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WRF-CHEM 中文介绍空气质量模拟是一个非常复杂的问题，同时受到气象因子（如风速、风向、湍流、辐射、云和降水等）和化学过程（如源的排放、干湿沉降和化学转化等）的影响。
在实际大气中，化学和气象过程是同时发生的，并且能够相互影响，如气溶胶能影响地气系统辐射平衡，气溶胶作为云凝结核，能影响降水，而云和降水对化学过程也有非常强烈的影响。
以往的空气质量模式，如CALGRID 、MODEL3/CAMQ 等，它的气象过程和化学过程是分开的，一般先运行中尺度气象模式，得到一定时间间隔的气象场，然后提供给化学模式使用。
这样分开处理以后，存在一些问题：首先，利用这样的气象资料驱动化学过程的时候就存在时间和空间上的插值，而且丢失了一些小于气象模式输出间隔的气象过程，如一次短时间的降水等，而这些过程对化学过程来说可能是很重要的；其次，气象模式和化学模式使用的物理参数化方案可能是不一样的；再次，不能考虑化学过程对气象过程的反馈作用。
基于这种真实大气中气象过程和化学过程是同时发生的相互影响的思想以及考虑到以往空气质量模式中存在的不足，2000年3月6日——8日在美国国家大气研究中心（NCAR ）举行了一个关于在云模式和中尺度模式中模拟化学过程的会议，随后成立了一个WRF-CHEM 的开发小组，共有15个成员。
在之后的几年内，很多化学模块被加入了WRF的框架之中，完成了一个气象模式和化学模式在线完全耦合的新一代的区域空气质量模式（WRF-CHEM ）。
它的化学和气象过程使用相同的水平和垂直坐标系，相同的物理参数化方案，不存在时间上的插值，并且能够考虑化学对气象过程的反馈作用。
WRF 模式WRF（Weather Research Forecast）模式系统是美国气象界联合开发的新一代中尺度预报模式和同化系统,2004 年6 月对外发布了第二版和三维变分同化系统。
这个模式采用高度模块化、并行化和分层设计技术, 集成了迄今为止在中尺度方面的研究成果。
WRF-CHEM中文介绍空气质量模拟是一个非常复杂的问题，同时受到气象因子（如风速、风向、湍流、辐射、云和降水等）和化学过程（如源的排放、干湿沉降和化学转化等）的影响。
在实际大气中，化学和气象过程是同时发生的，并且能够相互影响，如气溶胶能影响地气系统辐射平衡，气溶胶作为云凝结核，能影响降水，而云和降水对化学过程也有非常强烈的影响。
以往的空气质量模式，如CALGRID、MODEL3/CAMQ等，它的气象过程和化学过程是分开的，一般先运行中尺度气象模式，得到一定时间间隔的气象场，然后提供给化学模式使用。
这样分开处理以后，存在一些问题：首先，利用这样的气象资料驱动化学过程的时候就存在时间和空间上的插值，而且丢失了一些小于气象模式输出间隔的气象过程，如一次短时间的降水等，而这些过程对化学过程来说可能是很重要的；其次，气象模式和化学模式使用的物理参数化方案可能是不一样的；再次，不能考虑化学过程对气象过程的反馈作用。
基于这种真实大气中气象过程和化学过程是同时发生的相互影响的思想以及考虑到以往空气质量模式中存在的不足，2000年3月6日——8日在美国国家大气研究中心（NCAR）举行了一个关于在云模式和中尺度模式中模拟化学过程的会议，随后成立了一个WRF-CHEM的开发小组，共有15个成员。
在之后的几年内，很多化学模块被加入了WRF的框架之中，完成了一个气象模式和化学模式在线完全耦合的新一代的区域空气质量模式（WRF-CHEM）。
它的化学和气象过程使用相同的水平和垂直坐标系，相同的物理参数化方案，不存在时间上的插值，并且能够考虑化学对气象过程的反馈作用。
WRF模式WRF(Weather Research Forecast) 模式系统是美国气象界联合开发的新一代中尺度预报模式和同化系统,2004 年6 月对外发布了第二版和三维变分同化系统。
这个模式采用高度模块化、并行化和分层设计技术,集成了迄今为止在中尺度方面的研究成果。
WRF 模式操作指南The Institute of Atmospheric Physics， Chinese Academy of Sciences Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences中国科学院大气物理研究所中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所二○一七年三月二十日目录1. WRF模式简介 (1)2. WRF模式的安装 (2)2.1 安装环境 (2)2.2 模式源程序 (2)2.3 NetCDF函数库的安装 (2)2.4 标准初始化（SI）的安装 (6)2.5 WRF模式的安装 (9)3. WRF模式与T213模式嵌套 (17)3.1 嵌套方案 (17)3.2 嵌套程序设计 (17)3.3编译嵌套程序 (21)3.4 嵌套的实现 (22)4. WRF模式系统的运行 (29)4.1 理想大气方案 (29)4.2 真实大气方案 (32)5. WRF模式系统作业卡 (47)5.1 源程序 (47)5.2 真实大气方案 (48)6. 模式结果的显示处理 (61)6.1 Vis5D格式 (61)6.2 MICAPS格式 (62)6.2 GrADS格式 (65)附录1. WRF模式参数配置说明 (68)附录2. T213场库参数表 (78)WRF模式系统安装/调试技术报告1. WRF模式简介WRF(Weather Research Forecast)模式系统是由许多美国研究部门及大学的科学家共同参与进行开发研究的新一代中尺度预报模式和同化系统。
WRF模式系统的开发计划是在1997年由NCAR中小尺度气象处、NCEP的环境模拟中心、FSL 的预报研究处和奥克拉荷马大学的风暴分析预报中心四部门联合发起建立的，并由国家自然科学基金和NOAA共同支持。
现在，这项计划，得到了许多其他研究部门及大学的科学家共同参与进行开发研究。
WRFChem安装及使用说明手册WRF-Chem安装及使用说明手册V1.0编写者：王彬2015年6月目录1. 引言 (3)1.1 编写目的 (3)1.2 背景 (3)1.3 参考资料 (4)2. 安装过程 (4)2.1 设定环境变量 (4)2.2 WRFV3安装 (5)2.3 WPS与WRFDA的安装 (6)3. 使用过程 (6)3.1 WPS数据准备说明 (7)3.2 气象初始场的准备说明 (8)3.3 化学数据前处理程序的使用说明 (8)3.4 化学数据转化程序的使用说明 (9)附录1 （prep_chem_sources.inp） (14)附录2（ncl程序） (18)附录3（convert.f90） (19)1. 引言1.1 编写目的本手册为指导WRF-Chem数值模拟的用户，方便轻松掌握WRF-Chem数值模式的安装及使用而编写。
希望该手册在大家使用和学习过程中起到引导和帮助的作用。
1.2 背景WRF-Chem模式是由国家大气研究中心（NCAR）等机构联合开发的新一代大气预报模式，真正实现了气象模式与化学传输模式在时空上的耦合。
它不仅能够模拟污染气体和气溶胶的排放、传输以及混合过程，还可用于分析空气质量、云与化学之间的相互作用等。
研究表明，WRF-Chem对气象场以及污染物的模拟表现出值得信赖的能力。
WRF-Chem在原有WRF模式的基础上耦合了化学反应过程，它通过在WRF 的辐射方案中引入气溶胶光学厚度、单次散射反照率和不对称因子表现气溶胶的直接辐射效应。
此外，还增加了云滴数浓度的计算，这会改变原有WRF辐射方案中云粒子有效半径的计算方式，从而影响云的反照率，体现气溶胶的Twomey 效应。
另一方面，Liu et al.提出了以云滴数浓度为阈值的新的云水向雨水自动转换参数化方案，取代了原有的Kessler方案，体现气溶胶的Albrecht效应。
1.3 参考资料1）WRF-Chem说明手册2）/wrf/WG11/，WRF-Chem学习网站2. 安装过程这里选用bluesky服务器和intel编译器进行WRF-ChemV3.7.1的安装说明，WRF-Chem的安装和WRF的区别只在于WRFV3部分，WRFDA和WPS可以直接链接已经安装好的版本。
第二章WRF-Chem模式介绍WRF-Chem模式是由美国NOAA 预报系统实验室（FSL）开发的，气象模式（WRF）和化学模式（Chem）在线完全耦合的新一代的区域空气质量模式。
图2.1给出了WRF-Chem的流程框架图。
WRF-chem包含了一种全新的大气化学模式理念。
它的化学和气象过程使用相同的水平和垂直坐标系，相同的物理参数化方案，不存在时间上的插值，并且能够考虑化学对气象过程的反馈作用。
有别于这之前的大气化学模式，如SAQM 模式、CALGRID模式、MODEL3-CAMQ模式等，它们的气象过程和化学过程是分开的，一般先运行中尺度气象模式，得到一定时间间隔的气象场，然后提供给化学模式使用。
这样分开处理以后，存在一些问题：首先，利用这样的气象资料驱动化学过程的时候就存在时间和空间上的插值，而且丢失了一些小于输出间隔的气象过程，如一次短时间的降水等，而这些过程对化学过程来说可能是很重要的；其次，气象模式和化学模式使用的物理参数化方案可能是不一样的；再次，不能考虑化学过程对气象过程的反馈作用。
事实上，在实际大气中化学和气象过程是同时发生的，并且能够互相影响，如气溶胶能影响地气系统辐射平衡，气溶胶作为云凝结核，能影响降水，而气温、云和降水对化学过程也有非常强烈的影响。
因此，WRF-Chem能够模拟再现一种更加真实的大气环境。
最初版本的WRF-chem在2002年推出，目前的版本为V3.1（2009年4月16日），本文所采用的是WRF-chem V3.0。
图2.1 WRF-Chem流程图（来自WRF-Chem V3 用户手册）WRF ( Weather Research Forecast , Skamarock et al., 2008)模式系统是美国气象界联合开发的新一代中尺度预报模式和同化系统。
WRF模式是一个可用来进行1至10公里内高分辨率模拟的数值模式，同时，也是一个可以做各种不同广泛应用的数值模式，例如：业务单位正规预报、区域气候模拟、空气质量模拟，理想个例模拟实验等。
《基于WRF-CHEM模式的连续雾霾过程数值模拟及其能见度参数化》篇一一、引言随着城市化进程的加快，空气质量问题愈发引人关注，雾霾现象频繁发生并呈现出持续的态势。
针对此类现象，本研究采用了WRF-CHEM模式对连续雾霾过程进行数值模拟，并结合能见度参数化方法，以期为雾霾天气的预报预警及治理提供科学依据。
二、WRF-CHEM模式简介WRF-CHEM是一种集成了气象和化学过程的数值模式，广泛应用于大气污染的模拟与预测。
该模式具有较高的空间和时间分辨率，可有效模拟污染物在大气中的传输、扩散和转化过程。
三、连续雾霾过程的数值模拟本研究采用WRF-CHEM模式，针对一次典型的连续雾霾过程进行了数值模拟。
通过设定合理的边界条件和初始条件，对污染物浓度、气象场等关键参数进行了精细的模拟。
通过对比模拟结果与实际观测数据，验证了WRF-CHEM模式在模拟连续雾霾过程中的有效性。
四、能见度参数化方法能见度是衡量大气污染程度的重要指标，对于雾霾天气的预报预警具有重要意义。
本研究采用了一种基于气象和化学参数的能见度参数化方法，将气象数据和化学数据转化为能见度值。
该方法通过引入相对湿度、温度、大气压等气象参数以及污染物浓度等化学参数，对能见度进行动态计算。
五、模拟结果分析通过对连续雾霾过程的数值模拟，我们发现：在雾霾过程中，污染物浓度随时间逐渐升高，并呈现出明显的空间分布特征；气象场的变化对污染物的传输和扩散具有重要影响；采用能见度参数化方法可有效提高能见度预测的准确性。
同时，我们还发现，在某些特定条件下，如湿度较大、温度较低时，雾霾现象更为严重。
六、结论与展望本研究基于WRF-CHEM模式对连续雾霾过程进行了数值模拟，并结合能见度参数化方法，为雾霾天气的预报预警提供了科学依据。
通过分析模拟结果，我们得出以下结论：1. WRF-CHEM模式在模拟连续雾霾过程中具有较高的有效性，可较好地反映污染物浓度、气象场等关键参数的变化。
wrf-chem模式分层原理WRF-Chem模式是一个全球和区域大气化学模式，可以模拟大气物理过程、大气化学过程和气溶胶-气体相互作用过程。
该模式结合了大气动力学模式WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）和化学气候模式CMAQ（Community Multi-scale Air Quality model），以便更准确地模拟大气化学过程和大气颗粒物的形成和运输过程。
WRF-Chem模式的分层原理基于大气垂直分层结构的物理和化学特性。
大气以不同的高度分层，这种分层通常是根据温度和湿度的变化而确定的。
WRF-Chem模式根据这些分层特征将大气划分为多个层次，以便更精细地模拟不同高度范围内的化学和物理过程。
一般而言，大气化学是一个多层次的过程，涉及大气中的不同组分以及它们之间的相互作用。
WRF-Chem模式利用分层原理将大气划分为不同的气候层次，在每个层次内模拟相应的物理和化学过程。
这样做的好处是可以更好地模拟大气细节和不同区域的差异，从而提高对大气颗粒物和气体分布的准确度。
在WRF-Chem模式中，大气的分层结构主要包括三个方面的特性：气象层、化学层和气溶胶-云层。
气象层是指大气的物理特性，例如温度、湿度、风速和气压等，这些特性直接影响大气运动和大气的物理过程。
化学层主要涉及大气化学物种的浓度和反应速率，以及与大气化学过程相关的其他参数。
气溶胶-云层包括大气气溶胶的分布和特性，以及云的形成和演变过程。
在模拟过程中，WRF-Chem模式将这些层次特征作为模型的输入参数，并根据不同层次之间的相互作用和耦合关系，模拟相应的物理和化学过程。
例如，气象层的风速和风向可以影响气溶胶和气体的输送和扩散；化学层的化学反应会改变气溶胶和气体的浓度和分布；气溶胶-云层的特性可以影响云的辐射处理和水循环过程。
总之，WRF-Chem模式的分层原理基于大气的物质和能量平衡，将大气划分为不同的层次，以模拟不同高度范围内的物理和化学过程。
WRF-CHEM中文介绍空气质量模拟是一个非常复杂的问题，同时受到气象因子（如风速、风向、湍流、辐射、云和降水等）和化学过程（如源的排放、干湿沉降和化学转化等）的影响。
在实际大气中，化学和气象过程是同时发生的，并且能够相互影响，如气溶胶能影响地气系统辐射平衡，气溶胶作为云凝结核，能影响降水，而云和降水对化学过程也有非常强烈的影响。
以往的空气质量模式，如CALGRID、MODEL3/CAMQ等，它的气象过程和化学过程是分开的，一般先运行中尺度气象模式，得到一定时间间隔的气象场，然后提供给化学模式使用。
这样分开处理以后，存在一些问题：首先，利用这样的气象资料驱动化学过程的时候就存在时间和空间上的插值，而且丢失了一些小于气象模式输出间隔的气象过程，如一次短时间的降水等，而这些过程对化学过程来说可能是很重要的；其次，气象模式和化学模式使用的物理参数化方案可能是不一样的；再次，不能考虑化学过程对气象过程的反馈作用。
基于这种真实大气中气象过程和化学过程是同时发生的相互影响的思想以及考虑到以往空气质量模式中存在的不足，2000年3月6日——8日在美国国家大气研究中心（NCAR）举行了一个关于在云模式和中尺度模式中模拟化学过程的会议，随后成立了一个WRF-CHEM的开发小组，共有15个成员。
在之后的几年内，很多化学模块被加入了WRF的框架之中，完成了一个气象模式和化学模式在线完全耦合的新一代的区域空气质量模式（WRF-CHEM）。
它的化学和气象过程使用相同的水平和垂直坐标系，相同的物理参数化方案，不存在时间上的插值，并且能够考虑化学对气象过程的反馈作用。
WRF模式WRF(Weather Research Forecast) 模式系统是美国气象界联合开发的新一代中尺度预报模式和同化系统,2004 年6 月对外发布了第二版和三维变分同化系统。
这个模式采用高度模块化、并行化和分层设计技术,集成了迄今为止在中尺度方面的研究成果。
w r f手册中文(总20页) -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除Chapter 1: OverviewIntroductionThe Advanced Research WRF (ARW) modeling system has been in development for the past few years. The current release is Version 3, available since April 2008. The ARW is designed to be a flexible, state-of-the-art atmospheric simulation system that is portable and efficient on available parallel computing platforms. The ARWis suitable for use in a broad range of applications across scales ranging from meters to thousands of kilometers, including:Idealized simulations (e.g. LES, convection, baroclinic waves)Parameterization researchData assimilation researchForecast researchReal-time NWPCoupled-model applicationsTeaching简介Advanced Research WRF (ARW)模式系统在过去的数年中得到了发展。
最近公布了第三版，从2008年4月开始可供使用。
ARW是灵活的，最先进的大气模拟系统，它易移植，并且有效的应用于各种操作系统。
WRF-Chem模式介绍完整版第二章 WRF-Chem模式介绍WRF-Chem模式是由美国NOAA 预报系统实验室(FSL)开发的，气象模式(WRF)和化学模式(Chem)在线完全耦合的新一代的区域空气质量模式。
图2.1给出了WRF-Chem的流程框架图。
WRF-chem包含了一种全新的大气化学模式理念。
它的化学和气象过程使用相同的水平和垂直坐标系，相同的物理参数化方案，不存在时间上的插值，并且能够考虑化学对气象过程的反馈作用。
有别于这之前的大气化学模式，如SAQM模式、CALGRID模式、MODEL3-CAMQ模式等，它们的气象过程和化学过程是分开的，一般先运行中尺度气象模式，得到一定时间间隔的气象场，然后提供给化学模式使用。
这样分开处理以后，存在一些问题:首先，利用这样的气象资料驱动化学过程的时候就存在时间和空间上的插值，而且丢失了一些小于输出间隔的气象过程，如一次短时间的降水等，而这些过程对化学过程来说可能是很重要的;其次，气象模式和化学模式使用的物理参数化方案可能是不一样的;再次，不能考虑化学过程对气象过程的反馈作用。
事实上，在实际大气中化学和气象过程是同时发生的，并且能够互相影响，如气溶胶能影响地气系统辐射平衡，气溶胶作为云凝结核，能影响降水，而气温、云和降水对化学过程也有非常强烈的影响。
因此，WRF-Chem能够模拟再现一种更加真实的大气环境。
最初版本的WRF-chem在2002年推出，目前的版本为V3.1(2009年4月16日)，本文所采用的是WRF-chem V3.0。
图2.1 WRF-Chem流程图(来自WRF-Chem V3 用户手册)WRF ( Weather Research Forecast , Skamarock et al., 2008)模式系统是美国气象界联合开发的新一代中尺度预报模式和同化系统。
WRF模式是一个可用来进行1至10公里内高分辨率模拟的数值模式，同时，也是一个可以做各种不同广泛应用的数值模式，例如:业务单位正规预报、区域气候模拟、空气质量模拟，理想个例模拟实验等。
《WRF-Chem模式不同参数化方案对呼和浩特大气污染的数值模拟研究》篇一一、引言随着工业化和城市化的快速发展，大气污染问题日益严重，成为全球关注的焦点。
呼和浩特作为我国北方的重要城市，其大气污染问题亦日益凸显。
因此，深入研究大气污染的成因及其控制策略对于提升城市环境质量具有极其重要的意义。
本研究利用WRF-Chem模式，针对不同参数化方案进行数值模拟研究，以期为呼和浩特的大气污染治理提供科学依据。
二、WRF-Chem模式简介WRF-Chem是一种集成了气象和化学过程的区域气候模式，能够模拟和预测大气污染物的扩散、传输和转化过程。
该模式通过采用不同的参数化方案，可以更准确地模拟和预测大气污染状况。
三、不同参数化方案的选择与介绍本研究选取了WRF-Chem模式中的几种不同参数化方案进行对比研究。
这些方案包括：1. 方案一：采用传统的积云参数化方案和气溶胶活化方案；2. 方案二：采用改进的积云参数化方案和气溶胶活化方案；3. 方案三：采用最新的积云参数化方案和气溶胶化学机制。
四、数值模拟实验及结果分析1. 实验设计本研究在呼和浩特地区进行了为期一个月的数值模拟实验。
在实验中，我们采用了上述三种不同的参数化方案，并设置了相同的初始条件和边界条件。
2. 结果分析通过对模拟结果的分析，我们发现：（1）采用不同参数化方案的WRF-Chem模式在模拟呼和浩特大气污染时，均能取得一定的效果。
其中，方案三的模拟结果最为准确，能够更好地反映呼和浩特大气污染的实际情况；（2）在积云参数化方案方面，改进的积云参数化方案比传统方案更能准确地模拟大气污染物的扩散和传输过程；（3）在气溶胶活化方案和气溶胶化学机制方面，采用最新的方案能够更准确地模拟气溶胶的组成和变化过程，从而更准确地预测大气污染状况。
五、结论与建议本研究通过采用不同参数化方案的WRF-Chem模式进行数值模拟研究，发现方案三在模拟呼和浩特大气污染时具有较高的准确性和可靠性。
《WRF-Chem模式不同参数化方案对呼和浩特大气污染的数值模拟研究》篇一一、引言随着工业化和城市化的快速发展，大气污染问题日益严重，成为全球关注的焦点。
呼和浩特作为我国北方的重要城市，其大气污染问题尤为突出。
为了更好地理解和预测大气污染，并采取有效的应对措施，本研究采用WRF-Chem模式对呼和浩特的大气污染进行数值模拟研究。
本文将重点探讨不同参数化方案对模拟结果的影响。
二、WRF-Chem模式简介WRF-Chem是一种集成了气象和化学过程的数值模型，广泛应用于大气污染的模拟和预测。
该模式通过参数化方案描述了大气中的物理、化学过程以及污染物在大气中的传输、扩散和转化等过程。
不同的参数化方案会对模拟结果产生重要影响。
三、研究方法本研究选取了呼和浩特市作为研究区域，采用了WRF-Chem 模式进行数值模拟。
在模拟过程中，我们尝试了多种不同的参数化方案，以探讨其对模拟结果的影响。
具体方法包括：1. 构建合适的网格系统，以准确描述呼和浩特市的地形、气象等特征。
2. 选择合适的初始条件和边界条件，包括气象场、污染物排放等。
3. 尝试不同的参数化方案，包括大气物理过程、化学过程以及污染物传输过程的参数化方案。
4. 对模拟结果进行统计分析，评估不同参数化方案对模拟结果的影响。
四、不同参数化方案对模拟结果的影响1. 大气物理过程参数化方案的影响：不同的物理过程参数化方案会对大气的温度、湿度、风速等气象要素产生影响，进而影响污染物的传输和扩散。
通过对比不同方案的模拟结果，我们发现某些方案能更好地反映呼和浩特市的气象特征，从而提高了污染物的模拟精度。
2. 化学过程参数化方案的影响：化学过程参数化方案描述了污染物在大气中的化学反应过程。
不同的化学过程参数化方案会对污染物的生成和转化产生影响。
我们发现某些方案能更好地反映呼和浩特市的主要污染物种类及其生成机制，从而提高了模拟的准确性。
3. 污染物传输过程参数化方案的影响：污染物传输过程参数化方案描述了污染物在大气中的传输和扩散过程。
WRF-Chem 是气象研究与预报模型（WRF）的一个扩展模块，用于模拟大气化学过程。
编译WRF-Chem 的PDF 文档需要使用LaTeX 或其他文档排版工具。
以
下是一个简单的步骤指南：
1.准备文档内容:
o首先，准备需要包含在PDF 中的内容。
这可能包括模型的原理、使用说明、案例研究等。
2.选择或编写LaTeX 模板:
o如果您已经有了一个LaTeX 模板，可以直接使用。
如果没有，可以从网上找一个开源模板或自己编写一个。
3.将WRF-Chem 内容整合到LaTeX 文档中:
o将准备好的WRF-Chem 内容按照LaTeX 文档的结构进行编排。
o使用适当的LaTeX 命令和宏包来格式化文本、插入图片、创建表格等。
4.编译LaTeX 文档:
o使用LaTeX 编译器（如pdflatex）来编译您的文档。
这将生成一个PDF 文件。
5.检查和修改PDF:
o打开生成的PDF 文件，检查内容是否正确并满足您的需求。
o如果需要，可以使用PDF 编辑软件（如Adobe Acrobat）进行进一步的修改和优化。
6.发布或分享PDF:
o一旦您对PDF 满意，就可以将其发布或分享给需要的人。
请注意，这只是一个大致的指南，具体的步骤可能会根据您的具体需求和所使用的工具而有所不同。
如果您不熟悉LaTeX 或其他文档排版工具，可能需要先学习相关知识或寻求专业帮助。
SYSTEM OVERVIEW10 cmINSTALLATIONInstallation on a Direct LineCopyright © 2022 Tefen, all rights reserved.Connecting and Mounting MixRite 3.51. Attach the main pipe to MixRite using two fittings/record fittings2. Insert top end of suction tube onto MixRite and tighten the hose nut3. Insert the other end of the suction tube into the additive tank4. Verify the height of suction tube inside the additive tank5. Attach the bracket to a wall using two screws6. Snap MixRite onto bracketSAFETYWarning:During operation, the operator must stay in front of the MixRite 3.5 pump and wear protective eyewear, clothing and gloves.Be extremely careful in the presence of hazardous substances (e.g. corrosives, toxins, solvents, acids, caustics, flammable, etc.).The user must adhere to the recommendations given by the manufacturer of the chemical product.Caution:Use proper tools. DO NOT USE METALLIC TOOLS.It is the responsibility of the owner/operator to make sure water flow and pressure do not exceed the MixRite specifications.Before applying any aggressive chemicals, please consult your distributor to confirm compatibility with the dosing pump.Notes:Change the suction tube as soon as it appears damaged by the chemical.It is advised to relieve the pressure after use.An air penetration, contamination or chemical damage to a seal can disrupt the dosing function.It is recommended to periodically check that the additive is being correctly drawn up into the MixRite.System InformationCleaning MixRite 3.5Cleaning/Replacing the Suction Check Valve5. Apply silicone grease to the O-rings and re-assemble the check valve6. Insert the check valve back into MixRite. Reattach the nut and suctionCopyright © 2022 Tefen, all rights reserved.Note: Do not use ON mode when the additive tank is empty.。
UCARDISCLAIMERSThe following institutions were instrumental in the development of the WRF/Chem model and its documentation.Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationThe Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesThe University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR)the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)The Max Plank InstituteThe University of ChileThis document does not constitute endorsement of the information,products or services con-tained herein by the contributing institutions previously named or unamed.For other than autho-rized activities,the contributing institutions do not exercise any editorial control over the infor-mation contained herein.Any opinions,findings,conclusions or recommendations expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the contributing institutions.In no event shall these institutions,or any unmentioned institution associated with WRF/Chem development,be liable for any damages,whatsoever,whether direct,indirect,conse-quential or special,that arise out of or in connection with the access,use or performance of WRF/Chem,including infringement actions.The Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF hereafter)was developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)which is operated by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR).NCAR and UCAR make no proprietary claims,either statutory or otherwise,to this version and release of WRF and consider WRF to be in the public domain for use by any person or entity for any purpose without any fee or charge.UCAR requests that any WRF user include this notice on any partial or full copies of WRF.WRF is provided on an “AS IS”basis and any warranties,either express or implied,including but not limited to implied war-ranties of non-infringement,originality,merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose,are disclaimed.In no event shall UCAR be liable for any damages,whatsoever,whether direct,indi-rect,consequential or special,that arise out of or in connection with the access,use or perfor-mance of WRF,including infringementactions.WRF/Chem Version 3.4 User’s GuideTable of Contents1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 3!1.2 WRF/Chem software .................................................................................................... 5!1.3 Possible applications of the current modeling system .................................................. 5!1.4 The WRF/Chem modeling system overview ................................................................ 5!2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 8!2.2 Building the WRF-chemistry code ............................................................................... 8!2.2.1 Getting the code ..................................................................................................... 8!2.2.2 UNIX environment settings for WRF/Chem ......................................................... 9!2.2.3 Configuring the model and compiling the code ................................................... 10!2.2.4 Building the WRF-chemistry-emissions-conversion code .................................. 10!3.1!Introduction ................................................................................................................. 12!3.2 Preparation of anthropogenic emissions for use with WRF/Chem ............................. 12!3.2.1 Using the global-emissions data set ..................................................................... 13!3.2.2 The standard 4-km resolution data set (2005 NEI emissions data for USA only)13!3.2.2.1 Anthropogenic-emissions construction methodology for WRF/Chem ......... 14!3.2.2.2 Construction of an anthropogenic-emissions-inventory conversion table .... 14!3.2.2.3 Additional details for running emiss_v03.F with the NEI-05 anthopogenic-emissions data set ...................................................................................................... 18!3.2.3 Wildfire emissions ............................................................................................... 20!3.2.4 Volcanic emissions .............................................................................................. 20!3.2.4.1 Volcanic ash emissions ................................................................................. 21!3.2.4.1 Volcanic SO2 degassing emissions ............................................................... 21!3.3 Generating the netcdf-emissions data sets .................................................................. 22!3.4 Construction and preparation of tracer emissions ....................................................... 24!3.4.1 CO2 tracer ............................................................................................................. 24!3.4.2 Green House Gas tracer ....................................................................................... 24!3.5 Preparation of biogenic emissions .............................................................................. 25!3.5.1 No biogenic emissions ......................................................................................... 25!3.5.2 Guenther biogenic emissions ............................................................................... 25!3.5.3 BEIS 3.14 biogenic emissions ............................................................................. 25!3.5.4 MEGAN biogenic emissions ............................................................................... 27!3.6 Conversion of biogenic-emission data files ................................................................ 27!3.7 Placement of chemical-emission input data files ........................................................ 27!4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 28!4.2 WRF/Chem name list options: the choice of CHEM_OPT ........................................ 28!4.3 Other chemistry name list options .............................................................................. 32!4.3.1 Running with only dust aerosols .......................................................................... 37!4.3.2 Tracers running with chemistry ........................................................................... 38!4.4 Typical choices for name list options ......................................................................... 39!4.5 Input fields for chemical constituents ......................................................................... 41!4.6 Using chemical boundary conditions from other modeling systems .......................... 42!4.6.1 The wrfchembc utility .......................................................................................... 42!4.6.2 The mozbc utility ................................................................................................. 43!4.7 VPRM and Green House Gas tracer namelist options ................................................ 43!4.8 Making a nested domain WRF/Chem simulation ....................................................... 44!5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 46!5.2 The ncdump application .............................................................................................. 46!5.3 Using NCL scripts....................................................................................................... 47!5.4 The ncview application ............................................................................................... 49!5.5 The RIP application .................................................................................................... 50!5.5.1 Downloading and installing the RIP program ..................................................... 50!5.5.2 Pre-processing data from WRF/Chem ................................................................. 51!5.5.3 Generating NCAR GKS plots using RIP ............................................................. 52!6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 55!6.2 KPP requirements ....................................................................................................... 56!6.3 Compiling the WKC ................................................................................................... 56!6.4 Implementing chemical mechanisms with WKC ....................................................... 56!6.5 Layout of WKC ........................................................................................................... 57!6.6 Code produced by WKC, user Modifications ............................................................. 58!6.7 Available integrators ................................................................................................... 59!6.8 Adding mechanisms with WKC ................................................................................. 59!6.9 Adapting KPP equation files ....................................................................................... 60!6.10 Adapting additional KPP integrators for WKC ........................................................ 61!7.1 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 62!7.2 WRF/Chem publications ............................................................................................. 62! Appendix A : WRF/Chem Quick Start Guide .................................................................. 72! Appendix B: Using prep_chem_sources V1.2 .................................................................. 79! Appendix C: Using MEGAN with WRF/Chem ............................................................... 82! Appendix D: Using MOZART with WRF/Chem ............................................................. 85! Appendix E: Using the Lightning-NOx Parameterization ................................................ 87!WRF/Chem Version 3.4 User’s GuideWRF/Chem OverviewTable of Contents1.1 Introduction (3)1.2 WRF/Chem software (5)1.3 Possible applications of the current modeling system (5)1.4 The WRF/Chem modeling system overview (5)1.1 IntroductionThe WRF/Chem User’s Guide is designed to provide the reader with information specific to the chemistry part of the WRF model and its potential applications. It will provide the user a description of the WRF/Chem model and discuss specific issues related to generating a forecast that includes chemical constituents beyond what is typically used by today’s meteorological forecast models. For additional information regarding the WRF model, the reader is referred to the WRF model User’s Guide (/wrf/users/docs/user_guide_V33/contents.html).Presently, the WRF/Chem model is now released as part of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) modeling package. And due to this dependence upon WRF, it is assumed that anyone choosing to use WRF/Chem is very familiar with the set-up and use of the basic WRF model. It would be best for new WRF users to first gain training and experience in editing, compiling, configuring, and using WRF before venturing into the more advanced realm of setting up and running the WRF/Chem model.The WRF/Chem model package consists of the following components (in addition to resolved and non-resolved transport):!Dry deposition, coupled with the soil/vegetation scheme!Four choices for biogenic emissions:"No biogenic emissions included"Online calculation of biogenic emissions as in Simpson et al. (1995) and Guenther et al. (1994) includes emissions of isoprene, monoterpenes, and nitrogen emissions by soil"Online modification of user-specified biogenic emissions - such as the EPA Biogenic Emissions Inventory System (BEIS) version 3.14. The user must provide the emissions data for their own domain in the proper WRF data file format"Online calculation of biogenic emissions from MEGAN!Three choices for anthropogenic emissions:"No anthropogenic emissions"Global emissions data from the one-half degree RETRO and ten-degree EDGAR data sets"User-specified anthropogenic emissions such as those available from the U.S.EPA NEI-05 data inventory. The user must provide the emissions data for their own domain in the proper WRF data file format!Several choices for gas-phase chemical mechanisms including:"RADM2, RACM, CB-4 and CBM-Z chemical mechanisms"The use of the Kinetic Pre-Processor, (KPP) to generate the chemical mechanisms. The equation files (using Rosenbrock type solvers) are currently available for RADM2, RACM, RACM-MIM, SAPRC-99, MOZART chemical mechanisms as well as others!Three choices for photolysis schemes:"Madronich scheme coupled with hydrometeors, aerosols, and convective parameterizations. This is a computationally intensive choice, tested with many setups"Fast-J photolysis scheme coupled with hydrometeors, aerosols, and convective parameterizations"F-TUV photolysis scheme. This scheme, also from Sasha Madronich is faster, but does not work with all aerosol options!Four choices for aerosol schemes:"The Modal Aerosol Dynamics Model for Europe - MADE/SORGAM"The Modal Aerosol Dynamics Model for Europe with the Volitity Basis Set aerosols – MADE/VBS"The Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC - 4 or 8 bins) sectional model aerosol parameterization" A total mass aerosol module from GOCART!Aerosol direct effect through interaction with atmospheric radiation, photolysis, and microphysics routines. In version 3.4 this is available for GOCART, MOSAIC or MADE/SORGAM options!Aerosol indirect effect through interaction with atmospheric radiation, photolysis, and microphysics routines. In V3.4 this option is available for MOSAIC or MADE/SORGAM!An option for the passive tracer transport of greenhouse gases.!Two options for a10-bin volcanic ash aerosol scheme based upon emissions from a single active volcano. One scheme includes SO2degassing from the volcano while the other ignores it.! A tracer transport option in which the chemical mechanism, deposition, etc. has been turned off. The user must provide the emissions data for their own domain in the proper WRF data file format for this option. May be run parallel with chemistry! A plume rise model to treat the emissions of wildfires1.2 WRF/Chem softwareThe chemistry model has been built to be consistent with the WRF model I/O Applications Program Interface (I/O API). That is, the chemistry model section has been built following the construction methodology used in the remainder of the WRF model. Therefore, the reader is referred to the WRF software description in the WRF User’s Guide (Chapter 7) for additional information regarding software features like the build mechanism and adding arrays to the WRF registry. And while the chemistry model has been built with the intent to work within the WRF framework, not all run time options (e.g., physical parameterizations) that are available for WRF will function properly with chemistry turned on. Therefore, care must be taken in selecting the parameterizations used with the chemistry schemes.1.3 Possible applications of the current modeling system!Prediction and simulation of weather, or regional and local climate!Coupled weather prediction/dispersion model to simulate release and transport of constituents!Coupled weather/dispersion/air quality model with full interaction of chemical species with prediction of O3 and UV radiation as well as particulate matter (PM) !Study of processes that are important for global climate change issues. These include, but are not restricted to the aerosol direct and indirect forcing1.4 The WRF/Chem modeling system overviewThe following figure shows the flowchart for the WRF/Chem modeling system version 3.4.As shown in the diagram, the WRF/Chem modeling system follows the same structure as the WRF model by consisting of these major programs:!The WRF Pre-Processing System (WPS)!WRF-Var data assimilation system!WRF solver (ARW, o r NMM core) including chemistry!Post-processing and visualization toolsThe difference with regular WRF comes from the chemistry part of the model needing to be provided additional gridded input data related to emissions. This additional input data is provided either by the WPS (dust erosion fields), or read in during the real.exe initialization (e.g., biomass burning, biogenic emissions, GOCART background fields, etc.), or read in during the execution of the WRF solver (e.g., anthropogenic emissions, boundary conditions, volcanic emissions, etc.). And while some programs are provided in an attempt to aid the user in generation of these external input data files, as stated earlier, not all emissions choices are set-up to function for all possible namelist options related to the WRF/Chem model. In other words, the generation of emissions input data for simulating the state of the atmosphere’s chemistry can be incredibly complex and some times the user will need to modify code, or the model configuration to get it to function properly for their project.Chapter 2: WRF/Chem Software InstallationTable of Contents2.1 Introduction (8)2.2 Building the WRF-chemistry code (8)2.2.1 Getting the code (8)2.2.2 UNIX environment settings for WRF/Chem (9)2.2.3 Configuring the model and compiling the code (10)2.2.4 Building the WRF-chemistry emissions conversion code (10)2.1 IntroductionThe WRF modeling system software (including chemistry)installation is straightforward on the ported platforms. The package is mostly self-contained, meaning that WRF requires no external libraries that are not already supplied with the code. One exception is the netCDF library, which is one of the supported I/O API packages. The netCDF libraries or source code are available from the Unidata homepage at (select the pull-down tab Downloads, registration required, to find the netCDF link).The WRF/Chem model has been successfully ported to a number of Unix-based machines. We do not have access to all tested systems and must rely on outside users and vendors to supply required configuration information for compiler and loader options of computing architectures that are not available to us. See also chapter 2 of the User’s Guide for the Advanced Research WRF for a list of the supported combinations of hardware and software, required compilers, and scripting languages as well as post-processing software. It cannot be guaranteed that chemistry will build successfully on all architectures that have been tested for the meteorological version of WRF.Note that this document assumes a priori that the reader is very familiar with the installation and implementation of the WRF model and its initialization package (e.g., the WRF Standard Initialization program, or WPS). Documentation for the WRF Model and its initialization package can be found at (/wrf/users/pub-doc.html). With this assumption in place, the remainder of this chapter provides a quick overview of the methodology for downloading the WRF/Chem code, setting the required environmental variables, and compiling the WRF/Chem model. Subsequent chapters assume that the user has access to the WRF/Chem model- and emission-data sets for their region of interest and has them readily available so that a full weather and chemical transport simulation can be conducted.2.2 Building the WRF-chemistry code2.2.1 Getting the codeTo obtain the WRF/Chem model one should follow these steps!Download, or copy to your working space, the WRF zipped tar file.•The WRF model and the chemistry code directory are available from the WRF model download web site (/wrf/users) •The chemistry code is a separate download from the WRF modeldownload web page and can be found under the WRF-Chemistry code title •Always get the latest version if you are not trying to continue a long project•Check for known bug fixes for both, WRF and WRF-Chem!Unzip and untar the file•> gzip –cd WRFV3-Chem-3.4.TAR | tar –xf –•Again, if there is a newer version of the code use it, 3.4 is used only as an example•> cd WRFV3Remember that bug fixes become available on a regular basis and can be downloaded from the WRF/Chem web site (/WG11). You should check this web page frequently for updates on bug fixes. This includes also updates and bug fixes for the meteorological WRF code (/wrf/users).2.2.2 UNIX environment settings for WRF/ChemBefore building the WRF/Chem code, several environmental settings are used to specify whether certain portions of the code need to be included in the model build. In c-shell syntax, the important environmental settings are:setenv WRF_EM_CORE 1setenv WRF_NMM_CORE 0and they explicitly define which model core to build. These are the default values that are generally not required. The environmental setting!setenv WRF_CHEM 1explicitly defines that the chemistry code is to be included in the WRF model build, and is required for WRF/Chem. This variable is required at configure time as well as compile time.Optionally,setenv WRF_KPP 1setenv YACC ‘/usr/bin/yacc –d’setenv FLEX_LIB_DIR /usr/local/libexplicitly defines that the Kinetic Pre-Processor (KPP) (Damian et al. 2002; Sandu et al. 2003; Sandu and Sander 2006) is to be included in the WRF/Chem model build using the flex library (libfl.a). In our case, the flex library is located in /usr/local/lib and compiles the KPP code using the yacc (yet another compiler compiler) location in /usr/bin. This is optional as not all chemical mechanisms need the KPP libraries built during compilation. The user may first determine whether the KPP libraries will be needed (see chapter 6 for a description of available options). One should set the KPP environmental variable to zero (setenv WRF_KPP 0) if the KPP libraries are not needed.2.2.3 Configuring the model and compiling the codeThe WRF code has a fairly complicated build mechanism. It tries to determine the architecture that you are on, and then present you with options to allow you to select the preferred build method. For example, if you are on a Linux machine, the code mechanism determines whether this is a 32-or 64-bit machine, and then prompts you for the desired usage of processors (such as serial, shared memory, or distributed memory) and compilers. Start by selecting the build method:!> ./configure!Choose one of the options•Usually, option "1" is for a serial build. For WRF/Chem. Do not use the shared memory OPENMP option (smpar, or dm + sm), these are notsupported. The serial build is a preferred choice if you are debugging theprogram and are working with very small data sets (e.g. if you aredeveloping the code). Since WRF/Chem uses a lot of memory (manyadditional variables), the distributed memory options are preferred for allother cases!You can now compile the code using•> ./compile em_real >& compile.log!If your compilation was successful, you should find the executables in the “main” subdirectory. You should see ndown.exe, real.exe, and wrf.exe listed•> ls -ls main/*.exe2.2.4 Building the WRF-chemistry-emissions-conversion codeAfter building the WRF-Chemistry model, you can then compile the optional conversion programs that will allow you to run the anthropogenic- and biogenic-emissions programs. These programs are used to convert “raw” anthropogenic- and biogenic-data files into WRF netCDF input data files. In the WRFV3 directory, type the following commands:!> ./compile emi_conv!> ls -ls WRFV3/chem/*.exe•You should see the file convert_emiss.exe listed in the chemistry directory. This file should already be linked to the WRFV3/test/em_realdirectory.!> ls -ls WRFV3/test/em_real/*.exe•You should see the files ndown.exe, real.exe, wrf.exe, convert_emiss.exe, listed in the em_real directory.At this point all of the WRF-Chemistry model have been built. The model can be run and the run time messages should indicate that chemistry is included. But before one can use the WRF chemistry model to its full potential, the emissions input data needs to be generated. The manufacturing of the emissions input data is the subject of the next chapter.Chapter 3: Generation of WRF/Chem-Emissions Data Table of Contents3.1!Introduction ................................................................................................................. 12!3.2 Preparation of anthropogenic emissions for use with WRF/Chem ............................. 12!3.2.1 Using the global-emissions data set ..................................................................... 13!3.2.2 The standard 4-km resolution data set (2005 NEI emissions data for USA only)13!3.2.2.1 Anthropogenic-emissions construction methodology for WRF/Chem ......... 14!3.2.2.2 Construction of an anthropogenic-emissions-inventory conversion table .... 14!3.2.2.3 Additional details for running emiss_v03.F with the NEI-05 anthopogenic-emissions data set ...................................................................................................... 18!3.2.3 Wildfire emissions ............................................................................................... 20!3.2.4 Volcanic emissions .............................................................................................. 20!3.2.4.1 Volcanic ash emissions ................................................................................. 21!3.2.4.1 Volcanic SO2 degassing emissions ............................................................... 21!3.3 Generating the netcdf-emissions data sets .................................................................. 22!3.4 Construction and preparation of tracer emissions ....................................................... 24!3.4.1 The CO2 tracer option .......................................................................................... 24!3.4.2 The Green House Gas tracer option ..................................................................... 24!3.5 Preparation of biogenic emissions .............................................................................. 25!3.5.1 No biogenic emissions ......................................................................................... 25!3.5.2 Guenther biogenic emissions ............................................................................... 25!3.5.3 BEIS 3.14 biogenic emissions ............................................................................. 25!3.5.4 MEGAN biogenic emissions ............................................................................... 27!3.6 Conversion of biogenic-emission data files ................................................................ 27!3.7 Placement of chemical-emission input data files ........................................................ 27!3.1IntroductionOne of the main differences between running with and without chemistry is the inclusion of additional data sets describing the sources of chemical species. At this time, these files need to be prepared externally from the WRF/Chem simulation due to the wide variety of data sources. This places the WRF/Chem user in a position of needing to understand the complexity of their emissions data as well as having the control over how the chemicals are speciated and mapped to their simulation domain. While this can be a daunting task to the uninitiated, the following section will illustrate the methodology through which emissions data is generated for a forecast domain.3.2 Preparation of anthropogenic emissions for use with WRF/ChemAt this time there is no single tool that will construct an anthropogenic- emissions data set for any domain and any chemical mechanism that you select. This places the requirement upon you to construct the anthropogenic-emissions data set for your particular domain and desired chemistry. However, several programs and data sets are provided that you may use to create an emissions data set, if your domain and your。
