Lecture 2-语境与选词

UNIT 1Cholera is a severe disease caused by germs. People who are infected with this disease will suffer from severe diarrhoea, dehydration and even death. As a young doctor, John Snow felt frustrated at first, but he was determined to destroy ing Cholera once and for all. There were then two contradictory theories explaining how cholera spread. Snow subscribed to the correct theory that cholera is caused by infection from germs in food or water. But Snow needed proof and findings. It happened that cholera broke out in London in 1854, and Snow began to investigate. He discovered that there were multiple deaths in some households near the water pump in Broad Street. This showed there was a link between the cases of cholera and the water. Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame, so he had the handle of the pump removed. Thanks to Snow's intervention, people began to drink pure water instead of raw water. Thus, there was a substantial decrease in the threat of cholera. Furthermore,without a microscope, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases by using maps and statistics. Therefore,Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology.Doctors use microscopes to observe cells, germs, viruses, and proteins in plasma. Research work needs to have a solid theoretical framework. For example, for a variety of viruses, medical experts combine their thinking with their initial findings, and then develop vaccines to prevent the spread of the viruses.Astronomers l ook at stars and study astronomy through telescopes. The concept of astronomy may be abstract, but they must do concrete and vivid research work. Besides John Snow, it is worth mentioning that Qian Xuesen, the father of China's aerospace, is an outstanding, gifted and patriotic scientist.At first, he studied Railway Mechanical Engineering to be a mechanic. However, after the Songhu Battle broke out, in order to defend China's airspace, he shifted his major to aviation. While studying in the United States, Qian Xuesen was once a graduate assistant, studying jet and rocket technology. After returning to China, he was put in charge of developing China's rocket science and its space and missile programme. Under Qian's leadership, China's aerospace industry made steady progress and achieved initial success. Much of China's aerospace technology can be traced back to Qian Xuesen's research. Now let's change the subject. Here is a picture of a brilliant rainbow after a heavy rain. Furthermore, a man is standing over there pouring some water on flowers. Clouds are coming down. The rainbow casts different shadows of the man. Above all, the moon is hanging in the sky, but the sun has not yet set. Can you find fault with this picture?UNIT 2My friend Xie Lei recalled her complex experience of studying abroad. Xie Lei originally studied for a business qualification at a university in China.She was an ambitious girl, and her ambition was to set up a business in China after graduation. So she tried to qualify herself for her career. She chose to live with a host family for her adaptation to the new culture. It was a comfort for her to have a second family, which made her feel at home. Her college tutor was very strict and advised her to participate in all class activities. For example, she should speak up in class or give her presentations and not merely cite others' opinions. She engaged in the study of British culture and got involved in social activities, thus acting as a cultural messenger. The first edition of Exchange Student magazine has introduced Xie Lei's active participation in British cultural activities.Xie Lei knew that much exposure to another culture could give her great insights into the world. At first, she felt culture shock from a foreign country, and had an overwhelming homesickness. In order to motivate her study, she was determined to expose herself to more foreign cultures. Later she stepped out of her comfort zone and became more motivated. Xie Lei's advisor talked to her about how to maintain reasonable expectations when studying abroad, so her motivation to study abroad became more clear. She even wanted to be an applicant for a job at a foreign firm. However, she was looking forward to her early departure from England.In recent years,there has been a dramatic increas e in the number of people studying abroad, but there exist some disadvantages. Tuition and living expenses are much higher than at home and could end up costing an arm and a leg, far more the household budget. Another factor is the tremendous life pressure. Generally speaking, some students are not mature enough to behave well in new surroundings. They can't grasp the local customs. Some students may feel depressed.Now, China's education is booming. More and more young students choose to study in China to make contributions to and strengthen their motherland in the future. No one can deny the fact that studying abroad has its disadvantages. But still some people are optimistic about it. As far as they are concerned, studying abroad helps to gain and improve our general competence. Cooperating with people from diverse cultural settings helps us view the world from different angles. China needs cultural envoys as well as more talented young people with a global perspective who are highly competent with languages. Both sides sound logical. Which idea would you probably side with? As far as I know, studying abroad doesn't always bring good outcomes. In summary, I sincerely hope that parents will take this issue seriously.UNIT 3Prior to discussing food and culture, let's talk about Western and Chinese dishes. Both of them may consist of these ingredients, such as onion, garlic, cabbage, bean curd, chilli, etc. They contain a lot of vitamins and fibre. Meat includes pork, red braised pork, beef, lamb, lamb kebabs, bacon, ham,sausage,haggis and so on, which contain large quantities of fat and calories. In addition, there are some other ingr edients, such as soy sauce, vinegar, olive oil, pepper and peppercorns. Food includes dairy products, buns, dessert and dim sum, and so on. Generally speaking,there are different categories of cuisines all over the world. Miss Wang is a bold chef with a good temper, who is brave enough to try new cuisine methods and recipes. She can make elegant and exceptional Chinese dim sum by stuffing some ingredients in the dough. She slices the dough and makes various desserts. She is a vegetarian, consuming the minimum of food every day. She is particularly opposed to junk food.Miss Wang is a woman of stable character.She used to be a chef in a hotel cafeteria,but now works in our school canteen. She can make delicious dessert by adding ingredients like figs and olive oil to the dough. She has her own tricks of the trade and makes her own brand of dessert.Miss Wang is a member of China Cuisine Association.She looks somewhat fat,but is modest. She is familiar with different categories of Chinese cuisine.Overall,she knows the tricks of the cooking industry.She recommends eating more vegetables with vitamins and fibre,and eating less pork,red braised pork and dairy products that contain large quantities of calories. She believes that the ideal diet is a balanced one and one fundamental factor of an ideal diet is to chew slowly. She always eats or drinks in moderation. She says consistent eating habits are better for our health. This is true regardless of how healthy the rest o f our diet might be.UNIT 4Two Chinese girls arrived in Vancouver by commercial airline. At the harbour they took a pleasant boat ride out into the bay and later visited an island with wonderful shops selling crafts and antiques. The next morning, the two girls arose early to take the train to Lake Louise,passing through the massive mountains and forests. The blue water in Lake Louise literally took their breath away with its exceptional beauty. Then they took a coach bound north through the Rockies to Jasper. The awesome scenery, spectacular mountain peaks and forests, made them excited. One highlight of their trip was seeing many different creatures, including deer, goats, and even a grizzly bear. Their first stop was Edmonton, the centre of Canada's oil and gas drilling industry. The city is freezing cold in winter but it is home to many shopping malls. Crossing the great Canadian Prairie and a bunch of farms, they did not anticipate seeing such an open country. As the train thundered on towards the southern border, they opened the curtains and saw frost on the ground. Their trip from Vancouver to Toronto had taken the duration of four days.My friend is a photographer with a French accent. He is enrolled in an English tutoring class to learn English idioms,but the result is often contrary to his wishes. One day at dusk he was staying in a hotel. He heard someone on the upper floor shout “Look out!”.He put his head out of the window at once.As a result, a basin of water poured down on his head. He was astonished. Anyhow, he felt he was coherent.“English is so strange that look out means don't look out,” he said to himself. Once he saw an advertisement that said, “Our company owes a great deal to our customers.” He thought the company was in deep debt. In fa ct, it's a way for the company to express their thanks to the customers. He proceeded alongside the cobblestone shore, passed a quarry, and finally arrivedat the harbour. He took some pictures of a steel bridge in the mist. He came back late and had some toast for dinner. UNIT 5My fellow classmate gave me a manual and a leaflet about first aid. They introduced many practical first-aid techniques. The skin is the largest organ of your body. It acts as a barrier against disease, toxins,and the sun's rays. It also gives you your sense of touch. If your skin is burned by radiation or acids, you feel much pain, especially when you receive an electric shock. Burns are no minor incidents. If the burn surface is red and swollen with blisters, you should work as a paramedic and provide urgent treatment to ease the pain. You can wrap the burnt area with a loose clean fabric. If every layer of the skin is affected or nerves underneath are damaged,the victim must be taken to the hospital immediately.Here are some other first-aid cases. If you are a paramedic, what should you do? What if someone swallows a chemical? What if someone slips over in the bathtub during a bath? What do you do if an elderly man falls on the carpet? What do you do when you get bitten by a mosquito? Faced with these questions, you might say, “I don't panic. I'll give first aid, like checking his vital signs, putting in an IV needle, and performing mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing. Also, I will call emergency services without delay and try to explain to the operator until the ambulance arrives. I will even accompany the victim to the hospital ward.”What should you do if your classmate sprains his ankle or bleeds? What if you hear a drowning man screaming? You must not panic at this moment. Once, I was having dinner in a restaurant. I had my dinner interrupted when I heard someone screaming from another table. A fellow diner at the restaurant was choking on some steak. He was holding his throat with his face turning red, while his desperate friends were slapping him on the back. I went ov er to help the diner to his feet. Then I used the Heimlich manoeuvre. I stood behind him, made a fist with one hand, grabbed my fist with the other hand tightly,and then pushed up and into his stomach in one motion. I continued doing this until the obstruction was forced out. If he had been a small child, I would have laid him face down on my lap so that he couldn't collapse. We have a duty to look after one another's welfare. How could I justify standing by? Recently I was out of shape. I always ate more and slept in. I stayed in a hospital ward for two weeks.The doctor suggested t hat I should get a gym membership and work out at the gym in the suburbs.。

新视野⼤学英语第三版读写教程1课后解答1-7单元期末复习资料前⾔：本⼈从⽹络上搜集整理的答案，但是介词填空只有第⼀⼆单元的，其他单元的⽹上连原⽂都没有，需要同学们⾃⼰看书。

希望⼤家还是对照书本整理对⼀遍效果更好。

整理过程很⾟苦，还有不⾜的地⽅希望那个⼤家多包涵。

注意：此期末复习资料只针对以下考试范围的同学有⽤1.⼤学教材是《新视野⼤学英语》第三版第⼀册2.期末考试范围如下的Unite 11.选词填空explore(v.勘探，探测) transmit(v.传送，传递，传播) resource(n.资源) emerge(v.出现，为···所公认) yield(v.产⽣，出产，屈从，让步) pose(v.摆姿势，导致) assume(v.认为，假定，假设) confidence(n.信任信赖，⾃信⼼) inherit(v.沿袭，秉承，继承) comprehensive(a.综合的，多⽅⾯的)1. Given the chance to show his ability, he regained confidence and began to succeed in school.2. It is so difficult to explore the bottom of the ocean because some parts are very deep.3. It was about 30 seconds before Alex emerged from the water; we were quite scared.4. We often assume that when other people do the same things as we do, they do them for the same reasons; but this assumption is not always reasonable.5. There is widespread concern that the rising unemployment may pose a threat to social stability.6. After a(n) comprehensive physical exam, my doctor said I was in good condition except that my blood pressure was a little high.7. It is well known that China is a country with rich natural resources and a very big population.8. Some people believe that the earth can yield enough food to support at least twice its present population.9. Sam inherited the gift of imagination from his family, but he lacked the driving power to take action.10. A bee that has found honey is able to transmit to other bees the information they need in order to collect the honey.2.15选10attain赢得，获得，得到fascinating迷⼈的，吸引⼈fulfill履⾏，执⾏pursue追求，致⼒于available可获得的可利⽤的qualify使合适，合格raise提升，增加passion强烈的爱好，热爱virtually实际上classify分类归类acquire获得，取得，学到fashionable流⾏的especially特别的sample样品，标本prosperous繁荣的University students come from different parts of the country with various purposes. However, a closer look at their reasons for studying at the university will enable us to (1)classify them roughly into three groups: those who have a(n) (2)passion for learning, those who wish to (3)attain a bright future, and those who learn with no definite purpose. Firstly, there are many students who learn simply because they (4) pursue their goal of learning. Some read a wealth of British and American novels because they are keenly interested in literature. Others sit in front of the computer screen, working on a new program, (5)virtually day and night, because they find some computer programs (6)fascinating, and they dream of becoming a "Bill Gates"one day. Secondly, there are students who work hard mainly for a better and more (7) prosperous future. It seems that the majority of students fall into this group. After admission to the university, they read books after books to (8)acquire knowledge from all of the resources which are (9)available to them, and finally, to succeed in the future job market. Thirdly, there are still some students who learn without a clear goal. They take courses, finish homework, enjoy life on campus, but don't want to (10)sample anything new or challenging. They have no idea what they will be doing after college. And they may end up with nothing in their lives.3.选词组open the door to 给···以机会in advance 预先，提前all at once 同时，⼀下⼦reap the benefits (of) 得享（某事物）的好处make the most of最⼤限度的利⽤某物over time逐渐地，慢慢地get by过活，活的去stand a chance (of)有（做成某事）的希望remind ... of 使某⼈想起take pleasure in乐于做某事1. My family got by on my father's unemployment benefit after he lost his job.2. Many subway riders read books or listen to music in order to make the most of their time on the way to work.3. In order to make sure he would be able to attend the meeting, I called him up two weeks in advance.4. Experts say our company is amazing in that sales have been increasing steadily over time .5. In order to reap the benefits of the physical exercise, you have to exercise regularly, and for at least half an hour each time.6. They all tried to talk all at once , but I couldn't hear anything they said.7. Yellow flowers in the field always remind me of my childhood in the countryside.8. We have been practicing for so long and so hard that our team should stand a chance of winning the game.9. Research on genes will open the door to exciting new medical treatments.10. Every one of you has made a contribution and I take pleasure in acknowledging what each of you has done to make this academic convention such a success.4.汉译英孔⼦是中国历史上著名的思想家、教育家，是儒家学派（Confucianism）的创始⼈，被尊称为古代的"圣⼈"（sage）。

托福写作词汇的选择和替换在ETS规定的托福独立作文评分标准中，有一项是针对词汇和表达的：五分标准：Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.四分标准：Displays facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety and range of vocabulary, though it will probably have occasional noticeable minor errors in structure, word form, or use of idiomatic language that do not interfere with meaning大家注意到上文红色字体的要求了吗？翻译成中文即为：展示句法的多样性和词汇量。

本文将从高中词汇3500的替换和托福写作高频词的替换来谈谈托福写作词汇的选择和词汇量的展示。

一、高中词汇3500的替换很多同学在托福写作中抱怨不知如何达到评分标准中关于展示词汇量的要求，如何在作文中展示自己的词汇量呢？其实做法很简单，我们只需要在正确的语境下选择正确的词汇，以及在适当情况下替换一些同义词即可。

说的通俗一些就是在表达相同意思时，多多替换同义词，尽量不使用重复词汇。

做到上述两项的前提是要有一定的词汇量，这里的词汇量指大学英语四\六级或更高一级的词汇，假使考生们词汇使用仍停留在高中3500的范围，是没有办法达到标准的。

下面10个高中3500的词汇是需要被换掉的。

新视野⼤学英语第三版第⼆册unit2课⽂重点句⼦解析+词汇解析教案资料新视野⼤学英语第三版第⼆册u n i t2课⽂重点句⼦解析+词汇解析Unit 2Words and Expressions1 When the going gets tough, the tough take accounting. (Para. 1)Meaning: When conditions or situations become difficult, determined people choose to study the subject of accounting, hoping they can more easily find a job in the future. ★when the going gets tough: when the situation becomes difficult 当形势变得严峻时e.g. When the going gets tough, women can get as tough as men. 当形势变得严峻时，⼥⼈可以变得跟男⼈⼀样坚强。

★accounting: n. [U] the work of accountants or the methods they use 会计；会计学e.g. Students’ major objective is to be financially well off. Accordingly, today the mostpopular course is not literature or history but accounting.学⽣的主要⽬的是在经济上富裕。

因此，当今最流⾏的课程不是⽂学或历史，⽽是会计。

★take accounting: choose to study the subject of accounting 选择学会计2 When the job market worsens, many students calculate they can’t major in English or history. (Para. 1)Meaning: When there are fewer job openings, many college students make a judgment from the situation and think they can’t study English or history as their major.Meaning beyond words: Many students will not take the classes that won’t help them locate a decent job later.★major in: (AmE) study sth. as your main subject at college or university 主修（某⼀）科⽬e.g. The high demand for persons with knowledge about computers is why I chose tomajor in computer science at the university.对具有电脑知识⼈才的⾼需求是我选择在⼤学主修计算机科学的原因。

Lecture2中英文字幕Unit6 Go shoppingLecture2 Sales and promotionHello, everybody.大家好In this session we are going to focus on the main idea and structure of our text on p.78.这节课我们主要来讲解一下78页课文的大意及文章结构。

Do you know how to find out the main idea of an article?你们知道如何找出文章的大意么？Let’s watch a video clip to figure it out.让我们来看一段视频短片What have you learnt from the video clip?从这段视频中你们学到了什么？To find out the main idea, we should try to find the topic.想找出文章的大意我们应该先找到文章的主题Repeating words in the text can help us to find the topic.文章中重复出现的词有助于我们找出文章的主题Look! What are the repeating words in our text?看！这篇课文中重复出现的词是什么？As we can see technique and response are repeated many times in the text.正如我们所看到的，technique和response是课文中重复出现的词。

Response means the way to resist the techniques ,response在这篇文章中的意思是应对促销手段的方法so the main idea of the text is sales techniques and the ways to resist the techniques.所以这篇文章的大意就是促销手段和应对方法A sales technique is a selling method that is used by a sales person or sales team to make money and help sell more effectively.促销手段是销售人员或销售团队为了赚钱或卖出更多商品而采取的销售策略The way to resist the techniques means the way to fight against the sales techniques.应对方法是指应对这些促销手段的方法。

Unit 5 Launching Your CareerⅠ. 词块记单词1. a chest of drawers 抽屉柜2. brides and bridegrooms 新娘和新郎3. in serious debt 负债累累4. estate agent 房地产经纪人5. fairness and justice 公平和正义6. be accused of被指责7. kind of greedy 有点贪婪8. The Communist Manifesto 《共产党宣言》9. the Summer Camp Council 夏令营理事会10. parking area 停车场11. knit with wool 用毛线编织12. decide on priorities 决定优先事项13. manage tour finances and receipts管理旅游财务和收入14. certificate in Chinese Calligraphy 中国书法证书15. turn the desert into green land 变沙漠为绿洲16. acquire knowledge 获得知识Ⅱ. 语境记单词1. Encouraged by the teacher, the participants actively participated in the English speech contest. Their participation inspired the rest of the class to study hard. (participate)2. He detected an important clue to the robbery and told the detective immediately. Due to his timely detection, the robber was found soon. (detect)3. China is a socialist country and socialism is accepted by us Chinese people and we're working together to build a harmonious society. (social)4. He was accounting for his purpose of asking the accountant to lend him that large sum of money. (account)5. The boss received the goods he had ordered and the producer asked him to writea receipt for the goods. (receive)6. I parked my car in the parking lot and then went to the supermarket. (park)7. The employers were discussing the topic how more employees could be employedfacing the high rate of unemployment. (employ)Ⅲ. 语境记短语1. The song is so catchy that it makes you bounce around (蹦来蹦去) the living room or tap your feet.2. A good education gives your child a head start (起步前的优势) in life.3. In conclusion (总之), walking is a cheap, safe, enjoyable and readily available form of exercise.4. Would it be suited to (适合于) realities in Poland?5. The old scientist told his students that scientific theories must be based on (以……为基础) facts.6. He is a kind­hearted man and is always willing to help out (帮忙做事)．7. He took a short leave of absence to attend to (处理) personal business.8. He was passionate about (热衷于) all literature when he was young.Ⅳ. 公式练句型1. 这是因为你没有把精力用在学习上。

New wordstediousa.boring and continuing for too long 冗长乏味的Telling the story has become tedious, as I have done it so many times. 讲述这个故事已变得单调乏味，因为我已经讲了这么多次了。

obligevt.(usu. passive) make sb. feel that it is necessary to do sth. 迫使；使负有义务He felt obliged to help his mother, even if it meant leaving college. 他觉得有责任帮助母亲，即使这意味着他要离开大学。

absorbeda.so interested or involved in sth. that you do not notice anything else 极感兴趣的；全神贯注的；专注的Time passes quickly when you are absorbed in reading a good book. 在聚精会神地读一本好书的时候，时间过得非常快。

allergica.1 (be ~ to sth.) (infml.) if you are allergic to sth., you do not like it and try to avoid it 不喜欢某事；对某事反感Most men are allergic to housework. 大多数男人都不喜欢做家务。

2 having an allergy 过敏的I do not enjoy picnics because I am allergic to grass. 我不喜欢野餐，因为我对草过敏。

excursionn.[C] a short journey you take for pleasure 短途出行；远足It was such a wonderful day that they decided to take a day excursion to the mountain. 这么好的天气，他们决定去山上一日游。