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复杂地层结构三维地质建模空间插值方法研究作者：郑杨简季来源：《城市地质》2024年第01期摘要：三维地质体对于自然资源勘探、环境保护、自然灾害风险评估等领域都具有重要意义。
在建模过程中，地质体的模型精度与插值算法有着直接关系。
为研究不同插值算法的适用情况，文章对云南陆良某污染场地进行浅层三维地质建模，分别选取反距离权重法和自然邻域法，利用钻孔数据插值建模，并对模型结果进行目视检验和误差对比分析。
研究结果表明：反距离权重法适用范围广，建模精度较高；相较于自然邻域法，反距离权重法更适用于地层结构复杂的三维地质建模，该方法对断层细节的描述更细致，模型更符合实际情况；而自然邻域法在断层明显的区域插值效果较差，不适用于地层结构复杂的情况。
关键词：三维地质模型；钻孔数据；反距离权重法；自然邻域法；精度验证Spatial interpolation methods for 3D geological modeling of complex strata structuresZHENG Yang， JIAN Ji（School of Earth Sciences， Chengdu University of Technology， Chengdu 610059，Sichuan， China）Abstract： Three-dimensional （3D） geological bodies are of great significance in natural resources exploration， environmental protection， natural disaster risk assessment， and other fields. In the modeling process， the accuracy of geological body models is directly related to interpolation algorithms. To study the applicability of different interpolation algorithms， this paper conducted shallow 3D geological modeling in a heavy metal pollution area in Luliang， Yunnan. The inverse distance weighting method and natural neighborhood method were selected to interpolate the drilling data in the study area. Visual inspection and error comparison were carried out of the model results. The results show that the inverse distance weighting method has a wider applicability range and higher modeling accuracy. Compared to the natural neighborhood method， the inverse distance weighting method is more suitable for complex geological modeling with distinct stratigraphic structures， providing a more detailed description of fault details and a model that better reflects reality. On the other hand， the natural neighborhood method has poor interpolation performance in areas with distinct faults and is not suitable for complex stratigraphic structures.Keywords： 3D geological model; drill data; inverse distance weighting method; natural neighborhood method; accuracy verification三维地质模型的建立极大程度上依赖于钻孔数据，地层单元的原始状态信息能够通过钻孔数据详细、准确且直观地展现出来，其在三维地质建模过程中是不可替代的，钻孔数量越多，钻孔数据越准确，构建的三维地质模型越符合实际情况（林冰仙等，2013；习龙等，2022；张园园等，2021）。
最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作1 商标名的英译汉目的论研究——以洗护用品为例2 消费主义视角下看《麦琪的礼物》中的男女主人公3 中西方聚会文化差异比较研究4 Psychoanalytical Study of Kate Chopin’s The A wakening5 华兹华斯诗歌的和谐观6 动物词汇的英汉互译策略7 浅析《飘》中斯嘉丽的婚姻观8 A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Euphemisms for Death from the Perspective of Culture9 文档所公布均英语专业全英原创毕业论文。
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三视图英语作文Three-view drawing is a fundamental technique in technical and engineering drawing that allows for the clear and concise representation of a three-dimensional object on a two-dimensional surface. This method involves depicting the object from three different orthogonal views front view, side view, and top view to provide a comprehensive understanding of its form, dimensions, and spatial relationships. The three-view drawing is a crucial tool in various industries, from mechanical engineering and architecture to industrial design and manufacturing, as it enables the effective communication of design ideas and the accurate documentation of complex structures and components.The front view, or the principal view, is the primary projection that shows the object as it would appear from the front. This view typically displays the most important features and details of the object, such as the shape, size, and arrangement of its components. The side view, also known as the profile or elevation view, depicts the object as seen from the left or right side, revealing additional information about its depth, thickness, and other features that maynot be visible in the front view. The top view, or the plan view, shows the object from above, providing insights into its overall layout, the positioning of its parts, and any features or details that are best observed from this perspective.The process of creating a three-view drawing begins with a thorough understanding of the object being represented. The designer or draftsman must carefully examine the object, identify its key features, and determine the most appropriate views to convey the necessary information. Once the views have been selected, the object is then systematically projected onto the three orthogonal planes, with each view accurately depicting the object's dimensions, proportions, and spatial relationships.The precise placement and alignment of the three views are crucial to the effectiveness of the three-view drawing. The views are typically arranged in a specific layout, with the front view positioned in the center, the side view to the left, and the top view to the right. This arrangement allows for easy comparison and correlation between the different perspectives, enabling the viewer to quickly grasp the overall form and structure of the object.One of the primary advantages of three-view drawing is its ability to convey complex three-dimensional information in a concise and easily interpretable format. By breaking down the object into itsconstituent views, the designer can provide a comprehensive representation that eliminates the need for additional perspectives or detailed descriptions. This efficiency is particularly valuable in fields such as engineering and manufacturing, where precise and unambiguous communication of design specifications is essential for the successful development and production of products.Furthermore, three-view drawing serves as a foundation for more advanced technical drawing techniques, such as isometric and oblique projections, which offer alternative methods for representing three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional surface. These additional drawing methods can be used in conjunction with three-view drawings to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the object's form and spatial relationships.In the context of engineering and technical design, three-view drawing plays a crucial role in the development and documentation of products and systems. Engineers and designers use this technique to create detailed schematics, assembly drawings, and part specifications that can be easily understood by other members of the design team, as well as by manufacturers and technicians responsible for the production and maintenance of the final product.In the field of architecture, three-view drawing is equally important, as it allows architects to communicate their design ideas andbuilding plans to clients, contractors, and regulatory authorities. Architectural three-view drawings typically include the front elevation, side elevation, and floor plan, providing a comprehensive representation of the proposed structure's form, layout, and spatial organization.Beyond its practical applications, three-view drawing also serves as an essential tool in the education and training of aspiring engineers, designers, and architects. By mastering the principles and techniques of three-view drawing, students develop critical spatial visualization and technical communication skills that are essential for success in their respective fields.In conclusion, three-view drawing is a fundamental technique in technical and engineering drawing that enables the clear and concise representation of three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional surface. Its ability to convey complex spatial information in a standardized format makes it an indispensable tool in a wide range of industries, from mechanical engineering and architecture to industrial design and manufacturing. As technology continues to evolve, the importance of three-view drawing is likely to persist, as it remains a crucial means of communicating design ideas and technical specifications in a clear, unambiguous, and universally understood manner.。
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influence of socioeconomiccharacteristics,land use and travel time considerations on mode choice for medium-and longer-distance trips.Journal of transport geography,14(5),327-341.13.Chen,Y.P.,Song,Y.,Zhang,Y.,PENG,K.,Zhang,Q.,and Jin,X.(2011).Impact of landuse development on travel mode choice:a case study in shenzhen.Urban Transport of China,9(5),80-85.陈燕萍,宋彦,张毅,等.城市土地利用特征对居民出行方式的影响——以深圳市为例[J].城市交通,2011,9(5):80-85.14.Cervero,R.(1989).Jobs-housing balancing and regional mobility.Journal of theAmerican Planning Association,55(2),136-150.15.Transit and Urban Form.Volume1.PART I Transit,Urban Form,and the BuiltEnvironment:A Summary of Knowledge.第二编1.Chatman,D.G.(2013).Does TOD need the T?On the importance of factors otherthan rail access.Journal of the American Planning Association,79(1),17-31.2.Song,Y.,and Knaap,G.J.(2004).Measuring urban form:is Portland winning the waron sprawl?.Journal of the American Planning Association,70(2),210-225.3.Ewing,R.(1997).Is Los Angeles-style sprawl desirable?.Journal of the Americanplanning association,63(1),107-126.4.Cervero,R.,and Murakami,J.(2010).Effects of built environments on vehicle milestraveled:evidence from370US urbanized areas.Environment and Planning A,42(2), 400-418.5.Badland,H.,and Schofield,G.(2005).Transport,urban design,and physical activity:an evidence-based update.Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,10(3),177-196.6.Lin,J.J.,and Yang,A.T.(2009).Structural analysis of how urban form impacts traveldemand:Evidence from Taipei.Urban Studies,46(9),1951-1967.7.Zhao,P.(2011).Car use,commuting and urban form in a rapidly growing city:evidence from Beijing.Transportation planning and technology,34(6),509-527.8.Zhao,P.,Lü,B.,and de Roo,G.(2010).Urban expansion and transportation:theimpact of urban form on commuting patterns on the city fringe of Beijing.Environment and planning.A,42(10),2467-2486.9.Yang,J.,Shen,Q.,Shen,J.,and He,C.(2012).Transport impacts of clustereddevelopment in Beijing:Compact development versus overconcentration.Urban Studies,49(6),1315-1331.10.Ma,K.R.,and Banister, D.(2007).Urban spatial change and excesscommuting.Environment and Planning A,39(3),630-646.11.Horner,M.W.(2007).A multi-scale analysis of urban form and commuting change ina small metropolitan area(1990–2000).The Annals of Regional Science,41(2),315-332.12.Shen,Q.(1998).Location characteristics of inner-city neighborhoods andemployment accessibility of low-wage workers.Environment and planning B: Planning and Design,25(3),345-365.沈青,张岩,张峰.内城区的区位特征与低收入者的就业可达性[J].国际城市规划, 2007,22(2):26-35.13.Levine,J.,Grengs,J.,Shen,Q.,and Shen,Q.(2012).Does Accessibility Require Densityor Speed?A Comparison of Fast Versus Close in Getting Where You Want to Go in US Metropolitan Regions.Journal of the American Planning Association,78(2),157-172.14.Shen,Q.(2000).Spatial and social dimensions of commuting.Journal of theAmerican Planning Association,66(1),68-82.15.Sanchez,T.W.(1999).The connection between public transit and employment:thecases of Portland and Atlanta.Journal of the American Planning Association,65(3), 284-296.16.Kawabata,M.,and Shen,Q.(2007).Commuting inequality between cars and publictransit:The case of the San Francisco Bay Area,1990-2000.Urban Studies,44(9), 1759-1780.17.Yang,J.(2005).Commuting impacts of spatial decentralization:A comparison ofAtlanta and Boston.Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy,35(1),69-78.18.Zhou J.,Chen X.,and Huang W.(2013).Jobs-housing balance and commute efficiencyin cities of central and western China:a case study of Xi’an.Journal of Geographical Science,68(10),1316-1330.19.Zhou,J.,Wang,Y.,and Schweitzer,L.(2012).Jobs/housing balance andemployer-based travel demand management program returns to scale:Evidence from Los Angeles.Transport Policy,20,22-35.周江评,陈晓键,黄伟,等.中国中西部大城市的职住平衡与通勤效率——以西安为例[J].地理学报,2013,68(010):1316-1330.20.Zhao H.,Yang K.,Wei H.,and Zhao W.(2013).Job-housing space restructuring andevolution of commuting patterns in Beijing metropolian area.City Planning Review, 37(8),33-39.赵晖,杨开忠,魏海涛,等.北京城市职住空间重构及其通勤模式演化研究[J].城市规划,2013,37(8):33-39.第三编1.Boarnet,M.G.(2011).A broader context for land use and travel behavior,and aresearch agenda.Journal of the American Planning Association,77(3),197-213.2.Crane,R.(2000).The influence of urban form on travel:an interpretivereview.Journal of Planning Literature,15(1),3-23.3.Boarnet,M.G.,and Sarmiento,S.(1998).Can land-use policy really affect travelbehaviour?A study of the link between non-work travel and land-use characteristics.Urban Studies,35(7),1155-1169.4.Pan,H.,Shen,Q.,and Zhang,M.(2009).Influence of urban form on travel behaviourin four neighbourhoods of Shanghai.Urban Studies,46(2),275-294.潘海啸,沈青,张明.城市形态对居民出行的影响——上海实例研究[J].城市交通, 2009,7(6):28-32.5.Zhao,P.(2014).The impact of the built environment on bicycle commuting:Evidence from Beijing.Urban studies,51(5),1019-1037.6.Joh,K.,Nguyen,M.T.,and Boarnet,M.G.(2012).Can built and social environmentalfactors encourage walking among individuals with negative walking attitudes?.Journal of Planning Education and Research,32(2),219-236.7.Chatman,D.G.(2009).Residential choice,the built environment,and nonwork travel:evidence using new data and methods.Environment and planning.A,41(5), 1072-1089.8.Dieleman, F.M.,Dijst,M.,and Burghouwt,G.(2002).Urban form and travelbehaviour:micro-level household attributes and residential context.Urban Studies, 39(3),507-527.9.Joh,K.,Boarnet,M.G.,Nguyen,M.T.,Fulton,W.,Siembab,W.,and Weaver,S.(2008).Accessibility,travel behavior,and new urbanism:case study of mixed-use centers and auto-oriented corridors in the South Bay Region of Los Angeles,California.Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2082(1),81-89.10.Zolnik,E.J.(2011).The effect of sprawl on private-vehicle commuting outcomes.Environment and Planning-Part A,43(8),1875-1893.11.Meurs,H.,and Haaijer,R.(2001).Spatial structure and mobility.TransportationResearch Part D:Transport 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大脑的结构英文作文Title: The Structure of the Brain。
The brain, the command center of the human body, is a marvel of complexity and organization. Its structure is intricate, comprising various regions and networks that collaborate to regulate a myriad of functions, from basic survival instincts to complex cognitive processes. In this essay, we will delve into the anatomy of the brain, exploring its major structures and their functions.At the core of the brain lies the brainstem, a primitive but vital region responsible for essential functions such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion. Consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, the brainstem serves as a bridge between the spinal cord and higher brain structures.Moving outward, we encounter the cerebellum, often referred to as the "little brain." Despite its small sizecompared to the cerebral hemispheres, the cerebellum plays a crucial role in coordinating movement, balance, and posture. Damage to this region can result in significant motor deficits and impairments in motor learning.The cerebrum, comprising the largest portion of the brain, is divided into two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. Each hemisphere is further divided into four lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. These lobes house specialized areas responsible for various functions:1. The frontal lobe, located in the front of the brain, is involved in executive functions such as decision-making, planning, and problem-solving. It also houses the primary motor cortex, which controls voluntary movements.2. The parietal lobe, situated behind the frontal lobe, is responsible for processing sensory information,including touch, temperature, and pain. It also plays arole in spatial awareness and perception.3. The temporal lobe, located on the sides of the brain, is primarily associated with auditory processing and language comprehension. It also houses the hippocampus, a structure crucial for memory formation and spatial navigation.4. The occipital lobe, positioned at the back of the brain, is dedicated to visual processing. It receives and interprets visual information from the eyes, allowing us to perceive the world around us.Within the cerebrum, there are also several deep structures that play significant roles in regulating emotions, memory, and homeostasis. The limbic system, for instance, is a complex network of structures, including the amygdala and hippocampus, involved in emotional processing and memory consolidation. The hypothalamus, located below the thalamus, serves as the master regulator of the autonomic nervous system, controlling vital functions such as hunger, thirst, and body temperature.Surrounding the brain is a protective layer called themeninges, consisting of three layers: the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. These membranes provide cushioning and support for the delicate structures of the brain, helping to maintain its integrity.In addition to its structural complexity, the brain exhibits remarkable plasticity, allowing it to adapt and reorganize in response to experiences and environmental changes. This neuroplasticity underlies our ability to learn, form memories, and recover from injuries.In conclusion, the brain is a remarkably complex organ, comprising a myriad of interconnected structures that govern our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Understanding its anatomy and function is essential for advancing neuroscience and developing treatments for neurological disorders. As we continue to unravel the mysteries of the brain, we gain deeper insights into what it means to be human.。
空间解析几何英语Spatial Analytic Geometry.Spatial analytic geometry is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of geometric objects in three-dimensional space. It extends the concepts and techniques of two-dimensional analytic geometry to the three-dimensional realm, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of spatial relationships and structures. In this article, we will explore the fundamental principles and applications of spatial analytic geometry.1. Coordinate Systems in Three Dimensions.In spatial analytic geometry, the fundamental tool is the three-dimensional coordinate system. This system consists of three perpendicular axes, typically denoted as the x, y, and z axes. Any point in three-dimensional space can be uniquely identified by its coordinates (x, y, z) relative to these axes.2. Vectors in Three Dimensions.Vectors play a crucial role in spatial analytic geometry. A vector is a mathematical object that represents both magnitude and direction. In three dimensions, a vector can be represented as an ordered triplet of numbers (a, b, c), where each number corresponds to the component of the vector along one of the coordinate axes. Vectors can be used to represent displacements, forces, velocities, and other quantities that have both magnitude and direction.3. Geometric Objects in Three Dimensions.Spatial analytic geometry deals with a variety of geometric objects in three dimensions, including points, lines, planes, and more complex shapes such as spheres, cylinders, and cones. Each of these objects can be described and analyzed using the language and techniques of spatial analytic geometry.4. Equations of Geometric Objects.In spatial analytic geometry, equations are used to describe the geometric objects of interest. For example,the equation of a line in three dimensions can be expressed as a system of two linear equations in x, y, and z. Similarly, the equation of a plane can be expressed as a linear equation in x, y, and z. These equations provide a means to study the properties and relationships ofgeometric objects in a rigorous and systematic manner.5. Applications of Spatial Analytic Geometry.Spatial analytic geometry finds applications in various fields, including computer graphics, robotics, physics, and engineering. In computer graphics, for example, spatial analytic geometry is used to represent and manipulatethree-dimensional objects on a computer screen. In robotics, it is employed to model and control the movement of robotsin three-dimensional space. In physics and engineering, spatial analytic geometry is fundamental to the understanding and analysis of complex systems and structures.6. Conclusion.Spatial analytic geometry is a powerful tool for understanding and analyzing geometric objects in three dimensions. It extends the principles of two-dimensional analytic geometry to the three-dimensional realm, enabling the study of complex spatial relationships and structures. With its wide range of applications, spatial analytic geometry plays a crucial role in fields such as computer graphics, robotics, physics, and engineering. By mastering the concepts and techniques of spatial analytic geometry, one can gain a deeper understanding of the geometric world and apply this understanding to solve real-world problems.。
Associate professor Aurel Ion Clinciu, Ph. D.Transilvania University of BraşovFaculty of Psychology and Educational SciencesDepartment of Psychology and Education Training29, Bd. Eroilor******************Habilitation thesisAbstractThis habilitation thesis presents the scientific contributions I have brought in several applied psychology areas and also in the field of my university career for the past 17 years. The motivation which has supported this long-lasting effort can be found in the appreciation I have always given to the quantitative side and measurement in psychology. On one side, my consideration comes from the Kantian assertion according to which the level of a science depends on the stage of its quantifications. On the other side, this consideration originates in my experience of a practitioner psychologist. The 20 years of career in the applied field of psychology, which forewent my present academic career, have given me the feeling that the destiny of the psychologist profession is directly dependent on the quality and variety of the instruments he or she uses. My belief that a practitioner evolves within his or her instruments has made me give a special attention to creating psychological instruments as a way of compensating the early difficulties in my own career.The most important personal contribution in the field of Romanian applied psychology refers to my status of a psychometric instruments creator. The most important of them cover the major cognitive functions, memory and intelligence, namely the informational and operational sides of cognitive structure. Battery of Working Memory - BWM (Clinciu, 2012) is my most notable achievement so far, because it completely went through all the stages of creating a valid psychometric instrument. Operationalized in the ninth decade of the last century after the model proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974), pretested on a representatively local population for two decades, used as a basic instrument together with an intelligence battery in my PH thesis, then tested on a normative population of 1811 participants, BWM has gained the quality of a psychometric instrument which is largely known, accepted and used by the community of psychology practitioners in Romania.The second instrument from the area of testing human cognitive abilities is the Battery of Vocational Aptitudes – BVA, which reunites eight categories of subtests around four fundamental cognitive components: spatial, numerical, verbal and graphical. Through regrouping, they provide a measurement of verbal and non-verbal intelligence on one side, and of fluid and crystallized component of intelligence on the other side. Though it is meant especially for being applied in the field of vocational guidance and career counseling, due to the fact that its structure is compatible with Holland’s RIASEC model, BVA is an instrument to use anywhere if measuring general mental aptitude is required for puberty, adolescence and post-adolescence ages, and it is also useful in the field of recruiting human resources.By comparison with BWM, BVA has got only half of the way of a psychometric instrument, namely it operationalizes the concept of vocational ability through proposing the eight component subtests and launches the pilot study of this psychometric product on a large population (N = 370). As its structure, which is analyzed factorially from both explorative and confirmative points of view, finds the expected theoretical model, now BVA is at the beginning of the most important stage, the one of being tested on a representatively national population. This is a stage that will happen in the future two years.The researches in the field of education were materialized by creating two new instruments. One of these (Clinciu, 2005) was destined to determine the mental maturity of the big preschool child who is at the beginning of schooling. Initially combining two convergent informational sources – effective psychological measurement and observation through a standardized card – this instrument which was firstly published in 2005, has known a large national spreading. Now I am in the position to redefine its structure in order to cover the entire area of growing ages in the kindergarten (3½ – 6½ years), introducing the child’s standardized observation by one of the parents, as an additional source of information. Through Testcentral firm, that manufactures BWM, I am in front of completing the normative data gathering which are necessary to launch the standardized form of this instrument.The second instrument in educational field is the Questionnaire of School Maladjustment – QSM. Its first form was launched in 2001 and was destined to the students of puberty and adolescence ages. This instrument could be studied right throughout its numerous uses. This fact allowed its change and use extension towards university areas through QAM – Questionnaire of Academic Maladjustment. Then, through the feedback resulted from its use, there appeared the possibility of its more accurate conceptualization and of a unitary redefinition of academic maladjustment phenomenology. Having been validated so far against other prestigious instruments (EPQ-Junior, NEO PI-R,SACQ – Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire or SSI – Student-life Stress Inventory), QSM/QAM is currently in front of cross-cultural validation, raising the interest of its usage for a multitude of researchers. In the field of education I can also put forward the team researches that led to building the Questionnaire on School Climate. As specific issues of research, I have approached the phenomenology of school maladjustment and stress (from kindergarten children to pupils, students and teachers), problems area of evaluation styles and school achievement where I have proposed a coherent method of identifying the three categories: school under-, over- and achieved students.In the clinical field – the one in which I have capitalized the most expertise as a practitioner – I have contributed with three instruments destined to evaluate various facets of Self: Self Perception – SP, Body Self Perception – BSP and Questionnaire of Evaluating Eating Disorders – QEED. This habilitation thesis presents the basic used concepts, their way of operationalization, genesis of the afferent instruments and the results of the carried out validation studies.My career plan derives directly from what I have presented above. Punctually, my intentions for the near future are connected to redefining the concept of working memory in order to be in agreement with the new research data. Through the structural redefining of BWM, it will diagnose the visual and auditory components of memory and in addition it will make the distinction between immediate memorizing and mnezic learning. For BVA there must go through all the other left stages that are necessary to impose it in current psychological practice, namely applying it on representatively national samples and building the manual which will include the norms system.Intercurrently I intend to autonomously develop the two instruments which give expression to graphical intelligence – the Draw a Man Test and Bender-Gestalt Standard Test.I have identified that this structural component of general intelligence, which is presented in a multitude of development scales and intelligence batteries, has an inadequate treatment, mainly as a result of scoring difficulties. The new Block Design Test may receive a special attention; it is conceived to give a quick, correct, and accurate expression to visuo-spatial-motor intelligence from the age of four years up to the adult ages. Launched and tested (with edifying results) for the extreme ages of kindergarten – high school continuum, the instrument needs the consistent logistics support of a firm producing tests.As far as clinical psychology is concerned, I intend to reunite my researches so far with the questionnaires of Self Perception, Body Self Perception and Evaluating Eating Disorders to create data bases that are necessary to confirmative factorial analyze. This effort will end up by elaborating and (re)publishing the final version of these instruments in prestigious journals. Studying the way in which they measure in the areas of obesity, juvenal and adult diabetes, chronic renal insufficiency or of adolescence ages are already assumed research intentions.From the didactic career point of view, my most pregnant achievements are connected to publishing or republishing the textbooks and books that support Psychology Fundaments, Applied Statistics for Psychology and Multivariate Statistics, Psychodiagnosis and Psychological Evaluation. The progress in this direction will come from the improvement of the course textbooks and seminar learning aids, from building new applications, from updating the supplying with tests, questionnaires and other instruments for the applied side of these courses. Up to my retirement, I intend to further stay in the following structures: Quality Commission, Peer Evaluation Commission, Faculty Executive Board and University Senate, thus being able to get involved in university life as directly as possible.。
英语作文有几种结构类型In English writing, there are several common structural types that writers often employ to organize their compositions effectively. These structures serve as frameworks to help convey ideas clearly and logically.Let's explore some of these structural types:1. Chronological Structure: This structure presents events or ideas in the order they occur or develop over time. It's commonly used in narratives, biographies, historical essays, and process essays. By following a chronological sequence, writers can create a clear timeline for the reader to follow.2. Spatial Structure: In this structure, the organization is based on physical location or spatial arrangement. It's often used in descriptive essays, travel writing, and when discussing the layout of a place or object. Spatial structure allows the reader to visualize the subject by presenting details in a spatially coherentmanner.3. Cause and Effect Structure: This structure explores the relationship between actions and their consequences. Writers using this structure explain why certain events occur and what results from them. Cause and effectstructure is common in essays analyzing social issues, scientific phenomena, and historical developments.4. Problem-Solution Structure: Writers employing this structure first present a problem or issue, then proposeone or more solutions to address it. This structure is frequently used in persuasive essays, argumentative writing, and discussions of societal challenges or policy issues. It aims to convince the reader of the effectiveness of the proposed solutions.5. Compare and Contrast Structure: This structure involves examining the similarities and differences between two or more subjects. Writers using this structurehighlight key points of comparison and contrast to help readers understand the relationships between the subjects.It's often used in essays analyzing literature, historical events, scientific theories, and more.6. Descriptive Structure: In this structure, theprimary focus is on providing vivid sensory details to create a vivid image or impression of a subject.Descriptive writing appeals to the reader's senses,painting a picture with words. It's commonly employed in creative writing, travelogues, and essays describing places, objects, or experiences.7. Argumentative Structure: Also known as thepersuasive structure, this approach presents a thesis or central argument supported by evidence and reasoning.Writers using this structure aim to persuade readers to adopt their viewpoint or take a specific action. Argumentative essays often include an introduction, body paragraphs presenting evidence, counterarguments, and a conclusion.8. Narrative Structure: This structure tells a story, typically with a clear beginning, middle, and end.Narrative writing can be fictional or based on real events, and it often includes characters, settings, and a plot. Narrative structure engages readers by drawing them into the story and evoking emotional responses.These are just a few examples of the structural types commonly used in English writing. Depending on the purpose, audience, and content of the writing, writers may choose to combine or adapt these structures to suit their needs. By understanding and utilizing different structural types, writers can effectively organize their ideas and communicate them to their readers.。
