语言学复习(题目).doc

语言学期末考试试题一、选择题（每题 2 分，共 30 分）1、语言的本质属性是（）A 社会性B 生理性C 物理性D 心理性2、下列属于音素的是（）A aiB pC auD ei3、汉语普通话中“妈”“麻”“马”“骂”的声调不同，主要是由于（）A 音高B 音强C 音长D 音色4、最小的有意义的语言单位是（）A 语素B 词C 短语D 句子5、“巧克力”是（）A 单纯词B 合成词C 派生词D 复合词6、下列词中属于偏正结构的是（）A 提高B 黑板C 心疼D 地震7、“他跑得很快”中“得”的作用是（）A 表示可能B 表示程度C 表示结果D 表示趋向8、下列句子属于兼语句的是（）A 他叫我去买东西。

B 我知道他来。

C 他有个妹妹很可爱。

D 大家选他当班长。

9、下列属于外来词的是（）A 电脑B 沙发C 电话D 电视10、语言发展的基本条件是（）A 社会的发展B 语言内部的矛盾C 不同语言的接触D 个人的创造11、现代汉民族共同语是以（）为标准音。

A 北京语音B 北方语音C 南京语音D 广州语音12、下列方言中属于吴方言的是（）A 上海话B 厦门话C 南昌话D 长沙话13、语言融合的方式通常是（）A 自愿融合B 被迫融合C 自然融合D 人工融合14、下列语言中属于屈折语的是（）A 汉语B 英语C 日语D 朝鲜语15、语言符号的任意性是指（）A 语言符号的形式和意义之间没有必然联系B 语言符号的形式和意义之间存在必然联系C 语言符号可以随意改变形式和意义D 语言符号的形式和意义是固定不变的二、填空题（每题 2 分，共 20 分）1、语言是人类最重要的________工具和________工具。

2、语音四要素包括音高、音强、音长和________。

3、元音和辅音最主要的区别是________。

4、词的组合的五种基本类型是主谓结构、动宾结构、偏正结构、中补结构和________。

5、句子按语气可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和________。

《语言学概论》复习题一、名词解释言语：言语是利用语言进行交际的行为和结果。

征候：音位变体：音位变体是指处于互补关系中的各个音素被看成同一音位在不同位置上的代表，是同一个音位的不同的变异形式。

音步：语流中大致等距离出现的若干（北京话和英语为两个）音节的节奏单元。

词法：指的是包括词类和各类词的构成、词形变化的规律和类型。

句法：指的是短语、句子的结构规律和类型。

语法学分词法和句法两个部分，词法的研究范围包括词类和各类词的构成、词性变化（形态）。

句法的研究范围是短语、句子的结构规律和类型。

词缀又分为屈折词缀和派生词缀两类。

派生词缀：派生词缀是加在词干上构成新词的词缀。

这种构成新词的方法叫派生法，所构成的词叫派生词。

派生词缀又根据在单词中的位置分为前缀和后缀两类。

屈折词缀：屈折词缀加在词干的后边，不构成新词，传递不同的语法关系或语法范畴，如数、时、格等。

如books中的-s是屈折词缀，传递复数；wiser中的-er是屈折词缀，传递比较级概念，等。

孤立语：又称分析语或词根语，这类语言的特点在于其一般不是通过词的内部形态变化（又称作屈折变化）来表达语法的作用，而是通过独立的虚词和固定的词序来表达语法意义，而且一般而言，分析语缺乏多数的格变化。

汉语、彝语、壮语、苗语、越南语都是孤立语。

需要注意的是，"孤立语言"与"孤立语"是不相同的，"孤立语言"指的是与任何其它的语言不存在亲属关系的语言。

屈折语：是以词形变化作为表示语法关系的主要手段的语言；特点是有丰富的词形变化来表示词与词之间的关系；以俄语、英语为代表。

黏着语：一种语言的语法类型，通过在词根的前中后粘贴不同的词尾来实现语法功能。

日语、土耳其语是典型的黏着语。

复综语：按类型分类法分类的语言的一种。

特点是把主语、宾语和其它语法项结合到动词词干上，以构成一个单独的词，但表达一个句子的意思。

词义：是词的内容，是主观主体对客观事物现象的反映，包含着人们对客观事物各种特点的认识。

语言学概论》期末考试复习题及参考答案语言学概论复题一、单项选择题1.音高取决于什么？A.发音体振动的振幅B.发音体振动的频率C.发音体振动的持续时间D.共鸣器的形状2.北京话“慢”单念时读[man]，但“慢慢儿”却有人读做[maimar]，前一音节的语流音变现象是什么？A.同化B.异化C.弱儿D.增音3.英语“worker”中的“-er”是什么？A.构词语素B.构形语素C.虚词语素D.词根语素4.下列汉语词语中的“儿”不属于词根语素（实义语素）的是什么？A.健儿B.女儿C.少儿D.花儿5.“吓唬”和“恐吓”在非理性意义上的主要差别是什么？A.语气意义不同B.感情色彩不同C.语体色彩不同D.形象色彩不同6.“XXX说服了XXX”中“XXX”是行为的施事，“XXX”是行为的受事，这种意义是什么？A.语汇意义B.语法意义C.语境意义D.蕴含意义7.语言成分的借用，最常见、最突出的是什么？A.词语的借用B.语音成分的借用C.词缀的借用D.语法结构的借用8.下列几种类型的社会方言中，具有排他性的是什么？A.行话B.黑话C.官腔D.贵族语言9.下列辅音音素都是XXX的一组是什么？A.[d。

l]B.[b。

k]C.[p。

n]D.[t。

v]10.从语音的社会功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是什么？A.音位B.音素C.音节D.音渡11.英语“students”中的“-s”是什么？A.虚词语素B.词根语素C.构形语素D.构词语素12.下列现象中不属于词法手段的是什么？A.虚词B.重叠C.轻重音D.词形变化13.下面词组中，结构类型与其他各组不同的一组是什么？A.年轻漂亮/朴素大方B.我们大家/首都北京C.铁路民航/工人农民D.贯彻执行/讨论研究14.下列成对的词语中，属于相对反义词的一组是什么？A.成功—失败B.合法—非法C.本地—外地D.勤劳—懒惰15.造成“北京人多”一句歧义的主要原因是什么？A.一词多义B.不同的句法结构关系C.不同的语义结构关系D.不同的层次构造16.下列关于语言起源的表述中，正确的一项是什么？A.语言产生于人类对外界各种声音的摹仿B.语言产生于人们的相互约定C.语言是人类有意识地在短时间内创造出来的D.语言是人类在长期进化发展过程中创造出来的17.在儿童学会说话的过程中，“双词阶段”标志着儿童已经具备了语法能力，能够组合两个词来表达意思。

《语言学概论》复习题一、名词解释（28个）层级系统：语言结构要素的各个单位，在语言结构中，并非处在同一个平面上，而是分为不同的层和级。

语言的底层是一套音位，即音与义相结合而划分出来的音的结构成分。

音位经组合而与某种意义相结合就能构成语言的符号和符号的序列，这是语言的上层。

这一层又可以分若干级：第一级是语素，这是语言中音义结合的最小结构单位，是构词材料；第二级是由语素的组合构成的词，是造句材料，是交际的基本单位；第三级是由词构成的句子；词和句子都是符号的序列。

语言系统的层次结构可以图示为：音位>语素>词>句子层级系统（语言单位处在不同的层次上额的，其中音位和音节处在系统的底层，为系统提供形式，即音系层，形式层，上层有语素，词，句子叫语法层，符号层。

）基音：声音大都是由许多频率不同的纯音构成的复合波，其中频率最低的那个纯音叫基音音位变体：音位和音位组合的时候，由于受邻音的影响，或者由于说话时的快慢、高低、强弱的不同，可能发生不同的变化，这种变化称为语流音变。

是同一个音位的不同的变异形式，是音位在特定语音环境中的具体体现或具体代表。

音步：由若干音节构成的语音的单位。

音步一般分为2-3个音节，也可以是1个甚至4-5个音节。

词法：对词形变化所表现出来的语法意义的概括。

语素组合在词的规则和词的变化规则合称词法。

句法：依照词与词组合时所产生的各种语法意义而划分出来的语法类别。

词组合成词组或句子的规则。

派生词缀：黏附在词根语素上构成新词，增加了新的词汇义内容或改变了词的类别归属的词缀。

根据词根和派生词缀的位置关系又可分为前缀、后缀、中缀。

屈折词缀：粘附在词尾，只改变词的形式，不构成新词的词缀。

孤立语：缺少形态变化的语言。

又叫词根语，缺乏词形变化；特点是词序严格、虚词重要、复合词多、派生词少；以汉语为代表。

词义：是和词的语音形式结合在一起的人们对现实现象的概括反映和各种附加色彩。

由人们对现实现象的反映以及由此带来的人们对现实现象的主观评价。

语⾔学概论复习题及参考答案语⾔学概论⼀、填空题：1.双唇、浊、⿐⾳的国际⾳标是，⾆⾯前、⾼、圆唇元⾳的国际⾳标是，⾆⾯前、半⾼、不圆唇元⾳的国际⾳标是，⾆⾯后、半⾼、圆唇元⾳的国际⾳标是。

2.⾆⾯后、半⾼、圆唇元⾳的国际⾳标是，齿间、浊、擦⾳的国际⾳标是__________，双唇、不送⽓、浊、塞⾳的国际⾳标是__________，⾆尖中、送⽓、清、塞⾳的国际⾳标是。

3.根据发⾳特征描述，写出下列元⾳：⾆⾯后半⾼圆唇元⾳是，⾆⾯前低不圆唇元⾳是，⾆⾯前⾼圆唇元⾳是。

4.汉语的七⼤⽅⾔是、、、、、、，其中是现代汉民族共同语的基础⽅⾔。

5.根据语素在词中的不同作⽤，把词根和词缀叫作语素，⽽把词尾叫作语素。

6.世界上的语⾔从语法结构⾓度来划分，⼀般可以分为四种类型，即：、、和复综语，汉语属于。

7. 是由两个或两个以上构词语素组成的词。

8. 和是语⾔发展的两个突出的特点。

9.研究通常以词为界，词以上的规则叫，词以下的规则叫。

10.语⾔系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，⼜可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系是和。

11.语⾔符号的和是它的两⼤特点。

12.每个元⾳的⾳质是由、、三个⽅⾯的因素决定的。

⾆位的⾼低，⾆位的前后，嘴唇的圆展13.以⾳素为材料进⾏分析的⾳位是，具有区别意义作⽤的⾳⾼、⾳重、⾳长这类⾳位叫做。

14.⼀般说来，地域⽅⾔间的差别主要表现在上。

15.根据发⾳特点，⾳素可以分为和两类，例如汉语⾳节中的声母，主要就是由充当的。

16.⽤什么样的语⾳形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使⽤这种语⾔的社会成员。

17.⼈的⼤脑分左右两半球，⼤脑的半球控制语⾔活动，右半球掌管不需要语⾔的感性。

18.⼏种句⼦格式表⽰相同或相近的结构意义，称为。

同⼀个句⼦表⽰⼏种不同的结构意义，称为。

20.句⼦按其语⽓可以分为陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等不同的类型，例如“什么书他都喜欢看”是。

⼆、单项选择题：1.从⾃然属性⾓度划分出来的最⼩语⾳单位是（）。

语言学考试试卷一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的最小意义单位是：A. 词B. 音节C. 音素D. 语素2. 语言的交际功能不包括：A. 表达思想B. 传递信息C. 艺术表现D. 记忆存储3. 以下哪个不是语言的变体？A. 方言B. 行话C. 语言D. 术语4. 语言的音系学研究的是：A. 语言的音位系统B. 语言的语法规则C. 语言的词汇D. 语言的语用5. 语言的词汇学研究的是：A. 词汇的构成B. 词汇的意义C. 词汇的发音D. A和B6. 以下哪个是语言的语法结构？A. 词序B. 词形变化C. 句法结构D. A、B和C7. 语言的语用学研究的是：A. 语言的语境B. 语言的交际效果C. 语言的交际策略D. A、B和C8. 以下哪个是社会语言学研究的内容？A. 语言的地域差异B. 语言的社会阶层差异C. 语言的性别差异D. A、B和C9. 语言的演化不包括：A. 语言的扩散B. 语言的简化C. 语言的复杂化D. 语言的消失10. 以下哪个是语言习得的关键期？A. 婴儿期B. 儿童期C. 青春期D. 成年期二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. 语言是一种______，它是人类用来交流思想和信息的工具。

12. 语言学中的“同音异义词”指的是发音相同但意义不同的词，例如英语中的“lead”（领导）和“lead”（铅）。

13. 语言的______是语言中最小的可以独立使用的意义单位。

14. 语言的______是指语言在不同社会群体中的使用差异。

15. 语言的______是指语言在不同地理区域中的使用差异。

三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）16. 请简述语言的交际功能。

17. 描述语言学中“语境”的概念及其重要性。

四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）18. 论述语言的音系学和音韵学的区别和联系。

19. 论述社会语言学研究的意义和应用领域。

五、案例分析题（共20分）20. 某地区有A、B两种方言，A方言的使用者主要在城市，B方言的使用者主要在农村。

语言学纲要期末复习资料（题库）语言学概论试题(1)一、填空１５%1、语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。

2、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助交际工具。

3、我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。

4、英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。

5、语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理角度分析它的表现形式（传递过程），从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。

6、是否能够独立（自由）运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。

8、具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。

9、语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。

10、我国宪法（１９８２年）第１９条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。

二、选择题１０%1、中国的传统语文学研究的薄弱环节是（D）Ａ、文字学Ｂ、语音学Ｃ、词汇学Ｄ、语法学2、汉语属于（B）Ａ、屈折语Ｂ、词根语Ｃ、多式综合语Ｄ、粘着语3、一种语言中数量最少的是（B）Ａ、音素Ｂ、音位Ｃ、语素Ｄ、音节4、文字的前身是（C）Ａ、结绳记事Ｂ、手势Ｃ、图画记事Ｄ、实物记事5、派生词中包含（B）Ａ、词尾Ｂ、词根Ｃ、虚词Ｄ、根词6、语音和语义结合的最小的语言单位是（C）Ａ、音素Ｂ、义素Ｃ、语素Ｄ、音位7、汉语单词“忽然”出现的位置是（C）Ａ、主语位置Ｂ、谓语位置Ｃ、状语位置Ｄ、定语位置8、以下各种语言变体中，属于社会方言的是（D）Ａ、土话Ｂ、客家话Ｃ、客套话Ｄ、黑话9、下列语素中属于自由语素的是（C）Ａ、初Ｂ、视Ｃ、人Ｄ、民10、在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换，具有某种相同作用的各个单位之间所形成的关系叫（D）Ａ、转换关系Ｂ、组合关系Ｃ、层级关系Ｄ、聚合关系三、名词解释２０%1、专语语言学:以具体语言作为研究对象的语言学。

2、组合关系:指两个以上相连续的语言符号组合而成的线性关系。

3、语流音变:语流中的某些音由于相互影响而发生临时性的变化，这种变化就叫语流音变。

自考语言学概论复习题一、选择题1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，它主要研究语言的哪些方面？A. 语音和语法B. 词汇和语义C. 语音、语法、词汇、语义D. 语音、语法、词汇、语义、语用2. 下列哪个选项不属于语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 修辞学D. 语用学3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音节B. 词C. 语素D. 句4. 语言学中的“同音异义词”指的是什么？A. 两个词发音相同，意义不同B. 两个词意义相同，发音不同C. 两个词发音相同，意义相同D. 两个词意义不同，发音不同5. 语言的变异现象主要体现在哪些方面？A. 语音、语法、词汇B. 语法、词汇、语义C. 语音、词汇、语义D. 语音、语法、语用二、填空题6. 语言学的四大分支包括语音学、语法学、_______、_______。

7. 语言的最小意义单位是_______，它能够独立地表达意义。

8. 语言的_______是指语言在不同地区、不同社会群体中的不同表现形式。

9. 语言的功能包括表达思想、交流信息、_______、_______等。

10. 语言学研究的目的是揭示语言的_______，促进语言的学习和使用。

三、简答题11. 简述语言学研究的主要目的和意义。

12. 描述语言的语音系统是如何构成的。

13. 解释什么是语法规则，并举例说明。

14. 阐述词汇和语义之间的关系。

15. 讨论语言变异现象对语言发展的影响。

四、论述题16. 论述语言学在现代科技中的应用及其重要性。

17. 分析语言与文化之间的关系，并举例说明。

18. 探讨语言规划和语言政策对社会发展的影响。

19. 论述语言习得理论对第二语言教学的启示。

20. 讨论语言的交际功能及其在日常生活中的应用。

五、案例分析题21. 请分析下列对话中的语言现象，并解释其语言学意义。

- 对话一：A: “你今天看起来很高兴。

” B: “是的，我通过了考试。

”- 对话二：A: “这本书太难了，我看不懂。

语言学概论复习资料（全）一、知识题（填空与选择）：1、语言的客观存在形式，首先表现为人与人之间的口头交际行为。

2、口语是第一性的，书面语是第二性的。

3、瑞典、挪威、丹麦三个国家使用同一个语言。

4、口语和书面语包括物理现象和心理现象。

5、口头交际活动有两个因素：语言和言语。

6、瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》开创了20世纪现代语言学的新局面。

7、语言系统是由语音系统、语汇系统、语法系统、语义系统组成。

8、在任何语言中，音调变化都是语调的主要构成因素。

9、音强变化在许多语言中有区别意义的作用。

10、音质是由声波的形式决定的。

11、音质是声音四要素中最重要的。

12、人体的发音器官包括发音的动力源、发音体、共鸣腔。

13、口腔、鼻腔和咽腔是人类共鸣腔。

14、语音的物理属性和生理属性是语音的自然属性。

15、[e][ ε][a][ u ][o ][ ][ ɑ]八个音被称作定位元音或标准元音。

16、辅音的音质决定于发音部位和发音方法。

17、音位变体分条件变体和自由变体。

18、音素之间存在着对立关系和互补关系。

19、韵母分成韵头、韵腹、韵尾。

20、常见的语流音变现象有同化、异化、脱落、弱化、增音。

21、同化又可分顺同化和逆同化。

22、从音位理论的角度看，最小的音段是音位。

音位的组合又可进一步划分为音节、音节组合、语句。

23、汉藏语系包括汉语、藏语、苗语。

印欧语系一般都是非声调语言，包括英语、法语、俄语等。

24、声调可从调值和调位两方面来分析。

25、重音可分为词重音和句重音。

26、语汇学包括语汇的类聚系统和语汇的构造形式。

27、根据音节的数量将词分成单音节词、双音节词和多音节词。

根据包含语素的数量将词分成单纯词和合成词。

28、古语词包括历史词语和文言词语。

根据词的不同来源分成新造词、古语词、方言词和外来词。

29、语法分为词法部分和句法部分。

30、语法单位通常分成语素、词、词组和句子。

31、语法手段分成词法手段和句法手段。

语言学复习题及答案(总21页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--I. Choose the best answer.1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language—A nice day, isn’t it— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal3. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole4. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics5. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. Psycholinguistics linguisticsC. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics6. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice7. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme8. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are__________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones9. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as __________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula10. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering11. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones12. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds？A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above13. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation？A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]14. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels？A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]15. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating？A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant16. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words17. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational18. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six19. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems20. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation21. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition22. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending23. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy24. The stem of disagreements is __________.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement25. All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorph26. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical27. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite28. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational29. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical30. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator31. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional32. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand_____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.33. The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is __________.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome34. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ constructio n.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate35. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is a __________ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complex36. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth37. “Can I borrow your bike”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes38. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis39. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above40. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense41. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy42. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemiesC. hyponymsD. synonyms43. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context44. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual45. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive46. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20the centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century47. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act48._____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure ofwords and the rules by which words are formed.49.A. Syntax B. Grammar C. Morphology D. Morpheme50. _____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences51.“-s” in the word “books” is _______.52.A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. aroot53. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: ___ affix ____ and __bound root________.54. The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.55. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy56. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic features57. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context58. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual59. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive60. Which of the following is trueA. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.65. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20the centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century66. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act67. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs68. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.A. in their illocutionary actsB. in their intentions expressedC. in their strength or forceD. in their effect brought about69. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle70. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicatures71. The person who is often described as “father of modern linguistics” is __________..A. FirthB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Chomsky72. The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of __________.A. functionB. meaningC. signsD. system73. The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is__________.A. BoasB. SapirC. BloomfieldD. Harris74. Generally speaking, the __________ specifies whether a certain tagmeme is in the position of the Nucleus or of the Margin in the structure.A. SlotB. ClassC. RoleD. Cohesion75. __________ Grammar is the most widespread and the best understood method of discussing Indo-European languages.A. TraditionalB. StructuralC. FunctionalD. Generative76. __________ Grammar started from the American linguist Sydney M. Lamb in the late 1950s and the early 1960s.A. StratificationalB. CaseC. RelationalD. Montague77. In Halliday’s view, the __________ function is the function that the child uses to know about his surroundings.A. personalB. heuristicC. imaginativeD. informative78. The rheme in the sentence “On it stood Jane” is __________.A. On itB. stoodC. On it stoodD. Jane79. Chomsky follows __________ in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.A. empiricismB. behaviorismC. relationalismD. mentalism80. TG grammar has seen __________ stages of development.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixII. Explain the following terms, using examples.1. linguistics2. competenceCompetence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker’s knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, anencyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.3. Synchronic linguisticsSynchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.4. Sound assimilationSound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.5. AllomorphAllomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.6. phonology7. SyntaxSyntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.8. referential theory9. PerformativePerformative: In speech act theory an utterance which performs an act, such as Watch out (= a warning).10. Locutionary actLocutionary act: A locutionary act is the saying of something which is meaningful and can be understood.11. phonetics12. Complementary distributionComplementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.13. displacement14. sociolinguisticssociolinguistics: Defined in its broadest way, sociolinguistics, a subdiscipline of linguistics, is the study of language in relation to society. It is concerned with language variation, language use, the impact of extra-linguistic factors on language use, etc.15 Phoneme20 assimilation21 synonymy22 semanticsIII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound. T2. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation. T3. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop. F4. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes. F5. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations. F6. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations. F7. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. F8. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb. T9. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge. F10. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional. T11. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. F12. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality. T13. “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument. T14. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. T15. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. F16. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent. F17. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences F18. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle. Fmade the distinction between a constative and a performative. T20. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.F21. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history. F22. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms. F23. Only human beings are able to communicate. F24. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist. FIV. Fill in the blanks.1. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __verbal _communication.2. Saussure put forward two important concepts. ___ _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.3. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is metalingual function .4. The description of a language as it changes through time is a _ diachronic linguistic__. ___ study.5. Consonant sounds can be either ___voiced. ______ or __voiceless _ ___, while all vowel sounds are voiced.6. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __ friction ___.7. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __tongue ________ and the lips.English there are a number of _ diphthongs ___, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.9. Phonemes is the smallest linguistic unit.10. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __ air stream __ coming from the lungs.11. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with _ vocabulary .12. All words may be said to contain a root ___morpheme _.13. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the _morpheme level.14. A word formed by derivation is called a _derivative _ __, and a word formed by compounding is called a ___compound _ .15. A ___simple __ sentence consists of a single clause which containsa subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.16.A __ subject __ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence thatusually precedes the predicate.17. A __complex _ __ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.18. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an _ embedded _ clause.19. Major lexical categories are __open _ __ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.20. The theory of _ _Case ____ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.21. __Semantics ___ can be defined as the study of meaning.22. The conceptualist view holds that there is no __ direct ____ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.23. Reference ___ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.24. Words that are close in meaning are called __ synonyms __.25. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called homophones .26. The Prague School practiced a special style of __synchronic________ Linguistics.27. The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between __phonetics________ and phonology.28. The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in Britain was ___J. R. Firth _______.29. Halliday’s Systemic Grammar contains a functiona l component, and the theory behind his Functional Grammar is __systemic ________. 30. Systemic-Functional Grammar is a(n) __sociologically ________ oriented functional linguistic approach.31. Structuralism is based on the assumption that grammatical categories should be defined not in terms of meaning but in terms of___distribution _______.32. In the history of American linguistics, the period between 1933 and 1950 is also known as __Bloomfieldian ________ Age.33. ___Descriptivism _______ in language theories is characteristic of America.34. The starting point of Chomsky’s TG grammar is his ___ innateness _______ hypothesis.35. Chomsky argues that LAD probably consists of three elements, that is a ___hypothesis-maker _______, linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.V. Give the description of the following consonants and vowels in English [p] [b] [s] [z] [d] [k] [l] [t] [m] [h] [g] [j][u:] [ e ] [ ə: ] [ i: ] [ɔ: ] [æ] [ɜ: ] [ɑ: ]VI.Draw a tree diagram of the following sentences.1.The boy ate the apple.2.Mother gave a doll to my sister.3.Mother gave my sister a doll4.I read a interesting book.VII.Answer the following questions.1.The following conversational fragments is to some degree odd. Towhat extent can the oddness be explained by reference to Grice’s CP and what extent can the oddness be explained by reference toGrice’s CP and maximsA: When is the bus coming？B: There has been an accident further up the road.Yes, B is cooperative. On the face of it, B’s statement is not an answer to A’s question. B doesn’t say “when.” However, A will immediately interpret the statement as meaning “I don’t know” or “I am not sure.” Just assume that B is being “relevant” and “informative.” Given that B’s answer contains relevant information, A can work out that “an accident further up the road” conventionally involves “traffic jam,” and “traffic jam” preludes “bus coming.” Thus, B’s answer is not simply a statement of “when the bus comes”; it contains an implicature concerning “when the bus co mes.”2.Explain the following remarks with examples or make somecomments. “Both semantics and pragmatics are concerned withmeaning, but the difference between them can be traced to twodifferent uses of the verb mean: (a) What does X mean (b) What did you mean by X”Pragmatics is the study of the use of language in communication, particularly the relationships between sentences and the contexts and situations in which they are used. Pragmatics includes the study of (1) How the interpretation and use of utterances depends on knowledge of the real world; (2) How speakers use and understand speech acts;(3) How the structure of sentences is influenced by the relationship between the speaker and the hearer. Pragmatics is sometimes contrasted with semantics, which deals with meaning without reference to the users and communicative functions of sentences.3.Can you make a brief introduction to some important schools andtheir influential representatives in modern linguistics4. How many types of morphemes are there in the English languageWhat are they5.What are endocentric construction and exocentric constructionAn endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.。