定语从句讲解及练习
一、定义：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
如:1) The man who lives next to uS s a policema n.
2) You must do everyth ing that I do.
上面两句中的man和everything是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句
放在先行词的后面。
引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who(宾格who,所有格whose)和关系
畐寸词 where, when、why
关系词常有三个作用：1、引导定语从句2、代替先行词3、在定语从句中担当
一个成分
二、关系代词引导的定语从句
1. who指人，在从句中做主语
(1) The boys who are playing footbai a re from Class One.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way
女口果先行词是 anyone, an ybody, every one, everybody, some one, somebod 关
系代词应该用
who 或 whom. 例: Is there anyone here who will go with you?
2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about
注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys which 在句子中做主语)
(2) This is the pen(which) he bought yesterday；which 在句子中做宾语)
4. that指人时，相当于 who或者whom ;指物时，相当于 which
在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略
(5) The people that/who come to visit the city are all here.在句子中做主语)
(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning 在句子中做宾语)
具体使用时还要注意下列问题：1,只能使用that,不用which的情况：
(1)先行词是 all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。例如：All that he said is true.
⑵先行词被 only, no, any, al等词修饰时。例如： He is the only foreigner that has bee n to that place.
⑶先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如：He was the seco nd (pers on) that told me the secret.
⑷先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。This is the best book (that) I have read this year.
⑸先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如：He talked about the people and the things he remembered.
2,只用which不用that的情况：
(3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如： The boy,who is good at soccer,comes from Xin jia ng.
That n ecklace,which you gave me as a prese nt,was lost yesterday.
非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行
词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year查理史密斯去年退休
了，他曾经是我的老师。(非限)
There is somebody here who wants to speak to yoi这里有人要和你说话(限制性)
(4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所
表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语
或表语，多数情况下意思是与 and this相似，并可以指人。例如：
He did very well in the competiti on, which made his pare nts very happy. (5) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体
中的各个成员，则用who。
5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语
(1) He has a frie nd whose father is a docto r
(2) I lived in a house whose roof has fallen in
whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替
(3)The classroom whose door is brokei will soon be repaired.
=The classroom the door of which is broke will soon be repaired.
(5)Do you like the book whose color is yellow
=Do you like the book the color of which is yellow
6. when指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例如：I'll never forget the time when we worked on the farm. He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.
7. where指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例如：This is the house where we lived last year. The factory where his father works is in the east of the city
8. "介词+关系代词"是一个普遍使用的结构。
(1)"介词+关系代词"可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。"介词+关系代词"结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without等，关系代词只可用whom或which,不可用that 。
例:Is that the house in which you live ?
关系代词whom， which在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom与which与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面，女口： That was the room in which we had lived for
