2019职称英语考试综合类精讲班讲义(4)

2019职称英语考试综合类阅读理解英文及译文：睡眠职称英语考试综合类阅读理解英文及译文：睡眠我们都知道人们每天正常活动的周期是大约7~8小时的睡眠与大约16~17小时的清醒相交替。

而且，一般说来，睡眠通常与黑夜的长短相一致。

我们当前关心的是要改变这个周期能够多简单，并且能够改变到何种水准。

这不但仅是一个简单的学术问题。

例如，在工业上，在需要机器24小时连续工作的自动化操作中，使人们从白天工作变为晚上工作变得越来越重要了。

通常一个人需要五天至一周的时间来适合与常规生活颠倒的睡眠时间和清醒时间，即白天睡觉，晚上工作。

不幸的是，在工业上，工作班次每星期都变换的事经常发生；如一个人第一星期要从午夜12点工作到上午8点，下一个星期从上午点工作到下午休点，第三个星期又从下午休点工作到午夜以继日2点等等。

这就意味着，他刚刚习惯了一种方式又不得不改为另一种。

所以，他的很多工作和休息时间都不能得到效率的利用。

让每一班次都维持较长一段时间，一个月，甚至三个月，这似乎是一种解决方法。

不过，荷兰人邦杰近来的研究结果表明，按照这些体制工作的人在周末会恢复他们通常的睡眠和清醒的习惯。

而这已充足破坏其一周以来培养起来的对夜晚工作的适合性。

惟一真正的解决方法看来是将晚班交给一组在所有周末和假日里都能保持夜间不困永久做晚班的人。

布朗曾做过一个关于上晚班的工人的家庭生活和健康状况的有趣的研究。

她发现在那些早晚班换来换去的人群中，失眠，消化系统紊乱和家庭分裂有较高的发生率，但是在那些永久做晚班的人中这种反常征兆却没有。

SleepWe all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hour’s sleep alternating with some 16-17 hours'wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.The question is no mere academic one. The case, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night, is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls insistently for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five daysto one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a. m. one week, 8 am to 4 pm the next, and 4 pm to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither workingnor sleeping very efficiently.One answer would seem to be longer periods on each shift, a month, or even three months. Recent research by Bonjer of the Netherlands, however, has shown that people on such systems will revert to their normal habits of sleep and wakefulness during the week-end and the this is quite enough to destroy any adaptation to night work built up during the week.The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a corps of permanent night workers whose nocturnal wakefulness may persist through all weekends and holidays. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep, digestive disorder and domesticdisruption among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these symptoms among those on permanent night work.。

2019职称英语综合类阅读精选：PetroleumGeology and Other SciencPetroleum Geology and Other Sciences 石油地质学与其它科学1. Petroleum geology is the application of geology (thestudy of rocks) to the exploration for and production of oil and gas. Geology itself is firmly based onchemistry,physics,and biology,involving the application of essentially abstract concepts to observed data. In the past these data were basically observation and subjective,but they are now increasingly physical and chemical,and therefore more objective. Geology,in general,and petroleum geology,in particular,still rely on value judgements based on experience and an assessment of validity among the data presented.1、石油地质学是地质学(岩石研究)在油气勘探开发和生产中的应用。

地质学本身是以化学、物理和生物学为基础，应用其基本的抽象理论概念来解释观察到的资料。

在过去，这些资料主要凭主观观察获取。

现在借助物理和化学手段，因而更具客观性。

从根本上讲，地质学和石油地质学，仍然特别依赖于基于经验的数值判断和对现有资料的有效性评估。

2019年职称英语考试理工类C级补全短文冲刺试题4 How to Jump Queue FuryIf you find yourself waiting in a long queue at anairport or bus terminus this holiday, will you try to analyze what it is about queuing that makes you angry? Or will you just get angry with the nearest official?Professor Richard Larson, an electrical engineer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, hates queuing but rather than tear his hair out, he decided to study the subject. 46. He cites an experiment at Houston airport where passengers had to walk for one minute from the plane to the baggage reclaim and then wait a further seven minutes to collect their luggage. Complaints were frequent, especially from those who had spent seven minutes watching passengers with just hand baggage get out immediately.The airport authorities decided to lengthen the walk from the aircraft, so that instead of a one-minute fast walk, the passengers spent six minutes walking 47 The extra walk extended the delay by five minutes for those carrying only hand baggage, but passenger complaints dropped almost to zero.The reason? Larson suggests that it all has to do with what he calls “social justice”. If people see others taking a short cut, they will find the wait unbearable. 48Another aspect Larson studied was the observation that people get more fed up if they are not told what is going on. 49But even knowing how long we have to wait isn't the whole answer. We must also believe that everything is being done to minimize our delay. Larson cites the example of two neighboring American banks. One was highly computerized and served a customer, on average, every 30 seconds.50. But because the tellers at the second bank looked extremely busy, customers believed the service was faster and manytransferred their accounts to the slower bank. Ultimately, the latter had to introduce time-wasting ways of appearing more dynamic.A So in the case of the airport, it was preferable to delay everyone.B The other bank was less automated and took twice as long.C When they finally arrived at the baggage reclaim, the delay was then only two minutes.D His first finding, which backs up earlier work at the US National Science Foundation, was that the degree of annoyance was not directly related to the time.E It's unbearable for the airport to delay everyone.F Passengers told that there will be a half-hour delay are less unhappy than those left waiting even twenty minutes without an explanation.答案：46 D 47 C 48 A 49 F 50 B。

2019职称英语综合类阅读精选：Managing In aGlobal EnvironmentManaging In a Global Environment 在世界环境中实行管理1.Assume for a moment that you're a manager going to work for a branch of a global organization in a foreign country. You know that your environment will differ from the one at home,but how? What should you be looking for?1、此刻假设你是一位美国经理，你准备到一家世界组织的国外分支机构工作.。

你知道你的环境将与国内的不同，但二者的差异会达到什么水准呢?你理应注意些什么?2.Any manager who finds himself or herself in a foreign country faces new challenges. In this section,we'll look at some of those challenges and offer guidelines for responding. Although our discussion is presented through the eyes of a U.S. manager,our analytical framework could be used by any manager who nas to manager in a foreignenvironment,regardless of national origin.2、任何一位发觉自己处于一个陌生国家的管理者都面临着新的挑战。

在这个节中，我们将考察这些挑战，并对如何做出反应提供一些指导。

2019年职称英语综合类B级词汇选项题精讲131. Actors dressed in authentic costumes re-enact the battle.A. faithfulB. royalC. genuineD. sincere解释：authentic：(a) known to be true or genuine 真实的; 真正的：an authentic document, signature, painting 正式文件﹑亲笔签字﹑原作绘画.(b) trustworthy; reliable 可信的; 可靠的： an authentic statement 可靠的陈述2. People who travel by rail still read an immense amount.A. immediateB. enormousC. equalD. moderate解释：immense：extremely large; enormous 巨大的; 广大的3. He demolished my argument in minutes.A. disapprovedB. refutedC. acceptedD. supported解释：(1) demolished：(fig 比喻) to show that an idea or theory is completely wrong：A recent book has demolished this theory;(fig 比喻) destroy (a theory, etc) *, 驳倒（理论等）：Her article brilliantly demolishes his argument. 她的文章精辟地批驳了他的论点.(2) refute： rebut (v.) to prove that sth is wrong Synonym：REBUTto refute an argument / a theory 驳斥一个论点（理论）4. Polluted water sources are a hazard to wildlife.A. evidenceB. dangerC. caseD. picture解释： hazard：danger; risk 危险; 有危险的事物; 风险：Smoking is a serious health hazard. 吸烟严重危及健康5. Ashley gazed at him, her thoughts in turmoil.A. failureB. doubtC. confusionD. relief解释：turmoil：great disturbance, agitation or confusion 骚动; 混乱; 动乱：The country was in (a) turmoil during the strike.这个国家在罢工期间陷於一片混乱。

2019年职称英语综合类B级阅读材料精选(2) Family HistoryIn an age when technology is developing faster than ever before, many people are being attracted(吸引) to the idea of looking back into the past. One way they can do this is by investigating(调查，研究) their own family history. They can try to find(找出) out more about where their families came from and what they did, This is now a fast-growing hobby, especially in countries with a fairly(相当) short history, like Australia and the United States.It is one(一方面) thing to spend some time going(探究) through a book on family history and to take the decision(决心) to investigate your own family's past. It is quite(的确) another to carry out(完成) the research work successfully. It is easy to set about(开始做(某事)) it in a disorganized(扰乱,瓦解) way and cause(引起) yourself many problems which could have been avoided(避免) with a little forward planning.If your own family stories tell you that you are connected(相关系) with a famous character, whether hero or criminal(罪犯), do not let this idea take over(接管) your research. Just treat(当作) it as an interestingpossibility(可能的事). A simple system for(用) collecting and storing your information will be adequate(充足的，适当的) to start with; a more complex(错综复杂的) one may only get in your way(道路). The most important thing, though, is toget(被) started. Who knows what you might(可能) find ?家族史在科技空前发展的时代，当下很多人对回首往事沉迷不已。

2019职称英语综合类C级语法重难点详解：比较级(1) 原级比较：as +形容词或副词原级+ as，否定式：not so (或as) +形容词或副词原级+ as注意问题：as…as 之间的形容词或副词是否采用了原级;as…as 之间该用形容词还是副词;用as much as 还是用as many as表示倍数时用下面结构，如3倍：three times as …as…例如：The size of the island is about ______ that of this one.A.three times as much asB.as three times much asC.as three times greater thanD.three times as big as解题思路：B、C违反了上述句型规定，A、D的区别是size(大小/ 尺寸)是与much搭配还是与big搭配，D是对的。

(2) 比较级：more …than…注意：1) 比较形式是否准确，如是否有类似"more better"这样重复比较的错误;2)两者之间是比较级，三者以上是级，看看是"两者"还是"三者或三者以上;3)只有同类的人或物才能比较(可比性);比较不能包括"自己"，常用other表示排除。

例如不能说：He is taller than any students in this class.而应说：He is taller than any other student(s) in this class.4)修饰比较级的词有：much, even, far, by far, still, a lot,a bit 等，例如：John did badly in the sports meet. I did even worse (than John did).你能看出下句的问题吗?His salary as a bus driver is more higher than a teacher. ( 他是个公共汽车司机，他的工资要比教师高。

2019职称英语综合类A级基础语法：名词的数名词的数：重点应了解和掌握以下内容：1、名词的可数和不可数：与汉语不同，英语中名词要区分可数与不可数。

笼统地讲，物质名词，如：water(水), iron(铁), wood(木头)等, 和抽象名词，如：democracy(民主), freedom(自由), happiness(幸福)等为不可数。

不可数名词前不能加a (an)，后面不能加s (es)，这是考试中对此类题目判断的重要依据。

2、以下名词为不可数名词：news(消息) information(信息)furniture (家具) equipment(设备)advice (劝告) weather(天气)work*(工作) clothing(衣服)baggage(行李)work作 "工作" 解释时为不可数名词，"找工作"不能说to find a work, 应为to find a job; work作"着作"、"作品"解时是可数名词，如：Deng Xiaopin's works (邓小平着作)/ a work about Deng Xiaopin (一件关于邓小平的作品);作 "工厂" 解释时，单复数同形：a steel works (一个钢铁厂) / two chemical works(两家化工厂)实例：We have a large staff but there ______ in the office.A. haven't many furnituresB. aren't many furnituresC. hasn't much furnitureD. isn't enough furniture解题思路：根据名词数的概念A、B肯定错，不必考虑;C、D的主要差异是"hasn't"与 "isn't", 句子中有there，说明该句是there be句型，故准确答案为D.题中staff, office 等词与解题无关。

2019年中石油职称英语新版选读文章系列(44)Fundamental Techniques in Handling People 处理人际关系的基本技巧1.On the morning of April 15,1865,Abraham Lincoln lay dying in a hall bedroom of a cheap lodging house directly across the street from Ford's Theater,where John Wilkes Booth had shot him. Lincoln's long body lay stretched diagonally across a sagging bed that was too short for him. A cheap reproduction of Rosa Bonheur's famous painting The Horse Fair hung above the bed,and a dismal gas jet flickered yellow light.1、1865年4月15日清晨,亚伯拉罕.林肯奄奄一息地躺在福特戏院对面一家廉价客栈的卧房里。

约翰。

威尔克斯。

布斯枪杀了他。

那张下陷的床对身材修长的林肯来说实在太短了。

床的上方，挂着一件罗莎。

邦赫的名画《马市》的廉价仿制品，一盏阴暗的煤气灯发出惨淡的黄晕。

2.As Lincoln lay dying,Secretary of War Stanton said,"There lies the most perfect ruler of men that the world has ever seen."2、当林肯奄奄一息地躺着时，陆军部长斯坦顿说：“躺在这里的，是世界上有史以来最完美的元首。

2019年职称英语考试理工类B级阅读理解练习题4The English Weather"Other countries have a climate; in England we have weather". This statement, often made by Englishmen to describe the strange weather conditions of their country, is both revealing and true. It is revealing, because in it we see the Englishman insisting once again that what happens in England is not the same as what happens elsewhere; its truth can be proved by any foreigner who stays in the country for longer than a few days.In no country other than England, it has been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day! Day may break as a warm spring morning; an hour or so later black clouds may have appeared from nowhere and the rain may be pouring down. At midday it may be really winter with the temperature down by about eight degrees or more centigrade (摄氏度). And then, in the late afternoon the sky will clear, the sun will begin to shine, and for an hour or two before darkness falls, it will be summer.In England one can experience almost every kind of weather except the most extreme. (Some foreigners seem to be under the impression that for ten months of the year the country is covered by a dense blanket of fog; this is not true.) The problem is that we never can be sure when the different types of weather will occur. Not only do we get several different sorts of weather in one day, but we mayvery well get a spell (持续的一段时间) of winter in summer and a spell of summer in winter.The uncertainty about the weather has had a definite effect upon the Englishman's character; it tends to make him cautious (小心谨慎的), for example. The foreigner may laugh when he sees the Englishman setting forth on a brilliantly sunny morning wearing a raincoat and carrying an umbrella, but he may well regret his laughter later in the day!And, of course, the weather's variety provides a constant topic of conversation. Even the most taciturn (沉默寡言的) of Englishmen is always prepared to discuss the weather. And, though he sometimes complains bitterly of it, he would not, even if he could, exchange it for the more predictable climate of other lands.36 "Other countries have a climate; in England we have weather". This statement suggests thatA other countries do not have fine weather.B you cannot experience four seasons in a year in England.C the weather in England often changes and is therefore unique.D the weather in England never changes.37 A special feature of the weather in England is thatA you can experience four seasons every day throughout the year.B it does not have four seasons as other countries do.C winter there is the coldest in the world.D you may experience different types of weather in a single day.38 What makes the Englishman cautious, according to the passages?A The foreigner, slaughter.B The cold weather in winter.C The uncertainty about the weather.D The predictable climate.39 Which of the following statements is NOT true of the weather in England?A England is covered by heavy fog for ten months of the year.B It tends to make the Englishman cautious.C One cannot be sure when the different types of weather will occur.D You may have a spell of winter in summer.40 The word "lands" in the last sentence could best be replaced byA "soil".B "earth".C "countries".D "parts".答案：36. C 37. D 38. C 39. A 40. C36.C the weather in England often changes and is therefore unique. 其它国家拥有气候;英格兰拥有天气。

2019年职称英语考试语法知识储备：动名词
非谓语动词的用法详解，能够协助考生更好的掌握非谓语动词的相
关考点，为实行阅读学习打下良好的语法基础。

非谓语动词也叫非限定动词或动词的非谓语形式。

非谓语动词主
要包括动名词、不定式和分词(现在分词和过去分词)，即动词的非谓
语形式除了不能独立作谓语外，具有动词的部分语法特征，能够承担
句子的任何成分。

一、动名词
1.定义：
动名词是由动词或动词短语转换而成的名词性结构，其构成的形
式是在动词或动词短语的动词后面加上ing。

2.功能：
动名词(或动名词短语)在句中起名词的作用，可用作主语、表语、宾语(动词或介词的宾语)和定语等。

(1)作主语
e.g. Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。

(2)作表语
e.g. In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs. 在
蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。

(3)作宾语(动词或介词的宾语)
e.g. We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我
们必须阻止空气被污染。

(4)作定语
e.g·He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。

3.考点：
动名词在职称英语中往往不是不直接实行考察，而是把动名词结构放在英语的句子中，然后考察考生对句含动名词结构的这个句子的句意的准确了解。

所以，考生在复习中主要需要弄清楚动名词在英语句子中的四种语法功能。

2019职称英语综合类阅读精选： You Bet Your Life You Bet Your Life 以命相赌1. Life insurance is not really betting although it can be compared to it. You pay the money just in case. In this day and age,we think of insurance as a natural thing. If wescrape a fender or injure ourselves at work,we know thatthere is some sort of payment that we can get through insurance. Of course,we don't get it for nothing; we make payments to the companies. If we don't use the insurance,the companies keep the money.1、生命保险不是真正意义上的赌博，虽然它能与赌博相比较，你花了钱以防意外。

在今天和这个时代，我们认为保险是一件很自然的事。

如果我们划破了皮肤或者在工作中伤着了自己，我们知道通过保险我们能获得某种赔款。

当然，我们不是无功受禄，我们给保险公司付了钱。

我们如果没有使用这项保险，保险公司就赚了这笔钱。

2."Insurance" is the term that we understand today. Some companies are beginning to use the term "assurance”. As a matter of fact,Charles Babbage,over one hundred yearsago,felt that "assurance" was a better term. Apparently few others did,because "insurance" has stayed with us until today.2、“保险”是我们今天能够理解的一个词语。

吉林广播电视大学《理工英语４》考核说明２０1９年9月第一部分考核有关说明一、考核对象吉林广播电视大学开放教育专科土木建筑、水利水电、机械、汽车、电子信息、计算机等专业的学生。

二、考核目标本课程的考核目标主要体现在以下两个方面：语言知识方面语法与功能：学生应能基本掌握并恰当运用所学的基础语法知识和语言功能,具体内容参见“理工英语4”的“内容细目表”。

词汇知识：学生应能掌握250０词左右的常用词汇（含专科阶段所需要掌握的2０0０词)和相关的常用词组，具体词汇参见“理工英语4”文字教材的单元词汇表。

语言运用方面学生应能听懂英语授课,能听懂日常英语谈话和一般性题材的讲座，能在学习过程中用英语交流并能就某一主题进行讨论,能就日常话题用英语进行交谈，能读懂一般性题材的英文文章，能读懂工作、生活中常见的应用文体的材料，能完成一般性写作任务，能描述个人经历、观感、情感和发生的事件等能写常见的应用文,能在半小时内就一般性话题或提纲写出不少于1２0词的短文，内容基本完整，中心思想明确，用词恰当，语意连贯。

三、考核依据本课程考核说明是依据国家开放大学《理工英语4课程教学大纲》、文字教材《理工英语4》（《理工英语４》编写委员会编,中央广播电视大学出版社2016年１１月第１版）制定的。

本课程考核说明是课程考核命题的基本依据。

四、考核方式本课程考核采用形成性考核与终结性考试相结合的方式。

形成性考核占课程综合成绩的50%，终结性考试占课程综合成绩的50%。

本课程的考核采取形成性考核与终结性考试相结合的方式进行。

1.形成性考核形成性考核为本课程的学习过程考核，旨在引导学生注重学习过程,按照教学要求和学习计划完成学习任务，加强对学生自主学习过程的指导和监督。

形成性考核由8个单元自测和一个学习行为评价构成，占课程考核总成绩的5０％。

每个阶段自测满分1０0分,按照1０％计入形考成绩，可以反复做多次，系统默认记录最高分。

学习行为评价由辅导教师根据后台客观数据对学员学习情况进行综合评价,如学习资源的访问次数，在线学习时间以及课程论坛表现等情况综合评分。