Supplementary Exercises for English Linguistics(完整 - 复制
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牛津大学英语教材原文(正文)In recent years, there has been a growing trend in the use of English textbooks from Oxford University. These textbooks are widely regarded as highly effective in teaching English as a second language. Their original content, methodological approach, and comprehensive language training have made them popular choices among language learners worldwide.The English textbooks from Oxford University are known for their diverse and engaging content. Each textbook covers a wide range of topics, including literature, history, science, and culture. The materials are carefully selected to expose learners to different aspects of the English language and provide them with a deeper understanding of the world around them. Through reading and studying these textbooks, learners not only improve their language skills but also broaden their knowledge on various subjects.One of the strengths of the Oxford University English textbooks is their methodological approach. The textbooks are designed to be user-friendly, with clear instructions and explanations, making it easy for learners to navigate and comprehend. They follow a structured learning path, starting from simple concepts and gradually building up to more complex language skills. The textbooks also incorporate a variety of interactive exercises and activities, encouraging learners to actively participate and apply what they have learned. This approach not only enhances language acquisition but also fosters critical thinking and problem-solving abilities.Furthermore, the Oxford University English textbooks provide comprehensive language training. They cover all four language skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Each skill is given equal importance and is systematically developed throughout the textbooks. Listening exercises include authentic audio materials, such as interviews, conversations, and speeches, which expose learners to natural English accents and expressions. Speaking activities focus on both fluency and accuracy, allowing learners to practice and improve their oral communication skills. The reading passages are carefully chosen to expand vocabulary and improve reading comprehension. Writing exercises provide learners with opportunities to express their thoughts and ideas in a structured and coherent manner. By covering all aspects of language learning, these textbooks ensure a well-rounded development of English proficiency.It is worth mentioning that the Oxford University English textbooks also incorporate modern teaching technologies. Many of these textbooks now come with accompanying online resources, including interactive multimedia materials, audio recordings, and supplementary exercises. These online resources provide learners with additional practice and reinforcement outside the classroom. Learners can access the materials anytime and anywhere, making learning English more convenient and flexible.In conclusion, the English textbooks from Oxford University have proven to be highly effective in teaching English as a second language. Their original content, methodological approach, comprehensive language training, and integration of modern teaching technologies make them valuable resources for language learners. With these textbooks, learners are able to acquire language skills, expand their knowledge, and develop a globalperspective. The influence of Oxford University English textbooks on language education cannot be underestimated, as they continue to shape the way English is taught and learned worldwide.。
三年级英语补充习题答案Three Grade English Supplementary Exercise AnswersIn our English class, we have been working hard to improve our language skills. As part of our learning, we have been given some supplementary exercises to complete. Here are the answers to the exercises:1. Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions:a) The cat is __on__ the table.b) The book is __in__ the bag.c) The ball is __under__ the bed.2. Match the words with their correct meanings:a) Dog - __a__ - an animal with four legs and a tail.b) Tree - __c__ - a tall plant with a trunk and branches.c) Car - __b__ - a vehicle with four wheels that is used for transportation.3. Write the opposite of the given words:a) Happy - __sad__b) Big - __small__c) Hot - __cold__4. Complete the sentences with the correct verb:a) The cat __is__ sleeping.b) The birds __are__ singing.c) The dog __is__ barking.5. Fill in the blanks with the correct pronouns:a) She is reading __her__ book.b) They are playing with __their__ toys.c) He is eating __his__ lunch.We have been practicing these exercises in class, and it has helped us to improve our understanding of English grammar and vocabulary. We are excited to continue learning and growing in our language skills. Thank you to our teacher for providing us with these helpful exercises.。
Lesson 1 Where Do We Go from Here?Supplementary V ocabulary ExercisesName ________________ Class_______I. Morphology: Fill in each blank with a proper derivative of the word in the brackets.1.The era was characterized by political and cultural ________. (turbulent)2.Most of the porcelain you see in the display cabinets is ________. (replace)3.The white cliffs rise ________ from the sea. (majestic)4.They are openly ________ of the new plans. (scorn)5.It’s a new country, hoping for diplomatic ________ from the internationalcommunity. (recognize)6.Police and ________ clashed violently. (riot)7.The system of racial ________ that used to exist in South Africa was calledapartheid. (segregate)8.I certainly don’t agree with his ________ that men are better drivers than women.(assert)9.Several foreign ________ attended the ceremony. (dignity)10.We were unable to sleep because of the ________ heat . (oppress)11.The President looked ________ with over 60% of the vote. (assail)12.It is so ________ to have to ask for money. (degrade)13.High blood pressure can cause ________ of the heart muscles. (degenerate)14.The lack of military action from other countries has contributed to the ________of the civil war. (perpetuate)15.Patients, it is claimed, were kept in ________ of what was wrong with them.(ignore)16.She answered ________. (affirm)17.The early settlers ________ or killed much of the native population. (enslave)18.The twenties and sixties are often regarded as the most ________ decades.(emancipate)19.She was looking ________ and had dark circles beneath her eyes. (strain)20.Most foreign visitors to Britain enter the country ________. (legitimate)21.There were violent ________ between police and demonstrators. (confront)22.My father was a real ________ so we were brought up very strictly. (authority)23.Despite his kindly, sometimes ________ air, he was a shrewd observer of people.(whimsy)24.It gives you a sense of ________ if you actually make it to the end of a very longbook. (achieve)25.The facts are simply not ________. (deny)26.She looked at him in/with ________. (abhor)27.The army’s ________ to intervene in politics remains strong. (potential)28.Atmospheric pressure varies with ________ and temperature. (elevate)29.________ must be given to the injured in the evacuation plans. (precede)30.The accident left him severely ________. (disable)31.Now aged 42, he is no longer considered a serious ________ for the title.(contend)32.There is a ________ of people with an arts degree on the board of governors.(predominate)33.The ______ of the company’s shares to its employees is still to be decided. (allot)34.Her scarf was ________ placed to hide a tear in her shirt. (strategy)35.Their arguments ________ end in tears. (inevitable)36.She didn’t even have the ________ to apologize. (decent)37.There are reports of ________ attacks on innocent civilians. (mercy)38.He very ________ ascribes his success to his wife. (humble)39.Arriving in a strange city at night, I felt alone and ________. (bewilder)40.I’d never seen Carlo in smart evening clothes before -- it was quite a ________.(transform)II. Collocation: Fill in each blank with a proper preposition or adverb.1.The population ____ a whole is getting healthier.2.The hotel was awful! To begin ____, our room was far too small.3.The two governments have agreed to engage ____ a comprehensive dialogue toresolve the problem.4._____ behalf of the entire company, I would like to thank you for all your work.5.He’s established himself ____ a dependable source of information.6.When she didn’t answer the telephone, I resorted ____ standing outside herwindow and calling up to her.7.Having faster computers would make ____ a more efficient system.8.Members have called ____ his resignation.9.The level of crime in an area is almost always in direct proportion ____ thenumber of unemployed.10.It’s high time we all stood____ for our rights around here.11.I’d planned a romantic evening together, but circumstances conspired ____ it --friends arrived unexpectedly and then Dave was called out to an emergency. 12.She ought to be thoroughly ashamed ____ herself -- talking to her mother likethat!13.He despised himself ____ being such a coward.14.Because of the pollution, the trees are almost completely stripped____ bark.15.In terms ____ money, I was better off in my last job.16.The inquiry found that they had been subjected ____ unfair treatment.17.He has always shown great dedication ____ the cause.18.He brought ____ his company’s collapse by his reckless spending.19.I’m having problems ____ my computer.20.Many football fans are unfairly identified ____ violent behaviour.21.The documentary was an example of investigative journalism ____ its best.22.Their apartment is devoid ____ all comforts.23.It was predicted that a comet would collide ____ one of the planets.24.Just dismiss those thoughts ____ your mind -- they’re crazy and not worththinking about.25.She is known chiefly for her commitment ____ nuclear disarmament.26.____ all the odds, he recovered.27.We can’t pin ____ where the leak came from.28.I now call ____ everyone to raise a glass to the happy couple.29.She has vowed to stand ____ her husband during his trial.30.The country has been able to celebrate the return of its independence so brutallysnuffed ____ in 1940.III. Multiple choice1.Queen Victoria________over Britain from 1837 to 1901.a. ruledb. reignedc. governed2.No one will be________in the selection of the team.a. overlookedb. neglectedc. ignored3.Wearing scarves and hats which________their allegiance, the football fansflooded into the bar.a. proclaimedb. bespokec. attested4.It’s my personal_________that all rapists should be locked away for life.a. attitudeb. beliefc. conviction5.The minister’s statement is unclear and open to________.a. misinterpretationb. misconceptionc. miscommunication6.I applied for a job as a mechanic in a local garage, but I was________.a. rejectedb. declinedc. defied7.He________ the return of capital punishment.a. defendsb. advocatesc. backs8.I don’t want to________her achievements, but she did have a lot of help.a. reduceb. diminishc. decrease9. She has a very warm ________.a. characterb. dispositionc. personality10.I have to________(that) when I first met Ian I didn’t think he was very bright.a. acknowledgeb. admitc. confess11.The glass________into a thousand tiny pieces.a. shatteredb. brokec. cracked12. She attributes her record-breaking speed to the length of her________.a. paceb. stridec. gait13. ________dictates that it is the man who asks the woman to marry him and notthe reverse.a. Traditionb. Customc. convention14. Senators and cabinet members were called in to discuss how to________ thePresident’s new foreign policy.a. effectb. implementc. activate15. I________all forms of racism.a. abhorb. dislikec. depise。
向英语老师求助学英语方法英语作文全文共6篇示例,供读者参考篇1Dear English Teacher,I am writing to you today to seek your guidance and advice on how I can improve my English language skills. As a student, English has always been a subject that I have struggled with, and I find it challenging to keep up with the pace of the class. Despite my efforts, I often feel like I'm lagging behind my peers, and this has been a source of frustration and discouragement for me.English is a crucial language in today's globalized world, and proficiency in it can open up numerous opportunities for personal and professional growth. However, learning a new language is no easy feat, and it requires dedication, persistence, and the right strategies. I am determined to overcome my difficulties and become proficient in English, but I need your help to achieve this goal.One of the main challenges I face is with vocabulary. I often find myself struggling to understand and remember new words, and this makes it difficult for me to comprehend texts andexpress myself effectively. I would appreciate if you could suggest some effective techniques for building my vocabulary, such as using flashcards, reading extensively, or incorporating new words into my daily conversations.Grammar is another area where I struggle. The rules and structures of the English language can be complex and confusing, and I often make mistakes when constructing sentences. Could you recommend any resources or exercises that could help me improve my understanding of grammar? Perhaps we could go over some common grammar mistakes in class or provide me with additional practice materials.Reading and writing are also skills that I need to work on. I find it challenging to read and comprehend lengthy texts, and my writing often lacks coherence and clarity. Could you suggest some strategies for improving my reading comprehension, such as skimming and scanning techniques or active reading methods? Additionally, any tips or resources for enhancing my writing skills, such as essay writing, would be greatly appreciated.Listening and speaking are equally important aspects of language learning, and I often feel self-conscious when engaging in conversations or participating in class discussions. Could you provide me with opportunities to practice these skillsin a supportive environment? Perhaps we could incorporate more group activities, role-playing exercises, or language exchange programs to help me gain confidence and improve my fluency.Furthermore, I would be grateful if you could recommend any supplementary materials or resources that I could use to reinforce my learning outside of the classroom. This could include books, websites, language learning apps, or even online tutoring services. Having access to additional resources would allow me to practice and reinforce my skills at my own pace and in a way that suits my learning style.Finally, I would appreciate any general advice or strategies you could offer me for staying motivated and committed to learning English. Sometimes, the process can be overwhelming, and I find myself losing motivation or becoming discouraged by the challenges. Any tips or encouragement you could provide to help me stay focused and persistent would be invaluable.Thank you for taking the time to read my letter and consider my request. I am truly grateful for your dedication to helping students like me achieve success in learning English. Your guidance and support will be instrumental in my journey towards becoming proficient in this important language.Sincerely,[Your Name]篇2Dear English Teacher,I am writing to seek your guidance on how to improve my English language skills. As a student, I understand the importance of mastering English in today's globalized world. It is not only a means of communication but also a gateway to numerous opportunities, both academic and professional. However, my journey to proficiency has been a challenging one, and I find myself in need of your expertise.Firstly, I struggle with vocabulary acquisition. Despite my efforts to memorize new words, I often find myself forgetting them or being unable to recall them in appropriate contexts. I have tried various techniques, such as flashcards and vocabulary lists, but these methods seem to lack effectiveness for篇3Dear English Teacher,I am writing to seek your guidance on the most effective approaches to improve my English language skills. As a student, proficiency in English is crucial for academic success, future career prospects, and the ability to communicate in an increasingly globalized world.Before delving into the specific methods, I would like to share my current level of English proficiency and the challenges I face. I have been studying English for several years, and while I can understand and communicate basic ideas, I often struggle with more complex vocabulary, idiomatic expressions, and nuanced grammatical structures. Additionally, my writing skills need improvement, as I tend to make frequent errors in areas such as sentence structure, word choice, and overall coherence.One of the primary difficulties I encounter is a lack of consistent practice and exposure to the language. English is not widely spoken in my immediate environment, and opportunities to engage with native speakers are limited. Consequently, I find it challenging to develop a natural flow and fluency in conversation.Another obstacle I face is the overwhelming amount of resources available for learning English. With so many books, websites, apps, and online courses, I often feel overwhelmed andunsure of which materials are most suitable for my level and learning style.Given these challenges, I would greatly appreciate your guidance on the following aspects of learning English:Developing listening and speaking skills:What are some effective strategies for improving my listening comprehension, especially for fast-paced conversations and accents?How can I build confidence and fluency in speaking, particularly in spontaneous situations?Are there any recommended resources or activities that can help me practice conversational English regularly?Expanding vocabulary and mastering idioms:What are the best methods for consistently expanding my vocabulary, both in terms of breadth and depth of understanding?How can I effectively learn and incorporate idiomatic expressions into my speech and writing?Are there any specific resources or techniques that have proven helpful for vocabulary acquisition?Improving reading and writing skills:What are some effective strategies for enhancing my reading comprehension, particularly for academic or professional texts?How can I develop a better grasp of English grammar rules and apply them consistently in my writing?Are there any recommended writing exercises or resources that can help me improve my overall writing skills?Immersive learning experiences:Are there any recommended immersive learning programs, language exchange opportunities, or study abroad experiences that could significantly accelerate my English language acquisition?How can I create an English-rich environment for myself, even in a non-native English-speaking context?Motivation and consistency:What are some effective ways to stay motivated and committed to the learning process, especially during periods of frustration or perceived lack of progress?How can I develop a consistent and sustainable study routine that incorporates a variety of learning methods?I understand that learning a language is a long-term journey, but I am eager to make the most of my efforts and achieve fluency in English. Your guidance and expertise would be invaluable in helping me navigate this process more effectively.Thank you in advance for your time and consideration. I look forward to your advice and recommendations.Sincerely,[Your Name]篇4Dear Mrs. Smith,As one of your English students, I find myself struggling to make meaningful progress in my English language learning journey. Despite my dedication and countless hours spent studying, I often feel stuck, unsure of the most effective methods to truly master this beautiful language. It is with great hope that I turn to you, seeking your invaluable guidance and wisdom as an experienced English teacher.Firstly, I must confess that vocabulary acquisition has been a persistent challenge for me. While I have diligently compiled extensive lists of words and their definitions, I find it arduous toincorporate them seamlessly into my spoken and written expressions. Could you kindly suggest practical strategies to expand my vocabulary in a more organic and contextual manner?Secondly, the intricacies of English grammar continue to perplex me. The complex web of rules, exceptions, and nuances often leaves me feeling overwhelmed and uncertain. I would greatly appreciate if you could recommend resources or techniques that could help me grasp the grammatical structures more effectively, enabling me to construct sentences with greater accuracy and fluency.Another area where I frequently stumble is in comprehending spoken English, particularly in real-time conversations or lectures. The rapid pace and idiomatic expressions pose significant challenges, leaving me struggling to keep up and fully comprehend the intended meaning. I would be eternally grateful if you could share tips or exercises to enhance my listening comprehension skills, allowing me to engage more confidently in daily interactions and academic settings.Furthermore, I find myself hesitant and self-conscious when attempting to converse in English, often hindered by the fear of making mistakes or appearing inadequate. This apprehensionhas undoubtedly impeded my progress in developing fluency and confidence in spoken communication. I would greatly appreciate any advice or techniques you could offer to help me overcome this anxiety and cultivate a more natural and effortless flow in my spoken English.In addition to these specific areas of concern, I would also welcome any general guidance or recommendations you may have for effective language learning strategies. Perhaps you could share insights into leveraging technology, immersing oneself in English media, or seeking opportunities for authentic practice and cultural exchange.Mrs. Smith, your experience and expertise in teaching English to countless students like myself are invaluable resources.I firmly believe that with your guidance and my unwavering commitment, I can overcome these challenges and achieve the level of proficiency I aspire to. Your advice and support would serve as a beacon, illuminating the path towards mastering this beautiful language and unlocking a world of opportunities that fluency in English can provide.Thank you in advance for your time and consideration. I eagerly await your guidance, which I have no doubt will proveinstrumental in my journey to becoming a confident and proficient English speaker, writer, and communicator.Sincerely,[Your Name]篇5Dear English Teacher,I am writing to seek your guidance on the best methods to improve my English language skills. As a student, proficiency in English is crucial for academic success and future opportunities. I have been studying English for several years, but I often feel that my progress is slower than I would like. I am determined to take my English abilities to the next level, and I believe your expertise can provide me with valuable insights.One area that I struggle with is vocabulary. It seems that no matter how many words I memorize, there are always more unknown terms that hinder my comprehension of texts or conversations. I find myself frequently consulting dictionaries or online resources, which can be time-consuming and disruptive to my learning flow. Do you have any effective strategies forbuilding a robust vocabulary in a more efficient and sustainable manner?Another challenge I face is mastering the intricacies of English grammar. While I understand the basic rules, I often find myself unsure of when to use certain tenses, prepositions, or sentence structures. This uncertainty leads to hesitation and mistakes in both my written and spoken English. Could you recommend any resources or exercises that could help me solidify my understanding of English grammar and apply it with greater confidence?Reading and listening comprehension are also areas where I could use some improvement. While I can generally grasp the main ideas in texts or conversations, I often miss out on subtleties or nuances that native speakers might easily catch. This can lead to misunderstandings or a lack of deeper engagement with the material. Are there any techniques or materials you could suggest to enhance my ability to comprehend English at a more profound level?Speaking fluently and confidently is another hurdle I face. Despite my efforts, I sometimes struggle to express myself clearly and naturally in English. I find myself hesitating, searching for words, or using awkward phrasing. This can be frustratingand discouraging, especially in situations where quick and effective communication is essential. Could you provide me with strategies or exercises to improve my spontaneous speaking abilities and develop a more natural flow?Writing in English is another area where I feel I could benefit from your guidance. While I can generally convey my thoughts in writing, I often struggle with organization, conciseness, and the use of appropriate vocabulary and idioms. My writing may come across as stilted or lacking in the fluency and nuance of a native speaker. Could you share any tips or resources to help me improve my written communication skills and develop a more natural, engaging writing style?Finally, I would appreciate any general advice you could offer on cultivating a more immersive and effective English learning environment. I am open to trying different approaches, such as language exchange programs, joining English-speaking clubs or communities, or incorporating English media into my daily routine. Any suggestions you can provide to create a more engaging and personalized learning experience would be invaluable.I understand that improving one's language skills requires dedication, perseverance, and a willingness to step outside ofone's comfort zone. However, with your guidance and the right strategies, I am confident that I can make significant progress in mastering English. Your expertise and insights would be tremendously helpful in shaping my approach and maximizing my efforts.Thank you in advance for taking the time to consider my request. I eagerly await your response and any advice you can offer to help me on my journey to becoming a proficient English speaker, writer, and communicator.Sincerely,[Your Name]篇6Dear English Teacher,I am writing to you today to seek your guidance on how I can improve my English language skills. As a student, mastering English is crucial for my academic success and future career prospects. Despite my efforts, I often find myself struggling with various aspects of the language, and I believe your expertise could provide invaluable insights.One of the most challenging areas for me is vocabulary acquisition. I find it difficult to memorize and retain new words, especially those with multiple meanings or nuanced usages. Consequently, I often find myself lacking the appropriate vocabulary to express my thoughts effectively, both in written and spoken communication. Could you recommend effective strategies or techniques to expand my vocabulary in a more efficient and long-lasting manner?Another area where I struggle is grammar. The intricate rules and exceptions in English grammar can be confusing and overwhelming at times. I frequently make mistakes with verb tenses, subject-verb agreement, and proper use of prepositions. While I have studied grammar rules extensively, I still find it challenging to apply them consistently in my writing and speech.I would greatly appreciate any advice or resources you could provide to help me reinforce my understanding of English grammar and improve my ability to use it accurately.Additionally, I find it challenging to develop strong writing skills in English. While I can construct simple sentences, I often struggle with organizing my thoughts coherently, using appropriate transitions, and maintaining a consistent tone and style throughout my writing. I would be grateful if you couldoffer guidance on effective writing techniques, outline structures, and strategies for improving overall writing quality.Listening and speaking skills are also areas where I experience difficulties. I often find it challenging to comprehend native English speakers, especially when they speak quickly or use idioms or colloquialisms. Conversely, when I attempt to engage in conversation, I sometimes struggle to find the right words or express myself clearly. Your insights on improving listening comprehension, developing fluency, and building confidence in spoken English would be invaluable.Furthermore, I would appreciate any recommendations you could provide for supplementary resources or activities that could enhance my overall English language learning experience. This could include books, websites, language exchange programs, or any other resources you believe would be beneficial for a student like myself.I am highly motivated to improve my English proficiency, as I recognize its importance in today's globalized world. Your guidance and expertise could make a significant difference in my language learning journey, and I would be forever grateful for your assistance.Thank you in advance for your time and consideration. I look forward to your response and any advice you can offer.Sincerely,[Your Name]。
斑马英语主课副科以下为您生成20 个关于斑马英语课程相关的内容示例,包含主课、副科、英语释义、短语、单词、用法和双语例句:---1. 主课:Zebra English Core Course(斑马英语核心课程)- 释义:The main and essential course of Zebra English.- 短语:attend the core course(参加核心课程)- 单词:core(核心)- 用法:The core of the problem lies in poor communication.(问题的核心在于沟通不畅。
)- 例句:The Zebra English Core Course focuses on developing children's language skills.(斑马英语核心课程侧重于培养孩子的语言技能。
)2. 副科:Zebra English Supplementary Subjects(斑马英语副科)- 释义:The additional or supporting courses of Zebra English.- 短语:supplementary subject materials(副科材料)- 单词:supplementary(补充的;附加的)- 用法:This supplementary book is very helpful for further study.(这本补充书籍对进一步学习很有帮助。
)- 例句:The supplementary subjects in Zebra English make the learning more comprehensive.(斑马英语中的副科使学习更全面。
)3. 单词:alphabet(字母表)- 释义:A set of letters of a language, usually in a fixed order.- 短语:learn the alphabet(学习字母表)- 用法:Can you recite the alphabet?(你能背诵字母表吗?)- 例句:The children are starting to learn the alphabet in Zebra English.(孩子们在斑马英语中开始学习字母表。
同桌叫我去补课作文英语Title: A Tutoring Experience in English Composition。
As my classmate requested, I embarked on a journey to attend supplementary classes for English composition. Initially, I was apprehensive about the extra workload, but I soon realized the invaluable benefits it offered.Upon entering the tutoring session, I was greeted by my classmate and the tutor, who exuded enthusiasm for English writing. The ambiance was conducive to learning, with resources neatly arranged and a whiteboard displaying key concepts.The session commenced with a discussion on effective writing techniques, encompassing grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure. Through engaging activities and insightful explanations, the tutor elucidated the nuances of crafting cohesive and eloquent prose. I was particularly intrigued by the emphasis on clarity and conciseness, whichare quintessential for impactful communication.As the session progressed, we delved into the intricacies of essay composition. From brainstorming ideas to outlining arguments, each step was meticulously elucidated. The tutor encouraged active participation, fostering a collaborative learning environment where questions were welcomed and ideas were exchanged freely.One aspect that stood out was the personalized feedback provided by the tutor. Through constructive criticism and encouragement, I gained a deeper understanding of my strengths and areas for improvement. Whether it wasrefining thesis statements or refining transitions between paragraphs, the guidance proved instrumental in honing my writing skills.Moreover, the session encompassed practical exercises designed to reinforce theoretical concepts. From analyzing sample essays to engaging in peer review, I appreciated the hands-on approach that augmented comprehension and retention.Beyond the technical aspects of writing, the tutoring session instilled a newfound appreciation for the creative process. Through thought-provoking prompts and literary discussions, I discovered the power of storytelling and the art of persuasion. Each session was not merely a lesson in English composition but a journey of self-expression and discovery.In retrospect, attending supplementary classes for English composition has been a transformative experience.It has equipped me with the tools and confidence toarticulate my thoughts effectively and eloquently. Moreover, it has fostered a deeper passion for writing, igniting a desire to explore the boundless realms of language and literature.As I bid farewell to the tutoring session, I amgrateful for the invaluable lessons learned and the friendships forged. While the journey to mastery may be arduous, it is imbued with the promise of growth and fulfillment. Armed with newfound knowledge and inspiration,I am eager to embark on the next chapter of my writing odyssey.。
Chapter 2: The Development of the English Vocabulary▪Choose the best answer that would complete the statement among the four alternatives.1.The Indo-European language family accordingly fall into ____ principle groups,which can be grouped into an Eastern set and Western set.A. eightB. sixC. fiveD. several2.In the Eastern set, ____ and ____ are each the only modern language respectively.A. Italic, GermanicB. Albanian, ArmenianC. Celtic, HellenicD. Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian3.All these languages have some influence on English to a greater or lesser extentbecause each has ____ the English vocabulary.A. borrowed words fromB. enlarged words toC. decreased words toD. lent words into4.Indo-Iranian comprises the modern languages except ____ .A. PersianB. BengaliC. Hindi, RomanyD. Polish5.In the growth of present-day English vocabulary, there are three main sources ofnew words, the rapid development of modern science and technology, social, economic and political changes and the influence of ____ .A. the educational systemB. other cultures and languagesC. the government systemD. the society changes6.The most important way of vocabulary development in present-day English is____ .A. borrowingB. semantic changeC. creation of new wordsD. all the above7.Old English vocabulary was essentially with a number of borrowings from Latinand Scandinavian.A. ItalicB. GermanicC. CelticD. Hellenic8.Old English has a vocabulary of about ____ words.A. 30,000 to 40,000B. 50,000 to 60,000C. 70,000 to 80,000D. 80,000 to 90,0009.Besides French words, English also absorbed as many as 2,5000 words of ____ inthe Middle English period.A. Dutch originB. Danish originC. Latin originD. Greek origin▪Complete the following statements with proper expressions according to the textbook.1.The language used between 450 and 1150 is called ____ English.2.Words of old English were full of ____ .3.Old English has a vocabulary of about ____ to ____ words.4.Old English was a highly ____ language just like modern German.5.The first peoples known to inhabit the British Isles were ____. Their languageswere ____ .6.Old English was influenced by Latin, ____ and Danish.7.By the end of the ____ century, English gradually came back into the schools, thelaw courts, and government and regained social status.8.Between 1250 and 1500 about ____ words of French origin poured into English.____ percent of them are still in sue today.9.Modern English vocabulary grow through three major channels: ____ , semanticchange and ____ .10.____ refers to the formation of new words by using roots, affixes and otherelements.11.____ means an old form which taken on a new meaning to meet the new need.12.____ is the most important way of vocabulary expansion on modern times.13.Reviving archaic or ____ words also contributes to the growth of Englishvocabulary though quite insignificant.14.The language used in the English between 450 and 1150 is ____ .▪Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1.Modern English began with the Renaissance.2.Considering the changes in vocabulary, modern English can be divided into twostates.3.During the Renaissance, enormous numbers of Latin words became part ofEnglish vocabulary.4.Modern English is a synthetic language.5.Borrowing remained the most important channel of vocabulary expansion in latemodern English.▪Define the following terms.1.Old English:▪Question and answer.1.Why do we say “English is a heavy borrower”? Please justify it.。
九年级上册英语补充习题答案Nine Grade English Supplementary Exercise AnswersAs a ninth grader, it is important to continuously practice and review the English language in order to improve your skills. One way to do this is by completing supplementary exercises that provide extra practice and reinforcement of the material learned in class. In this article, we will provide the answers to some of the supplementary exercises found in the ninth grade English textbook.1. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb:a) I have (seen) the movie before.b) She will (arrive) at the party at 8pm.c) They are (playing) soccer in the park.2. Choose the correct word to complete the sentence:a) The (weather) was perfect for a picnic.b) She is (quiet) and reserved.c) The (principal) of the school is very strict.3. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate preposition:a) I am going to the store (for) some groceries.b) The cat is hiding (behind) the couch.c) We are going to the beach (on) Saturday.4. Circle the correct answer to complete the sentence:a) The (students / student's) backpack is on the floor.b) She (were / was) late for class.c) The dog (barked / barks) loudly at night.By completing these exercises and checking your answers, you can reinforce your understanding of verb tenses, vocabulary, prepositions, and grammar rules. It is important to review and practice these concepts in order to improve your English language skills.In addition to completing the exercises provided in the textbook, it is also beneficial to seek out additional resources for extra practice. This can include online grammar quizzes, English language apps, or even working with a tutor to further reinforce your understanding of the material.By consistently practicing and reviewing the English language, you can improve your skills and feel more confident in your abilities. Remember to always check your answers and seek out additional practice when needed. With dedication and hard work, you can continue to improve your English language skills throughout your ninth grade year and beyond.。
As a high school student, Ive had my fair share of experiences with English textbooks and supplementary materials. The journey through the English curriculum can be both exhilarating and challenging, and having the right resources can make all the difference. Here, Id like to share some of the English study materials that have been invaluable to me and that I would recommend to fellow students.1. Oxford English for Secondary Schools SeriesThis series has been a staple in my English learning journey. Its comprehensive, covering everything from grammar to vocabulary, and its designed to align with the curriculum. The books are wellstructured, with clear explanations and plenty of practice exercises. What I appreciate most is the way it builds on concepts gradually, making it easier to grasp new material.2. Cambridge English SeriesFor those looking to excel in English proficiency, the Cambridge series is a musthave. Its particularly useful for students preparing for English language exams like IELTS or TOEFL. The books are rich in content, offering a wide range of reading materials, listening exercises, and speaking activities that simulate reallife test conditions.3. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary EnglishA good dictionary is an essential tool for any language learner, and the Longman dictionary is one of the best. Its userfriendly, with clear definitions and example sentences that make it easy to understand how words are used in context. The inclusion of collocations and phrases isparticularly helpful for improving vocabulary and fluency.4. English Grammar in Use by Raymond MurphyThis book is a classic and has helped countless students master English grammar. Its wellorganized, starting with basic grammar rules and gradually moving to more complex topics. The exercises are practical and relevant, which makes learning grammar less of a chore and more of a necessity.5. The Elements of Style by William Strunk Jr. and E.B. WhiteWhile not specifically designed for high school students, this book is a timeless guide to writing well in English. It covers principles of composition and style, offering clear advice on how to write effectively and concisely. For students interested in improving their writing skills, this book is a mustread.6. The Oxford Picture DictionaryFor visual learners, The Oxford Picture Dictionary is an excellent resource. It uses images to illustrate words and phrases, making it easier to remember new vocabulary. The book is organized by themes, which helps in learning vocabulary in context.7. The Norton Anthology of English LiteratureFor those with an interest in literature, this anthology is a treasure trove. It includes works from various periods of English literature, offering a broad perspective on the development of the language and its use in storytelling. Reading these works not only improves language skills but also deepenscultural understanding.8. The Complete Works of ShakespeareShakespeares works are not just important for their literary value they are also a rich source of vocabulary and idiomatic expressions. Reading Shakespeare can be challenging, but its a rewarding experience that can significantly enhance ones grasp of the English language.9. The Economist and The New YorkerFor students looking to stay updated with current affairs while improving their English, subscribing to magazines like The Economist or The New Yorker is highly beneficial. These publications offer highquality writing and expose readers to a variety of topics and writing styles.10. Harry Potter Series by J.K. RowlingLastly, for a more enjoyable and immersive way to learn English, the Harry Potter series is a fantastic choice. The books are engaging and use a wide range of vocabulary and sentence structures, making them perfect for readers of all levels.In conclusion, the right study materials can significantly enhance ones English learning experience. Whether youre looking to improve your grammar, expand your vocabulary, or delve into literature, theres a wealth of resources available to support your journey. The key is to find what works best for you and to make English learning an enjoyable and integral part of your life.。
英语二上补充习题答案Title: Answers to the Supplementary Exercises for English II (Second Semester) As part of the English II curriculum, students are often given supplementary exercises to further enhance their language skills. These exercises cover a wide range of topics including grammar, vocabulary, reading comprehension, and writing. In this article, we will provide the answers to the supplementary exercises for English II in the second semester.1. Grammar Exercises:a) Correct the following sentences:i) She don't like to eat vegetables. - She doesn't like to eat vegetables.ii) They was playing football in the park. - They were playing football in the park.b) Fill in the blanks with the appropriate verb form:i) I (am) going to the store later.ii) She (has) already finished her homework.2. Vocabulary Exercises:a) Match the words with their meanings:i) Ambitious - having a strong desire to succeedii) Confident - feeling sure of oneselfb) Fill in the blanks with the correct word:i) The teacher praised the student for his (diligence) in completing the project. ii) She was (envious) of her friend's new car.3. Reading Comprehension:a) Answer the following questions based on the passage:i) What is the main idea of the passage? - The main idea of the passage is about the importance of environmental conservation.ii) What are some ways in which individuals can help protect the environment? - Some ways include reducing waste, conserving energy, and planting trees.4. Writing Exercise:Write a short paragraph about your favorite holiday and why you enjoy it. Answer: My favorite holiday is Christmas because I love spending time with my family and exchanging gifts. The festive atmosphere and decorations also make the holiday special to me.By providing the answers to these supplementary exercises, students can check their understanding and improve their language skills. It is important for students to review and practice regularly in order to master the English language. We hope that this article has been helpful in reinforcing the lessons learned in English II.。
Supplementary Exercises for English LinguisticsChapter I IntroductionI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language factsand checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies thebasic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies themorphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning notin isolation, but in context.14.Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point intime.19.Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. deSaussure.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “competence”as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rulesof his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the membersof a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to thephenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.nguage is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for humancommunication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words intopermissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the details of languagehave to be taught and learned.27. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of somepractical problems. The study of such applications is generally known asa________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction andinterpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have neverheard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, itis said to be ______________.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because ___________.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount ofinformation conveyed.C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mothertongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a (n)__________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD. semantic and linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between_________ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediatesituations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to thenext through ____ , rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BIV. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax 44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics 46. Language 47. Phonetics 48. Morphology 49.Semantics 50. Sociolinguistics 51. Applied Linguistics 52.Arbitrariness 53 Productivity 54. Displacement55.Duality 56. Design Features 57. Competence 58 Performance 59. Langue 60 ParoleV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and adiachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary,not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance ?68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Suggested answers to supplementary exercises:Supplementary ExercisesChapter 2:PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese andEnglish.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and theydistinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing interms of the amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the streamof sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine calledspectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in threeimportant areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds calledvoicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and thepart of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which theconsonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position oftongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels,semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into differentcategories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substitutingone sound for another results in a change of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one soundsegment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequenceof two or more phonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22.A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23.The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_______ sounds.24.Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25.English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.26.When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.27.S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular lan-guage are called s ____ rules.29.The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.30.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.31.P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasalcavity.33.T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just likephonemes.34.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35.Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37.__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/38.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar39.Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40.The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tonguemaintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle36.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37.__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/38.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, acollection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme44.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophonesIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme 47.allophone48. international phonetic alphabet49. intonation 50. phonetics 51. auditory phonetics52. acoustic phonetics 53. phone 54. phonemic contrast 55. tone 56. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic thanwriting?58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?Chapter 3:MorphologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:11. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.12. The affix “-ish”in the word boyish conveys a g____ meaning.13. B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.15. D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.16. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.17. C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m___________ rules.19. In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______________ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.20. A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21. The morpheme “vision”in the common word “television”is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme22. The compound word “bookstore”is the place where books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part ofspeech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to becombined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words25. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of wordsand the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB.GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.28. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part ofspeech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of languageby the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s”in the word “books”is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a rootIV. Define the following terms:31. morphology 32. inflectional morphology33. derivational morphology 34. morpheme35. free morpheme 36. bound morpheme37. root 38. affix39. prefix 40. suffix41. derivation 42. CompoundingV. Answer the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds?44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Chapter 4:SyntaxI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language,including the combination of morphemes into words.2.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linearorder, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.4.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.5. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.7. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss ofgrammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.8. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.9. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.10. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.11.What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.12. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.13. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.14. WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:15. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and apredicate and stands alone as its own sentence.16. A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number ofwords to form a complete statement, question or command.17. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usuallyprecedes the predicate.18. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase andwhich says something about the subject is grammatically called p_________.19. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which isincorporated into the other.20. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normallycalled an e_______ clause.21. Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sense that new words areconstantly added.22. A _____ Condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a caserecipient should stay adjacent to each other.23. P_______ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.24. The theory of C_____condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only insubject and object positions.III. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:25. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammaticalknowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical26. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word thatintroduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator27. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.27. A. recursive B. grammaticalC. socialD. functional28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.29. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________.A. transformational rulesB. generative rulesC. phrase structure rulesD. x-bar theory30. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________.A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phraseC. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positionsD. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.31. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical32. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite33. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational34._______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.A. GenerativeB. TransformationalC. X-barD. Phrase structureIV. Define the following terms:35. syntax 36. Sentence 37. coordinate sentence 38. syntactic categories39. grammatical relations 40. linguistic competence 41. transformational rules42. D-structureV. Answer the following questions:43. What are the basic components of a sentence?44. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples.45. Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why?46. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentencestructures?47. What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples.Chapter 5 SemanticsI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such asBritish English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element andthe non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with theinherent meaning of the linguistic form.3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references indifferent situations.4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherentrelation to the physical world of experience.5. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning fromor reduce meaning to observable contexts.6. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as thesituation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all itscomponents.8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but rankeddifferently according to their degree of formality.9. “it is hot.”is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.10. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but insemantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is theabstraction of the meaning of a sentence.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:11. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.12. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguisticform and what it refers to.13. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it dealswith the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.14. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.15. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning,they are called h__________.16.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationshipbetween the two items.17. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can bedivided into meaning components.18. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules calleds________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.19. An a________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with thenominal element(s) in a sentence.20. According to the n ____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken tobe labels of the objects they stand for.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth22. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.”This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD.behaviourism23. Which of the following is not true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.24. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes25. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected intomeaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis26. “alive”and “dead”are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above27. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. Concept。