[VIP专享]学术英语写作总结

学术论文写作课程总结科研的进步在于科研工作之间交流，讨论，阅读。

在第一节课，老师就告诉我们，面对全球众多的科研工作者来说，本领域学者之间的交流多以文字的形式进行。

英语作为世界各国人们交流的一种流通语言，让那些非英语为母语和以英语为母语国家的科研人员不会对我们投稿的英语学术论文所要表达的内容产生歧义，才能达到学术交流与进步的目的。

在本次的英语学术论文写作课程学习中，我们组经历了第一次的细致分工，到以后的分工与合作相结合的进步。

由于我的研究方向为InSAR监测矿区，在本次论文写作中主要负责我们‘空天地一体化矿区环境灾害监测’中D-InSAR监测矿区部分的实验以及数据分析的工作。

同时，在小组汇报的过程中共同进行了第一部分Introduction 部分的汇报，完成了Authors and Keywords部分PPT的制作与汇报工作。

从选择汇报PPT模板、搜集资料、总结资料，再到最后制作修改完成终稿，最后是台下的汇报演练，每个步骤的实践经历都给了我弥足珍贵的经验。

回首这学期本门课程的学习，我发现自己在慢慢地积累中有了很多的收获。

首先，作为一个学制只有2年的工程硕士，在本学期已经完成了自己学位论文的开题工作，在下一个学期就要着手于自己学位论文的撰写工作。

无论是发表期刊论文，还是撰写自己的学位论文，插入、添加参考文献都曾经是写作的一大难题。

本次课程老师给我们介绍了几款文献管理器（Noteexpress，Endnote）。

通过对文献管理器软件的学习与使用，让我熟悉了文献管理器，在本学期的其他专业课程中的论文写作中已经可以熟练使用，极大的方便了论文写作。

其次，语料库的检索分析，制定自己论文写作方向，都对我的论文写作有着十分重要的作用。

接着就是自己关于学术论文写作方面的收获。

从第一节课开始，老师给我们写学术论文的正确态度，给初入学术写作的我论文写作方面奠定了很好的基础。

原来对英语论文的态度就是从中文的论文通过翻译软件直接进行翻译。

In recent years, technology has revolutionized the field of education, transforming traditional learning methods and providing newopportunities for students and educators. This summary aims to providean overview of the impact of technology on education, highlighting its advantages and challenges.Advantages of Technology in Education1. Enhanced Learning Experience: Technology offers interactive and engaging learning experiences, making education more enjoyable and effective. With the help of multimedia tools, students can visualize complex concepts, fostering better understanding and retention.2. Access to Information: The internet provides a vast repository of information, allowing students to access resources from around the world. This access to diverse perspectives and up-to-date knowledge enhances their learning experience and broadens their horizons.3. Personalized Learning: Technology enables personalized learning experiences, catering to the individual needs of students. Adaptive learning platforms and intelligent tutoring systems can tailor educational content to each student's learning style, pace, and level of understanding.4. Collaboration and Communication: Technology facilitates collaboration and communication among students and educators. Online platforms andtools enable students to work together on projects, share ideas, and receive feedback, fostering teamwork and critical thinking skills.5. Flexibility and Accessibility: Technology offers flexibility in terms of learning time and location. Students can access educational resources anytime, anywhere, allowing them to learn at their own pace and accommodate other commitments.Challenges of Technology in Education1. Digital Divide: The availability of technology varies acrossdifferent regions and socioeconomic backgrounds. This digital divide can lead to unequal access to educational resources and opportunities,widening the gap between students from privileged and underprivileged backgrounds.2. Privacy and Security Concerns: The use of technology in education raises concerns about data privacy and security. Students' personal information may be vulnerable to cyber threats, and there is a risk of misuse of sensitive data.3. Distraction and Overreliance: Technology can be a double-edged sword. While it enhances learning, it can also lead to distractions and overreliance on digital devices. Students may become addicted to social media and other online platforms, affecting their focus and productivity.4. Teacher Training and Support: The integration of technology in education requires proper training and support for teachers. Many educators may lack the necessary skills and knowledge to effectively utilize technology in their teaching practices, leading to suboptimal implementation.5. Technological Dependence: Overreliance on technology may hinder students' development of essential skills, such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity. While technology aids in learning, it should be used as a complement rather than a replacement for traditional teaching methods.In conclusion, technology has had a profound impact on education, offering numerous advantages while also presenting challenges. The integration of technology in education can enhance the learning experience, provide access to information, and foster collaboration. However, it is crucial to address the digital divide, privacy concerns, and ensure proper training and support for educators. By striking a balance between technology and traditional teaching methods, we can create a more inclusive and effective educational system.。

学业英文作文总结报告英文：As a student, academic performance is always a top priority for me. Throughout my academic journey, I have learned various strategies and techniques to improve my grades and overall academic performance.One of the most important things I have learned is the importance of time management. Proper time management allows me to balance my academic responsibilities with my personal life, ensuring that I have enough time to study, complete assignments, and participate in extracurricular activities. For example, I use a planner to schedule my study time and set deadlines for assignments, which helps me stay on track and avoid procrastination.Another important aspect of academic success is effective note-taking. I have found that taking organized and detailed notes during lectures and readings helps meretain information better and makes studying for exams much easier. I also use various note-taking techniques, such as mind maps and Cornell notes, to help me better understand and remember the material.In addition to time management and note-taking, I have also learned the importance of seeking help when needed. Whether it's asking a teacher or tutor for clarification on a difficult concept or joining a study group, seeking help can greatly improve academic performance. For example, I once struggled with a difficult math concept and sought help from my teacher, who was able to explain it in a way that made sense to me.Overall, academic success requires a combination of hard work, dedication, and effective strategies. By implementing these strategies, I have been able to maintain a high GPA and achieve my academic goals.中文：作为一名学生，学业表现始终是我最重要的优先事项。

英语学术写作期末总结范文Abstract:This paper provides a comprehensive review of my academic writing journey over the course of this semester. It discusses the challenges faced, strategies implemented, and improvements observed. The conclusion offers recommendations for further refining my academic writing skills in future endeavors.1. IntroductionAcademic writing is a crucial skill for students and professionals alike, as it enables effective communication and demonstrates one's knowledge and critical thinking abilities. This paper reflects on my progress and development in this skill area over the course of the semester.2. Challenges FacedDuring the initial stages of the semester, I encountered several challenges in academic writing. The most significant challenges included structuring essays, synthesizing information, and adhering to proper citation formats. These obstacles hindered the clarity and coherence of my work.3. Strategies ImplementedRecognizing the need for improvement, I adopted various strategies to enhance my academic writing skills. Firstly, I familiarized myself with the specific requirements of each writing task, including identifying the purpose, target audience, and relevant scholarly sources. Secondly, I created detailed outlines before starting any writing, enabling a clear and logical structure. Additionally, I actively participated in peer review sessions to receive constructive feedback and critique, further refining my writing.4. Improvements ObservedThrough consistent practice and implementation of strategies, significant improvements in my academic writing were observed. The clarity and coherence of my essays improved as I became more proficient at organizing and arranging relevant ideas. Additionally, my ability to synthesize information and present arguments using credible sources was enhanced, resulting in stronger and more convincing writing.5. Recommendations for ImprovementTo continue refining my academic writing skills, there are several areas in which I can focus for further improvement. Firstly, I aim to enhance my critical thinking abilities by analyzing and evaluating sources more effectively, allowing for more nuanced arguments. Secondly, I intend to work on my sentence structure and coherence to ensure that ideas flow seamlessly throughout the essay. Furthermore, improving my use of transitions andcohesive devices will assist in maintaining logical connections between paragraphs and sections of the paper.6. ConclusionThis comprehensive review reflects my academic writing journey throughout the semester. It acknowledges the challenges faced, strategies implemented, and improvements observed in my writing skills. By continuously identifying and addressing areas for improvement, I am confident in my ability to further enhance my academic writing skills and effectively communicate ideas in future endeavors.References:(Provide a list of relevant sources used in this paper, formatted according to the appropriate citation style)。

学术英语课文总结引言学术英语是指用于学术交流、学术写作和学术研究中的英语。

对于希望在国际学术领域有所建树的学者和研究人员来说，掌握学术英语非常重要。

在学术英语课程中，我们深入研究了一系列相关的课文，下面将对其中的一些重要课文进行总结和讨论。

课文一：What is Academic Writing?这篇课文讨论了什么是学术写作以及学术写作的一些特点和要求。

它提到了学术写作的目的是为了向同行学者传达研究成果，并引用其他学者的观点和研究来支持自己的论点。

学术写作还要求准确、简明地表达思想，避免使用口语化的语言和词汇。

这篇课文给了我深刻的启示，让我明白了学术写作和其他类型的写作之间的区别。

在今后的学术研究中，我会努力提高自己的学术写作能力，以便更好地与其他学者进行交流和合作。

课文二：Research Proposal研究计划是学术研究的起点，它描述了研究的目的、方法和预期结果。

这篇课文介绍了研究计划的几个组成部分，包括研究背景、问题陈述、研究方法和预期结果。

通过学习这篇课文，我学会了如何撰写一个清晰、有逻辑的研究计划。

我了解到研究计划应该包含充分的背景信息，明确研究的目标，并提供详细的研究方法和预期结果。

这将对我以后的学术研究非常有用。

课文三：Citing and Referencing这篇课文讲述了学术写作中引用和参考文献的重要性和规范。

它指出了为什么需要引用其他学者的作品，并提供了一些引用的常用方法和格式。

学习这篇课文让我明白了引用和参考文献的作用。

通过引用他人的观点和研究成果，我们可以为自己的论证提供更多的证据和支持。

同时，正确格式的参考文献可以使读者更容易找到我们引用的来源，并增加我们的可信度。

课文四：Academic Vocabulary词汇是学术写作中的重要组成部分。

这篇课文介绍了一些常用的学术词汇，并提供了一些方法来扩展自己的学术词汇量。

通过学习这篇课文，我意识到学术词汇的重要性。

使用准确、专业的词汇可以使我们的论点更清晰、更有说服力。

英语写作总结（通用5篇）1.英语写作总结第1篇对于我们初中生来说，尤其是我们九年级的学生的英语写作是语言应用的一个重要方面，也是语言能力测定的重要手段，衡量写作水平的'标准便是看其是否能运用学过的语言材料，语法知识等用文字的形式来表达描述。

这需要我们有较好的语法知识，掌握一定数量的句型，习惯用语，熟练的写作技巧，这样才能写出通顺而且生动的文章来。

要提高英语写作水平，需要两方面的训练：一是语言基础方面的训练，要有扎实的造句、翻译等基本功，即用词法、句法等知识造出正确无误的句子；二是写作知识和能力方面的训练以掌握写作方面的基本方法和技巧。

怎样才能写出好的文章，要从以下几个方面练习：一、加强练习词语造句训练要加强练习词语造句的训练。

词句对作文相当于造房的材料，无好材料就造不出好房子。

平时在学习阅读时要注意收集积累，把好的词语、好的短语、好的句型做好笔记。

平时在练习中的错误也要做好记录，再对照正确句子，使地道的英语句子如同条件反射，落笔就对。

但是这要在平时多做积累，多加练习。

二、用英语写日记要养成记英语日记勤练笔的好习惯。

经常用英语记日记，等于天天在练笔，这无疑是提高英语写作的行之有效的好办法。

在记日记时，不要总是用简单句，要有意识地用一些好的词组、句型、关联词和复合句等，使文句更优美生动，但是也不要运用一些汉语是的句子，还有要按照题目或所给情景写文章练笔。

写好后对照范文，找出差距，然后再练习，这对提高英语作文也很有帮助，在游泳中学会游泳，只有多练习才能练好，多加强一些笔头上的练习，这对于中学生是一种最有助于提高英语的写作水平。

三、加强一些课内外阅读阅读是写作的基础，在阅读方面下的功夫越深，驾驭语言的能力也就越强。

所以要写好英语先要读好英语，在语言学习方面狠下苦功，教科书要读透，因为教科书中的文章都是一些很好的范文，文笔流畅，语言规范，精彩的一些课文段落要背诵。

再就是要进行大量课外阅读，并记住一些好文章的篇章结构。

学术英语期末总结One of the primary areas of improvement in my academic English skills is in listening and note-taking. In the beginning of the semester, I found it challenging to follow the fast pace of lectures and take detailed notes. However, with practice and the use of effective listening strategies, such as focusing on the main ideas and taking shorthand notes, I have become more adept at understanding lectures and extracting important information. I now feel more confident in my ability to listen to academic presentations and take comprehensive notes.Another significant aspect of academic English is reading and comprehending complex texts. At the start of the semester, I struggled to understand dense academic articles and textbooks. However, through consistent practice and the implementation of reading strategies, such as skimming and scanning for main ideas and key terms, I have made significant progress in my reading comprehension. I am now able to identify the main arguments and supporting evidence in academic texts, which has greatly enhanced my ability to engage with and critically analyze the materials.Writing is another crucial component of academic English, and it is an area in which I have made substantial improvements throughout the semester. Initially, I was unsure about the appropriate structure and style foracademic writing. However, through studying various academic essays and receiving feedback from my professors and peers, I have acquired a better understanding of academic writing conventions. I now pay more attention to organizing my ideas coherently, providing evidence to support my arguments, and using appropriate academic vocabulary. I have also learned how to properly cite sources, which is an essential skill in academic writing. As a result, my essays have become more structured, well-supported, and academically rigorous.In addition to developing my listening, reading, and writing skills, I have also made progress in my speaking abilities. At the beginning of the semester, I felt uncomfortable participating in class discussions and expressing my thoughts in English. However, with regular practice and the support of my classmates, I now feelmore confident in expressing my opinions, asking questions, and engaging in academic dialogues.Participating in group discussions and delivering presentations have given me the opportunity to improve my fluency, pronunciation, and overall communication skills.I have learned to use appropriate academic language andto express my ideas clearly and effectively.To further enhance my academic English skills, I have employed several strategies throughout the semester.First, I have consistently practiced listening, reading, and writing in English to develop my language proficiency.I have listened to podcasts, read academic articles, andwritten essays on a regular basis to improve my language comprehension and production. Second, I have actively engaged in class discussions and group activities to develop my speaking skills and confidence. By actively participating in these activities, I have learned tothink critically and express my ideas persuasively in English. Third, I have sought feedback from my professors and peers on my written and spoken work to identify areas for improvement and to implement necessary changes. Their feedback has been invaluable in refining my academic English skills. Finally, I have utilized online resources and language learning platforms to supplement my in-class learning, such as using language learning apps and participating in language exchange programs. These resources have provided additional opportunities to practice and reinforce my academic English skills.In conclusion, this semester has been transformative for my academic English skills. Through consistent practice and the implementation of effective strategies, my listening, reading, writing, and speaking abilities have significantly improved. I am now more proficient in understanding lectures, comprehending complex texts, structuring academic essays, and expressing my ideas confidently and fluently. I am excited to continue developing my academic English skills, as they are instrumental in my academic and professional pursuits.。

HUNTER COLLEGE READING/WRITING CENTERTHE WRITING PROCESSInvention: Guidelines for Writing a SummaryWhen you underline and annotate a text, when you ask yourself questions about its contents, when you work out an outline of its structure, you are establishing your understanding of what you are reading. When you write a summary, you are demonstrating your understanding of the text and communicating it to your reader.To summarize is to condense a text to its main points and to do so in your own words. To include every detail is neither necessary nor desirable. Instead, you should extract only those elements which you think are most important--the main idea (or thesis) and its essential supporting points, which in the original passage may have been interwoven with less important material.Many students make the mistake of confusing summary with analysis. They are not the same thing. An analysis is a discussion of ideas, techniques, and/or meaning in a text. A summary, on the other hand, does not require you to critique or respond to the ideas in a text. When you analyze a piece of writing, you generally summarize the contents briefly in order to establish for the reader the ideas that your essay will then go on to analyze, but a summary is not a substitute for the analysis itself. If you are writing a literature paper, for example, your teacher probably does not want you to simply write a plot summary of a text. You may include some very brief summary within a literature paper, but only as much as necessary to make your own interpretation, your thesis, clear.It is important to remember that a summary is not an outline or synopsis of the points that the author makes in the order that the author gives them. Instead, a summary is a distillation of the ideas or argument of the text. It is a reconstruction of the major point or points of development of a text, beginning with the thesis or main idea , followed by the points or details that support or elaborate on that idea.If a text is organized in a linear fashion you may be able to write a summary simply by outlining the major points from the beginning of the text to the end. However, you should not assume that this will always be the case. Not all writers use such a straightforward structure. They may not state the thesis or main idea immediately at the beginning, but rather build up to it slowly, and they may introduce a point of development in one place and then return to it later in the text.However, for the sake of clarity, a summary should present the author’s points in a straightforward structure. In order to write a good summary, you may have to gather minor points or components of an argument from different places in the text in order to summarize the text in an organized way. A point made in the beginning of an essay and then one made toward the end may need to be grouped together in your summary to concisely convey the argument that the author is making. In the end, you will have read, digested, and reconstructed the text in a shorter, more concise form.WHEN AND HOW TO SUMMARIZEThere are many instances in which you will have to write a summary. You may be assigned to write a one or two page summary of an article or reading, or you may be asked to include a brief summary of a text as part of a response paper or critique. Also, you may write summaries of articles as part of the note-taking and planning process for a research paper, and you may want to include these summaries, or at least parts of them, in your paper. The writer of a research paper is especially dependent upon summary as a means of referring to source materials. Through the use of summary in a research paper, you can condense a broad range of information, and you can present and explain the relevance of a number of sources all dealing with the same subject.You may also summarize your own paper in an introduction in order to present a brief overview of the ideas you will discuss throughout the rest of the paper.Depending on the length and complexity of the original text as well as your purpose in using summary, a summary can be relatively brief – a short paragraph or even a single sentence – or quite lengthy – several paragraphs or even an entire paper.QUALITIES OF A SUMMARYA good summary should be comprehensive, concise, coherent, and independent. These qualities are explained below:1. A summary must be comprehensive. You should isolate all the important points in the original passage andnote them down in a list. Review all the ideas on your list, and include in your summary all the ones that are indispensable to the author's development of his/her thesis or main idea.2. A summary must be concise. Eliminate repetitions in your list, even if the author restates the same points.Your summary should be considerably shorter than the source. You are hoping to create an overview;therefore, you need not include every repetition of a point or every supporting detail.3. A summary must be coherent. It should make sense as a piece of writing in its own right; it should notmerely be taken directly from your list of notes or sound like a disjointed collection of points.4. A summary must be independent. You are not being asked to imitate the author of the text you are writingabout. On the contrary, you are expected to maintain your own voice throughout the summary. Don't simply quote the author; instead use your own words to express your understanding of what you have read. After all, your summary is based on your interpretation of the writer's points or ideas. However, you should be careful not to create any misrepresentation or distortion by introducing comments or criticisms of your own.TWO TECHNIQUES FOR WRITING SUMMARIESSummarizing Shorter Texts (ten pages or fewer)1. Write a one-sentence summary of each paragraph.2. Formulate a single sentence that summarizes the whole text.3. Write a paragraph (or more): begin with the overall summary sentence and follow it with the paragraph summary sentences.4. Rearrange and rewrite the paragraph to make it clear and concise, to eliminate repetition and relatively minor points, and to provide transitions. The final version should be a complete, unified, and coherent whole Summarizing Longer Texts (eleven pages or more)1. Outline the text. Break it down into its major sections--groups of paragraphs focused on a common topics--and list the main supporting points for each section.2. Write a one or two sentence summary of each section.3. Formulate a single sentence to summarize the whole text, looking at the author's thesis or topic sentences asa guide.4. Write a paragraph (or more): begin with the overall summary sentence and follow it with the section summary sentences.5. Rewrite and rearrange your paragraph(s) as needed to make your writing clear and concise, to eliminate relatively minor or repetitious points, and to provide transitions. Make sure your summary includes all the major supporting points of each idea. The final version should be a unified, complete, and coherent whole.。

用学术英语写总结引言学术英语在学术界非常重要，它是国际学术交流的一种通用语言。

无论是在写作学术论文、参加国际学术会议，还是在与国外学者交流时，熟练掌握学术英语都是必要的。

本文将探讨如何用学术英语写一篇完整结构的总结。

通过学习本文，读者将能够掌握用学术英语写总结的必要步骤和技巧。

选择适当的报告标题在写总结之前，我们首先需要选择一个适当的报告标题。

一个好的报告标题应该简洁明了地反映出报告内容的核心思想。

在选择标题时，我们可以参考相关文献、报告摘要以及会议议程，确保选取的标题能够准确概括报告的主要观点。

完整结构的总结总结是对报告内容的简洁概括，使读者能够快速了解报告的重点和主要结论。

为了写一篇完整结构的总结，我们可以按照以下步骤进行：1.背景介绍在总结的开始部分，我们应该简要介绍报告的背景信息。

这包括研究领域的背景、研究目的和研究问题的提出。

通过提供这些背景信息，读者能够更好地理解报告的意义和目标。

2.方法和实验在总结的第二部分，我们需要概述所使用的方法和实验设计。

这包括实验的样本选择、数据采集和数据分析方法。

通过介绍这些内容，读者可以了解到研究方法的可靠性和有效性。

3.结果和讨论在总结的第三部分，我们应该简要介绍研究的主要结果和讨论。

这包括实验数据的统计分析结果和研究结论的解释。

通过概括这些内容，读者能够了解到研究的发现和对问题的解答。

4.结论和展望在总结的最后部分，我们应该提出具体的结论和未来研究的展望。

这包括总结研究的主要发现，并指出该研究的局限性和改进方向。

通过这样的总结，读者能够了解到研究的重要性和对学术领域的贡献。

学术英语写作技巧在用学术英语写总结时，我们需要注意以下几个方面的技巧：1.句子结构清晰在写作总结时，我们需要使用简洁明了的句子结构。

句子应该简洁明了，避免使用过于复杂的句子结构和冗长的修饰语。

这样有助于读者更好地理解和理解我们的观点。

2.使用学术词汇和术语在学术英语写作中，我们需要使用正确的学术词汇和术语。

学术文章：Features on the lexical level:词汇上的特征①Terminology ②Nominalization ③Abbreviation ④Use of single verbsFeatures on the syntactical level 句法特征①Long complex sentenceFor accuracy to explain coplicated ideas clearly and precisely②Simple-present tenseDescribes natural phenomena, processes and makes explanation vivid and timeless③Passive voiceconvince the reader of the objectivity of the desciption④Non-finite verbsparticiples, infinitives and gerunds are freqently used in EST1：Why do you engage in scientific research ?Reasons to Engage in Scientific Research：（1）Personal interest to explore the world （2）Solving practical problems（3）Career development （4）Technological development（5）Academic exchanges （6）Academic evaluation （7）Being forced to2：What are the types, the structure and the characteristics of academic paper ?In terms of disciplines, they can be divived intoThree large categories: （1）Philosophy（2）natural science （3）social science.In accordance with a combination of the content, target, methods and other factors.①Argumentative papers ②Descriptive papers③Academic Meeting/Research Reviews ④Book ReviewsCharacteristics of Academic WritingEnglish for science and technology(EST) refers to the style used in scientific and technological activities. Their features are:（1）Objectivity（2）Clarity（3）Coherence（4）Accuracy4：Structure of a DefinitionA definition consists of three elements:(1) the term itself, (2) the category the term belongs to, (3) the features of the term.5. Criteria of a Good Definition1. Follow rules that have traditionally been given for definition.2. State the essential attributes of that which is defined.3. Give examples of usage.4. Avoid circularity.5. Must be neither too broad or too narrow nor leave out any appropriate information, nor include that which does not truly apply.6. Must not be obscure.7. Should not be stated in the negative when it can be stated positively.6：Principles of Title SelectionValue Principle Scientific Principle Innovative Principle Feasibility Principle7：Methods for Choosing a TitleIn general, there are six main methods for choosing a research title.(1) Consult your professor or an expert (2) Participate in academic conferences(3) Select from puzzling problems (4) Read books and newspapers(5) Choose from your own interests (6) Do literature reviews7：Standards for Good Titles(1) Accuracy Word choices should be accurate and reflect the actual situation.(2) Brevity Using the most succinct text possible to summarize the contents.(3) Clarity The title should clearly reflect the subject of the paper.8：Writing Formats for TitlesTitles are usually written in the following three formats:①All the letters of the title are capitalized;②The first letter of each content words of the title is capitalized;③The first letter of the title is capitalized.8：Some widely observed guidelines for the use of tables are:①The table should be self-contained.That is, it can stand alone face to face with the paper.②A table is usually placed in a position near its relevant description.③Provide each table with a number (Table 1, Table 2, etc.) and a title.④The title should be clear, concise, complete and accurate. Try to use descriptive words, not abbreviated forms.⑤The title of a table or diagram most commonly follows the same three methods as given above for the paper title.⑥The format of the column title. The first letter of the first word and proper nouns are capitalized, other words are in lowercase.⑦Notes of table. To explain the column title, abbreviations, symbols and data, add notes or footnotes at the bottom of the table.⑧Do not repeat information in a table only if it presents new information.⑨It is easier to compare numbers by reading down a column rather than across a row.9：Data collection and selection usually follow four principles:（1）Centered around the theme （2）True and verifiable （3）Typical （4）Novel 10：Three Important Steps for Data Collection and Evaluation（1）Understand types of resources. （2）Critically read and evaluate those resources.（3）Take notes effectively.10：Four important dimensions in critical thinking and reading:(1) Structure (2) Purpose (3) Audience (4) Author11：Common criteria used to access the information found on the Internet:(1) Authorship (2) The publishing body (3) Point of view or bias(4) Referral to and/or display of knowledge of the literature(5) Accuracy or verifiability of details (6) Currency12：Criteria for evaluating accuracy:评估确定性的标准（1）For a research document, the data and the research method(s) are included.（2）The methodology is appropriate to the topic and allows the study to be duplicated for purposes of verification. The document relies on other sources or includes links to the documents themselves.（3）The document names individuals and/or sources that provided non-published data used inthe preparation of the study.（4）The background information that was used can be verified for accuracy.13：Criteria for currency:精度的标准（1）The document includes the date(s) at which the information was gathered.（2）The document refers to clearly dated information.（3）Where necessary, the document includes information on the regularity of updates.（4）The document includes a publication date or a “last updated”date.（5）The document includes a date of copyright.（6）If no date is given in an electronic document, you can view the directory in which it resides and read the date of latest modification.14：Functions of an OutlineOutline can be helpful to show the hierarchical relationship or logical ordering of information.15：Reasons for creating an outline:（1）Aids in the writing process.（2）Helps organize ideas.（3）Presents material in a logical form.（4）Shows relationships among ideas in the paper.（5）Constructs an ordered overview of what is written. （6）Defines boundaries and groups. 16：Four Main Components for Effective Outlines(1)Parallelism：Each heading and subheading should preserve parallel structure. If the first heading is a verb phrase, the second heading should also be a verb phrase.(2) Coordination：All informations contained in heading 1 should have the same significance as the information contained in heading 2.(3) Subordination：The information in the headings should be more general, while the information in the subheadings should be more specific.(4) Division：Each heading should be divided into 2 or more parts.17：Types of Outlines and Samples(1)Alphanumeric Outlines：Use alphabetical letters and numerals to outline the content of essays.(2) Full Sentence Outlines：The Full sentence outline format is essentially the same as the alphanumeric outline. The main difference is that full sentences are required at each level of the outline.(3) Decimal Outlines：The decimal outline is similar in format to the alphanumeric outline.the added benefit is a system of decimal notation that clearly shows how every level of the outline related to the large whole.18：Tips for Comparison and Contrast(1) Determine the organizational style.(2) State organization so as to ensure clarity.(3) Make preferences clear in comparison or contrast essay.(4) When organizing the writing, ensure information about the items being compared and contrasted are balanced.19：How many kinds of citation are there?Two types of citation:(1) Citation as note/reference, (2) Citation as material quoted.20：What does a writer usually do with in-text citation ?①Both the name and date enclosed in parentheses.The comma between the author and the year may or may not be included based on the publisher requirements.②To make the last name of the researcher the subject or object of the sentence or clause and follow it immediately with the date of the study in parentheses.③If you wish to emphasize the date of the cited study, you can omit the parentheses。

Introduction:The Academic Department has been a pivotal unit in our organization, dedicated to fostering a culture of learning, research, and innovation. Over the past year, we have undertaken numerous initiatives and projects that have not only enriched our academic community but also contributed significantly to the broader academic landscape. This summary aims to highlight the key achievements, challenges, and future plans of the Academic Department.Achievements:1. Expansion of Academic Programs:We successfully launched several new academic programs this year, including a Master's in Data Science and a minor in Sustainability Studies. These programs have attracted a diverse group of students, enhancing the intellectual vibrancy of our institution.2. Research Initiatives:Our faculty and students have made remarkable strides in research. We secured over $1 million in external funding for various research projects, which covered topics ranging from environmental science to healthcare technology. This research has been published in renowned journals and presented at international conferences.3. Academic Partnerships:We have strengthened our academic partnerships with institutions worldwide, including universities, research organizations, and industry leaders. These collaborations have facilitated knowledge exchange, joint research, and student exchange programs.4. Student Success:Our academic support services have played a crucial role in student success. We offered tutoring, mentoring, and career counseling to over 500 students, resulting in improved academic performance and increased job placements.Challenges:1. Resource Allocation:Despite our achievements, we faced challenges in resource allocation. Limited funding hindered our ability to expand certain programs and provide additional support services.2. Academic Integrity:We encountered instances of academic misconduct, such as plagiarism and cheating. Addressing these issues required a multi-faceted approach, including stricter policies, increased monitoring, and enhanced student education.3. Work-Life Balance:The high workload and expectations placed on faculty and staff have impacted their work-life balance. We are committed to addressing this issue through better work management practices and employee wellness programs.Future Plans:1. Curriculum Development:We plan to continuously update and improve our curriculum to ensure it remains relevant and competitive in the global academic landscape. This includes incorporating new technologies, industry standards, and interdisciplinary approaches.2. Research Funding:We will seek additional funding opportunities to support research projects and provide competitive salaries for faculty and staff. This will enable us to maintain a strong research environment and attract top talent.3. Community Engagement:We aim to strengthen our ties with the local community by offering educational workshops, hosting public lectures, and collaborating with local businesses and non-profit organizations.4. Staff Development:We will invest in staff development programs to enhance their skills and ensure they are equipped to handle the evolving needs of our academic community.Conclusion:The Academic Department has made significant strides in the past year, achieving notable milestones in education, research, and community engagement. Despite facing challenges, we remain committed to delivering excellence in academia. As we move forward, we will focus on expanding our academic programs, enhancing research capabilities, and fostering a supportive environment for our students, faculty, and staff.。

学术英语读写期末总结Introduction:As the end of the term approaches, it is time for me to reflect on my journey in academic English reading and writing. Throughout the semester, I have learned various reading and writing strategies, expanded my vocabulary, and improved my overall proficiency in academic English. In this end-of-term reflection, I will discuss the key topics and skills that I have acquired, challenges I encountered, strategies I employed to overcome those challenges, and my goals for future improvement.Key Topics and Skills Acquired:1. Reading Comprehension:One of the most important skills I have acquired is reading comprehension. I have learned how to identify the main idea, distinguish between different types of texts, understand the structure and organization of academic articles, and effectively paraphrase or summarize the information. Strategies, such as active reading, annotating, and outlining, have greatly helped me in understanding and retaining the material I read.2. Critical Thinking and Analysis:Another crucial skill that I have honed is critical thinking and analysis. I have learned how to read scholarly articles critically, evaluate the author'sarguments and evidence, and identify any biases or limitations. I am now able to form my own opinions based on the evidence and articulate them effectively through writing.3. Academic Writing:In terms of writing, I have improved my ability to write in an academic style. I have learned the importance of properly structuring an essay, developing a clear thesis statement, and providing supporting evidence. I have also enhanced my skills in integrating sources through paraphrasing and correctly citing them using APA or MLA style.Challenges and Strategies to Overcome Them:1. Vocabulary:One of the challenges I faced throughout the term was vocabulary. Sometimes, I encountered unfamiliar words when reading academic articles, making it difficult for me to comprehend the content fully. To overcome this challenge, I started actively expanding my vocabulary by reading a wide range of texts, focusing on academic vocabulary, and using online resources for word lookup. I also created flashcards to review and memorize new words regularly.2. Writing Structure:Another challenge I encountered was organizing mythoughts and ideas coherently in my written work. My sentences often lacked clarity, and my paragraphs did not flow smoothly. To address this challenge, I sought feedback from my instructors and peers, revised my work multiple times, and practiced planning and outliningbefore starting my essays. I also studied various essay structures and practiced writing introductions and conclusions that effectively guided the reader through my arguments.3. Time Management:Time management was another significant challenge I faced. With multiple assignments and readings each week, it was sometimes overwhelming to keep up with the workload and plan my time effectively. To overcome this challenge, I implemented a study schedule, prioritized tasks based on deadlines, and broke down larger assignments into smaller tasks. I also learned to allocate specific time slots for reading and writing, avoiding procrastination.Goals for Future Improvement:Although I have made significant progress during this term, there is still room for improvement. In the future, I aim to enhance my vocabulary further by reading extensively and actively incorporating new words into my speaking and writing. Additionally, I plan to continue practicing critical thinking and analysis by engaging in debates or discussions on various academic topics.Moreover, I will work on refining my academic writing style by seeking feedback from professors and carefully reviewing and editing my papers.Conclusion:In conclusion, my journey in academic English reading and writing has been rewarding and challenging. I have acquired essential skills in reading comprehension, critical thinking, and academic writing. I have also overcome obstacles such as vocabulary, writing structure, and time management through various strategies. Moving forward, I will continue to strive for improvement by expanding my vocabulary, refining my critical analysis skills, and enhancing my academic writing. Overall, this course has provided me with a strong foundation in academic English, setting me up for success in my future academic pursuits.。

英语学术写作期末总结Introduction:Academic writing is an essential component of higher education. Throughout this term, I have learned various techniques and skills for producing effective and impactful scholarly papers. In this end-of-term summary, I will reflect on the key lessons and experiences gained from this course and how they have contributed to my growth as a writer.I. Understanding Academic WritingAcademic writing differs from other forms of writing due to its formal and structured nature. In the initial weeks of this course, I grasped the fundamental principles of academic writing, including the importance of critical thinking, logical organization, and evidence-based arguments. This understanding laid the groundwork for the subsequent topics covered.II. Research SkillsResearch is the backbone of any academic paper. This course provided valuable insights into conducting comprehensive and efficient research. I learned how to select appropriate sources, evaluate their credibility and relevance, and incorporate them seamlessly into my writing. Furthermore, I learned to use different research methods, such as surveys, interviews, and literature reviews, to enhance the depth and quality of my papers.III. Effective Writing TechniquesEffectively conveying ideas is crucial in academic writing. I acquired a set of writing techniques that have significantly improved the clarity and coherence of my papers. Some of these techniques include creating strong thesis statements, organizing thoughts in a logical manner, using appropriate transition words, and ensuring consistency in tone and language throughout the paper. The integration of these techniques has elevated the overall quality of my writing.IV. Academic Style and FormattingUnderstanding the specific requirements of academic writing is essential for producing scholarly papers. I learned about different citation styles such as APA, MLA, and Chicago, and how to adhere to their guidelines. Additionally, I gained knowledge about proper formatting, including title pages, abstracts, and reference lists. This attention to detail has enhanced the professionalism and credibility of my work.V. Revision and EditingThe process of revision and editing is indispensable in academic writing. I learned to review my papers objectively, identify areas of improvement, and make necessary revisions to enhance the clarity and precision of my arguments. Additionally, I acquired essentialproofreading skills to eliminate errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation. By dedicating sufficient time to the revision process, I have achieved greater precision and accuracy in my writing.VI. Plagiarism and Academic IntegrityUnderstanding and adhering to principles of academic integrity is crucial in maintaining credibility as a scholar. This course equipped me with a comprehensive understanding of plagiarism and its consequences, as well as strategies for avoiding it. I learned how to properly cite sources, use quotation marks, and paraphrase effectively. This knowledge has allowed me to confidently produce original work while giving proper credit to the ideas of others.Conclusion:In conclusion, this course on academic writing has been a transformative experience for me as a writer. It has not only provided me with a solid foundation in academic writing principles but also equipped me with practical skills and techniques necessary for producing high-quality scholarly papers. Through enhanced research skills, effective writing techniques, improved revision and editing processes, and a deep understanding of academic integrity, I feel confident in my abilities to contribute to the field of academia. Moving forward, I will continue to build upon the knowledge gained in this course and strive for further growth as an academic writer.Word Count: 627 words。

学术英语写作总结One of the fundamental aspects of academic writing is its structure. An academic paper typically consists of an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Theintroduction provides the background of the study, states the research question, and presents the objectives and significanceof the research. The body paragraphs contain the main arguments, evidence, and analysis, while the conclusion summarizes the findings and implications for future research.Moreover, academic writing demands clarity and precision in language. Writers need to use clear and concise sentences, avoiding wordiness or ambiguity. They should also consider their audience and the level of formality appropriate for the discipline. Jargon or technical terms may be necessary in some fields but should be defined or explained for readers who areless familiar with the subject matter.Citation is another crucial aspect of academic writing. It helps to acknowledge and give credit to the sources ofinformation used in the paper. There are several citation styles, such as APA, MLA, or Harvard, each with its own rules and formats. These citation styles provide guidelines for in-text citations and the reference list at the end of the paper. Accurate citation ensures academic integrity and avoids plagiarism.Additionally, academic writing requires critical thinking skills. Writers should critically analyze the existing literature, evaluate different perspectives, and present their own arguments based on evidence and logical reasoning. Critical thinking involves questioning assumptions, identifying biases, and considering alternative explanations. It is important to present a balanced and objective viewpoint, supported byreliable sources.Another essential aspect of academic writing is revision and proofreading. Writers should carefully revise their drafts for clarity, organization, coherence, and grammar. Proofreading helps to identify and correct spelling, punctuation, and grammatical errors. It is also important to seek feedback from peers, instructors, or editors to improve the overall quality of the writing.。

---Title: [Insert the title of the original article or research paper]Author(s): [Insert the name(s) of the author(s)]Journal/Conference: [Insert the name of the journal or conference where the article was published]Date of Publication: [Insert the date of publication]Abstract:The article by [Author(s)] published in [Journal/Conference] on [Date of Publication] explores [briefly describe the main topic or research question]. The author(s) utilize(s) [mention the primary research methods or theoretical frameworks used] to investigate [the main focus of the study]. The study aims to [state the objective of the research], and the findings contribute to the existing literature by [highlight the significance of the findings].Introduction:The introduction sets the stage for the study by [briefly outline the background and context of the research]. It highlights the relevance of the topic to [the broader field or area of study] and identifies the gaps in the current knowledge that the research seeks to address. The introduction often includes a statement of the research problem and a rationale for the chosen approach.Methodology:The methodology section details the methods employed by the author(s) to conduct the research. This includes:- Research Design: [Describe the type of research design used, e.g., quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods].- Data Collection: [Discuss the methods used to collect data, e.g., surveys, interviews, experiments, case studies].- Data Analysis: [Explain the analytical techniques used, e.g., statistical analysis, thematic analysis, content analysis].- Participants: [Describe the characteristics of the participants involved in the study].- Ethical Considerations: [Mention any ethical considerations or permissions required for the study].Results:The results section presents the findings of the study. This may include:- Descriptive Statistics: [Present the main descriptive statistics or findings from the data].- Analysis Findings: [Discuss the key findings from the data analysis].- Tables and Figures: [Include tables and figures to support thefindings where appropriate].Discussion:The discussion interprets the results in the context of the existing literature. This section may include:- Comparison with Previous Studies: [Compare the findings with those of previous studies and discuss similarities and differences].- Limitations: [Identify and discuss the limitations of the study, including methodological, sample, and theoretical limitations].- Implications: [Discuss the implications of the findings for theory, practice, and future research].- Recommendations: [Make recommendations for future research or practice based on the findings].Conclusion:The conclusion summarizes the key points of the study and restates the main findings. It may also include:- Summary of Key Findings: [Briefly summarize the most important findings].- Contributions to Knowledge: [Highlight the contribution of the study to the field].- Future Research Directions: [Suggest areas for future research based on the study's findings].Personal Reflection:In reflecting on the article, it is important to consider:- Strengths and Weaknesses: [Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the study's methodology and findings].- Relevance to Your Field: [Relate the findings to your own area of study or practice].- Personal Insights: [Share any personal insights or thoughts on the research and its implications].---Note: This template is designed to be a guide for summarizing academic English articles. The actual summary should be tailored to the specific content and structure of the article being summarized.。

学术英语期末总结反思Introduction:The purpose of this academic English course was to develop my language skills in reading, writing, speaking, and listening. Over the course of the semester, I have engaged in various activities and assignments that have helped improve my overall proficiency in English. In this final summary and reflection, I will evaluate my progress and identify areas where I still need improvement.Reading:The reading component of this course was particularly beneficial in expanding my vocabulary and improving my comprehension skills. I was exposed to a wide range of texts, including academic articles, research papers, and literary works. The reading tasks allowed me to practice critical thinking and analytical skills as I analyzed the texts, identified main ideas, and made connections to other sources. However, I struggled with understanding some of the more complex texts, especially those with specialized terminology or dense writing styles. To address this issue, I need to continue expanding my vocabulary and practice reading more challenging texts.Writing:Writing was a major focus of this course, and I had the opportunity to develop my writing skills through various assignments. Through these assignments, I learned how tostructure an essay, develop cohesive paragraphs, and use appropriate grammar and vocabulary. I also improved my ability to support my arguments with evidence and cite sources correctly. However, I still need to work on improving the clarity and organization of my writing. I sometimes struggle with expressing my ideas fully and coherently, and I tend to lose focus in my writing. To address this, I plan to practice organizing my thoughts before starting to write and seek feedback from peers and instructors.Speaking:The speaking component of this course was challenging but also highly valuable. Engaging in discussions and delivering presentations allowed me to practice fluency, pronunciation, and effective communication skills. I gained confidence in expressing my ideas andparticipating in group discussions. However, I still struggle with speaking spontaneously and articulating my thoughts clearly. I sometimes hesitate or struggle tofind the right words, which affects the flow of my speech.I plan to continue practicing speaking in English on a regular basis, engaging in conversations with native speakers, and recording myself to identify areas for improvement.Listening:Improving my listening skills was another importantaspect of this course. Listening activities and exerciseshelped me develop my ability to understand spoken English, follow lectures, and comprehend audio materials. Ilearned how to identify main ideas, supporting details, and nuances in different accents and speech styles. However, I still find it difficult to understand conversations or speeches that are delivered at a faster pace or use unfamiliar vocabulary. To overcome this, Iwill continue to expose myself to a variety of English audio materials and practice active listening techniques.Overall, this academic English course has beeninstrumental in improving my language skills. I have realized my strengths and weaknesses in reading, writing, speaking, and listening, and I have identified areas for further improvement. Moving forward, I plan to continue practicing and honing my skills, seeking feedback from others, and dedicating time and effort to achieving my language goals. I am confident that with consistent practice and a growth mindset, I will continue toprogress in my academic English proficiency.。

The Department of Academic Affairs has had a highly productive and fulfilling academic year. As the backbone of our institution, we have strived to enhance the academic environment, support students in their pursuit of knowledge, and foster a culture of continuous learning and innovation. Below is a summary of our key achievements, initiatives, and challenges faced during the past year.Key Achievements:1. Curriculum Development and Enhancement:Our department has successfully revised and updated several courses to align with the latest industry standards and academic trends. We have introduced new elective courses that cater to diverse student interests, including advanced programming, data analytics, and sustainable development.2. Research Initiatives:We have encouraged and supported faculty and students in engaging in research activities. This has resulted in several significant publications in reputable journals and participation in international conferences. Our research projects have covered a wide range of topics, from environmental science to artificial intelligence.3. Academic Workshops and Seminars:To enhance students' academic skills, we organized numerous workshops and seminars on topics such as time management, critical thinking, and effective communication. These events were well-attended and received positive feedback from both students and faculty.4. Student Support Services:We have strengthened our student support services by establishing a mentorship program, providing academic counseling, and organizing study groups. These initiatives have helped students overcome academic challenges and achieve their full potential.5. External Collaboration:Our department has actively sought to establish and maintain partnerships with external organizations and institutions. This has facilitated collaborative research projects, student internships, and faculty exchanges, enriching the academic experience for our students and faculty.Initiatives:1. Introduction of Online Learning Platforms:In response to the global pandemic, we have successfully introduced online learning platforms to ensure uninterrupted academic activities. These platforms have received positive feedback for their user-friendliness and accessibility.2. Promotion of Inclusive Education:We have initiated programs to promote inclusive education, ensuring that students with disabilities and diverse backgrounds have equal access to academic resources and opportunities.3. Sustainability Awareness:Our department has taken a proactive approach to promotesustainability on campus. We have organized events and workshops to educate students about environmental issues and encourage eco-friendly practices.Challenges and Future Outlook:1. Resource Allocation:One of the major challenges we faced was the allocation of resources, especially during the pandemic. We are working on a more efficient budgeting system to ensure optimal use of resources.2. Student Engagement:While our initiatives have been well-received, we recognize the need to further increase student engagement in academic activities. We planto introduce more interactive and hands-on learning experiences to address this challenge.3. Continual Improvement:We are committed to continuous improvement in all our endeavors. We will continue to seek feedback from students, faculty, and staff to identify areas for enhancement and implement necessary changes.In conclusion, the Department of Academic Affairs has made significant strides in fostering an enriching academic environment. Our achievements, initiatives, and the challenges we have faced have collectively contributed to our growth and development. We look forward to building upon our successes and addressing the remaining challenges as wecontinue to shape the academic landscape of our institution.。

The Essence of Concluding an English Essay In the realm of academic writing, the conclusion of an English essay serves as the final and often most impactful impression. It is not merely a summary of points made throughout the paper but a synthesis of ideas, a closing argument, and a call to action. The conclusion aims to leave a lasting impression on the reader, ensuring that the message delivered is both memorable and persuasive.The structure of a conclusion typically follows a specific pattern. It begins with a restatement of the essay's central thesis or argument, reinforcing the main points discussed. This restatement serves to remind the reader of the essay's core purpose and ensures that the conclusion ties back to the introduction, creating a cohesive flow. Following this, the conclusion expands on the implications of the argument, discussing how it might apply to real-world scenarios or other areas of study. This expansion adds depth and breadth to the essay, showing the reader the vast potential of the ideas presented.Moreover, the conclusion often includes a reflection on the argument's limitations and areas for furtherexploration. This self-critical approach not only adds credibility to the essay but also encourages the reader to engage with the ideas presented and perhaps even pursue further research. By acknowledging the limitations of the argument, the writer demonstrates a willingness to embrace criticism and growth, thus fostering a culture of intellectual curiosity.In addition to the above elements, a strong conclusion may also include a personal reflection or the writer's opinion on the topic. This personal touch adds a human element to the essay, making it more relatable and engaging for the reader. By sharing their thoughts and feelings about the topic, the writer creates a connection with the reader, inviting them to share their own perspectives and experiences.In summary, the conclusion of an English essay is far more than just a closing paragraph. It is a culmination of ideas, a summation of arguments, and a bridge to further exploration. It should leave the reader with a renewed understanding of the topic and a desire to delve deeperinto the subject matter. A well-written conclusion is thehallmark of a thoughtful and well-constructed essay, leaving a lasting impact on the reader's mind.**英语作文总结的精髓**在学术写作领域，英语作文的结尾部分不仅是整篇文章的最终印象，而且是往往最具有影响力的部分。

本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==学术英语写作总结专业英语写作考点总结Part ? Academic English Writing （专业英语写作） Chapter 1 Six Considerations in Academic Writing1、Academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose, organization, style, flow and presentation.（学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲或宣读）。

2、Organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部分(1) description of a situation （描述情况）(2) Identification of a problem （甄别问题）(3) Description of a solution （描述解决方法）(4) Evaluation of the solution （评估解决方法）3、Formal Grammar Style：（正规的语法风格）(1) Generally avoid contractions （一般来讲避免使用略缩词）例：won’t改为will not(2) Use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更为适宜的正规的否定形式）例：not...any改为nonot...much改为little not...many改为few(3) Limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限制使用多个词连用的表达法）例：句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。

[VIP专享]学术英语写作总结专业英语写作考点总结Part ?Academic English Writing （专业英语写作）Chapter 1 Six Considerations in Academic Writing1、Academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose,organization, style, flow and presentation.（学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲或宣读）。

2、Organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部分(1) description of a situation （描述情况）(2) Identification of a problem （甄别问题）(3) Description of a solution （描述解决方法）(4) Evaluation of the solution （评估解决方法）3、Formal Grammar Style：（正规的语法风格）(1) Generally avoid contractions （一般来讲避免使用略缩词）例：won’t改为will not(2) Use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更为适宜的正规的否定形式）例：not...any改为no not...much改为little not...many改为few (3) Limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限制使用多个词连用的表达法）例：句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。