Influence of protons on the capture of electrons by 7Be in the Sun

The Art of PersuasionPersuasion is an art that has been practiced for centuries, with the goal of influencing others to adopt a certain belief or take a particular course of action. It is a skill that can be used in various aspects of life, from convincing someone to buy a product to persuading a group of people to support a certain cause. Theart of persuasion is a powerful tool that can be used for both good and bad purposes, depending on the intentions of the persuader. One perspective on persuasion is that it is a form of manipulation, where the persuader uses various tactics to influence others without their full consent. This can be seen in advertising, where companies use persuasive techniques to convince consumers tobuy their products, even if they may not necessarily need them. In politics, persuasion is often used to sway public opinion and gain support for a particular candidate or policy. In these cases, persuasion can be seen as a way to exploit people's emotions and vulnerabilities for personal gain. On the other hand, persuasion can also be viewed as a valuable skill that can be used for positive purposes. For example, a teacher may use persuasion to motivate students to work harder and achieve their goals. A charity organization may use persuasive techniques to encourage people to donate to a worthy cause. In these cases, persuasion is used to inspire and empower others to take positive action, rather than manipulate them for personal gain. The key to effective persuasion lies in understanding the psychology of human behavior and emotions. By appealing topeople's emotions, values, and beliefs, a persuader can create a connection with their audience and make a compelling case for their point of view. This caninvolve using storytelling, emotional language, and persuasive visuals to engage and captivate the audience. By building trust and credibility, a persuader can increase the likelihood that their message will be accepted and acted upon. However, it is important to note that persuasion is not always successful, as people may have their own biases, beliefs, and motivations that can influencetheir decision-making process. In some cases, people may resist persuasion and reject the message being presented to them. This can be due to factors such as cognitive dissonance, where a person's beliefs are in conflict with the persuasive message, or reactance, where a person feels their freedom is being threatened bythe persuader. In conclusion, the art of persuasion is a complex and powerfultool that can be used to influence others in various ways. While persuasion can be used for both good and bad purposes, it ultimately depends on the intentions of the persuader and the ethical considerations involved. By understanding the psychology of human behavior and emotions, a persuader can create a compelling case that resonates with their audience and inspires them to take positive action. Ultimately, persuasion is a skill that requires empathy, understanding, andethical considerations to be used effectively and responsibly.。

The Process of Photosynthesis in PlantsPhotosynthesis is a fundamental process that occurs in plants,enabling them to convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in glucose.This process not only sustains the plants themselves but also supports life on Earth by producing oxygen and serving as the foundation of the food chain.Understanding the process of photosynthesis helps us appreciate the vital role that plants play in maintaining ecological balance and supporting life.In this essay,we will explore the key stages and components involved in photosynthesis.Photosynthesis takes place primarily in the leaves of plants,within specialized cell structures called chloroplasts.Chloroplasts contain a green pigment known as chlorophyll,which is essential for capturing light energy.The process of photosynthesis can be divided into two main stages:the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions,also known as the Calvin cycle.The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts and require direct sunlight to proceed.When light strikes the chlorophyll molecules,it excites the electrons,raising them to a higher energy level.These high-energy electrons are then transferred through a series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane, known as the electron transport chain.As the electrons move along the chain,their energy is used to pump protons(hydrogen ions)into the thylakoid lumen,creating a proton gradient.The energy from this proton gradient is harnessed by an enzyme called ATP synthase to produce ATP(adenosine triphosphate),a molecule that stores and transports energy within cells.Additionally,the excited electrons eventually combine with NADP+(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)to form NADPH,another energy-rich molecule. Both ATP and NADPH are crucial for the next stage of photosynthesis. During the light-dependent reactions,water molecules are also split(a process known as photolysis),releasing oxygen as a byproduct.This oxygen is then expelled into the atmosphere,contributing to the air we breathe.The light-independent reactions,or the Calvin cycle,take place in the stroma of the chloroplasts and do not require direct sunlight.Instead,they use the ATP and NADPH produced during the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.The Calvin cycle can be broken down into three main phases:carbon fixation,reduction,and regeneration.In the carbon fixation phase,carbon dioxide molecules from the atmosphere are captured by an enzyme called ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase,commonly known as RuBisCO.RuBisCO attaches the carbon dioxide to a five-carbon sugar molecule called ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate(RuBP),resulting in a six-carbon compound that quickly splits into two three-carbon molecules of3-phosphoglycerate(3-PGA).During the reduction phase,the3-PGA molecules are converted into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate(G3P)using the energy from ATP and the reducing power of NADPH.G3P is a three-carbon sugar that serves as the building block for glucose and other carbohydrates.Some of the G3P molecules exit the Calvin cycle to be used in the synthesis of glucose and other organic compounds.The final phase,regeneration,involves the rearrangement of the remaining G3P molecules to regenerate RuBP,the molecule necessary for carbon fixation.This regeneration process requires additional ATP and ensures that the Calvin cycle can continue,allowing the plant to continuously capture carbon dioxide and produce glucose.The glucose produced through photosynthesis serves as an essential source of energy and building material for the plant.It can be used immediately for cellular respiration,stored as starch for later use,or converted into other organic compounds such as cellulose,which provides structural support to the plant.In conclusion,photosynthesis is a complex yet remarkably efficient process that enables plants to convert light energy into chemical energy, producing glucose and oxygen as vital end products.The light-dependent reactions capture and convert sunlight into ATP and NADPH, while the light-independent reactions,or Calvin cycle,use these energy-rich molecules to fix carbon dioxide and synthesize glucose.This process not only sustains plant life but also supports the entire biosphere by producing oxygen and forming the base of the food chain. Understanding photosynthesis highlights the incredible role that plantsplay in maintaining life on Earth and underscores the importance of protecting and preserving our natural environment.。

Pub Talk and the King' s EnglishHenry Fairlie1 Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities. And it is an activity only of humans. However intricate the ways in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation.2 The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows. The enemy of good conversation is the person who has "something to say." Conversation is not for making a point. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. There is no winning in conversation. In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose. Suddenly they see the moment for one of their best anecdotes, but in a flash the conversation has moved on and the opportunity is lost. They are ready to let it go.3 Perhaps it is because of my up-bringing in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a charm of its own. Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other's lives. They are companions, not intimates. The fact that their marriages may be on the rooks, or that their love affairs have been broken or even that they got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern. They are like the musketeers of Dumas who, although they lived side by side with each other, did not delve into,each other's lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings.4 It was on such an occasion the other evening, as the conversation moved desultorily here and there, from the most commonplace to thoughts of Jupiter, without any focus and with no need for one, that suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place, and all at once there was a focus. I do not remember what made one of our companions say it--she clearly had not come into the bar to say it, it was not something that was pressing on her mind--but her remark fell quite naturally into the talk.5 "Someone told me the Other day that the phrase, 'the King's English' was a term of criticism, that it means language which one should not properly use."6 The glow of the conversation burst into flames. There were affirmations and protests and denials, and of course the promise, made in all such conversation, that we would look it up on the morning. That would settle it; but conversation does not need to be settled; it could still go ignorantly on.7 It was an Australian who had given her such a definition of "the King's English," which produced some rather tart remarks about what one could expect from the descendants of convicts. We had traveled in five minutes to Australia. Of course, there would be resistance to the King's English in such a society. There is always resistance in the lower classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for "English as it should be spoken."8 Look at the language barrier between the Saxon churls and their Norman conquerors. The conversation had swung from Australian convicts of the 19th century tothe English peasants of the 12th century. Who was right, who was wrong, did not matter. The conversation was on wings.9 Someone took one of the best-known of examples, which is still always worth the reconsidering. When we talk of meat on our tables we use French words; when we speak of the animals from which the meat comes we use Anglo-Saxon words. It is a pig in its sty ; it is pork (porc) on the table. They are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef (boeuf). Chickens become poultry (poulet), and a calf becomes veal (veau). Even if our menus were not wirtten in French out of snobbery, the English we used in them would still be Norman English. What all this tells us is of a deep class rift in the culture of England after the Norman conquest.10 The Saxon peasants who tilled the land and reared the animals could not afford the meat, which went to Norman tables. The peasants were allowed to eat the rabbits that scampered over their fields and, since that meat was cheap, the Norman lords of course turned up their noses at it. So rabbit is still rabbit on our tables, and not changed into some rendering of lapin.11 As we listen today to the arguments about bilingual education, we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant. The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language. There must have been a great deal of cultural humiliation felt by the English when they revolted under Saxon leaders like Hereward the Wake. "The King's English"--if the termhad existed then--had become French. And here in America now, 900 years later, we are still the heirs to it.12 So the next morning, the conversation over, one looked it up. The phrase came into use some time in the 16th century. "Queen's English" is found in Nash's "Strange Newes of the Intercepting Certaine Letters" in 1593, and in 1602, Dekker wrote of someone, "thou clipst the Kinge's English." Is the phrase in Shakespeare? That would be the confirmation that it was in general use. He uses it once, when Mistress Quickly in "The Merry Wives of Windsor" says of her master coming home in a rage, "... here will be an old abusing of God's patience and the King's English," and it rings true.13 One could have expected that it would be about then that the phrase would be coined. After five centuries of growth, o1f tussling with the French of the Normans and the Angevins and the Plantagenets and at last absorbing it, the conquered in the end conquering the conqueror. English had come royally into its own.14 There was a King's (or Queen' s) English to be proud of. The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth. "The King's English" was no longer a form of what would now be regarded as racial discrimination.15 Yet there had been something in the remark of the Australian. The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes. One feels that even Mistress Quickly--a servant--is saying that Dr. Caius--her master--will losehis control and speak with the vigor of ordinary folk. If the King's English is "English as it should be spoken," the claim is often mocked by the underlings, when they say with a jeer "English as it should be spoke." The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there.16 There is always a great danger, as Carlyle put it, that "words will harden into things for us." Words are not themselves a reality, but only representations of it, and the King's English, like the Anglo-French of the Normans, is a class representation of reality. Perhaps it is worth trying to speak it, but it should not be laid down as an edict , and made immune to change from below.17 I have an unending love affair with dictionaries-Auden once said that all a writer needs is a pen, plenty of paper and "the best dictionaries he can afford"--but I agree with the person who said that dictionaries are instruments of common sense. The King's English is a model—a rich and instructive one--but it ought not to be an ultimatum.18 So we may return to my beginning. Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King's English slips and slides in conversation. There is no worse conversationalist than the one who punctuates his words as he speaks as if he were writing, or even who tries to use words as if he were composing a piece of prose for print. When E. M. Forster writes of " the sinister corridor of our age," we sit up at the vividness of the phrase, the force and even terror in the image. But if E. M. Forster sat inour living room and said, "We are all following each other down the sinister corridor of our age," we would be justified in asking him to leave.19 Great authors are constantly being asked by foolish people to talk as they write. Other people may celebrate the lofty conversations in which the great minds are supposed to have indulged in the great salons of 18th century Paris, but one suspects that the great minds were gossiping and judging the quality of the food and the wine. Henault, then the great president of the First Chamber of the Paris Parlement, complained bitterly of the "terrible sauces " at the salons of Mme. Deffand, and went on to observe that the only difference between her cook and the supreme chef, Brinvilliers , lay in their intentions.20 The one place not to have dictionaries is in a sit ting room or at a dining table. Look the thing up the next morning, but not in the middle of the conversation. Other wise one will bind the conversation, one will not let it flow freely here and there. There would have been no conversation the other evening if we had been able to settle at one the meaning of "the King's English." We would never hay gone to Australia, or leaped back in time to the Norman Conquest.21 And there would have been nothing to think about the next morning. Perhaps above all, one would not have been engaged by interest in the musketeer who raised the subject, wondering more about her. The bother about teaching chimpanzees how to talk is that they will probably try to talk sense and so ruin all conversation.Inaugural Address(January 20, 1961)John F. Kennedy1 We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change. For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribednearly a century and three-quarters ago.2 The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe, the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand of God.3 We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.4 Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or i11, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.5 This much we pledge--and more.6 To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share, we pledge the loyalty of faithful friends. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do, for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.7 To those new states whom we welcome to the ranks of the free, we pledge our word that one form of colonial control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny. We shall not always expect to find them supporting our view. But we shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own freedom, and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.8 To those peoples in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required, not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right. If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.9 To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge: to convert our good words into good deeds, in a new alliance for progress, to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of poverty. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. Let all our neighbors know that we shall join with them to oppose aggression or subversion anywhere in the Americas. And let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.10 To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective, to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak, and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.11 Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.12 We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.13 But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort from our present course--both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom, yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war.14 So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.15 Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.16 Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms and bring the absolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations.17 Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors. Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths and encourage the arts and commerce.18 Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah to "undo the heavy burdens...(and) let the oppressed go free".19 And if a beachhead of co-operation may push back the jungle of suspicion, let both sides join in creating a new endeavor, not a new balance of power, but a new world of law, where the strong are just and the weak secure and the peace preserved.20 All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin.21 In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course. Since this country was founded, each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty. The graves of young Americans who answered the call to service surround the globe.22 Now the trumpet summons us again--not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need; not as a call to battle, though embattled we are; but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out, "rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation," a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease and war itself.23 Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, North and South, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind? Will you join in the historic effort?24 In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. I do not shrink from thisresponsibility; I welcome it. I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world.25 And so, my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.26 My fellow citizens of the world, ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.27 Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you. With a good conscienceour only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God's work must truly be our own.(from A Treasury of the World's Great Speeches, 1965)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------NOTES1. inaugural address: since 1937, Inauguration Day has been changed to Jan. 20. On this day every four years the newly elected president of the United States faces the people for the first time, takes the presidential oath of office and delivers his inaugural address.2. solemn oath: the presidential oath, traditionally administered by the Chief Justice, is prescribed in Article II, section 1 of the Constitution of the United States. The oath runs as follows: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. "3. The belief that the rights of man.., hand of God: refers to a passage in the American Declaration of Independence: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. "4. command of Isaiah: one of the greatest Hebrew prophets whose writings are extant (late 8th century B. C. ) ; venerated by rabbis as 2nd only to Moses. The Book of Isaiah, a book in the Old Testament of the Bible of the Christian, is believed to be a work of two authors of different periods; chapters 1--39 relate to the history of the Israelites; chapters 40--66 foretell the coming of the Messiah. The quotation in the text is taken from chapter 58, verse 6: "Is not this the fast that I have chosen? to loose the bands of wickedness, to undo the heavy burdens, and to let the oppressed go free, and that ye break every yoke?"Love is a FallacyMax Shulman1 Charles Lamb, as merry and enterprising a fellow as you will meet in a month of Sundays, unfettered the informal essay with his memorable Old China and Dream's Children. There follows an informal essay that ventures even beyond Lamb's frontier, indeed, "informal" may not be quite the right word to describe this essay; "limp" or " flaccid" or possibly "spongy" are perhaps more appropriate.2 Vague though its category, it is without doubt an essay. It develops an argument; it cites instances; it reaches a conclusion. Could Carlyle do more? Could Ruskin ?3 Read, then, the following essay which undertakes to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma --Author's Note4 Cool was I and logical. Keen, calculating, perspicacious , acuteand astute--I was all of these. My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemist's scales, as penetrating as a scalpel. And--think of it! --I was only eighteen.5 It is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect. Take, for example, Petey Butch, my roommate at the University of Minnesota. Same age, same background, but dumb as an ox. A nice enough young fellow, you understand, but nothing upstairs.Emotional type. Unstable. Impressionable. Worst of all, a faddist. Fads, I submit, are the very negation of reason. To be swept up in every new craze that comes along, to surrender yourself to idiocy just because everybody else is doing it--this, to me, is the acme of mindlessness. Not, however, to Petey.6 One afternoon I found Petey lying on his bed with an expression of such distress on his face that I immediately diagnosed appendicitis. "Don't move," I said. "Don't take a laxative. I'll get a doctor."7 "Raccoon," he mumbled thickly.8 "Raccoon?" I said, pausing in my flight.9 "1 want a raccoon coat," he wailed.10 I perceived that his trouble was not physical, but mental. "Why do you wanta raccoon coat?"11 "1 should have known it," he cried, pounding his temples. "1 should have known they'd come back when the Charleston came back. Like a fool I spent all my money for textbooks, and now I can't get a raccoon coat."12 "Can you mean." I said incredulously, "that people are actually wearing raccoon coats again?"13 "All the Big Men on Campus are wearing them. Where've you been?"14 "In the library," I said, naming a place not frequented by Big Men on Campus15 He leaped from the bed and paced the room, "I've got to have a raccoon coat," he said passionately. "I've got to!"16 "Petey, why? Look at it rationally. Raccoon coats are unsanitary. They shed. They smell bad. They weight too much. They're unsightly. They--"17 " You don't understand," he interrupted impatiently. "It's the thing to do. Don't you want to be in the swim?"18 "No," I said truthfully.19 "Well, I do," he declared. "I'd give anything for a raccoon coat. Anything!"20 My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear. "Anything?" I asked, looking at him narrowly.21 "Anything," he affirmed in ringing tones.22 I stroked my chin thoughtfully. It so happened that I knew where to set my hands on a raccoon coat. My father had had one in his undergraduate days; it lay now in a trunk in the attic back home. It also happened that Petey had something I wanted. He didn't have it exactly, but at least he had first rights on it. I refer to his girl, Polly Espy.23 I had long covetedPolly Espy. Let me emphasize that my desire for this young woman was not emotional in nature. She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions but I was not one to let my heart rule my head. I wanted Polly for a shrewdly calculated, entirely cerebralreason.24 I was a freshman in law school. In a few years I would be out in practice. I was well aware of the importance of the right kind of wife in furthering a lawyer's career. The successful lawyers I had observed were, almost without exception, married to beautiful, gracious, intelligent women. With one omission, Polly fitted these specifications perfectly.25 Beautiful she was. She was not yet of pin-up proportionsbut I felt sure that time would supply the lack She already had the makings.26 Gracious she was. By gracious I mean full of graces. She had an erectness of carriage, an ease of bearing, a poise that clearly indicated the best of breeding, At table her manners were exquisite. I had seen her at the Kozy Kampus Korner eating the specialty of the house--a sandwich that contained scraps of pot roast, gravy, chopped nuts, and a dipper of sauerkraut--without even getting her fingers moist.27 Intelligent she was not. in fact, she veered in the opposite direction. But I believed that under my guidance she would smarten up. At any rate, it was worth a try. It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.28 "Petey," I said, "are you in love with Polly Espy?"29 "1 think she's a keen kid," he replied, "but I don't know if you'd call it love. Why?"30 "Do you," I asked, "have any kind of formal arrangement with her? I mean are you going steady or anything like that?"31 "No. We see each other quite a bit, but we both have other dates. Why?"32 "Is there," I asked, "any other man for whom she has a particular fondness?"33 "Not that I know of. Why?"34 I nodded with satisfaction. "In other words, if you were out of the picture, the field would be open. Is that right?"35 "1 guess so. What are you getting at?"36 "Nothing, nothing," I said innocently, and took my suitcase out of the closet.37 "Where are you going?" asked Petey.38 "Home for the weekend." I threw a few things into the bag.39 "Listen," he said, clutching my arm eagerly, "while you're home, you couldn't get some money from your old man, could you, and lend it to me so I can buy a raccoon coat?"40 "1 may do better than that," I said with a mysterious wink and closed my bag and left.41 "Look," I said to Petey when I got back Monday morning. I threw open the suitcase and revealed the huge, hairy, gamy object that my father had worn in his Stutz Bearcat in 1925.42 " Holy Toledo!" said Petey reverently. He plunged his hands into the raccoon coat and then his face. "Holy Toledo!" he repeated fifteen or twenty times.43 "Would you like it?" I asked.44 "Oh yes!" he cried, clutching the greasy peltto him. Then a canny look came into his eyes. "What do you want for it?"45 "Your girl," I said, mincing no words.46 "Polly?" he said in a horrified whisper. "You want Polly?"47 "That's right."48 He flung the coat from him. "Never," he said stoutly.49 I shrugged. "Okay. If you don't want to be in the swim, I guess it's your business."50 I sat down in a chair and pretended to read a book, but out of the corner of my eye I kept watching Petey. He was a torn man. First he looked at the coat with the expression of a waif at a bakery window. Then he turned away and set his jaw resolutely. Then he looked back at the coat, with even more longing in his face. Then he turned away, but with not so much resolution this time. Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning . Finally he didn't turn away at all; he just stood and stared with mad lust at the coat.51 "It isn't as though I was in love with Polly," he said thickly. "Or going steady or anything like that."52 "That's right," I murmured.53 "What's Polly to me, or me to Polly?"54 "Not a thing," said I.55 "It's just been a casual kick --just a few laughs, that's all."56 "Try on the coat," said I.57 He complied. The coat bunched high over his ears and dropped all the way down to his shoe tops. He looked like a mound of dead raccoons. "Fits fine," he said happily.58 I rose from my chair. "Is it a deal?" I asked, extending my hand.59 He swallowed. "It's a deal," he said and shook my hand.60 I had my first date with Polly the following evening. This was in the nature of a survey; I wanted to find out just how much work I had to do to get her mind up to the standard I required. I took her first to dinner. "Gee, that was a delish （=delicious）dinner," she said as we left the restaurant. Then I took her to a movie. "Gee, that was a marvy (=marvelous) movie," she said as we left the theater. And then I took her home. "Gee, I had a sensaysh (=sensational) time," she said as she bade me good night.61 I went back to my room with a heavy heart. I had gravely underestimated the size of my task. This girl's lack of information was terrifying. Nor would it be enough merely to supply her with information First she had to be taught to think. This loomed as a project of no small dimensions, and at first I was tempted to give her back to Petey. But then I got to thinking about her abundant physical charms and about the way she entered a room and the way she handled a knife and fork, and I decided to make an effort.62 I went about it, as in all things, systematically. I gave her a course in logic. It happened that I, as a law student, was taking a course in logic myself, so I had all the。

impacts and mass extinction托福阅读The Impacts and Mass Extinction EventMass extinctions have significantly shaped the history of life on Earth, leaving an indelible impact on the planet's biodiversity and evolutionary path. These cataclysmic events, occurring over millions of years, have been the result of various factors, including volcanic eruptions, climate change, and asteroid impacts. This article delves into the impacts and consequences of mass extinctions and their profound influence on the course of Earth's history.One of the most well-known mass extinctions is the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) extinction event, which occurred approximately 66 million years ago. This cataclysm spelled the end for the dinosaurs and 75% of all species on Earth. Scientists believe that the K-Pg extinction was triggered by a massive asteroid impact off the coast of modern-day Mexico. The resulting impact caused widespread wildfires, acid rain, and a darkened atmosphere due to the release of dust and debris into the air. These environmental changes drastically disrupted the food chain and led to the rapid decline and ultimate extinction of numerous species.Aside from asteroid impacts, volcanic eruptions can also result in mass extinctions. The largest volcanic event in Earth's history, known as the Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) extinction, occurred approximately 252 million years ago. Massive volcanic eruptions in present-day Siberia released vast amounts of toxic gases and greenhouse gases, leading to severe climate change and ocean acidification. It is estimated that 96% of all marine species and around 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species were wiped out during this event. The environmental disruptions caused by volcanic activity had long-lasting effects on Earth's ecosystems, and it took millions of years for life to recover.Climate change has also been a driving force behind mass extinctions throughout history. The most recent example is the ongoing sixth mass extinction event, primarily attributed to human activities. Human-induced climate change, habitat destruction, pollution, and overexploitation of natural resources have resulted in the rapid decline ofnumerous plant and animal species. If left unchecked, this current wave of extinction could have devastating consequences for the planet's biodiversity and ecosystems.In conclusion, mass extinctions have had a profound impact on Earth's history, shaping the course of evolution and biodiversity. Whether triggered by asteroid impacts, volcanic eruptions, or climate change, these cataclysmic events have caused widespread disruptions to ecosystems, leading to the extinction of numerous species. Understanding the causes and consequences of mass extinctions is crucial for developing strategies to preserve Earth's biodiversity and mitigate the impacts of future extinction events.。

They were pushed into battle unprepared.(unpreparedly)Contribute to doing主动态I’m sure your suggestion will contribute to soving the problem.All 与not连用表部分否定All of the students did not turn up at the party.并不是所有学生ask要求+should She asked that she be allowed to see her son in police custody警局.方式状语+地点+时间the war broke out suddenly in Poland in 1939.As much as和一样多;程度情况和相同language belongs to each member of society, to the cleaner as much as to the professor. She is as much as a friend as a teacher to me.Launch an attack on 在战争中使用大规模武器的袭击The enemy launch a sudden attack on the small village last night.Strike袭击,特指空袭air strikebeating拍打,反复击打blow用拳头或武器击打,猛击,个人行为attain your goal 达到acquire习得技能in an attempt to do sth eg:The policemen are making an investigation on the spot in an attempt to discover proofs of the crime.Take notice of 注意到have an awareness ofContrary to 和相反in contrast withNaked eye裸眼,肉眼naked全身裸体的,裸露的:暴露的,毫无遮掩的/bald秃的bare人的某个部位裸露的bare foot /node人全身裸露的Make sense合情合理,有道理,有意义dose it make sense to let little children play with firework? Make out分辨出,理解Fall back on在没其他办法时求助于,转而依靠doctors fall back on old cures when modern medicine does’n work./fall on袭击,攻击the hungry children fall on the food./fall down失败his plan falls down./fall in with 同意,赞成fall in with your planPoison修饰内容,材料引起死亡的有毒的物质poison arrow during the second world war, Hitler used poison gas in battlefields. /poisonous含有毒气的,有毒的,指所修饰的对象的属性或特性the gas is high poisonous.The warming of the earth observed(has been observed) over the last 100 years.A range of一系列的projection预测,估计in comparison with与相比较compare with 相比较compare to比喻simulate模仿,模拟lasting持久continuation延续,继续expansion扩大,扩张Vary不同,多样性vary in 在某方面各不相同models vary in their result/the pile of apple vary in size. Differ from不同于,指在少数人之间our tastes differ from each other.Reproduce再现,重现increase by+数值the amount of carbon dioxide increase global average temperatures by between1.5-4.Voice意见,看法,声音why are there some dissenting反对的voices heard on the science of climate change?In no case绝不形容词的排列顺序限：限定词。

唐山2024年02版小学三年级下册英语第五单元真题试卷考试时间：90分钟（总分:120）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、What is a baby sheep called?A. CalfB. KittenC. LambD. Puppy答案：C2、What do you call the person who helps you when you are sick?A. TeacherB. DoctorC. NurseD. Chef3、听力题：The _____ is a chart that displays all known elements.4、 Wall of China stretches over ________ (万里). 填空题：The Grea5、听力题：A _______ is a reaction that involves the breaking of chemical bonds.6、填空题：I saw a rabbit hopping in the ______.7、听力题：The cake is ___. (yummy)8、填空题：I like to help my mom ________ (打扫) the house.9、填空题：The _______ (猴子) eats bananas and berries.10、What is the name of the famous artist known for his "Guernica"?A. Pablo PicassoB. Salvador DalíC. Henri MatisseD. Vincent van Gogh答案: A11、What is the color of a typical snowman?A. WhiteB. BlueC. GreenD. Pink答案:A12、填空题：A rabbit can see behind it with its ______ (眼睛).13、Which color is a typical fire truck?A. BlueB. RedC. YellowD. Green答案: B14、What is the capital city of Ghana?A. AccraB. KumasiC. TamaleD. Takoradi15、What is the name of the famous scientist who developed the theory of relativity?A. Isaac NewtonB. Albert EinsteinC. Galileo GalileiD. Stephen Hawking答案：B16、听力题：A thermos bottle reduces heat ______.17、听力题：We need to buy some ______. (milk)18、What do we call the act of showing kindness?A. GenerosityB. CharityC. BenevolenceD. Kindness答案:D19、填空题：A ________ (植物学课程) enriches learning.20、选择题：What do we call the process of keeping food cold?A. RefrigerationB. BoilingC. CookingD. Frying21、听力题：She has a _____ (cat/dog) at home.22、听力题：The number of protons in an atom defines the ______.23、Which animal is known for its ability to change color?A. ChameleonB. ElephantC. TigerD. Bear24、What do you call a young sparrow?A. ChickB. KitC. PupD. Calf25、填空题：The ______ (金鱼) swims in circles in its bowl.26、听力题：The book is ________ the shelf.27、What do we call a scientist who studies weather patterns?A. MeteorologistB. GeologistC. Climatologist答案: A28、填空题：The _____ (小鸭) quacks when it is happy.29、填空题：My friend is _______ (很有趣).30、填空题：A ____(cliff) is a steep face of rock or earth.31、听力题：The _______ of sound can be perceived as pitch.32、听力题：The atomic structure of an element determines its ______.33、听力题：The teacher tells a ______ (story).34、填空题：The __________ was an important event in the history of the United States. (独立战争)35、听力题：The _______ can produce seeds for future planting.36、What do we use to write on paper?A. PaintB. PencilC. BrushD. Marker37、What is 10 - 7?A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5答案：B38、听力题：A fault is a crack in the Earth’s crust where movement has occurred, often causing______.39、What do we call the force that pulls objects toward the Earth?A. FrictionC. MagnetismD. Pressure答案: B. Gravity40、填空题：A hawk uses its sharp ______ (爪子) to catch prey.41、 Sphinx is located near ________ (开罗). 填空题：The Grea42、What do you call a large cat that roars?A. LeopardB. TigerC. LionD. Cheetah答案:C43、填空题：I like to ______ (参加) environmental activities.44、听力题：A hydrate is a compound that contains ______ molecules.45、听力题：A _______ is a series of processes that occur during a chemical reaction.46、填空题：The ________ was a form of government in ancient Rome.47、What do you call a large, flat area of land?A. PlateauB. ValleyC. PlainD. Mountain答案:C48、What do we call a scientist who studies the weather?A. MeteorologistB. OceanographerC. ClimatologistD. Geologist答案: APlaying outside helps me stay ______ (活跃) and enjoy nature. Fresh air is very ______ (重要的).50、填空题：I saw a ________ in the park.51、填空题：My brother is my best _______ (我哥哥是我最好的_______).52、What is the main ingredient in lasagna?A. RiceB. PastaC. BreadD. Potatoes答案:B53、听力题：Jupiter is the largest ______ in our solar system.54、填空题：The puppy loves to play with a ______.55、What is the capital of El Salvador?A. San SalvadorB. Santa AnaC. San MiguelD. La Libertad56、听力题：We need to water the _______ every day.57、填空题：My friend is a _____ (记者) who covers important stories.58、Which fruit is typically red and round?a. Bananab. Applec. Graped. Orange答案:B59、听力题：Acids have a sour taste and can turn blue litmus paper ______.We wear __________ in winter.61、听力题：The __________ is known for its beautiful landscapes.62、填空题：The first successful vaccine for measles was developed in ________.63、填空题：The _____ (绿色倡导) aims to protect and restore habitats.64、听力题：The mantle is primarily composed of ______.65、听力题：The chemical symbol for tin is ______.66、听力题：The process of mixing an acid and a base produces ______.67、Which word means the opposite of "happy"?A. JoyfulB. SadC. ExcitedD. Angry答案: B68、听力题：A _______ is a mixture where the solute is completely dissolved.69、听力题：The Declaration of Independence was signed in _______.70、What is the name of the famous American author known for writing "The Grapes of Wrath"?A. John SteinbeckB. F. Scott FitzgeraldC. Ernest HemingwayD. Mark Twain答案：A71、What is the name of the bear from the jungle?A. TeddyB. BalooC. Paddington答案: B72、听力题：The __________ is known for the Great Wall.73、听力题：The _____ (运动员) practices hard.74、填空题：My sister likes to ______ (唱歌).75、填空题：We celebrate my brother’s __________ every year. (生日)76、What do you call the outer layer of the Earth?A. CoreB. MantleC. CrustD. Shell77、填空题：The _______ (小龙龜) can live for many years.78、What do you call the person who repairs cars?A. ElectricianB. MechanicC. PlumberD. Carpenter答案:B79、What do you call the protective covering of a seed?A. ShellB. HuskC. PodD. Coat答案:D80、What is the opposite of "near"?A. CloseB. FarC. RightD. Left81、What is the name of the first spacecraft to capture images of the far side of the Moon?B. Luna 3C. Voyager 1D. Mariner 1082、听力题：The ______ is a talented poet.83、填空题：The leaves of some plants are edible and can be used in ______. (某些植物的叶子是可食用的，可以用在烹饪中。