes’hatred for Hamlet.In the duel between Laertes and Hamlet,Laertes wounds Hamlet but is himself struck with the same poisoned weapon,which is made by Claudius.Before his death,Hamlet stabs Claudius while the queen has drunk a poisoned cup of wine intended for Hamlet.Many critics have thought about the reasons for Hamlet’s delay in taking revenge and they got uncertain answers.Goethe raised the opinion that Hamlet’s delay shows that he is a humanist and a thinker,and that he is slow in action because he thinks profoundly and is very cautious,trying to do the right thing,which explains why he organises players to stage a show in the palace of exactly what the ghost says his brother has done to him,to see how Claudius reacts to it.Goethe’s interpretation has been accepted by many.In the20th century,with the new literary theories there appears a Freudian interpretation that sees in Hamlet’s delay an Oedipus ly, because Hamlet is sad and angry at his mother’s marriage to Claudius so soon, this critic comes to the conclusion that Hamlet harbours an Oedipal love for his mother and a hatred for his own father.So,unconsciously he also wants the death of his father and does not want to kill Claudius who has done something in his behalf.5.Do you think that King Lear is a powerful tragedy and why do you think so? Key:Yes,I think that King Lear is a powerful tragedy.Because that this play isthematically more universal than Hamlet.This tragedy depicts an aged king who believes in superficial words and is vain enough to judge rashly that the daughter who fails to say flatteries things does not love him.But the price he pays for his mistake is too heavy:he hands the country into the hands of villains,makes a mess of the state affairs which finally brings about war,and in the end he sacrifices his dear daughter’s life and his own.Family relationship between parents and children and old age problem are universal themes.But here they are demonstrated in royal family and thus the mistakes made in one’s old age bring frightening tragic outcomes.Because of the theme’s relevance to every one of us,the katharsis,that is the fear and awe caused by King Lear,is greater than Hamlet.This is perhaps the reason for this tragedy’s long-time popularity everywhere and its powerfulness.6.Choose to analyse one romance by Shakespeare.Key:The Winter’s Tale is one romance by Shakespeare.It is like a fairy tale telling how an over-suspicious and jealous husband wrongs his innocent wife and his own best friend as lovers,tries to murder his friend,who luckily escapes,and orders to put his queen in prison and leave her newly-born daughter on a desolate shore to die.Seeing his mother’s suffering,the young prince grieves to death and the queen also dies in prison soon.He finally realises his own rash mistakes and is in constant grief.However,the baby girl is saved and brought up by a shepherd.Sixteen years later she meets the son of the wronged friend,andthey fall in love.In fact,his wife is not dead.She is hidden by the wife of a faithful lord.So,the play closes at the point when the king is brought before a statue that looks exactly like his dead wife though aged and the statue walks down to acknowledge him.Then all becomes well,the royal family reunites and the young couple gets married.Like King Lear,this play shows how the wrong behavior of the royal father can bring great disaster to his family.But instead of causing all the good people to suffer and die,here no villains threaten the crown and the jealous king has faithful and kind lords in his court to protect the wronged queen.So the tragedy changes its course half way and all of them live happily ever after.QuizI.Fill in the blanks:(50%)1._____broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and established_____.Key:HenryⅧthe Church of England(the Anglican Church)2.It was_____and_____who introduced Italian sonnets into England.Key:Thomas WyattHenry Howard(Earl of Surrey)_____3.Thomas More’s famous line in Utopia that exposes the calamities of the。

二、选择题1.Which writer is also an important literary critic?（北二外2017研）A.Lord ByronB.Thomas MoreC.S.T.ColeridgeD.Jane Austen【答案】C【解析】塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge），英国诗人和评论家。

乔治·戈登·拜伦（George Gordon Byron），英国19世纪初期伟大的浪漫主义诗人。

托马斯·莫尔（St.Thomas More），欧洲早期空想社会主义学说的创始人，人文主义学者和政治家，以其名著《乌托邦》而名垂史册。

简·奥斯汀（Jane Austen），英国著名女性小说家。

故C项符合题意。

2.“Beauty is truth,truth beauty”is the leading principle of_____.（首师大2015研）A.WordsworthB.ShelleyC.KeatsD.Edgar Allan Poe【答案】C【解析】济慈的创作准则是“美即真，真即美”。

3.The works of Brontësisters are marked by strong_____elements.（四川大学2011研）A.realisticB.pragmaticC.romanticD.magical【答案】A【解析】Brontësisters是指英国现实主义女作家Charlotte Brontë，Anne Brontë和Emily Brontë。

其中以Charlotte Brontë的Jane Eyre（《简爱》）和Emily Brontë的Wuthering Height（《呼啸山庄》）最出名。

4.In the18th century English literature,the representative writer of neo-classicism is _____.（北二外2015研）A.PopeB.SwiftC.Defoeton【答案】A【解析】本题考查英国新古典主义的代表作家。