职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-60

05年职称英语考试卫生类(C级)试题及答案(4)A New Definitions of the Old ManB Changing Concept of the Old ManC Health of the old ManD Happy Old Man And Sad Old ManE Limited Knowledge of the OId Mall’s ExperiencesF Contempt for the Old Man27 Nowadays men generally live longer than_____28 A man in his mid-60s is now regarded as_____29 More research should be done on the experiences of_____30 Most old men consider themselves to be_____A in good healthB in the pastC in the wrongD the old manE a middle-aged manF a young man第4部分：阅读理解(第31～45题，每题3分，共45分)下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每道题后面有4个选项。

请根据文章的内容从每题所给的4个选项中选择1个答案，涂在答题卡相应的位置上。

第一篇US States Do Poorly in Women’s HealthNot a single US state meets basic feder al goals for women’s health，and the nation as a whole fails except in two areas—mammograms(乳腺x光照片)and dental(牙齿的)check-ups—researchers said on ThursdayMillions of women lack health insurance，and states make it difficult to enroll(加八)in Medicaid．the state-federal health insurance plan for the poor，according to the report．And few states are doing anywhere near enough to help women quit smoking——the leading cause of death in the United States“The nation as a whole and the i ndividual states fall short of meeting national goals，”reads the report．put together by the National Women’s Law Center and the Oregon Health＆Science University．“These health goals provide a road map for assessing the status of women’s health．”Of 27 measures examined by the group，from screening for diseases to actually treating them．the nation passes on only two，the researchers said“The nation is so far from the health goals that it receives an overall grade of‘unsatisfactory’，”they wrote．The problem seems to be a lack among states of an overall plan for health in general，the NWLC said．“State policy makers’ piecemeal(一件一件做的)approach to our health care crisis has resulted in a complex and ineffective system that fails to meet the health care ne eds of women,” Judy Waxman NWLC Vice President for Health，said in a statement．“Lawmakers need to take a comprehensive，long-term approach to meeting women ‘s health needs and tackle this serious problem that troubles so many families．31 In which area is the nation successful?A Dental check-ups．B Health promotion．C Disease screeningD Cancer treatment．。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-621、When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.The process of vaccination allows the patient's body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can ward it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his body's immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease's defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient's immune system in a process that occursnaturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system succumbing, and, therefore, the patient's death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately l in 10,000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3,000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970's, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a re-introduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a mixed blessing, may indeed hide some hidden curses. Which of the following is true according to the text?【单选题】A.Saving the majority would necessarily justify the death of the minority.B.The immune system can be trained to fight weaker versions of a disease.C.Mandatory vaccinations are indispensable to the survival of the populace.D.The process of vaccination remains a mystery to be further resolved.正确答案:B答案解析:细节考查题。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-21、ExerciseWhether or not exercise adds to the length of life, it is common experience that a certain amount of regular exercise improves the health and contributes a feeling of well-being. Furthermore, exercise which involves play and recreation, and relieves nervous tension and mental fatigue in so doing, is not only pleasant but beneficial.How much and what kind of exercise one should take merits careful consideration. The growing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill with the exhilaration of strenuous sports. They fatigue to the point of exhaustion but recover promptly with a period of rest. But not so with those of middle age and beyond. For them moderation is ____ vital importance. Just how much exercise a person of a given age can safely take is a question hard to answer. Individual variability is too great to permit of generalization. A game of tennis may be perfectly safe for one person of forty but folly for another. The safe limit forexercise depends on the condition of the heart, the condition of the muscles, the type of exercise, and the regularity with which it is taken. Two general suggestions, however, will serve as sound advice for anyone. The first is that the condition of the heart and general health should be determined periodically by careful, thorough physical examinations. The other is that exercise should be kept below the point of physical exhaustion. What type of exercise one should choose depends upon one's physical condition. Young people can safely enjoy vigorous competitive sports, but most older persons do bet ter to limit themselves to less strenuous activities. Walking, swimming, skating are among the sports that one can enjoy and safely participate in throughout life. Regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment and benefit out of exercise.【单选题】A.againstB.belowC.onD.of正确答案:D答案解析:本句中is后面应该是表语部分，四个选项中只有of合适，of?importance＝important,??of?vital?importance＝very?important。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-811、Parkinson＇s Disease1. Parkinson＇s disease affects the way you move. It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. Normally, these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine(多巴胺). Dopamine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement. It lets your muscles move smoothly and do what you want them to do. When you have Parkinson＇s, these nerve cells break down. Then you no longer have enough dopamine, and you have trouble moving the way you want to.2. No one knows for sure what makes these nerve cells break down. But scientists are doing a lot of research to look for the answer. They are studying many possible causes, including aging and poisons in the environment. Abnormal genes seem to lead to Parkinson＇s disease in some people. But so far, there is not enough proof to show that it is always inherited.3. Tremor (颤抖) may be the first symptom you notice. It is oneof the most common signs of the disease, although not everyone has it. Tremor often starts in just one arm or leg or only on one side of the body. It may be worse when you are awake but not moving the affected arm or leg. It may get better when you move the limb or you are asleep. In time, Parkinson＇s affects muscles all through your body, so it can lead to problems like trouble swallowing or constipation(便秘) . In the later stages of the disease, a person with Parkinson＇s may have a fixed or blank expression, trouble speaking, and other problems. Some people also have a decrease in mental skills. 4. At this time, there is no cure for Parkinson＇s disease. But there are several types of medicines that can control the symptoms and make the disease easier to live with. You may not even need treatment if your symptoms are not obvious. Your doctor may wait to prescribe medicines until your symptoms start to get in the way of your daily life. Your doctor will adjust your medicines as your symptoms get worse. You may need to take several medicines to get the best results. Paragraph 2 ______【单选题】A.Tips for Patients with the Disease。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-751、The document was compiled by the Department of Health.【单选题】A.writtenB.printedC.attachedD.sent正确答案:A答案解析:此文件由卫生部编制。

compiled指是“编辑”，和written“写下”是近义词，其他三项都是常用词，和答案意义差异较大，干扰性不强。

2、Human Heart Can Make New CellsSolving a longstanding (为时甚久的) mystery, scientists have found that the human heart continues to generate new cardiac(心脏的) cells throughout the life span, although the rate of new cell production slows with age.The finding, published in the April 3 issue of Science, could open a new path for the treatment of heart diseases such as heart failure and heart attack, experts say."We find that the beating cells in the heart, cardiomyocytes (心肌细胞), are renewed," said lead researcher Dr. Jonas Frisen, a professor of stem cell research at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden. "It has previously not been known whether we were limited to the cardiomyocytes we are born with or if they could be renewed," he said.The process of renewing these cells changes over time, Frisen added. In a 20 - year - old, about I percent of cardiomyocytes are exchanged each year, but the turnover (更替) rate decreases with age to only 0.45 percent by age 75."If we can understand how the generation of new。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0523-991、Blasts from the Past1 Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history. Not because they were bigger, but because the carbon they released wiped out life with greater ease.2 Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over the past 300. million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do.3 Wignall calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that size for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.4 The Permian extinction, for example, which happened 250million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in. Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe, Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatonnes of carbon as carbon dioxide, The global warming that followed wiped out 8 per cent of all marine genera at the time, and it took 5 million years far tire planet to recover.5 Yet 60 million years ago in the late Palaeocene there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global-warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years, "The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all," Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous, 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid.6 Wignall thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of C02 Ocean chemistry may also have played a role. As the supercontinents broke up and exposed more coastline there may have been more weathering of silica rocks. This would have encouraged the growth of phytoplankton in the oceans, increasing the amount of C02 absorbed from the atmosphere.7 Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France, says that Wignall's idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they fasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years.8 Courtillot also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide emissions.Older eruptions were more devastating____.【单选题】A.than more recent onesB.the killing efficiency for older eruptionsC.has remained controversialD.Wignall's calculations as acceptableE.has been mown to us allF.his ideas正确答案:A答案解析:more recent ones较后来的火山爆发。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-241、TV Games ShowsOne of the most fascinating things about television is the size of the audience. A novel can be on the "best sellers" list with a sale of fewer than 100,000 copies, but a popular TV show might have 70 million TV viewers. TV can make anything or anyone well known overnight.This is the principle behind "quiz" or "game" shows, which put ordinary people on TV to play a game for the prize and money.A quiz show can make anyone a star, and it can give away thousands of dollars just for fun. But all of this money can create problems. For instance, in the 1950s, quiz shows were very popular in the U. S. and almost everyone watched them. Charles Van Doren, an English instructor, became rich and famous after winning money on several shows. He even had a career as a television personality. But one of the losers proved that Charles Van Doren was cheating. It turned out that the show's producers, who were pulling the strings, gave the answers to the most popular contestants beforehand. Why?Because if the audience didn't like the person who won the game, they turned the show off. Based on his story, a movie under the title " Quiz Show" is on 40 years later. Charles Van Doren is no longer involved with TV. But game shows are still here, though they aren't taken as seriously. In fact, some of them try to be as ridiculous as possible. There are shows that send strangers on vacation trips together, or that try to cause newly-married couples to fight on TV, or that punish losers by humiliating them. The entertainment now is to see what people will do just to be on TV. People still win money, but the real prize is to be in front of an audience of millions.One of the TV personalities, Charles Van Doren was proved to be cheating by persuading the Show's producers to give him the answers beforehand.【单选题】A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned正确答案:B答案解析:该问题句说“Charles Van Doren被证明通过劝说节目制作人事先给他答案来进行欺骗”。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-591、Nurse! I Want My MummyWhen a child is ill in hospital, a parent's first reaction is to be with them.Most hospitals now allow parents to sleep overnight with their child, providing a bed or sofa on the ward.But until the 1970s this ____ was not only frowned upon (不赞同) —it was actively discouraged. Staff worried that the children would be upset when their parents left, and so there was a blanket (通用的) ban.A concerned nurse, Pamela Hawthorn, disagreed and her study "Nurse, I want my mummy!" published in 1974, changed the face "paediatric (儿科的) nursing.Martin Johnson, a professor of nursing at the University of Salford, said that the work of nurses like Pamela had changed the face of patient care."Pamela's study was done against the background of a lively debate in paediatrics and psychology as to the degree women should spend with children in the outside world and the degree to which they should be allowed to visit children in hospital." "The idea was that if mum came to visita small child in hospital the child would be upset and inconsolable (无法安慰的) for hours. ""Yet the nurse noticed that if mum did not come at all the child stayed in a relatively stable state but they might be depressed. " "Of course we know now that they had almost given up hope that mum was ever coming back.""To avoid a little bit of pain they said that no one should visit." "But children were alone and depressed, so Hawthorn said parents should be allowed to visit."Dr. Peter Carter, chief executive and general secretary of the Royal College of Nursing, said her work had been seminal (开创性的)."Her research put an end to the days when parents handed their children over to strangers at the door of the hospital ward.""As a result of her work, parents are now recognized as partners in care and are afforded the opportunity to stay with their children while they are in hospital, which has dramatically improved both parents' and children's experience of care." 【单选题】A.orderB.thoughtC.exerciseD.practice正确答案:D答案解析:本题有一定难度，考查词义辨析，考察practice的引申意义，文章此处是说“直到19世纪70年代，这个惯例。

2013‎‎试(卫生类A)‎析第1部分：词汇选项1．【 】A【题 】 生 ‎‎原则。

A．主要 ，基 B．道德 ，精神 C．定期 ，有规 D．硬 ，艰难【 析】 查形容词。

划线词car‎d inal‎为“基 ，主要 ”， funda‎mental‎。

为‎A。

【 点延伸】表示“ ，基 ”词还有bas‎ic(基 ，基础 )，radica‎l( ，激进 )，prime(主要 ，首要 )2．【 】B【题 】 ‎‎。

A．拒绝，排斥B．支持， C．使服从， 交D． 虑，认为【 析】 查动词。

划线词end‎o rse 为‎“签署， ，认可”， appro‎v e为 词‎，‎为B。

【 点延伸】表示“ ” 词还有co‎n sent( ，)，suppor‎t(支持，)，sancti ‎o n(认可，支持；制裁，处罚)，agree( ， )3．【 】D【题 】 ‎ 持‎怀疑态度。

A．未受影响 ，未改变 B．必然 ，无疑 ， 定 C．沉默 ，寂静 D．怀疑 ，不 定【 析】 查形容词。

划线词ske‎p tical‎为“怀疑 ”， doubt‎f ul为 ‎词， 为‎D。

【 点延伸】-ful表示形‎容词，如doubt‎f ul(怀疑 )，succes‎s ful( 功 )，hopefu‎l(有希望 )4．【 】D【题 】 ‎ 绝 ， 为 ‎ 受 ‎。

A．死 ，变 死 B．经过，逝去C．运走，带走D． 绝，绝【 析】 查短 。

划线词die‎out 为“ 绝，消失”，becom‎e extinc‎t为 词， 为D。

【 点延伸】die off(相继死去)，die of／from(死于)，die away(减弱，消失)【题 】 期 ‎交 ‎很简单。

A．可靠 ，可信 B．有效 ，起作 C．简单 D．选择性 ，交替【 析】 查形容词。

划线词pri‎m itive‎为“原始 ，简单 ，粗糙 ”， simpl‎e为 词， ‎为C。

【 点延伸】-able表示‎形容词，如relia‎b le(可信 ，可靠 )，depend‎a ble(可依靠 )；-tive表示‎形容词，如effec‎t i ve(有效 )，active‎(积极 )6．【 】D【题 】 ‎选 ‎冠军。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-641、Cooking Oil Fumes Cause TumorThe leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking, said medical experts after a fiveyear research study.Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer, They said patients are younger, especially women.According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute, more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else. Following breast cancer, it has the second-highest incidence rate."An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer," said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center.He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years. Among them, 1,433 were male.Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only 18 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke, according to the report. However, more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term, close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about irritated eyes and throat.About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of women's bedrooms were adjacent to the kitchen.However, local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer. Some claimed they may change food preparation methods."Unless my family and I don't eat at home every day, I must stay in the kitchen to cook," said Xu Li, a 45-year-old local woman. "I know the fumes are bad for the skin, but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer. I have already started frying less. "Doctors said women's lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical condition, but was closely related to family cancer history, unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems.Other experts agreed with him."Smoking is by far the biggest cause of lung cancer for men," said Dr. Tan Binyong, honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan University's Medical College. "It's true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women. "His research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used.The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time, experts said.What symptoms may be complained of by most women with lung cancer after long term close contact with cooking oil fumes?【单选题】A.Irritated eyes and throat.B.Severe pain in both lungs.C.Continuous cough and headache.D.Difficulty in breathing.正确答案:A答案解析:细节考查题。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-701、GypsiesWhen school was out, I hurried to find my sister and get out of the schoolyard before seeing anybody in my class. But Barbara and her friends had beaten us to the playground entrance and they seemed to be waiting for us. Barbara said, "So now you're in the A class. " She sounded impressed. "What's the A class?" I asked. Everybody made superior yet faintly envious giggling sounds. "Well, why did you think the teacher moved you to the front of the room, dopey? Didn't you know you were in the C class before, way in the back of the room?" Of course I hadn't known. The Wenatchee fifth grade was bigger than my whole school which had been in North Dakota, and the idea of subdivisions within a grade had never occurred to me. The subdividing for the first marking period had been done before I came to the school, and 1 had never, in the six weeks I'd been there, talked to anyone long enough to find out about the A, B, and C classes.I still could not understand why that had made such a difference to Barbara and her friends. I didn't yet know that it was shameful and dirty to be a transient laborer and ridiculous to be from North Dakota. I thought living in a tent was more fun than living in a house.I didn't know that we were gypsies, really (how that thought would have excited me then!), and that we were regarded with the suspicion felt by those who plant toward those who do not plant. It didn't occur to me that we were all looked upon as one more of the untrustworthy natural phenomena, drifting here and there like mists or winds. I didn't know that I was the only child who had camped on the Baumann's land ever to get out of the C class. I didn't know that school administrators and civic leaders held conferences to talk about the problem of transient laborers.I only knew that for two happy days I walked to school with Barbara and her friends, played hopscotch and jumped rope with them at class intervals, and was even invited into the house for some ginger ale ---- a strange drink I had never tasted before.The tone of this passage as a whole is ____.【单选题】A.reflectiveB.enthusiasticC.impersonalD.defensive正确答案:A答案解析:reflective在此意为：回顾的。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-671、What are my chances of promotion if I stay here?【单选题】A.retirementB.advertisementC.advancementD.replacement正确答案:C答案解析:如果我还待在这干，我有升职的机会吗？promotion指“提升，晋级”，和advancement的引申意义“晋升”是同义词，A项指“退休”，B项指“广告”，D项指“代替”，三项的干扰性不强。

本题考查的是advancement的引申意义。

2、Breast Cancer Deaths Record LowThe number of women dying from breast cancer has fallen to a record low by dropping under 12,000 a year for the first time since records began.The Cancer' Research UK data showed that 11.990 women died in the UK in 2007.The previous lowest figure had been recorded in 1971-the year records began-after which it rose steadily year by year until the late 1980s.Professor Peter Johnson, Cancer Research UK's chief clinician. said: "It's incredibly encouraging to see fewer women dying from breast cancer now than at any time in the last 40 years, despite breast cancer being diagnosed more often." "Research has played a crucial role in this progress leading to improved treatments and better management for women with the disease.""The introduction of the NHS (国民保健制度) breast screening 3 program has also contributed as women are more likely tosurvive the earlier cancer is diagnosed."Breast cancer is now the most common cancer in the UK with 45,500 women every year diagnosed with the disease - a 50% rise in 25 years.The number of deaths peaked in 1989, when 15,625 women died. It then fell by between 200 and 400 deaths each year until 2004.There was a slight rise in 2005 and then two years of falls.Dr. Sarah Cant, policy manager at Breakthrough Breast Cancer said: "It is great news that fewer women are dying from breast cancer and highlights the impact of improved treatments, breast screening and awareness of the disease. " "However, this is still too many women and incidence of the disease is increasing year by year. "The rising rate of breast cancer diagnosis has been put down to a variety of factors including obesity(肥胖) and alcohol consumption.The rate of breast cancer diagnosis in the UK has been dropping.【单选题】A.Right。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-681、Egypt Felled by FamineEven ancient Egypt's mighty pyramid builders were powerless in the face of the famine that helped bring down their civilization around 2180 BC. Now evidence gleaned from mud deposited by the River Nile suggests that a shift in climate thousands of kilometers to the south was ultimately to blame and the same or worse could happen today.The ancient Egyptians depended on the Nile's annual floods to irrigate their crops. But any change in climate that pushed the African monsoons southwards out of Ethiopia would have diminished these floods.Dwindling rains in the Ethiopian highlands would have meant fewer plants to stablize the soil. When rain did fall it would have washed large amounts of soil into the Blue Nile and into Egypt, along with sediment from the White Nile.The Blue Nile mud has a different isotope signature from that of the White Nile. So by analyzing isotope differences in muddeposited in the Nile Delta, Michael Krom of Leeds University worked out what proportion of sediment came from each branch of the river.Krom reasons that during periods of drought, the amount of the Blue Nile mud in the river would be relatively high. He found that one of these periods, from 4,500 to 4,200 years ago, immediately predates the fall of the Egypt's Old Kingdom.The weakened waters would have been catastrophic for the Egyptians. " Changes that affect food supply don't have to be very large to have a ripple effect in societies," says Bill Ryan of the Lamont Doberty Earth Observatory in New York. "Similar events today could be even more devastating," says team member Daniel Stanley, a geoarchaeologist from the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D C. " Anything humans do to shift the climate belts would have an even worse effect along the Nile system today because the populations have increased dramatically. "Which of the following statements is true?【单选题】A.The White Nile is the trunk of the River Nile.B.The White Nile is the trunk of the Blue Nile.C.The White Nile is a branch of the Blue Nile.D.The White Nile and the Blue Nile are branches of the River Nile.正确答案:D答案解析: D说的是：青尼罗河和白尼罗河是尼罗河的支流。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-691、The IcemanOn a September day in 1991, two Germans were climbing the mountains between Austria and Italy. High up on a mountain pass, they found the body of a man lying on the ice. At that height (10,499 feet, or 3 ,200 meters) , the ice is usually permanent, but 1991 had been an especially warm year. The mountain ice had melted more than usual and so the body had come to the surface.It was lying face downward. The skeleton (骨架) was in perfect condition, except for a wound in the head, There was still skin on the bones and the remains of some clothes. The hands were still holding the wooden handle of an ax and on the feet there were very simple leather and cloth hoots. Nearby was a pair of gloves made of tree bark (树皮) and a holder for arrows.Who was this man? How and when had he died? Everybody had a different answer to these questions. Some peoplethought that it was from this century, perhaps the body of a soldier who died in World War I, since several soldiers had already been found in the area. A Swiss woman believed it might be her father, who had died in those mountains twenty years before and whose body had never been found. The scientists who rushed to look at the body thought it was probably much older, maybe even a thousand years old.With modern dating techniques, the scientists soon learned that the Iceman was about 5,300 years old. Born in about 3300 B. C. , he lived during the Bronze Age in Europe. At first scientists thought he was probably a hunter who had died from an accident in the high mountains. More recent evidence, however, tells a different story, A new kind of X - ray shows an arrowhead still stuck in his shoulder. It left only a tiny hole in his skin, but it caused internal damage and bleeding. He almost certainly died from this wound, and not from the wound on the back of his head. This means that he was probably in some kind of a battle. It may have been part of a larger war, or he may have been fighting bandits. He may even have been a bandit himself.By studying his clothes and tools, scientists have already learned a great deal from the Iceman about the times he lived in. We may never know the full story of how he died, but he hasgiven us important clues to the history of those distant times. The body of the Iceman was found in the mountains mainly because ______.【单选题】A.two Germans were climbing the mountainsB.the melted ice made him visibleC.he was lying on the iceD.he was just on a mountain pass正确答案:B答案解析:本题是细节题，难度不大，针对文章第一段出题，比较容易找到答案依据。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-591、Nurse! I Want My MummyWhen a child is ill in hospital, a parent's first reaction is to be with them.Most hospitals now allow parents to sleep overnight with their child, providing a bed or sofa on the ward.But until the 1970s this ____ was not only frowned upon (不赞同) —it was actively discouraged. Staff worried that the children would be upset when their parents left, and so there was a blanket (通用的) ban.A concerned nurse, Pamela Hawthorn, disagreed and her study "Nurse, I want my mummy!" published in 1974, changed the face "paediatric (儿科的) nursing.Martin Johnson, a professor of nursing at the University of Salford, said that the work of nurses like Pamela had changed the face of patient care."Pamela's study was done against the background of a livelydebate in paediatrics and psychology as to the degree women should spend with children in the outside world and the degree to which they should be allowed to visit children in hospital." "The idea was that if mum came to visita small child in hospital the child would be upset and inconsolable (无法安慰的) for hours. ""Yet the nurse noticed that if mum did not come at all the child stayed in a relatively stable state but they might be depressed. " "Of course we know now that they had almost given up hope that mum was ever coming back.""To avoid a little bit of pain they said that no one should visit." "But children were alone and depressed, so Hawthorn said parents should be allowed to visit."Dr. Peter Carter, chief executive and general secretary of the Royal College of Nursing, said her work had been seminal (开创性的)."Her research put an end to the days when parents handed their children over to strangers at the door of the hospital ward.""As a result of her work, parents are now recognized as partners in care and are afforded the opportunity to stay withtheir children while they are in hospital, which has dramatically improved both parents' and children's experience of care."【单选题】A.orderB.thoughtC.exerciseD.practice正确答案:D答案解析:本题有一定难度，考查词义辨析，考察practice的引申意义，文章此处是说“直到19世纪70年代，这个惯例才被接受”，practice引申意义指“惯例”，答案是D。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-41、Waste Not, Want Not1 Bob and Clara Darlington, who own and run a farm in the North of England, have always looked for new ways of making money out of the produce they grow. Their SUCCESS began when they established a shop on their farm, so that people could come and buy fresh vegetables directly from them.2 The business was an immediate SUCCESS, and soon scored top marks in a competition set up by the Farm Retail Association to find the best farm shop in the country. The Association's inspectors found the Darling tons' shop offered excellent service and value for money as well as quality fruit and vegetable.3 Clara Darlington is a trained chef and, in addition to a range of home-grown foods and other local produce, she began offering a variety of prepared meals which she had made herself in the farmhouse kitchen. A small cafe alongside the farm shop was soon added, with everything that visitors could taste on the menu also being for sale in the shop.4 Clara admits that starting the business was expensive, and she has worked very hard, but maintains that if the product is good, the public recognize this and buy it. "I aim to offer the highest quality to our customers, whether they come in for a loaf of bread, or take a whole dinner-party menu. I take it as a compliment if people take home one of my dishes to serve to their family and friends and get away with pretending they made it themselves. "5 So it was that the couple realized that they had a surplus of misshapen or damaged vegetables grown on the farm which were unsuitable for selling in the shop. Clara, not wishing to see them get thrown away, decided to turn them into soup.6 The soup met with the immediate approval of customers to the shop and Clara now produce different varieties. She spent much of the summer traveling up and down to London by rail, doing presentations of the soups. As a result, they are now served in first-class railway restaurant cars belonging to three companies as well as being stocked by a number of high-class London stores.Apart from quality fruit and vegetables, the couple ____.【单选题】A.sell fresh vegetablesB.sell as much as possibleC.offer a variety of prepared mealsD.turn them into soupE.fill a gap in the marketF.promote her soups正确答案:C答案解析:第2段第1句提供了答案。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-561、15 Million Americans Suffer from Social Anxiety DisorderSocial anxiety disorder prevents some 15 million Americans from leading normal social and romantic lives, a new survey finds.The disorder leaves many isolated, ashamed and often misdiagnosed. Thirty-six percent of those with social anxiety disorder have symptoms for 10 years or more before seeking help, the Anxiety Disorders Association of America reports. "Social anxiety disorder is when somebody has an intense, persistent and irrational fear of social or performance situations," Jerilyn Ross, the association's president and CEO, said during a teleconference Wednesday."The condition causes people to avoid common, everyday situations and even other people for fear of being judged or criticized or humiliated or embarrassing themselves," Ross said. Social anxiety disorder can interfere with daily routines and job performance, Ross noted. "It also makes it very difficult forpeople to develop friends and romantic partnerships," she said. People with this disorder recognize their fear is excessive and irrational, Ross noted. "But they feel powerless to do anything about it," she said.Social anxiety disorder can start in the early teens, Dr. Mark H. Pollack, director of the Center for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Disorders and a professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, said during the teleconference."This is a disorder that starts affecting people early on," Pollack said. "The typical age of onset is early adolescence, age 12 or 13, and many individuals report a history of anxiety dating back to earlier childhood."The disorder also has physical symptoms, including heart palpitations, feelings that their throat will close up, sweating, blushing, faintness, trembling and stammering, Ross said. Among people with the disorder, 75 percent said the condition affected their ability to do normal activities. In addition, 69 percent said they didn't want people to think they were crazy, and 58 percent said they were embarrassed by their condition, Ross said.However, when the condition is diagnosed and treated, many reported improvement in their lives. In fact, 59 percent whowere receiving treatment said treatment had a positive effect on their ability to have a romantic relationship. In addition, 39 percent who had received treatment said knowing that treatment can be successful aided their decision to get help, Ross noted.People with social anxiety disorder are known for their fear of ____.【单选题】A.being left aloneB.leading normal livesC.embarrassing other peopleD.facing social or performance situations正确答案:D答案解析:短文的第三段明确说明，患有social anxiety disorder的人对social or performance situations具有强烈的、持久的、非理性的恐惧感。

职称英语卫生试题及答案一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. The most common cause of respiratory infections is:A. BacteriaB. VirusesC. FungiD. Parasites答案：B2. Which of the following is not a symptom of influenza?A. FeverB. CoughC. Sore throatD. Diarrhea答案：D3. The primary method of transmission for the common cold is:A. AirborneB. FoodborneC. ContactD. Vector-borne答案：A4. The main route of entry for hepatitis B virus is:A. Through the skinB. Through the respiratory tractC. Through the digestive tractD. Through the bloodstream答案：D5. Which of the following is a preventive measure against hand, foot, and mouth disease?A. VaccinationB. HygieneC. IsolationD. Medication答案：B6. The principle of action of penicillin is to:A. Kill virusesB. Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesisC. Suppress immune functionD. Increase blood circulation答案：B7. The correct procedure for hand hygiene is:A. Rinse with water, then apply soapB. Apply soap, then rinse with waterC. Rinse with water, then dry with a towelD. Apply soap, then dry with a towel答案：B8. The main route of transmission for cholera is:A. AirborneB. FoodborneC. ContactD. Vector-borne答案：B9. The most effective way to prevent influenza is:A. Taking antiviral drugsB. Wearing masksC. Getting vaccinatedD. Drinking herbal tea答案：C10. The main symptom of measles is:A. RashB. FeverC. CoughD. Sore throat答案：A二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. The standard for personal hygiene is to keep the body,_________, and clothing clean.答案：hands and face2. The "three no's and one must" in hospital hygiene include not spitting, not littering, not smoking, and _________.答案：must wash hands3. The main method of transmission for tuberculosis is through _________.答案：airborne droplets4. The "five daily cleanings" in environmental hygiene include sweeping the floor, cleaning the desk, _________, cleaning the blackboard, and cleaning the trash can.答案：cleaning the windows5. The "three controls" in food hygiene are control of_________, control of utensils, and control of personnel.答案：raw materials三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. What are the basic requirements for hospital hygiene?答案：Hospital hygiene requires maintaining cleanliness and tidiness of the environment, regular disinfection of wards, and strict control of the entry and exit of patients and visitors.2. What are the three main measures for preventing infectious diseases?答案：The three main measures for preventing infectious diseases are controlling the source of infection, cutting off the transmission route, and protecting susceptible populations.3. What are the three aspects of food hygiene?答案：The three aspects of food hygiene are the hygiene ofraw materials, the hygiene of the cooking process, and the hygiene of utensils and dining environments.4. What are the three steps of hand hygiene?答案：The three steps of hand hygiene are wetting hands with water, applying soap, and rinsing hands thoroughly.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance and methods of environmental hygiene.答案：Environmental hygiene is crucial for preventing diseases and ensuring public health. Methods include regular cleaning and disinfection of the environment, proper waste management, and maintaining good ventilation.2. Discuss the importance and methods of personal hygiene.答案：Personal hygiene is essential for preventing infections and maintaining health. Methods include regular bathing, changing clothes, washing hands frequently, and maintaining oral hygiene.五、案例分析题（每题30分，共30分）案例：A hospital has reported an outbreak of hospital-acquired infections. Analyze the possible causes and propose measures for prevention and control.答案：Possible causes include inadequate disinfection of wards, poor hygiene of medical staff, and improper handling of medical waste. Measures for prevention and control include strengthening the disinfection of wards, enhancing the hygiene awareness of medical staff, and。