2018年上海卷考试手册

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）地理试卷（文科使用）本试卷共10页，满分150分，考试时间120分钟。

全卷包括两大题，第一大题为选择题：第二大题为综合分析题，包括共同部分和选择部分。

考生注意：1．答卷前，务必在答题纸上用钢笔或圆珠笔清楚填写姓名、准考证号，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上。

2．答案必须全部涂或写在答题纸上。

所有考生应完成第一大题和第二大题的共同部分。

第二大题选择部分分为A、B两组，两组试卷分值相同，A组对应于考试手册中”任选模块一”， B组对应于”任选模块二”，考生须任选一组答题，如果考生应答了两组试卷，只对A组的应答进行评分。

一、选择题（共50分，每小题2分。

每小题只有一个正确答案）藏......”1. 黄岩岛是我国的固有领土。

右图中，表示黄岩岛的是A. 甲岛B. 乙岛C. 丙岛D. 丁岛2. 2018年5月，我国首座深水钻井平台在南海首钻成功，其重要意义在于①宣示我国对南海的主权②行使对钻井平台周边我国海域的管辖权③解决我国目前石油对外依存度过高的问题④标志我国能够独立进行深海油气资源开发A. ①②③B. ①②④C. ①③④D. ②③④（二）上海宝钢为实施“走出去”战略，将在韩国京畿道投资新建钢材加工配送中心，提供汽车板材仓储、剪切、配送等服务。

3. 宝钢实施“走出去”战略的主要目的是A.保护环境B.扩大市场C.降低运费D.输出技术4. 为提高在国际钢铁市场上的竞争力，宝钢可以采取的措施有①降低钢铁生产能耗②建立境外铁矿石基地③加大产品研发投入④提高进口燃料比重A. ①②③B.②③④C. ①③④D. ①②④（三）太阳黑子活动的变化会对地球的气候产生明显影响。

下图显示北半球部分高纬度地区太阳黑子活动与年均降水量的关系。

5. 图中所示的34个测站分布范围主要在 A. 亚洲B. 亚洲和欧洲C. 亚洲和北美洲D. 欧洲和北美洲6. 观测显示，所测地区年平均降水量 A. 随太阳黑子活动的增强而增大 B. 随太阳黑子活动的增强而减小C. 变化周期与太阳黑子活动周期吻合D. 变化周期与太阳黑子活动周期无关（四）板块运动造就了地球表面高低起伏的基本形态。

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)数 学注意事项：1．答题前，先将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在试题卷和答题卡上，并将准考证号条形码粘贴在答题卡上的指定位置。

2．选择题的作答：每小题选出答案后，用2B 铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，写在试题卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效。

3．非选择题的作答：用签字笔直接答在答题卡上对应的答题区域内。

写在试题卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效。

4．考试结束后，请将本试题卷和答题卡一并上交。

一、填空题（本大题共有12题，满分54分第1-6题每题4分，第7-12题每题5分）1.行列式4125的值为 。

2.双曲线2214x y -=的渐近线方程为 。

3.在（1+x ）7的二项展开式中，x ²项的系数为 。

（结果用数值表示）4.设常数a R ∈，函数f (x )=log 2(x +a )，若f (x )的反函数的图像经过点(3,1)，则a= 。

5.已知复数z 满足117i z i +=-（）（i 是虚数单位），则∣z ∣= 。

6.记等差数列{} n a 的前几项和为S n ，若a 3=0，a 8+a 7=14，则S 7= 。

7.已知α∈{－2,－1,－21,21,1,2,3}，若幂函数()nf x x =为奇函数，且在(0,+∞)上递减，则α=_____8.在平面直角坐标系中，已知点A （-1，0），B （2，0），E ，F 是y 轴上的两个动点，且|EF |=2，则BF AE ⋅的最小值为______9.有编号互不相同的五个砝码，其中5克、3克、1克砝码各一个，2克砝码两个，从中随机选取三个，则这三个砝码的总质量为9克的概率是______（结果用最简分数表示）10.设等比数列{a n }的通项公式为a n =q ⁿ+1（n ∈N*），前n 项和为S n 。

若1Sn 1lim 2n n a →∞+=，则q=____________11.已知常数a >0，函数222()(2)f x ax =+的图像经过点65p p ⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭，、15Q q ⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭，，若236p q pq +=，则a =__________12.已知实数x ₁、x ₂、y ₁、y ₂满足：²²1x y +=₁₁，²²1x y +=₂₂，212x x y y +=₁₂₁，则的最大值为__________ 二、选择题（本大题共有4题，满分20分，每题5分）每题有且只有一个正确选项.考生应在答题纸的相应位置，将代表正确选项的小方格涂黑.13.设P 是椭圆²5x + ²3y =1上的动点，则P 到该椭圆的两个焦点的距离之和为（ ）（A ）22 （B ）23 （C ）25 （D ）4214.已知a R ∈，则“1a﹥”是“1a1﹤”的（ ） （A ）充分非必要条件 （B ）必要非充分条件 （C ）充要条件（D ）既非充分又非必要条件15.《九章算术》中，称底面为矩形而有一侧棱垂直于底面的四棱锥为阳马.设AA ₁是正六棱柱的一条侧棱，如图，若阳马以该正六棱柱的顶点为顶点，以AA ₁为底面矩形的一边，则这样的阳马的个数是（ ）（A ）4 （B ）8 （C ）12 （D ）1616.设D 是含数1的有限实数集，f x （）是定义在D 上的函数，若f x （）的图像绕原点逆时针旋转π6后与原图像重合，则在以下各项中，1f （）的可能取值只能是（ ）（A （B （C （D ）0 三、解答题（本大题共有5题，满分76分）解答下列各题必须在答题纸的相应位置写出必要的步骤.17.（本题满分14分，第1小题满分6分，第2小题满分8分） 已知圆锥的顶点为P ，底面圆心为O ，半径为2 （1）设圆锥的母线长为4，求圆锥的体积；（2）设PO =4，OA ，OB 是底面半径，且∠AOB =90°，M 为线段AB 的中点，如图，求异面直线PM 与OB 所成的角的大小.18.（本题满分14分，第1小题满分6分，第2小题满分8分）设常数a R ∈，函数f x （）22?asin x cos x =+ （1）若f x （）为偶函数，求a 的值；（2）若4f π〔〕1=，求方程1f x =（）ππ-［，］上的解。

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）英语试卷以及答案（包括一篇范文）2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)英语试卷第I卷第一部分: 听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节 (共5小题；每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten shortconversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a questionwill be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will bespoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, readthe four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the bestanswer to the question you have heard.1. M: Goodmorning, can I help you?W: Yes, thisdress is too long. Would you please shorten it for me?Q: Where doesthe conversation most probably take place?2. W: Jack, youlook tired.M: Yes, I’ve gota pile of work to do, but it gives me a g reat sense of achievement.Q: What can welearn about the man?3. W: John,What's up? Why are you standing on the desk?M: The lightssuddenly went off. The bulb must have burnt outQ: What is theman most probably doing?4. W: I willtake this room. How much is the rent?M: Well, twohundred pounds each month. You need to pay three months’ rent in advance plus adeposit of one hundred poundsQ: According tothe man, how much should the woman pay in total?5. W: I willtake an interview for a part time librarian tomorrow.M: Don’t worry,I will stand no chance if you take the interviewQ:How does the man feel about the woman's chance of getting the job？6. M: I couldn'tsleep at all last night. The bed is not comfortable.W: Don't blamethe bed. You should stop drinking wine.Q: What does thewoman imply?7. W: Andy, Ibought a shirt for you.M: Thank you. Ihope you kept the receipt. I've put on some weight.Q: What does theman imply?8. W: I’mterribly sorry. But your flight has been cancelled.M: What? In thatcase, I hope you will put me up somewhere tonight.Q: What does theman expect the woman to do for him?9. W: A newhotel is looking for workers. They need three hundred new workers but over fourthousand people showed up.M: Yes, I sawthe news on TV. I still have my job, thank goodness.Q: What are thespeakers talking about?10. W: ProfessorSmith explained the Physics problem very clearly.M: Did he?Unfortunately, it is still all Greek to me.Q: What can welearn from the conversation?Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two passagesand one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation, you will beasked several questions. The passages and the conversation will be read twice,but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read thefour possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer tothe question you have heard.Questions11 through 13 are based on the following passage.With the fascinating past and more than4 centuries of history, St. Augustine is one the nation's oldest cities and anAmerican treasure. Located on Florida's Atlantic coast, it is home to many fineexamples of European architecture and wild scenic views.In 1513, while looking for the storiedfountain of youth, an explorer found this land and called it Le Florida andclaimed it for Spain. Then, in 1565, a Spanish conqueror established asettlement there, and named it St. Augustine. Except for a twenty-year period of English rule, Florida remained under Spanish rule until the United Statestook control in 1821.In the years after its founding, thecity of St. Augustine was attacked by the French and English, and by nativeAmericans, who are said to have shot flaming arrows at the city's defensivebuilding, setting it on fire.More recently, nature has stricken theregion with hurricanes, Matthew in 2016 and Irma in 2017. Still, St. Augustineinjures. As the region recovers, visitors shouldn't overlook it. St. Augustinehas suffered much in its long history. Hopefully, visitors will come andperhaps support the Florida coast recovery while discovering its centuries ofhistory and miles of coastal beauty.11. Whichcountry first governed Florida in history?12. Which of thefollowing statements is true of St. Augustine?13. What is thepassage mainly about?Questions14 through 16 are based on the following passage.Transport for London has a lost propertyoffice, which collects the items left behind as people flow through the city'stransport system each day.It is the biggest lost property officein Europe, beaten globally only by Tokyo's. 65 staffs sort through hundreds ofthousands of lost and forgotten items each at the office, which is run by PaulCohen. According to the latest data, Cohen's team dealt with over three hundredthousand items in the first quarter of the year.As the data reveals, very few areclaimed. For example, of the nearly thirteen thousand keys handed in to lostproperty last year, just under one thousand four hundred were returned to theirowners, says Cohen. Overall, twenty percent of stock is claimed within threemonths. After that time, stock becomes the property of Transport for London,and it's not necessarily the items you’d expect.Wander through the three basement floorsthat make up the lost property office gives us an idea of what we value enoughto recover and what we're happy to let go. Cohen has discovered somethinginteresting about the complexity of lost shoes. He said, “If you have one shoe,you are more likely to go looking for theother. If you lose two shoes, well,it’s slightly out of sig ht and out of mind.” He guesses many people regard lossas an opportunity to treat themselves to something new.14: What is thepassage mainly about?15: Which of thefollowing is true of the lost items?16: According toCohen, why don't some people get their lost shoes back?Questions17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.W: I have a goodfeeling about this house.M: If you likethe outside, you are going to really love the inside.W: What abeautiful home and I like the way the window screen gives you privacy from thestreet. M: Follow meinto the kitchen, you will love it.W: Wow, they puta wine storage area in the kitchen. I love it!M: The best partis the bedroom and the attached bathroom.W: I love therelaxing colors of the wall and floor covering. I’d like to make an offer onthis house.M: As your houseagent, I’m here to take care of this process. How much will you plan for theoffering?W: I really likethe house and I will pay the full asking price of three hundred and eightythousand dollars.M: We’d betterleave ourselves some bargaining room. Let’s offer three hundred and fiftythousand dollars.W: That soundsgood, but I don't want this house to get away from me.M: The marketeris fairly down right now, so the offer is a realistic one.W: When will weknow if they accept the offer?M: The ownersusually respond to an offer within a few days.W: Should I becontacting my bank in the meantime?M: You arealready pre-qualified for your loan, so you're in good shape.17. What is thewoman most probably doing?18. What doesthe woman like best in the kitchen?19. What doesthe woman think of the man's offer on the house at first?20. Which of thefollowing is true according to the passage?。

2018 年高考真题—物理学科 <上海卷）解读版本试卷共 7 页，满分 l50 分，考试时间 l20 分钟。

全卷包括六大题，第一、二大题为单项选择题，第三大题为多项选择题，第四大题为填空题，第五大题为实验题，第六大题为计算题。

考生注意：1、答卷前，务必用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名、准考证号，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。

9Lnt6hCeiT2、第一、第二和第三大题的作答必须用 28 铅笔涂在答题纸上相应区域内与试卷题号对应的位置，需要更改时，必须将原选项用橡皮擦去，重新选择。

第四、第五和第六大题的作答必须用黑色的钢笔或圆珠笔写在答题纸上与试卷题号对应的位置(作图可用铅笔>。

9Lnt6hCeiT3、第 30、31、 32、 33 题要求写出必要的文字说明、方程式和重要的演算步骤。

只写出最后答案，而未写出主要演算过程的，不能得分。

有关物理量的数值计算问题，答案中必须明确写出数值和单位。

9Lnt6hCeiT一．单项选择题(共 16 分，每小题 2 分。

每小题只有一个正确选项。

>1．电磁波与机械波具有的共同性质是(A>都是横波(B>都能传输能量(C>都能在真空中传播(D>都具有恒定的波速答案： B解读：电磁波与机械波具有的共同性质是都能传输能量，选项 B 正确。

2．当用一束紫外线照射锌板时，产生了光电效应，这时(A>锌板带负电(B>有正离子从锌板逸出(C>有电子从锌板逸出(D>锌板会吸附空气中的正离子答案： C解读：当用一束紫外线照射锌板时，产生了光电效应，有电子从锌板逸出，锌板带正电，选项 C 正确 ABD 错误。

3．白光通过双缝后产生的干涉条纹是彩色的，其原因是不同色光的(A>传播速度不同(B>强度不同(C>振动方向不同(D>频率不同答案： D解读：白光通过双缝后产生的干涉条纹是彩色的，其原因是不同色光的频率不同。

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）数学试卷（满分150分,考试时间120分钟）考生注意1.本场考试时间120分钟,试卷共4页,满分150分,答题纸共2页.2.作答前,在答题纸正面填写姓名,准考证号,反面填写姓名,将核对后的条形码贴在答题纸指定位置.3.所有作答务必填涂或书写在答题纸上与试卷题号对应的区域,不得错位.在试卷上作答一律不得分.4.用2B 铅笔作答选择题,用黑色字迹钢笔,水笔或圆珠笔作答非选择题.一,填空题（本大题共有12题,满分54分,第1～6题每题4分,第7～12题每题5分）1.行列式4125的值为_________.2.双曲线2214x y -=的渐近线方程为_________. 3.在7(1)x +的二项展开式中,2x 项的系数为_________.（结果用数值表示） 4.设常数a R ∈,函数2()log ()f x x a =+。

若()f x 的反函数的图像经过点(3,1),则a =_________.5.已知复数z 满足(1)17i z i +=-（i 是虚数单位）,则z =_________.6.记等差数列{}n a 的前n 项和为n S ,若30a =,6714a a +=,则7S =_________.7.已知12,1,,1,2,32α⎧⎫∈---⎨⎬⎩⎭。

若幂函数()f x x α=为奇函数,且在(0,)+∞上递减,则 α=_________.8.在平面直角坐标系中,已知点(1,0)A -,(2,0)B ,E ,F 是y 轴上的两个动点,且2EF =,则AE BF •的最小值为_________.9.有编号互不相同的五个砝码,其中5克,3克,1克砝码各一个,2克砝码两个。

从中随机选取三个,则这三个砝码的总质量为9克的概率是_________.（结果用最简分数表示）10.设等比数列{}n a 的通项公式为1n n a q-=（*n ∈N ）,前n 项和为n S 。

上海市2018年高考：英语考试真题与答案解析I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. It is satisfactory. B. It is luxurious.C. It is old-fashioned.D. It is disappointing.2. A. On August 5th. B. On August 6th. C. On August 7th. D. On August 8th.3. A. A waiter. B. A butcher. C. A porter. D. A farmer.4. A. In a theatre. B. In a library. C. In a booking office. D. In a furniture store.5. A. She expected to a better show. B. She could hardly find her seat.C. She wasn’t interested in the show.D. She didn’t get a favourable seat.6. A. The woman often eats out for breakfast. B. The cafeteria serves good breakfast.C. The woman doesn’t have breakfast.D. The cafeteria doesn’t serve breakfast.7. A. Selling cucumbers. B. Planting vegetables.C. Cooking a meal.D. Picking tomatoes.8. A. The man should work hard. B. The man should turn down the job offer.C. The man may have another chance.D. The man can apply for the job again.9. A. It is a hot and smoggy day. B. There is a traffic jam on King Street.C. A vehicle is polluting the air.D. The man is reading a report online.10. A. Its ending is not good enough. B. Its special effects are not satisfying.C. It deserves an award.D. It is good except for the scary part.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. $1. B. $2 C. $3 D. $ 52.12. A. Pay the bills first.B. Spend 2% of the salary on living expenses.C. Deposit $1000 every month.D. Put part of the money in a savings account.13. A. Methods of saving money.B. Saving money for family emergencies.C. The importance of saving money.D. Secrets of spending money wisely.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. Free education.B. A sum of money.C. Donations from a local newspaper.D. Gifts from many people.15. A. Let students in before school.B. Offer ice cream and coffee.C. Introduce a bank into the campus.D. Reduce the traffic jams around.16. A. It lacks positive news.B. It should grow into a big city.C. It is a place worth living in.D. It remains peaceful and quiet.Section CDirections: In section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.Class Diary (June 13-19)SUN□13MON□1417 for after-class activity applicationTUE□15WED□16Handing in three student 18THU□17Basketball Club meetingTime:12:45—1:30pm Place: The 19FRI□18Filling in a form with up-to-date personal dataTime: 20 break Place: The computer room SAT□19Blank 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.Who is Sue Walter?She is 21 in court and a writer. What is Sue’s suggestion for people 22with difficulties?In Sue’s eyes, what is the best part23 in decision-making.about her job?What does Sue think happiness is?24II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form. of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)Bags of LoveLast year, I was assigned to work at an office near my mother’s house, so I stayed with her for a month. During that time, I helped out with the housework and contributed to the groceries.After less than a week, I started noticing that the groceries were running out pretty quickly — we were always suddenly out of something. (25)_______(wonder) how my mum could consume them so quickly, I began observing her daily routine for two weeks. To my surprise, I found that she would pack a paper bag full of canned goods and head out every morning at about nine. Eventually, I decided to follow her and (26)_______ happened truly amazed me. She was taking the food to the refugee camp, in (27)______ she distributed it to children.I asked around and found out that my mum was very well known in the area. The kids were very friendly with her and even looked up to her as if she were their own mother. Then it hit me —shy would she mot want to tell me about what she (28)_____(do)? Was she worried about how I would react or that I would stop(29)_____(buy) the groceries if I found out?When she got home, I told her about my discovery. (30)_____ she could react, I gave her a big hug and told her she didn’t need to keep it a secret (31)______ me. She told me that some of the children lived with an older lady in a shelter while others slept on the streets. For years, my mum has been helping out by giving them whatever food she could spare. I was so impressed by (32)_____ selfless she was. (B)Stress: Good or Bad?Stress used to be an almost unknown word, but now that we are used to talking about it, I have found that people are beginning to get stressed about being stressed.In recent years, stress(33)______(regard) as a cause of a whole range of medical problems, from high blood pressure to mental illness. But like so many other things, it is only too much stress(34)______ does you harm. It is time you considered that if there were no stress in your life, you would achieve a little. If you are stuck at home with no stress, then your level of performance will be low. Up to a certain point, the more stress you are under, the (35)_____(good) your performance will be. Beyond a certain point, though , further stress will only lead to exhaustion, illness and finally a breakdown. You can tell when you are over the top and on the downward slope, by asking yourself (36)_______ number of questions. Do you, for instance, feel that too much is being expected of (37)______, and yet find it impossible to say no? Do you find yourself getting impatient of (38) _____(annoy) with people over unimportant things?... If the answer to all those questions is yes, you had better(39)______(control ) your stress, as you probably are under more stress than is good for you.To some extent you can control the amount of stress in your life. Doctors have worked out a chart showing how much stress is involved in various events. Getting married is 50, pregnancy 40, moving house 20, Christmas 12,etc. If the total stress inyour life is over 150, you are twice as likely (40)_______ (get )ill.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A.accountB. adjustableC. appliancesD. captureE. decorationsF. directG. experimentH. intendedI. operatedJ. soullessK. squeezeGolden Rules of Good DesignWhat makes good design? Over the years, designers and artists have been trying to 41 the essentials of good design. They have found that some sayings can help people understand the ideas of good design. There are four as follows.Less is more. This saying is associated with the German-born architect Mies van der Rohe. In his Modernist view, beauty lies in simplicity and elegance, and the aim of the designer is to create solutions to problems through the most efficient means. Design should avoid unnecessary 42More is not a bore. The American-born architect Robert Venturi concluded that if simplicity is done badly, the result is 43 design. Post-Modernist designers began to 44 with decoration and color again. Product design was heavily influenced by this view and can be seen in kitchen 45 such as ovens and kettles.Fitness for purpose. Successful product design takes into consideration a product’s function, purpose, shape, form, color, and so on. The most important result for the user is that the product does what is 46 . For example, think of a(n) 47 desk lamp. It needs to be constructed from materials that will stand the heat of the lamp and regular adjustments by the user. It also needs to be stable. Most importantly, it needs to 48 light where it is needed.From follows emotion. This phrase is associated with the German designer Hartmut Esslinger. He believes design must take into 49 the sensory side of our nature—sight, smell, touch and taste. These are as important as rational(理性的).When choosing everyday products such as toothpaste, we appreciate a cool-looking device that allows us to easily 50 the toothpaste onto our brush.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot.A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60 the number of managementlayers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.Another trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.51. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike52. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme53. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise54. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above55. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging56. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply57. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression58. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male59. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing60. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating61. A. honoured B. left C. crowded D. compared62. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally63. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure64. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene65. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractivenessSection BDirection：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished sattments. For each of them there are four choices markedA, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)One early morning, I went into the living room to find my mother reading a thick book called Best Loved Poems to Read Again and Again. My interest was aroused only by the fact that the word “Poems” appeared in big, hot pink letters.“Is it good?” I asked her.“Yeah,” she answered. “There’s one I really like and you’ll like it, too.” I leaned forward.“‘Patty Poem,’” she read the title. Who is Patty? I wondered. The poem began: She never puts her toys away,Just leaves them scattered①where they lay,…①散乱的The poem was just three short sections. The final one came quickly:When she grows and gathers poise②, ②稳重I’ll miss her harum-scarum③noise, ③莽撞的And look in vain④for scattered toys. ④徒劳地And I’ll be sad.A terrible sorrow washed over me. Whoever Patty was, she was a mean girl. Then, the shock.“It’s you, honey,” My mother said sadly.To my mother, the poem revealed a parent’s affection when her child grows up and leaves. To me, the “she” in the poem was horror. It was my mama who would be sad. It was so terrible I burst out crying.“What’s wrong?” my mother asked.“Oh Mama,” I cried. “I don’t want to grow up ever!”She smiled. “Honey, it’s okay. You’re not growing up anytime soon. And when you do, I’ll still love you, okay?”“Okay,” I was still weeping. My panic has gone. But I could not help thinking about that silly poem. After what seemed like a safe amount of time, I read the poem again and was confused. It all fit so well together, like a puzzle. The language was simple, so simple I could plainly understand its meaning, yet it was still beautiful. I was now fascinated by the idea of poetry, words that had the power to make or break a person’s world.I have since fallen in love with other poems, but “Patty Poem” remains my poem. After all, “Patty Poem” gave me my love for poetry not because it was the poem that lifted my spirits, but because it was the one that hurt me the most.66. Why was the writer attracted by the book Best Loved Poems to Read Again and Again?A. It was a thick enough book.B. Something on its cover caught her eye.C. Her mother was reading it with interest.D. It has a meaningful title.67. After her mother read the poem to her, the writer felt ______ at first.A. sadB. excitedC. horrifiedD. confused68. The writer’s mother liked to read “Patty Poem” probably because______.A. it reflected her own childhoodB. it was written in simple languageC. it was composed by a famous poetD. it gave her a hint of what would happen69. It can be concluded from the passage that“Patty Poem”leads the writer to _______.A. discover the power of poetryB. recognize her love for puzzlesC. find her eagerness to grow upD. experience great homesickness（B）Is there link between humans and climate change or not? This question was first studied in the early 1900s. Since then, many scientists have thought that our actions do make a difference. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol explained our role in the Earth’s changing atmosphere and set international limits for gas emissions(排放) from 2018 to 2012. Some countries have decided to continue these reductions until 2020. More recently, the Paris Agreement, stuck by nearly 200 countries, also aims to limit global warming. But just now how much warmer it will get depends on how deeply countries cut carbon emissions.This is how much temperatures would rise by 2100 even if nations live up to the initial Paris promises to reduce carbon emissions; this rise could still put coastal cities under water and drive over half of all species to extinction.2℃To meet this minimum goal, the Agreement requires countries to tighten emissions targets every five years. Even this increase could sink some islands, worse drought(干旱) and drive a decline of up to a third in the number of species.1.5℃This is the most ambitious goal for temperature rise set by the Paris Agreement, aftera push by low-lying island nations like Kiribati, which say limiting temperature rise to1.5℃could save them from sinking.0.8℃This is how much temperatures have risen since the industrial age began, putting us 40% of the way to the 2℃point.0℃The baseline here is average global temperature before the start of the industrial age.70. It can be concluded from paragraph 1 that _______.A. the problem of global warming will have been quite solved by 2020B. gas emissions have been effectively reduced in developed countriesC. the Paris Agreements is more influential than the Kyoto ProtocolD. humans have made continuous efforts to slow down global warming71. If nations could only keep the initial promises of the Paris Agreement, what would happen by the year 2100?A. The human population would increase by one third.B. Little over 50% of all species would still exist.C. Nations would not need to tighten their emissions targets.D. The Agreement’s minimum goal would not be reached.72. If those island nations not far above sea level are to survive, the maximum temperature rise, since the start of the industrial age, should be_______.A. 0.8℃B. 1.5℃C. 2℃D. 3.5℃(C)Enough “meaningless drivel”. That’s the message from a group of members of the UK government who have been examining how social media firms like LinkedIn gather and use social media data.The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report, released last week, has blamed firms for making people sign up to long incomprehensible legal contracts and calls for an international standard or kitemark(认证标记) to identify sites that have clear terms and conditions.“The term and conditions statement that we all carelessly agree to is meaninglessdrivel to anyone,” says Andrew Miller, the chair of the committee. Instead, he says, firms should provide a plain-English version of their terms. The simplified version would be checked by a third party and awarded a kitemark if it is an accurate reflection of the original.It is not yet clear who would administer the scheme, but the UK government is looking at introducing it on a voluntary basis. “we need to think through how we make that work in practice,” says Miller.Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark? “I think if you went and did the survey, people would like to think they would,” says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton, UK, who studies open data. “We do know people worry a lot about the inappropriate use of their information.” But what would happen in practice is another matter, he says.Other organisations such as banks ask customers to sign long contracts they may not read or understand, but Miller believes social media requires special attention because it is so new. “We still don’t know how significant the long-term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20 years’ time,” he says.Shadbolt, who gave evidence to the committee, says the problem is that we don’t know how companies will use our data because their business models and uses of data are still evolving. Large collections of personal information have become valu able only recently, he says.The shock and anger when a social media firm does something with data that people don’t expect, even if users have apparently permission, show that the current situation isn’t working. If properly administered, a kitemark on terms and conditions could help people know what exactly they are signing up to. Although they would still have to actually read them.73. What does the phrase “ meaningless drivel” in paragraphs 1 and 3 refer to?A. Legal contracts that social media firms make people sign up to.B. Warnings from the UK government against unsafe websites.C. Guidelines on how to use social media websites properly.D. Insignificant data collected by social media firms.74. It can be inferred from the passage that Nigel Shadbolt doubts whether _______.A. social media firms would conduct a survey on the kitemark schemeB. people would pay as much attention to a kitemark as they thinkC. a kitemark scheme would be workable on a nationwide scaleD. the kitemark would help companies develop their business models75. Andrew Miller thinks social media needs more attention than banks mainly because _______.A. their users consist largely of kids under 20 years oldB. the language in their contracts is usually harder to understandC. the information they collected could become more valuable in futureD. it remains unknown how users’ data will be taken advantage of76. The writer advises users of social media to _______.A. think carefully before posting anything onto such websitesB. read the terms and conditions even if there is a kitemarkC. take no further action if they can find a kitemarkD. avoid providing too much personal information77. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Say no to social media?B. New security rules in operation?C. Accept without reading?D. Administration matters!Section CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete thestatements in the fewest possible words.Walking will be banned on escalators as part of a trail designed ti reduce congestion(拥堵) at some of the country’s busiest stations.In the first move of its kind, all travelers will be forced to stand on both sides of escalators on the London Underground as part of a plan to increase capacity(容量) at the height of the rush hour.A xix-month trial will be introduced at Holborn station from mid-April, eliminating the rule of standing on the right and walking on the left. The move, imitating a similar structure in Far eastern cities such as Hong Kong, is designed to increase the number of people using long escalators at the busiest times . it could be expanded across the Tube network in coming years.According to London Underground, only 40 percent of travelers walk the full length of long escalators, leaving the majority at the bottom as they wait to get on to the “standing “side.A three-week trial at Holborn last year found that the number of people using escalators at any time of could be raised by almost a third. Peter McNaught, operations director at London Underground, said: “It may not seem right that you can go quicker by standing still, but our experiments at Holborn have proved that it can be true. This new six-month trial will help us find out if we can influence customers to stand on both sides in the long term.”Holborn has one of the longest sets of escalators on the Underground network at 23.4 high. Tube bosses claim that capacity was limited because so few people wanted to walk up—meaning only one side was used at all times. Research has shown that it is more effective use of escalators over 18.5 to ban walking.The previous trial found that escalators at the station normally carried 2,500 people between 8:30am and 9:30am on a typical day, rising to 3,250 during the researching period.In the new trial, which will be launched from April 18, one of three “up” escalators will be standing only, with a second banning walking at peak times. A third will remain a mix of walking and standing.(Note: Answering the questions the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)78. What is the existing problem with standing on the right and walking on the left?79. What did last year’s three-week trial at Holborn station prove?80.The research suggests that walking should be forbidden on escalators that are at least _________ in height.81. In the new trail, in addition to one escalator banning walking in rush hours, the other “up” escalators will be used for_________________.I.TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1.我真希望自己的文章有朝一日能见报。

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)数学注意事项：1．答题前，先将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在试题卷和答题卡上，并将准考证号条形码粘贴在答题卡上的指定位置。

2．选择题的作答：每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，写在试题卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效。

3．非选择题的作答：用签字笔直接答在答题卡上对应的答题区域内。

写在试题卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效。

4．考试结束后，请将本试题卷和答题卡一并上交。

一、填空题（本大题共有12题，满分54分第1-6题每题4分，第7-12题每题5分）1. 行列式的值为2.双曲线的渐近线方程为______3.的二项展开式中的系数为(结果用数值表示)4.设常数,函数,若的反函数的图像经过点,则=5.已知复数满足,(是虚数单位),则6.记等差数列的前项和为,若,则7.已知.若函数为奇函数,且在上递减,则8.在平面直角坐标系中,已知点是轴上的两个动点,且,则最小值为9.有编号互不相同的五个砝码,期中5克,3克,1克砝码各两个,从中随机挑选三个,则这三个砝码的总质量为9克的概率为___________(结果用最简分数表示)10.设等比数列的通项公式为,前项和为,若,则___________11.已知常数,函数的图像经过点,若,则=12.已知实数1212,,,x x y y 满足: 22221122121211,1,2x y x y x x y y +=+=+=,则_____二、选择题（本大题共有4题，满分20分，每题5分）每题有且只有一个正确选项.考生应在答题纸的相应位置，将代表正确选项的小方格涂黑.13.设p 是椭圆22153x y +=上的动点,则p 到该椭圆的两个焦点的距离之和为( )A. B.C.D. 14.已知a R ∈,则“1a >”是“11a<”的( )A.充分非必要条件B.必要非充分条件C.充要条件D.既非充分又非必要条件 15.《九章算术》中,称底面为矩形而有一侧棱垂直于底面的四棱锥为阳马。

大同三人行学堂林老师2018上海高中学业水平考化学等级考试卷第1页共6页2018年上海市普通高中学业水平等级考-化学参考答案本卷满分100分，考试时间60分钟一、选择题（每小题2分，共40分，每小题只有一个正确选项）⒈2018年3月著名杂志《Nature 》发表文章：通过测行星的48Ca 与44Ca 的比值，对推演行星的演化过程有实际价值。

48Ca 与44Ca 具有A. 相同质量数B. 不同质子数C. 相同中子数D. 相同电子数⒉我国自主研发的大飞机工程，C919飞机上大量使用铝锂合金，这是利用了铝锂合金的下列性质A. 高强度、低密度B. 高强度、导热性C. 低密度、导电性D. 导电性、导热性⒊下列变化过程仅克服分子间作用力的是A. KCl 熔化B. Na 2CO 3溶于水C. 碘升华D. 晶体硅熔融⒋下列物质溶于水后，溶液温度降低的是A. 浓硫酸B. NaOH 固体C. NaCl 固体D. NH 4Cl 固体⒌有机化学反应不具有的特征是A. 反应复杂B. 产率高C. 副反应多D. 速率慢⒍下列固体受热后无固体残留的是A. NH 4HCO 3B. NaHCO 3C. Al(OH)3D. CaCO 3⒎下列关于CO 2描述正确的是A. 分子内含非极性键B. 是直线形分子C. 属于极性分子D. 结构是C ＝O ＝O⒏下列过程中，体现浓硫酸脱水性的是A. 浓硫酸使铁钝化B. 浓硫酸使蔗糖变黑C. C 与浓硫酸的反应D. Cu 与浓硫酸的反应⒐海水提溴不包括的过程是A. 浓缩B. 氧化C. 提取D. 灼烧⒑下列物质间转化过程，不能一步实现的是A. 222O H S SO ⎯⎯⎯→B. 2223HO SO H SO ⎯⎯⎯→C. 23O S SO ⎯⎯⎯→ D. 2324H O SO H SO ⎯⎯⎯→⒒侯德榜制纯碱过程，使NH 4Cl 从母液中析出不包含的操作是A. 通入CO 2B. 冷却C. 通入NH 3D. 加入细小食盐晶体⒓与H 2C H 2C O CH 2CH 2O 互为同分异构体的是A. OHC-CH2CH 2-CHO B. CH 3CH 2OCH 2CH 2OH C. CH3CH=CHCOOH D. HOCH 2CH=CHCH 2OH ⒔醇脱水制烯所需要的试剂和条件是A. 浓氢溴酸，加热B. NaOH/H2O ，加热 C. 浓硫酸，加热 D. NaOH/CH3CH 2OH ，加热 ⒕硫酸工业生产的催化氧化过程叙述正确的是A. 是吸热反应B. 在常压下进行C. 在沸腾炉中进行D. 使用铁触媒做催化剂⒖下列关于不同的含氮微粒描述正确的是A. N2的电子式是N N B. N 3―最外层有6个电子个电子 C. N3―质子总数是20 D. N 原子未成对电子的电子云形状相同 ⒗重量法测硫酸铜晶体中结晶水含量，引起实验结果偏高的是A. 未进行恒重操作B. 硫酸铜部分发生了分解C. 硫酸铜晶体未完全失去结晶水D. 加热后放在空气中冷却⒘铝元素的多种化合物间存在下列转化关系：Al(OH)3 Al 3+ AlO 2-①②③④关于上述过程描述正确的是A. 过程①可通足量CO 2B. 实现过程②可加入足量NaOHC. 实现过程③可加入足量NaOHD. 实现过程④可通入足量NH 3⒙氢气、I 2(g)、I 2(s)和HI(g)的能量关系如图，下列描述错误的是A. 1 mol H 2(g)和1 mol I 2(g)的总能量高于 2 mol HI(g)B. I 2(g) → I 2(s) + Q (Q ＞0)C. H 2(g) + I 2(g) → 2HI(g) + 9.3kJD. H 2(g) + I 2(s) → 2HI(g) + 53.0 kJ⒚如图，大试管内壁是湿润的，试管内棉球上蘸有一定量铁粉和碳粉，导管伸入盛有红墨水的小试管放置一段时间，下列叙述中错误的是A. 大试管底部发热B. 负极反应是Fe – 2e → Fe 2＋C. 反应结束，导管内液面下降D. 正极反应是2H 2O + O 2 + 4e → 4OH ―⒛有一无色溶液，可能含Na ＋、Al 3＋、H ＋、Br ―、HCO 3―、SO 42―、NO 3―，且离子浓度相同，对溶液进行实验结果是：①测得溶液的pH=1；②往上述溶液中加入氯水，溶液变橙色；③继续加入Ba(OH)2溶液，出现白色沉淀。

2018年上海市普通高中学业水平考试物理试卷考生注意：1、本卷满分100分，考试时间90分钟。

2、本考试分设试卷和答题纸。

试卷包括三四大题，第一、二大题为单项选择题，第三大题为填空题，第三四大题为综合应用题。

3、答题前，务必在答题纸上填写姓名、报名号、考场号和座位号，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上。

作答必须涂或写在答题纸上，在试卷上作答一律不给分。

4、第一、二大题的作答必须用2B 铅笔涂在答题纸上相应的区域，第二、第三大题的作答必须用蓝色或黑色的钢笔或圆珠笔写在答题纸上与试卷题对应的位置（作图可用铅笔）一、单项选择题（共18分，每小题2分，每小题只有一个正确选项）1．阴极射线是（ ）（A ）光子流 （B ）电子流 （C ）质子流 （D ）中子流2．物体在做匀速圆周运动的过程中，保持不变和物理量是（ ） （A ）位移 （B ）路程 （C ）线速度 （D ）角速度3．如图，物体沿倾角为α的光滑固定斜面滑下，重力加速度大小为g ，则物体运动的加速度大小为（ ）（A ）g sin α （B ）g cos α（C ）g tan α （D ）g cot α4．碳的同位素146C 的原子核中有（ ）（A ）6个质子，8个中子 （B ）8个质子，6个中子（C ）6个质子，14个中子 （D ）14个质子，6个中子 5．如图，弹簧振子在B 、C 间做无摩擦的往复运动，振子小球在平衡位置O 时，达到最大值的物理量是（ ）（A ）位移 （B ）速度 （C ）加速度 （D ）回复力6．a 、b 和c 三个带电小球，c 带负电，a 和b 相互排斥，b 和c 相互吸引。

则（ ）（A ）a 和b 均带正电 （B ）a 和b 均负电 （C ）a 带负电，b 带正电 （D ）a 带正电，b 带负电7．如图，两个共点力F 1、F 2大小恒定，当两者的夹角θ从60︒逐渐增大到120︒的过程中，合力（ ）（A ）逐渐增大 （B ）逐渐减小αB O CF 2（C ）先增大后减小 （D ）先减小后增大8．如图，一物体在水平面上受到水平向右、大小为8N 的恒力F 作用，在4s 时间内，向右运动2m ，则在此过程中，力F 对物体所做的功和平均功率分别为（ ）（A ）32J ，4W （B ）32J ，8W （C ）16J ，8W （D ）16J ，4W 9．在“用多用表测电阻”的实验中，选用“⨯10”倍率的欧姆挡测量一电阻时，指针指在刻度20和30间的中央位置，如图所示，该被测电阻的阻值R所在区间为（ ）（A ）20Ω＜R ＜25Ω （B ）25Ω≤R ＜30Ω （C ）200Ω＜R ＜250Ω（D ）250Ω≤R ＜300Ω二、单项选择题（共18分，每小题3分，每小题只有一个正确选项）10．如图，在电荷量为Q 的点电荷产生的电场中，电荷量为q 的负检验电荷在A 点受到的电场力为F 。

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）数学科目考试说明一、考试性质、目的和对象普通高等学校招生数学科目全国统一考试（上海卷）是为普通高等学校招生提供依据的选拔性考试。

选拔性考试是高利害考试，考试结果应该具有高信度，考试结果的解释和使用应该具有高效度。

考试命题的指导思想是坚持立德树人，有利于促进每一个学生的终身发展，有利于科学选拔和培养人才，有利于维护社会公平、公正。

考试对象是符合2018年上海市高考报名条件的考生。

二、考试目标依据《上海市中小学数学课程标准（试行稿）»及其调整意见和高校人才选拔要求，结合中学教学实际，本考试旨在考查考生的数学素养，包括数学基础知识与基本技能、逻辑推理能力、运算能力、空间想象能力、数学应用与探完能力。

具体为：I .数学基础知识与基本技能I. 1理解或掌握初等数学中有关数与运算、方程与代数、函数与分析、数据整理与概率统计、图形与几何的基础知识。

1,2理解集合、对应、函数、算法、数学建模、极限、概率、统计、化归、数形结合、分类讨论、分解与组合等基本数学思想；掌握比较、分析、类比、归纳、坐标法、参数法、逻辑划分、等价转换等基本数学方法。

I. 3能按照一定的规则和步骤进行计算、作图和推理；掌握数学阅读、表达以及文字语言、图形语言、符号语言之间进行转换的基本技能；会使用函数型计算器进行有关计算。

II. 逻辑推理能力II. 1能正确判断因果关系。

III. 2会进行演绎、归纳和类比推理，并能正确而简明地表述推理过程。

III.运算能力IV. . 1能根据要求处理、解释数据。

ni. 2能根据条件，寻找与设计合理、简捷的运算途径。

IV.空I砌笳卧3IV. 1 正确地分析图形中的基本元素及其相互关系。

IV. 2能对图形进行分解、组合和变形。

V.数学应用与探究能力V. 1能运用基础知识、基本技能、数学思想方法和适当的解题策略，解决有关数学问题。

V.2能通过建立数学模型，解决有关社会生活、生产实际中的问题，并能解释其实际意义。