5.翻译练习-物称与人称

英汉主语差异研究---“物称”与“人称”摘要：英语句子较常用物称表达法，表达客观事物如何作用于人的感知，让事件以客观的口吻进行呈现，相较之，汉语句子常用人称表达法，常从自我出发来叙述客观事物。

本文对比分析英汉两种语言不同的主语选择倾向，并指出在英汉互译过程中应综合考虑各方面因素,以确保译文既符合译入语读者阅读习惯，又保持原文的表现力。

关键词：物称，人称，有灵主语，无灵主语，翻译策略一、汉英主语特点对比及原因分析句子的主语可以分为“物称主语”(impersonal subject)和“人称主语”( personal subject)两种类型。

所谓“物称主语”，即句子的主语是“物”；所谓“人称主语”，即句子的主语是“人”。

以“物”为主语的句子称为“物称主语句”；以“人”为主语的句子称为“人称主语句”。

英语主语倾向于物称化表达，常选择不能施行动作或无生命事物的词语做主语，而汉语主语则更习惯于人称化的表达，能施行动作或有生命的物体是主语之首选。

从有无生命角度划分，句子主语可分为有灵主语和无灵主语。

有灵主语是有生命特征的事物名称充当主语，如:student, teacher, doctor等。

无灵主语是无生命的事物或表示概念的抽象名词所充当的名词，如:sight, success,darkness等。

英语的物称倾向反映了西方人的客体意识。

古希腊哲学家亚里士多德所开创的形式逻辑和盛行于16至18世纪欧洲的理性主义对英语产生了深远的影响。

西方人善于用逻辑和理性思维进行思考，同时，他们推崇自然，认为自然是人类认知的主要对象，必须充分认识自然、了解自然、自然和人类同等重要。

与之相比，汉语的人称倾向反映了汉语较注重主体思维，往往从自我出发来叙述客观事物，或倾向于描述人及行为或状态。

中国人相信“天人合一(oneness between manand nature)”，强调“事在人为”、“以人为本”。

中国文化传统意义上的这种人本文化的长期积淀，形成了汉民族主体型的思维方式，即以人文为中心来观察、分析、推理和研究事物的思维。

一、人称代词的用法1、人称代词的主格在句中作主语。

如：We love our country. 我们爱我们的祖国。

She is a good student. 她是一名好学生。

2、人称代词的宾格在句中作动词、介词的宾语，还可作表语使用。

如：I don't know him. 我不认识他。

His mother is waiting for them outside. 他妈妈在外面等他们。

---Who's it? ---It's me. ---那是谁？---那是我。

3、人称代词的语序几个人称代词并列作主语时，它们的顺序是：单数形式（2，3，1）you, he and I复数形式（1，2，3）we, you and they二、物主代词的用法1、形容词性物主代词在句中作定语修饰名词，一般不单独使用。

2、名词性物主代词常用来避免和前面提及的名词重复。

相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”。

3、名词性物主代词可用在of后面作定语，相当于“of+名词所有格”，表示带有部分概念或有一定的感情色彩。

如：He is a friend of mine. 他是我的一个朋友。

一、用适当的人称代词填空：1. __________ is my aunt. We often visit __________.2. China is a developing country. _________ lies in the east of Asia.3. Professor Wang sets ________ a good example. We must learn from ________.4. What day is __________ today? — __________ is Thursday.5. How far is the thunder ? — __________ is three kilometers away.6. I own a blue bike. The red one doesn’t belong to __________.7. These new houses are so nice. __________ are very expensive.8. __________ say that those old houses will be rebuilt.9. Is __________ the milkman at the door? —Yes, that’s __________.10. The fishermen caught a lot of fish, didn’t __________?11. Ling Ling is a girl. ____ studies in a primary school. Her brother lives with____ and helps ____ to prepare the lessons.12. The ship is lying at anchor (停泊) . ____ comes from Shanghai.13. This photo of your mother is very much like her. I like ____.14. Mike is my classmate. ____ is good at physics .15. Kate wants a glass of milk. Will you pass it to ____ ?16. What’s the weather like today ? ____ is cloudy.二、用形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词填空1. I ate all ____ sandwiches yesterday. Can I have one of ____ ?2. Tell Tom not to forget ____ book. And you mustn’t forget ____ .3. George has lost ____ pen. Ask Mary if（是否）she will lend him ____ .4.. Jack has a dog and so have I. ____ dog and ____ had a fight (打架).5. The teacher wants you to return that book of ____6. Mr. and Mrs. Green and a friend of ____ are coming to see us.7. Mary wants to know if（是否）you’ve seen a pair of gloves of ____ .8. We are going to Paris to stay with a French friend of ____ .三、用适当的人称代词和物主代词填空A. 从括号内选择正确的代词填空1. Your football clothes are on the desk.Please put _________(they，them，their，theirs) away.2. (We，Us，Our，Ours)_________ English teacher is Mrs. Green.We all like _________(she，her，hers).3. (I，Me，My，Mine)_________ can’t get my kite.Could you help _________(I，me，my，mine)?4. Tom can’t get down from the tree.Can you help _________(he，him，his)?5. Her kite is broken. Can _________(you，your，yours) mend it?6. We can’t find our bikes.Can you help _________(we，us，our，ours)?7. These are _________(he，him，his) planes.The white ones are _________(I，me，mine).B. 填入正确的人称代词和物主代词1. This isn’t her knife. _________ is green.2. These are your books，Kate. Put __________ in the desk，please.3. You must look after ________ things.4. Wei Fang，is that ________ ruler? Yes，it’s.5. They want a football. Give __________ the green one，please.6. It’s Lin Tao’s bag. Give ________ to __________.7. Is this pencil-box Li Lei’s? No，___________ is very new.8. This box is too heavy. I can’t carry _________.Don’t worry，Let __________ help __________.9. _____ is a boy _____ name is Mike. Mike’s friends like _____ very much.10. My sister is in _____ room. _____ is a teacher.11. Jane is a little girl. _____ mother is a nurse.12. We are in _____ classroom. _____ classroom is big.13. My father and mother are teachers. _____ are busy14. You are a pupil. Is _____ brother a pupil, too?四、用括号中的适当形式填空A)（1）Are these ________（you）pencils?Yes, they are ________（our）.（2）—Whose is this pencil?—It’s ________（I）.（3）I love ________（they）very much.（4）She is________（I）classmate.（5）Miss Li often looks after________（she）brother.（6）—Are these ________（they）bags ？—No, they aren’t ________（their）. They are ________（we）.B)1. This bike is my sister`s. It belongs to ______ (她的)。

-人称代词和物主代词人称代词指代人或物，在句中作主语或宾语，所以有主格和宾格。

宾格代词用于替代处于宾语位置上的名词，可以用作直接宾语和间接宾语。

例如：I am a student. (I 主语)Please help me. (me 直接宾语)Give me a book. (me 间接宾语)物主代词是表示所有关系的一种代词，亦称所有格代词。

物主代词有两种形式：形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。

形容词性物主代词为限定词，放在名词或名词短语前作定语。

如：This is my book.名词性物主代词起名词的作用，后面不可以再接名词。

在句子中可以作主语、宾语或表语。

如：1. Your pen is red. Mine is black.你的钢笔是红色的，我的是黑色的。

2. He didn’t use his ink. He used mine.他没有用他自己的墨水，他用了我的。

3. That book is hers, not yours.那本书是她的，不是你的。

英语代词练习题I.选择填空1．He is_________(our/ours) English teacher. _________name is Sam〔男人名〕.2. Jane (女人名) is my friend. She has got long hair. _______hair is yellow.But_________(my/mine) is black.3._________(mine/my) dog is white .But_________(her/hers) is black.4.--Whose puter is it ? Is it your father’s ? --No,it’s not________.It’s my mother’s. -- Oh, it’s__________. (it’s =___ ___)5. -- Look ! _________car is it ? Is it__________(your/yours) ?-- No,_________(our/ours) car is old (旧的).-- It’s_________(their/theirs) car .__________is new.II．用括号中单词的适当形式填空1．--Are these___________(you) pencils.--Yes ,they are_________(our).2. –Whose pencil is this ?—It’s_________( I ).3.She is__________( I ) friend.4.Miss Li often look after (照顾)_________(she) brother.5.—Are these_________(they) bags .--No,they aren’t ________(their). They are______(we) . (aren’t =______ ______)6.This bike is my sister’s . It is________(she).7.This isn’t_______( I ) book . ________(my) is in the bag. (is’t =____ _____)III.填入正确的人称代词和物主代词1．This is n’t_______knife. ________is green. (she)2．These are your books, Kate. Put______in de desk,please. (they) 3．______must look after (照顾)_______things. (you )4．Wei Fang, is that_______ruler ? Yes, it’s . (you)5．They want(想要) a football . Give_______the green one. Please.(they)6．It’s Lin Tao’s bag . Give it to________. (he)7．Is this pencil-bo* Li Lei’s ? No,_______is very(非常) new.(he) 8．This bo* is too heavy(很重). I can’t carry(携带)_____.(it) (can’t =_____ _____)Don’t worry ,Let_______( I ) help_______. (you)9.______is a boy. ______name is Mike(男人名). Mike’s friendslike_____very much(非常). (he)10.My sister is in______room. _______is a teacher. (she)11.Jane is a little girl . _____mother is a nurse(护士). (she)12.We are in______classroom. ______classroom is bag. (we)13.My father and mother are teachers. ______are busy(繁忙). (them)14.You are a pupil(儿童). Is_______brother a pupil , too ? (you)15.I ate(eat的过去分词) all______sandwiches yesterday. (I) Can I haveone of_______.(they)16.Jack(男人名) has a dog and so have I(我也有一只). ______(he)dogand_____(I) had a fight(打架).17.George(男人名)has lost(丧失了)_______(his) pen. Ask Mary(女人名) if(是否)she will lend(借) him_______.(she)18.The teacher wants you to return that book of________.(he)19.Mr and Mrs. Green(男人名)and a friend of________are ing to see us.(they)20.We are going to Paris(巴黎) to stay with a French(法国) friendof________(we).IV.根据汉语提示填空〔汉语只是个提示，不要照搬翻译〕1．_______(她)is a student. _______(她)sister is a student too.2.________(我)want_______(你) to do it today.3.________(他)brother is a worker(工人). ________are twins(他们).4.________(你们)are English. ________(我们)are Chinese.5.All of(所有)________(我们)love______(我们)teacher.6.This is______(我)book. That is_______(你).7.These pens are_______(他们).______(你们)are over there(在那边).8.Can_____(你)read it for_______(我们).V. 补全对话1．----Whose bike is it ? Is it______(your/yours)?----No,it’s not______.(my/mine) _______is red. But this bike is blue .----Is it Jane’s ?----Sorry, I don’t know. Maybe it’s_______.----Jane,is this______bike ?----No,it’s not______.You can ask Bill(男人名). Maybe it’s________.----Bill,is this bike_______ ?----Oh,yes,it’s_______bike.Thank you very mnch!2.----Whose classroom is it ? Is it_______(our/ours)classroom ?----No,it’s not________. It’s_________(their/theirs)----__________(their/theirs) classroom is big.----Yes ,you are right.----But_______is small.VI.根据句意用适当人称代词、物主代词填空1．Mary works in a bookstore(书店). ______likes_____work very mnch. 2．Jone and I are in the same(一样的) school. ______go to school together(一起).3．She is a friend of_______. We got to know each other(彼此、互相) two years ago.4．Her sister makes all______own(自己的) dresses.5．I have many friends. ______are all good at(擅长于) English.6．----May I use(使用)_______bike ?----_______is broken(故障、坏的).VII.根据汉语意思补全句子1．This is_______father. 这是我的爸爸。