logical figures of speech

Title: The Magic of Figures of Speech inEnglish EssaysIn the intricate tapestry of language, figures of speech stand out as vibrant threads, enhancing the expressiveness and depth of written communication. Their strategic employment not only elevates the literary value of a piece but also captures the reader's imagination, transporting them to a world of rich imagery and profound meanings. This essay explores the diverse figures of speech in English essays, their functions, and their impact on the overall narrative.The first figure of speech we encounter is simile, which compares two unlike things using the words "like" or "as." Similes create vivid mental pictures, allowing readers to visualize abstract ideas or complex emotions. For instance, comparing a lover's eyes to "stars in the night sky" not only evokes the beauty and brightness of the stars but also conveys the intensity and depth of thelover's gaze.Metaphor, another powerful figure of speech, goes beyond simple comparison and treats one thing as another.It establishes a direct equivalence between two seemingly unrelated concepts, often resulting in surprising andthought-provoking insights. Consider the metaphor of lifeas a journey; it encourages us to view life's challengesand successes as milestones on a path, leading to personal growth and understanding.Personification赋予无生命的事物或抽象概念以人的特性或行为，使之具有生命力和情感色彩。

My Understanding of “English Rhetoric”“English Rhetoric” is the work of Zhang Xiuguo, this book can be divided into three parts.The first part is including the chapter 1,chapter2 and chapter 3.Chapter 1 discusses the definition of rhetoric and its relationship with oratory. Chapter 2 is the brief introduction of rhetoric.Chapter 4 and chapter 5 is the part two,it discuss the choice of word and sentence.Part three is including chapter 6 to 11,it is focus on English figures of speech .It is said that the “art of rhetoric” originated in Syracuse.The study of rhetoric goes back to ancient Greece, when speakers began to practice the art of persuasion in courts of law. The ancients realized that presentation is as important, or perhaps more important, as facts.Rhetoric is the study and practice of effective communication.,and it is the art of persuasion. Oratory is the foundation of rhetoric and is a special kind of public speaking.Oratory had been practiced long before the ancient rhetoricians developed a theory and a vocabulary for rhetoric.Rhetoric involves choice of words, sentence patterns, figures of speech, organization of paragraphs and composition. This process can be broken into three basic levels,they are:words and phrases,sentence variety,organizing paragraphs into a complete text. The choice of word including using suitable words, denotation and connotation, general words and specific words, abstract words and concrete words ,short words and long words.First,the English vocabulary has gone up every year,we should choose the right words that are exact, fresh, vivid, and appropriate to communicate our ideas precisely and effectively.Second,denotation and connotation.Denotation is the specific, direct, and literal meaning of a word, as described in a dictionary definition. It is also called denotative meaning or explicit meaning.Connotation is the associative or suggestive meaning of a word. It often implies attitudes, emotions, ect. of the speaker or writer, and is also called implicit meaning.Connotation including positive and negative connotations,historical and social connotations,personal and general connotations.There is something must be emphasized ,The connotations of a word are constantly changing,both denotation and connotation are important aspects of the meaning of a word,we can find thedenotation of a word in the dictionary but we can acquire connotation only through extensive reading and attentive listening, by observing how it is actually used in speech and writing. Third ,the general words and specific words,general words refer to a group or class; specific words refer to a member of that class.The specific words tend to give color and tang, tend to appeal to the imagination. General words often used for the sake of diplomacy. Good writing or speaking has both general and specific information. Fourth,the abstract words and concrete words.It is refer to s a concrete word has an object as its referent, while an abstract word , a concept. For example, peach, pear, apple and apricot are concrete words. Sweetness, fuzziness and softness are abstract words because they refer to certain qualities or certain concepts or ideas.Abstract words and general words usually do not overlap. But this is not the case with concrete words and specific words. Words that refer to particular objects and particular actions are usually both concrete or specific.Fifth,the short words and long words.From a stylistic point of view, words that are often used may be divided into three types: formal, common, and colloquial words. Long words often refer to the formal words and some common words, while short words often refer to colloquial words and some common words. Next is the choice of sentences,the sentence varieties is deal with different sentence patterns and varied sentence lengths.The four different classification standard of sentence is grammar, function, rhetoric and length.The sentence variety aim at avoiding monotony in one’s speech or writing,variety of writing or speech is a joy. Without variety, any text can be dull and uninteresting.Figures of speech refer to all kinds of striking or unusual configurations of words or phrases, involving the variation of any unit of the language system—graphic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic , and monly used figures of speech are listed in the textbook and they are grouped into four categories: phonetic, syntactic, semantic and logical.Phonetic figures of speech is including alliteration,assonance,consonance,onomatopoeia.Syntactic figures of speech is including repetition(Immediate repetition,Intermittent repetition),anaphora, epiphora, simploce, anadiplosis ,parallelism ,antithesis, climax ,anticlimax,syllepsis, zeugma ,chiasmus, asyndeton,polysyndeton,rhetorical question.Semantic figures of speech is including simile ,metaphor,metonymy, synecdoche, antonomasia,personification, parody,synesthesia,transferred epithet,etc. Logical figures of speech is including allusion,allegory,etc.The history of rhetoric covers about 2,500 years. For most of its history, rhetoric, as an art of verbal communication, has been closely associated with education.Learning English is for the main purpose of effective communication, which results from a good command of the language in listening, speaking, reading, writing and translation. And all of these five linguistic abilities are closely related to st but not least,Rhetoric has much to do with translation. Generally speaking, a good version is characterized by “faithfulness,expressiveness and elegance” which are mainly based on the correct understanding of the original and on a good command of the target language.。

Figures of SpeechWords used in their original meanings are used literally, while words used in extended meanings for the purpose of making comparisons or calling up pictures in the reader’s or listener’s mind are used figuratively(形象的,比喻的). For example, in “a colorful garden”the word “colorful”is used in its literal sense, but in “a colorful life”the word is used in its figurative sense. Colorful here has a new extended or figurative meaning: exciting, interesting and rich in variety. The word suggests a comparison between life and something that has different colors, like garden, and because of this association the word is more impressive than a word used in its literal sense, such as interesting and exciting.Definition:A figure of speech is a use of a word that diverges from its normal meaning, or a phrase with a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words in it such as a metaphor, simile, or personification. Figures of speech often provide emphasis, freshness of expression, or clarity. However, clarity may also suffer from their use, as any figure of speech introduces an ambiguity between literal and figurative interpretation. A figure of speech is sometimes called a rhetoric or a locution(惯用语).There are various ways of using figures of speech. Among the most common of them are:1. Simile（明喻）: it is a comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparison is indicated by the word “as” or “like”:O my love’s like a red, red rose.—Robert Burns That man can’t be trusted; he is as slippery as an eel.2. Metaphor（隐喻）: it is the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality.It is also a comparison, but the comparison is implied, not expressed with the word “as” or “like”.O my love’s a red, red rose.He is the soul of the team.Irrigation is lifeblood of agriculture.Metaphors are used not only after verb “be”, and not only nouns can be used metaphorically. The adverbs, adjectives can also be used metaphorically. Study the following examples:The picture of those poor people’s lives was carved so sharply in his heart that he could never forget it.There was a medieval magnificence about the big dining hall.The street faded into a country road with straggling house by it.There were a few lordly poplars before the house.All his former joy was drowned in the embarrassment and confusion he was feeling at the moment.He often prefaced his remarks by “I can’t help thinking …”The charcoal fire glowed and dimmed rhythmically to the strokes of the bellows (风箱).As is shown in these sentences, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs can all be used in a metaphorical way.A metaphor or a simile has to be fresh to be effective. One that has been frequently used over a long period of time will become dull and stale, and cease to function as a metaphor or simile.“The leg of a table” must have been a metaphor when it was first used, but today we feel that leg is used in its literal sense.3. Personification（拟人）: it is to treat a person or an idea as if it were human or had human qualities. In poetry personification is very common:Youth is hot and bold,Age is weak and cold,Youth is wild, and Age is tame.—William ShakespeareIn prose personification is also used, though not so often as in poetry.The march will soon be over and defeat is starving us in the face.This time fate was smiling to him.Thunder roared and a pouring rain started.Dusk came stealthily.The storm was raging and an angry sea was continuously tossing their boat.4. Metonymy（转喻）: It is substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.Thus the crown can stand for a king, and the White House for the American government, the bottle for wine or alcohol, and the bar for the legal profession. When metonymy is well used, brevity and vividness may be achieved:Sword and cross in hand, the European conquerors fell upon the Americas.When the war was over, he laid down the sword and took up the pen.His purse would not allow him that luxury.5. Synecdoche（提喻）: when a part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for a part, synecdoche is applied:The farms were short of hands during the harvest season.He had to earn his daily bread by doing odd jobs.Germany beat Argentina 2 to 1 in this exciting football match.The poor creature could no longer endure her sufferings.In the above sentences hands stands for men, bread for food or living expenses, the names of the two countries for the two teams, and creature for a woman.6. Euphemism（委婉）: it is the substitution of a mild or vague expression for a harsh or unpleasant one, for example:to die: to pass away, to leave us; one’s heart had stopped beating; kick the bucket; turn up one's toesold people: senior citizensmad: emotionally disturbedlavatory: bathroom, men’s or women’s roomconcentration camp: strategic hamletsinvasion: military actionIt is obvious that those euphemisms used by the ordinary people are meant to soften harsh reality, but those used by politicians may aim at deceiving the public. Can you give some example?7. Irony(讽刺):it is the use of words which are clearly opposite to what it is meant, in order to achieve a special effect. Suppose you planned an outing on a certain day, expecting it to be fine; but when the day came it was raining heavily. If you said, “What fine weather for an outing!” you were speaking ironically. If a barbarous act was called civilized or cultural, irony was used.Yeah, Stone has done a great job. He just mess all things up and let me wipe his ass.8. Overstatement and understatement (夸张和轻描淡写):in overstatement the diction exaggerates the subject, and in understatement the words play down the magnitude or value of the subject. Overstatement is also called hyperbole(夸张法). Both aim at the same effect: to make the statement or description impressive or interesting.She is dying to know what job has been assigned her.On hearing that he was admitted to that famous university, he whispered to himself, “I’m the luckiest man in the world.”It took a few dollars to build the indoor swimming pool.9. Transferred Epithet(移情或转移修饰):an epithet is an adjective or descriptive phrase that serves to characterize somebody or something. A transferred epithet is one that is shifted from the noun it logically modifies to a word associated with that noun. She was so worried about her son that she spent several sleepless nights.In his quiet laziness he suddenly remembered that strange word.The assistant kept a respectful distance from his boss when they were walking in the corridor.He said “yes” o the question in an unthinking moment.The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder.10. Oxymoron(矛盾修辞):in oxymoron apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce a special effect.When the news of failure came, his friends said that it was a victorious defeat.The president was conspicuously absent on that occasion.She read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile.11. Alliteration(头韵): it refers to the appearance of the same initial consonant sound in two or more words, such as “proud as a peacock(孔雀)” and “blind as a bat”. Alliteration is often used in poetry to give emphasis to words that are related in meaning:Wherefore feed, and clothe, and save,From the cradle to the grave,Those ungrateful drones who wouldDrain your sweat – nay, drink your blood?—Percy Bysshe Shelly I see also the dull, drill, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.Exercises:I. Identify the figures of speech used in the following sentences:1.I'll give you a piece of my mind.2.Stone is in his way of climbing the ladder to success.3.There are four eyes looking at me. I have no way to escape.4.Marshal is a man of masculine character and muscly-built body.5.Stone and Maggie fell in love at the first sight.6.I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain.7.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.8.Y ou must see the smiling girl in the Asian Games’opening ceremony; she’s awfully pretty.II. Rewrite the following sentences, using the word(s) in the brackets figuratively.1.I think hard, but I can’t get the answer. (rack brain)2.The car made from carbon fiber is very light. (feather)3.The government of the U.S. asked the television networks for air time on Mondaynight. (White House)4. A woman who has been hurt deeply by a man never cares how happily others live.(broken heart)5.She has a beautiful voice. (nightingale)。

《英语修辞学》课程教学大纲一、说明适用专业四年制本科英语专业语言文学方向先修课程高级英语总学时32总学分2（一）本课程的目的、要求（1）使学生较系统地了解英语修辞产生的原因及其对提高语言表现力的重要作用认识，增强对英语的理解能力，提高恰当运用英语语言的交际能力。

（2）使学生学会从修辞的观点出发，从英语语言现象入手，对其内涵进行分析，初步掌握对语言进行研究、分析和比较的方法。

（3）使学生掌握各种主要的修辞手段，提高实践中运用英语的能力和理解与欣赏英语文学作品的能力。

（二）内容选取和实施中注意的问题（1）本课程应坚持理论与实践相结合的原则，适当介绍修辞理论，重点讲述实用性内容，要求学生运用所学理论分析语言实例。

（2）突出重点、兼顾一般。

在选取内容上要注意以语音、词汇、句子三级修辞方法为重点，其中又应以喻类辞格为重点。

（3）学生对明喻比较熟悉，可以略而不讲或只作为隐喻的比较对象略谈。

（4）培养学生对语言的观察能力，让学生自己寻找例句并作出说明，以加深对所学内容的理解。

（5）大纲中不带“*”号的内容属于基本内容，带“*”号内容可讲可不讲。

（三）教学方法（1）教师为主导、学生为中心。

防止教师一言堂，要在教师指导下，发挥学生的学习主动性。

（2）理论与实践相结合，课堂讲授与学生分析讨论相结合。

（四）考核方式本课程为考查课程，采用口头与笔头相结合的方式:（1）口头方式主要以课堂提问和课堂讨论表现情况为考核依据。

（2）笔头方式主要以学生平时笔头作业完成情况和课程结束时笔头测验成绩为考核依据。

（3）口头考核成绩占40%，笔头考核成绩占60%。

（五）教学内容与学时分配教学章节教学内容学时安排备注1修辞学定义22西方修辞学简史44词语的选择35句子的选择27语音类修辞格48-9句法类修辞格610语义类修辞格611逻辑类修辞格4机动2测验二、大纲内容Chapter 1 What Is Rhetoric?1.1 Rhetoric and oratory1.2 Connotation of rhetoric1.3 Definitions of rhetoric1.4 Five assumptions说明和要求:（1）了解修辞与演说之间的关系（2）修辞学的定义Chapter 2 Brief History of Western Rhetoric2.1 Classical rhetoric (5th c. B.C.---5th c. A.D.)2.2 Rhetoric in the Middle Ages (5th---14th c.)*2.3 Rhetoric in the Renaissance (15th---16th c.)*2.4 New Classical Rhetoric (17th---19th c.)2.5 Contemporary Rhetoric说明和要求:（1）了解西方修辞学产生与发展的历史（2）了解亚里士多德等学者对西方修辞学的贡献（3）了解当今修辞学发展的现状和主要趋势Chapter 4 Choice of Words4.1 Use suitable words4.2 Denotation and connotation4.3 General words and specific words4.4 Abstract words and concrete words4.5 Short words and long words说明和要求:（1）了解词的本义与衍生义（2）了解概括词与特指词的语用功能（3）了解抽象词和具体词的语用功能（4）了解大词和小词的来源和对语体色彩的影响Chapter 5 Choice of Sentences5.1 Types of sentences5.2 Long and short sentences说明和要求:（1）了解不同句子结构的修辞作用（2）了解长句和短句的语用功能Chapter 7 Phonetic Figures of Speech7.1 Alliteration7.2 Assonance7.3 Consonance7.4 Onomatopoeia7.5 Aposiopesis7.6 Apostrophe7.7 Pun说明和要求:（1）本部分从语音在语言中的地位讲起，适当介绍语音学方面的知识，重点提示音韵法在诗歌中所起的重要作用及其对散文、广告等各语体的影响。

Syntactic figures of speech1II. Identify the figure(s) of speech used in each of the following sentences.1. I came, I saw, I conquered.2. And this day will come, shall come, must come.3. To err is human; to forgive divine.4. When I was a child, I spoke as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child.5. It is in the soil of ignorance that poverty is planted. It is in the soil of ignorance that diseaseflourishes. It is in the soil of ignorance that racial and religious strife takes root.(Lyndon B. Johnson)6. Deep rivers move in silence, shallow brooks are noisy.7. The denial of human rights anywhere is a threat to human rights everywhere. Injustice anywhereis a threat to justice everywhere. (Jesse Jackson)8. Faith is a good guide, reason is a better guide, truth is the best guide.9. If we fail in this defense it will not be for lack of money. It will be on account of money. Moneyhas been the most serious handicap that we have –met. (Clarence Farrow)10. Speech is silver; silence is golden.11. The taste of America is becoming French in its conversation, French in its comforts and Frenchin its discomforts, French in its eating, and French in its dress, French in its manners, and willbecome French in its art. (Anthony Trollope )12. Give up money, give up fame, give up science, give up the earth itself and all it contains, ratherthan do an immoral act. (Thomas Jefferson)13. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; ...(Francis Bacon)14. I will recruit for myself and you as I go; I will scatter myself among men and women as I go.(Walt Whiteman)15. Rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish,' virtuous and vicious, man andwoman---it is ever the same, each soul must depend wholly on itself. (Elizabeth Cady Stanton)Ⅲ. Revise each of the faulty sentences, using the figure of speech stated in the brackets.1. Time will not get this done, and not money, not laws, but willing diligence will get this done.(anaphora)2. These books are not primarily for reading, but they are used for reference. (parallelism)3. To think clearly and rationally should be a major goal for man; but it is always the most difficultfor man to think clearly and rationally. (simploce)4. He was a miser, a bachelor, and he is an egoist. (parallelism)5. Adversity and struggle lie at the root of evolutionary progress. Adversity forms pressure, andchange is brought by pressure. (anadiplosis)6. Gary is not a good track man, and neither is his swimming. (parallelism)7. When you know a thing, do hold that you know it, and if you do not know it, admit that you donot----this is true knowledge. (anaphora)8. And then suddenly the machines pushed them out and they swarmed on the highways.Themovement changed them; the highways, the camps along the road, the fear of hunger and thehunger itself, changed them. The children without dinner changed them, they were changed by theendless moving. They were migrants. And the hostility changed them, welded them, united them...(epiphora)Syntactic figures of speech 2Ⅱ. Identify the figures of speech used in each of the following sentences.1. He caught a bus and a cold.2. I honored him, I trusted him, and I loved him.3. The wolf may lose his teeth, but never his nature4. His fair hair and play attracted the cadres.5. Are they not typical international robbers and pirates?6. Simon is a great statesman, a great warrior, a great poet, and a skilled performer onthe harp.7. A miser grows rich by seeming poor. An extravagant man grows poor by seemingrich. (Reader's Digest)8.“( Confidence) thrives only on honesty, on honor, on the sacredness of obligations,on faithful protection, on unselfish performance; without them it cannot live.” (F. Roosevelt)9. His acquaintances, his friends and even his family tamed against him, the traitor.10. One describes the glory of the English Queen,And one describes a charming Indian screen. (A. Pope)11. The man is not rich because he is honest, but he is honest because he is rich(Defoe)12. We do not retreat. We are not content to stand still. As Americans, we go forward,in the service of our country, by the will of God. (F. Roosevelt)13. Ten minutes later, the coffee and Commander Dana of Naval Intelligence arrivedsimultaneously.14. They may love or hate or admire or fear or envy this country. (J. Baldwin)15. Shall we pause now and turn our back upon the road that lies ahead? Shall we callthis the promised land? Or, shall we continue on our way? （F. Roosevelt)Ⅲ. Point out the syllepsis used in each of the following sentences. Explain how thegoverning word (or phrase) is used both literally and figuratively in the sentence.1. She made up her mind and her face.2. Piano, a parlor utensil for subduing the impenitent visitor, is operated by depressingthe keys of the machine and the spirits of the audience.3. McHade advised us to keep our public image intact and our students in their seats.4. He possessed two false teeth and a sympathetic heart.5. She looked at the faded photo with suspicion and a magnifying glass.6. The newly elected member for Central Leeds took the oath and his seat.IV . Zeugma is employed in each of the following sentences. First identifytheabnormal collocation and then give the one that you think normal.1. The general lost the town and his head.2. Did you ever hear how Miss Piper came to lose her lover and her character last summer at Tunbridge?3. You manage a business, stocks, bonds, people. And now you can manage your hair.4. Love and cough can not be hid.5. Just as she said, all you are supposed to do is every once in a while give the boy a little tea and sympathy. (R. Anderson)6. Persuade her to rise, dear Madame, drag her from her couch and her low spirits.(Thackeray)V. Rewrite the following paragraphs by removing or adding co-connectives accordingly. Compare the transformed version with the original one. Tell the difference between them.1. I came, I saw, I conquered. (Caesar)2. But most of them went towards the fire and then back towards the end and swarmed on the cool end and finally fell off into the fire. I remember thinking at the time that it was the end of the world and a splendid chance to be a messiah and lift the log off the fire and throw it out where the ants could get off onto the ground.(E. Hemingway)3. And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave also unto her husband with her; and he did eat. (The Bible)4. What will not the steam-engine do? It propels, elevates, lowers, pumps, drains, pulls, drives, blasts, digs, cuts, saws, planes, bores, forges, hammers, files, polishes, pivots, cards, spins, winds, weaves, coins, prints, and does more things than I can think of or enumerate.Semantic figures of speechII. Identify the figure(s) of speech used in each of the following sentences.1. He thinks he's a Don Juan, but none of the girls like him2. The smiles of the women suffering a fate better than death are charming.3. The glory of the Lord will be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.(Martin Luther King)4. A hundred bayonets were marching down the street.5. I spoke to them in hesitant French.6. She borrowed his wheel for a spin out to town.7. Laziness travels so slowly that poverty soon overtakes him. (Benjamin Franklin)8. I expect a treaty, a full-fledged treaty on medium-range missile.9. The scent of the rose rang like a bell through the garden.10. Scepter and CrownMust tumble down,And in the dust be equal madeWith the poor crooked Scythe and Spade. (James Shirley)11. Constant dropping wears the stone. (proverb)12. They had to bear the pitiless wind at night.13. His voice sounded like a thunder in the hall.14. To choose it or not?This is the time to decide. (advertisement)15. On the fourteenth of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatestliving thinker ceased to think. ( Engels)III. Point out where the following parodies come from.1. baconburger, beefburger, steakburger, turkeyburger, fishburger:2. teach-in, eat-in, love-in, drive-in:3. telethon, talkathon:4. househusband, houseperson:5. moonscape, marscape:6. right makes might:7. write between the lines:8. the kiss of life:IV. Put in the missing words according to the given hints.I. When industry c in at the window, poverty g out of the door.(personification)2. We are creating a nation once again vibrant, robust and alive. But there are manym yet to climb. (Ronald Reagan) (metaphor)3. You can not change his mind any m t you can change the orbit of the moon. (simile)4. That fur coat would be beyond his miserable p . (metonymy)5. There are hundreds of s in the harbor. (synecdoche)6. He was such an awful teacher that whenever he recognized a spark of genius youcould be sure he'd w it. (metaphor)7. Sharp words may occasionally be spoken by unguarded or ignorant t .(Edward John Phelps) (synecdoche)8. When guns s it is too late to argue. (personification)9. They prolonged the clasp for the photographer, exchanging sm words.(transferred epithet)10. “I was brought up rich.”“Yeah,” I said. “You were born with a F in your mouth.”(R. Chandler) (parody)Logical figures of speechⅡ. Identify the figure(s) of speech used in each of the following sentences.1. I was destroyed with fatigue2. Three of my friends were killed in the last three weeks in Chicago. That certainlyisn't conducive to peace of mind. (Al Capone)3. Every cloud has a silver lining.4. To have such a relationship is no small thing. (Robert Hawke)5. He met his Waterloo in 1940, when the project he heavily invested was collapsed.6. The cost-saving program became an expensive economy.7. I'll teach you to make a fool of me.8. You want your pound of flesh, don't you?9. I am sorry to hear that your grandfather passed on.10. I won't send my watch to the watchmaker; I don't want it to be damaged11. The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is not a business that can beundertaken in a day or swiftly improved by a mere command of the will The growth of alternative, mental interests is a long process. The seeds must be carefully chosen; they must fall on good ground; they must be sedulously tended, if the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed.（W. Churchill)12. What a noble illustration of the tender laws of his favored country！一they let thepaupers go to sleep!13. "Your grammar is…” she had intended saying awful, but she amended it to "is notparticularly good.”(Jack London)14. They said, when he stood up to speak, stars and stripes came right out in the skyand once he spoke against river and made it sink into the ground. They said, when he walked the woods with his fishing rod, Killal, the trout, would jump out of the streams into his pockets, for they knew it was no use putting up a fight against him; and, when he argued a case, he could turn on the harps of the blessed and the shaking of the earth underground. That was the kind of man he was, and his big farm up at Marshfield was suitab le to him…A man with a mouth like a mastiff, a brow like a mountain and eyes like burning anthracite一that was Danil Webster in his prime. （Stephen Vincent Benet)Ⅲ. Put in the missing words according to the given hints.1. A strong man knows his w ．(Paradox)2. My feet are k me. (hyperbole)3. He is no m opponent in the coming debate. (understatement)4. His speech brought the house d . (hyperbole)5. He that is full of himself is very e (paradox)6. Europe is a curious place. It boasts it has a "common market," but it is unable to sort out its agricultural mess, and when the marketers gather as they did recently in Athens, they find they have nothing in c .(Newsweek 9 Jan.1984) (innuendo)7. When pressed by a natural necessity they r themselves in the open street without regard to the passersby. (Maugham) (euphemism)8. The bookful blockhead, ignorantly read,With loads of learned l in his head （Alexander Pope）(oxymoron)9. Robbing a widow of her savings was certainly a n act. (irony)10. He s of shouted at me. (understatement)11. All is not gold that gl . (allegory)12. The woman were gowned beautifully, I admit; but to my naive surprise Idiscovered that they were of the same cl as all the rest of the woman I had known down below in the cellar. (Jack London) (allusion)IV. Fill in the form with plain words/expressions or euphemistic words/ expressions as indicated.A General Test on Figures of SpeechIdentify the figure(s) of speech used in the following sentences.1. "Your Heavens, give me that patience, patience I need!" (Shakespeare)2. Finally, brethren, whatever is true, whatever is honorable, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is of good repute, if there is any excellence and if anything worthy of praise, let your mind dwell on these things. (The Bible)3. We felt strong, smug, secure.4. Return to her?…No, rather I abjure all roofs, and choose…To be a comrade with the wolf and owl…(Shakespeare)5. "One of my kids wrote four-letter words in his composition," the teacher said.6. When I was a child, I used to speak as a child, think as a child, reason as a child;when I became a man, I did away with childish things. (The Bible)7. And do whate'er thou wilt, swift-footed time,To the wide world and all her fading sweets;But I forbid thee one most heinous crime. (Shakespeare)8. All are not apostles, are they? All are not prophets, are they? All are not teachers, are they? All are not workers of miracles, are they? (The Bible)9. Now, what advantage do we derive from hearing a man say that he has shaken off the yoke, that he does not believe that there is a God who watches over his actions, that he regards himself as sole judge of his conduct, and that he does not think of accounting for it to anyone but himself? Does he imagine that by saying this he is encouraging us to feel great confidence in him in the future and to expect comfort, advice, and help from him in the difficult situations of life? Do such men imagine that they have greatly rejoiced us by telling us that they think our soul is only a puff of wind or smoke, and still more by telling us so in an arrogant, self-satisfied tone? Is it a thing to be said cheerily? Is it not rather something to be admitted mournfully as though it were the saddest thing in the whole world? (Pascal)10. Good breeding consists in concealing how much we think of ourselves and howlittle we think of the other person. (Mark Twain)11. Shall the potter be considered as equal with the clay, that what is made should sayto its maker, "He did not make me"；or what is formed say to him who formed it, "He has no understanding"? (The Bible)12. Greatness, in the works of architecture, may be considered as relating to the bulkand body of the structure.…Not to mention the Tower of Babel, of which an old author says there were the foundations to be seen in his time, which looked like a spacious mountain…（Joseph Addison)13. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to thesunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God's children. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of radial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. (Martin Luthur King)14. You earn your living and you urn your dead.15. Other things may be seized by might, or purchased with money, but knowledge isto be gained only by study, and study to be prosecuted only in retirement.(Samuel Johnson)16. For ours is the age of four "A's"：anxiety, apprehension, agonizing, and aspirin.(James Thurber)17. So will these unattractive and mysterious objects lead to a new world economicorder, or will the game be played according to the usual industrial rules; from each according to his ability, to each according to his investments?18. 0 soul of mine, will you never be good and sincere, all one, all open, visible to thebeholder more clearly than even your encompassing body of flesh? Will you never taste the sweetness of a loving and affectionate heart? Will you never be filled full and unwanting; craving nothing, yearning for no creature or thing to minister to your pleasures, no prolongation of days to enjoy them, no place or country or pleasant clime or sweet human company? (Marcus Aurelius)19. It is in art as in morals; no character would inspire us with an enthusiasticadmiration of his virtue, if that virtue consisted only in an absence of vice;something more is required; a man must do more than merely his duty to be a hero.(Joshua Reynolds)20. It is no use doing what, you like; you have, got to like what you do. (W Churchill)21. To be, or not to be; that is the question:Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe sting and arrows of outrageous fortune:Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them…（Shakespeare）22. ... Let them recognize that there are only two kinds of person whom we candescribe as reasonable; those who serve God with all their heart because they have found him, and those who seek him with all their heart because, they have not found him. (Pascal)23. O, who can hold a fire in his handBy thinking on the frosty Caucasus?Or cloy the hungry edge of appetiteBy bare imagination of a feast?Or wallow naked in December snowBy thinking on fantastic summer's best? (Shakespeare)24. Let us be ruthless in our criticism, cruel to personal vanities, indifferent to age,rank or experience if these stand in our way. Let all theories be subjected to the bright clear light of practice. (Norman Bethune)25. I Came BackI came back to softness and comfort.I came back to Dr. White's.And I wonder why I ever went away.Because only Dr. White's gives me two kinds of comfort. The supper-comfort of their cotton-wool content that makes them so much softer. And the comfort of a safer, more absorbent towel, with a flush-away design, too，for even more convenience.I tried the rest, but I came back.Isn't it time you came back to Dr. White's?Dr. White's Two kinds of comfort. (Women, Apr. 1977)26. What may be done at any time will be done at no time. (Proverb)27. You might as well expect a leopard to change its spots as expect him to give upsmoking.28. He intended to take an opportunity this afternoon of speaking to Irene. A word intime saves nine…(John Galsworthy)29. A little boy came up to his mother. "Ma," he said, "I have something to tell you. Myteacher kissed me.”"Well, were you a good boy and did you kiss her back?""Of course not!" he denied indignantly, "I kissed her face.”30. I don't have any rich relations who well leave me money when they die. Whatever Iget in life, I'll have to earn by the sweat of my brow.31. Magnus. Frankly, I have been accustomed to regard your President as a statesmanwhose mouth was the most efficient part of his head. (Bernard Shaw)32. No longer mourn for me when I am deadThen you shall hear the surly sullen bellGive warning to the world that I am fledFrom this vile world, with vilest worms to dwell…(Shakespeare)33. O what can ail thee, knight-at-arms,Alone and palely loitering?The sedge has withered from the lake,And no birds sing.O what can ail thee, knight-at-arms,So haggard and so woe-begone?The squirrel's granary is full,And the harvest's done. (John Keats)34. O, my luve is like a red, red roseThat's newly sprung in June:O, my luve is like the melodieThat's sweetly played in tune. (Robert Bums)35. His behavior was一but I blush to mention that.36. He had passed many anxious hours before he got the phone call from his daughter.37. Music, when soft voices die,vibrates in the memory一odours, when sweet violets sicken，Live within the sense they quicken. (Shelly)38. Child-bearing, hard work, and constant anxiety were beginning to tell on MrsAthelny; and sometimes her back ached in the evening so that she had to sit down and rest herself. (W. S. Maugham)39. "Now, sir," said my aunt to Mr. Micawber, as she put on her gloves, "we are readyfor Mount Vesuvius, or anything else, as soon as you please.”"Madam," returned Mr. Micawber, "I trust you will shortly witness an eruption…”(Charles Dickens)40. Then the fish came alive, with his death in him, and rose high out of the watershowing all his great length and width and all his power and his beauty. He seemed to hang in the air above the old man in the skiff. Then he fell into the water with a crash that sent spray over the old man and over all of the skiff. (Hemingway )。