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Aabrasion n. 磨料,研磨材料,磨蚀剂, a. 磨损的,磨蚀的abrasive belt n. 砂带abrasive belt grinding n. 砂带磨削,用研磨带磨光abrasive cut-off machine n. 砂轮切断机abrasive dressing wheel n. 砂轮修整轮abrasive grain n. 磨料粒度abrasive grit n. 研磨用磨料,铁粒abrasive lapping wheel n. 磨料研磨轮accuracy of position n. 位置精度accuracy to shape n. 形状精度active cutting edge n. 主切削刃adapter flange n. 连接器法兰盘adjointing flanks n. 共轭齿廓align n. 找中(心),找正,对中,对准,找平,调直,校直,调整,调准angle milling cutter n. 角铣刀angular grinding n. 斜面磨削,斜磨法angular milling n. 斜面铣削angular plunge grinding n. 斜向切入磨削angular turning n. 斜面车削arbour n. 刀杆,心轴,柄轴,轴,辊轴attachment n. 附件,附件机构,联结,固接,联结法automatic bar machine n. 棒料自动车床automatic boring machine n. 自动镗床automatic copying lathe n. 自动仿形车床automatic double-head milling machine n. 自动双轴铣床automatic lathe n. 自动车床automatic turret lathe n. 自动转塔车床Bbelt grinding machine n. 砂带磨床bench lathe n. 台式车床bevel n. 斜角，斜面，倾斜，斜切，斜角规，万能角尺，圆锥的，倾斜的，斜边，伞齿轮，锥齿轮bevel gear cutting machine n. 锥齿轮切削机床bevel gear tooth system n. 锥齿轮系，锥齿轮传动系统borehole n. 镗孔，镗出的孔，钻眼boring n. 镗孔，钻孔，穿孔boring fixture n. 镗孔夹具boring machine n. 镗床boring tool n. 镗刀boring, drilling and milling machine n. 镗铣床broaching machine n.拉床，铰孔机，剥孔机broaching tool n. 拉刀broad finishing tool n. 宽刃精切刀，宽刃精车刀，宽刃光切刀CCalibrate vt. 校准〔正〕，刻度，分度，检查〔验〕，定标，标定,使标准化，使符合标准cam contour grinder n. 凸轮仿形磨床carbide tip n. 硬质合金刀片carbide turning tool n. 硬质合金车刀carbide-tipped tool n. 硬质合金刀具cast iron machining n. 铸铁加工，铸铁切削加工centerless cylindrical grinder n. 无心外圆磨床ceramic cutting tool n. 金属陶瓷刀具chamfer n.;vt. 倒角，倒棱chamfered cutting edge n. 倒角刀刃champ v. 焦急champing fixture n. 快换夹具champing jaw n. 快换卡爪chaser n. 螺纹梳刀，梳刀盘，板牙chatter vi.;n. 振动，振荡，震颤，刀振cherry n.;a. 樱桃，鲜红的，樱桃木制的chip n. 切屑，铁屑，刀片，刀头，片，薄片，芯片，基片chip breaker groove radius n. 断屑槽底半径，卷屑槽底半径chip clearance n. 切屑间隙chip cross-sectional area n. 切屑横截面面积chip curl n. 螺旋形切屑chip flow n. 切屑流chip formation n. 切屑形成chip removing process n. 去毛刺加工chip variable n. 切屑变量chuck n. 卡盘，夹盘，卡头，〔电磁〕吸盘，vt. 固定，装卡，夹紧，卡住chucker n. 卡盘车床，卡角车床circular drillling machine n. 圆工作台钻床circular path n. 环路，圆轨迹circular pitch measurement n. 周节测量circumference n. 圆周，周线，周界，周围，四周，范围close-grained a. 细颗粒的coeffecient of tool thrust n. 刀具推力系数coil chip n. 卷状切屑cold circular saw n. 冷圆锯cold saw n. 冷锯column drilling machine n. 圆〔方〕柱立式钻床combined drill and milling cutter n. 复合钻铣床complete traverse grinding n. 横进给磨削，切入磨削computer-controlled machine n. 计算机控制机床，数控机床contact pattern n. 靠模continuous chip n. 连续切屑continuous spiral chip n. 连续螺旋切屑contour n. 轮廓，外形，外貌，轮廓线，回路，网路，电路，等高线，等值线，轮廓等高距 a. 仿形的，靠模的contour grinding n. 仿形磨削，成形磨削contour milling n. 成形铣削，外形铣削，等高走刀曲面仿形法convex milling attachment n. 凸面铣削附件convex turning attachment n. 中凸车削附件，凸面车削附件coolant lubricant n. 冷却润滑剂coolant lubricant emulsion n. 冷却润滑乳液〔剂〕copy n. 样板，仿形，靠模工作法，拷贝复制品，v. 复制,模仿,抄录copy grinding n. 仿形磨床copy-mill n. 仿形铣copying turret lathe n. 仿形转塔车床corner n. 角,弯〔管〕头,弯管counterbore n. 埋头孔,沉孔,锥口孔,平底扩孔钻,平底锪钻, n.;vt. 扩孔，锪孔，镗孔，镗阶梯孔crankshaft grinding machine n. 曲轴磨床crankshaft turning lathe n. 曲轴车床creep feed grinding n. 缓进给磨削cross milling n. 横向铣削curly chip n. 卷状切屑，螺旋形切屑，切屑螺旋cut v.;n. 切削〔割〕，口，片，断，断开，削减，减少，断面，剖面，相交，凹槽cut off n. 切断〔开，去〕，关闭，停车，停止，断开装置，断流器，挡板，截止，截流cut teeeth n. 铣齿cut-off grinding n. 砂轮截断，砂轮切割cutter n. 刀具，切削工具，截断器，切断器，切断机cutting n. 切削，切片，切割，切屑，金属屑，截槽cutting edge profile n. 切削刃轮廓〔外形，断面〕，切削刃角度cutting force n. 切削力cutting lip n. 切削刃，刀刃，钻唇，钻刃cutting operation n. 切削加工，切削操作，切削作业cutting rate n. 切削效率，切削速率cutting tool n. 刀具，切削工具，刃具cycle n. 周期，周，循环，一个操作过程，轮转，自行车cylindrical grinder n. 外圆磨床Ddamage n.;vt. 损坏〔害，伤，耗，失〕，破坏，事故，故障，伤害，危害deep-hole drilling n.深孔钻削deep-hole milling n. 深孔铣削design n. 设计，计算，计划，方案，设计书，图纸die-sinking n. 凹模dimension n. 尺寸，尺度，维度，量纲，因次direction of the feed motion n. 进给方向，进刀方向discontinuous chip n. 间断切屑distance n. 距离，间隔〔隙〕，长度，vt. 隔开double-column planer-miller n. 双柱龙门铣床dress v. 修饰，修整，平整，整理，清理，装饰，调制，准备，打磨，磨光，压平，轿直，清洗，清理，分级drilling n. 钻头，钻床，穿孔器，凿岩机，v. 钻孔，打孔，钻井，钻探drilling machine n. 钻床，钻机，钻孔机，打眼机drilling tool n. 钻孔〔削，井，眼〕工具Eedge point n. 刀口，刀刃efficiency n. 效率，效能，性能，功率，产量，实力，经济性，有〔功，实〕效end mill n. 立铣刀external grinding n. 外圆磨削Fface n. 表面，外观，工作面，表盘，屏，幕v. 面向，朝向，表面加工，把表面弄平face grinding machine n. 平面磨床face milling machine n. 端面磨床feed force n. 进给力feed motion n. 进给运动fine adjustment n. 精调，细调，微调fine boring n. 精密镗孔finish v.;n. 精加工，抛光，修整，表面粗糙度，完工，最后加工，最后阶段，涂层，涂料finish-cutting n. 精加工，最终切削fixture n. 夹具，夹紧装置，配件，零件，定位器，支架form n. 型式，类型，摸板，模型，形成，产生，成形，表格v. 形〔组，构〕成，产生，作出，成形，造型form-turn n. 成形车削free-cutting n. 自由切削，无支承切削，高速切削Ggap n. 间隔，间隙，距离，范围，区间，缺口，开口火花隙，vt. 使产生裂缝vi. 豁开gear cutting machine n. 齿轮加工机床，切齿机gear generating grinder n. 磨齿机gear hob n. 齿轮滚刀grinding cutter n. 磨具grinding force n. 磨削力grinding machine n. 磨床grinding wheel diameter n. 砂轮直径grinding wheel width n. 砂轮宽度groove n. 槽，切口，排屑槽，空心槽，坡口，vt. 切〔开，铣〕槽groove milling n.铣槽Hheadstock spindle n. 床头箱主轴，主轴箱主轴，头架轴helical tooth system n. 螺旋齿轮传动装置high precision lathe n. 高精度车床high-speed n. 高速high-speed machining n. 高速加工hob n. 齿轮滚刀，滚刀，螺旋铣刀，v. 滚铣，滚齿，滚削horsepower n. 马力hobbing machine n. 滚齿机，螺旋铣床，挤压制模压力机，反应阴模机hole n. 孔，洞，坑，槽，空穴，孔道，管道，v. 钻〔穿，冲，开〕孔，打洞hone n. vt. 磨石，油石，珩磨头，磨孔器，珩磨，honing machine n. 珩磨机，珩床，搪磨床，磨孔机，磨气缸机Iinclination n. 倾斜，斜度，倾角，斜角〔坡〕，弯曲，偏〔差，角〕转increment n. 增量，增加，增〔大〕长indexing table automatic n. 自动分度工作台infeed grinding n. 切入式磨削installation n. 装置，设备，台，站，安装，设置internal grinding n. 内圆磨削involute hob n. 渐开线滚刀Jjig boring machine n. 坐标镗床Kkeyway cutting n. 键槽切削加工knurling tool n. 滚花刀具，压花刀具，滚花刀L laedscrew machine n. 丝杠加工机床lap grinding n. 研磨lapping n. 研磨，抛光，精研，搭接，擦准lathe n. 车床lathe dog n. 车床轧头，卡箍，鸡心夹头，离心夹头，制动爪，车床挡块lathe tool n. 车刀level n. 水平，水准，水平线，水平仪，水准仪，电平，能级，程度，强度，a. 水平的，相等的，均匀的，平稳的loading time n. 装载料时间，荷重时间，充填时间，充气时间lock n. 锁，栓，闸，闭锁装置，锁型，同步，牵引，v. 闭锁，关闭，卡住，固定，定位，制动刹住longitudinal grinding n. 纵磨low capacity machine n. 小功率机床〔机器〕Mmachine axis n. 机床中心线machine table n. 机床工作台machine tool n. 机床，工作母机machining n. 机械加工，切削加工machining (or cutting) variable n. 加工（或切削）变量machining allowance n. 机械加工余量machining cycle n. 加工循环machining of metals n. 金属切削加工，金属加工magazine automatic n. 自动化仓库，自动化料斗，自动存贮送料装置manufacture n. 制造者，生产者，厂商，产品，制造material removing rate n. 材料去除率metal cutting n. 金属切削metal-cutting technology n. 金属切削工艺学，金属切削工艺〔技术〕metal-cutting tool n. 金属切削刀具，金属切削工具micrometer adjustment n. 微调milling n. 铣削，磨碎，磨整，选矿milling feed n. 铣削进给，铣削走刀量，铣削走刀机构milling machine n. 铣床milling spindle n. 铣床主轴milling tool n. 铣削刀具，铣削工具mount v. 固定，安装，装配，装置，架设，n. 固定件，支架，座，装置，机构mounting n. 安装，装配，固定，机架，框架，装置mounting fixture n. 安装夹具，固定夹具NNose n. 鼻子，端，前端，凸头，刀尖，机头，突出部分，伸出部分number of revolutions n. 转数numerical control n. 数字控制numerically controlled lathe n. 数控车床Ooblique grinding n. 斜切式磨床operate v. 操纵，控制，运行，工作，动作，运算operating cycle n. 工作循环operation n. 运转，操作，控制，工作，作业，运算，计算operational instruction n. 操作说明书，操作说明operational safety n. 操作安全性，使用可靠性oscillating type abrasive cutting machine n. 摆动式砂轮切割机oscillation n. 振动，振荡，摆动，颤振，振幅out-cut milling n. 切口铣削oxide ceramics n. 氧化物陶瓷oxide-ceramic cutting tool n. 陶瓷刀具Pperformance n. 实行，执行，完成，特性，性能，成品，制作品，行为，动作，生产率，效率peripheral grinding n. 圆周磨削peripheral speed n. 圆周速度，周速，边缘速度perpendicular a. 垂直的，正交的，成直角的n. 垂直，正交，竖直，垂线，垂直面physical entity n. 实体，实物pitch n. 齿距，节距，铆间距，螺距，极距，辊距，坡度，高跨比，俯仰角pitch circle n. 节圆plain (or cylindrical) milling machine n. 普通（或圆柱形）铣床plain grinding n. 平面磨削plain turning n. 平面车床plane n. 平面，面，投影，刨，水平，程度，阶段，飞机 a.平的v. 弄平，整平，刨，飞行plane milling n. 平面铣削plane-mill n. 平面铣刀，平面铣床plunge mill n. 模向进给滚轧机plunge-cut n. 切入式磨削，横向进给磨削，全面进刀法，全面进给法plunge-cut thread grinder n. 切入式螺纹磨床plunge-grinding n. 切入式磨削point n. 点，尖端，刀尖，针尖，指针，交点，要点，论点，特点v. 指，面向，瞄准，对准，表明，弄尖，强调power n. 功率，效率，能〔容，力〕量，动力，电源，能源v. 驱〔拖，带，发〕动，给...以动力power hacksaw n. 机动弓锯〔钢锯〕precision boring n. 精镗precision boring machine n. 精密镗床precision machining n. 精密机械加工pressure angle n. 压力角primary cutting edge n. 主切削刃principal feed motion n. 主进给运动，主进刀运动production method s n. 生产方法[式]profile n. 轮廓，形面，剖面，侧面图，分布图。
主要教学步骤和教学内容课程回顾：回顾Hydraulics相关方面的内容新课讲授：Machine tools are machines for cutting metals.The most importantmachine tools used in industry are lathes,drilling machines. Other kinds of metal working machines are not so widely used in machine metals as these three kinds.机床是用来切削金属的机器。
工业上最重要的机床有车床、钻床和铣床。
其他种类的机床没有这三种使用范围如此广泛。
A lathe is a machine tool for cutting metai form the surface of a round work fastened between the two lathe centers and turning around its axis . In turning the work a cutter moves in the direction paraiiel to the axis of rotation of the work or at an angel to this axis,cutting off the metai from the surface of the work . This movement of the cutter is called the feed. The cutter is clamped in thetool post that is mounted on the carriage. The carriage is the mechanism feeding the cutter in the needed direction . The lathe may feed the cutter by hand or may make it be fed automatically by means of special gears.车床是一种机床，它用来切削装夹在车床两顶尖之间并且围绕轴线旋转的圆形工作表面的金属。
译文题目牛头刨床、钻床和铣削系部专业年级学生姓名学号指导教师Drilling and Milling MachinesUpright drilling machines or drill presses are available in a variety of sizes and types, and are equipped with a sufficient range of apindle speeds and automatic feeds to fit the neds of most industries. Speed ranges on a typical machine are from 76 to 2025 rpm., with drill feed from 0.002 to 0.020 in.per revolution of the spindle.Radial drilling machines are used to drill workpieces that are too large or cumbersome to conveniently move. The spindle with the speed and feed changing mechanism is mounted on the radial arm; by combining the movement of the radial arm around column and the movement of the spindle assembly along the arm, it is possible to align the spindle and the drill to any position within reach of the machine. For work that is too large to conveniently support on the base, the spindle assembly can be swung out over the floor and the workpiece set on the beside the machine.Plain radial drilling machines provide only for vertical movement of the spindle; universal machines allow the spindle to swivel about an axis normal to the radial arm and the radial arm to rotate about a horizontal axis, thus permitting drilling at any angle.A multispindle drilling machine has one or more heads that drive the spindles through universal joints and telescoping splined shafts. All spindles are usually driven by the same motor and fed simultaneously to drill the desired number of holes. In most machines each spindle is held in an adjustable plate so that it can be moved relative to the others. The area covered by adjacent spindles overlap so that the machine can be set to drill holes at any location within its range.The milling operation involves metal removal with a rotating cutter. It includes removal of metal from the surface of a workspiece, enlarging holes, and form cutting, such as threads and gear teeth.Within an knee and column type of milling machine the column is the main supporting member for the other components, and includes the base containing the drive motor, the spindle, and the cutters. The cutter is mounted on an arbor held in the spindle, and supported on its outer extremity by a bearing in the overarm. The knee is held on the column in dovetail slots, the saddle is fastened to the knee in dovetail slots, and the table is attached to the saddle. Thus, the build-up the knee and column machine provides three motions relative to the cutter. A four motion may be provided by swiveling the table around a vertical axis provided on the saddle.Fixed-bed milling machines are designed to provide more rigidity than the knee and column type. The table is mounted directly on the machine base, which provides the rigidity necessary for absorbing heavy cutting load, and allows only longitudinal motion to the table. V ertical motion is obtained by moving the entire cutting head.Tracer milling is characterized by coordinated or synchronized movements of either the paths of the cutter and tracing elements, or the paths of the workpiece and model. In a typical tracer mill the tracing finger follow the shape of the master pattern, and the cutter heads duplicate the tracer motion.The following are general design considerations for milling:1. Wherever possible, the part should be designed so that a maximum number of surfaces can be milled from one setting.2. Design for the use of multiple cutters to mill several surfaces simultaneously.3. The largest flat surface will be milled first, so that all dimensions are best referred to such surface.4. Square inside corners are not possible, since the cutter rotates.Grinding Machines and Special Metal-removal ProcessRandom point-cutting tools include abrasives in the shape of a wheel, bonded to a belt, a stick, or simply suspended in liquid. The grinding process is of extreme importance in production work for several reasons.1.It is most common method for cutting hardened tool steel or other heat-treated steel. Parts are first machined in the un-heat-treated condition, and then ground to the desired dimensions and surface finish.2.It can provide surface finish to 0.5µm without extreme cost.3.The grinding operation can assure accurate dimensions in a relatively short time, since machines are built to provide motions in increments of ten-thousandths of an inch, instead of thousandths as is common in other machines.4.Extremely small and thin parts can be finished by this method, since light pressure is used and the tendency for the part to deflect away from the cutter is minimized.On a cylindrical grinding machine the grinding wheel rotates between 5500 and 6500 rpm., while the work rotates between 60 and 125 rpm... The depth of cut is controlled by moving the wheel head, which includes both the wheel and its drive motor. Coolants are provided to reduce heat distortion and to remove chips and abrasive dust.Material removal from ductile materials can be accomplished by using a tool which is harder than the workpiece. However during Word War Ⅱ the widespread use of materials which were as hard or harder than cutting tools created a demand for new material-removal methods. Since then a number of processes have been developed which, although relatively slow and costly, can effectively remove excess material in a precise and repeatable fashion. There are two types of processes. The first type is based on electrical phenomena and is used primarily for hard materials; the second depends upon chemical dissolution.Chemical milling is controlled etching process using strong alkaline or acid etchants. Aluminum, titanium, magnesium, and steel are the principal metals processed by this method. The area to remain untouched by the etchant are masked with a protective coating. For example, the entire part may be dipped in the masking material and the mask removed from those areas to be etched, or a chemically resistant prescribed time, after which the part is rinsed in cold water, the masking removed, the part inspected, and thoroughly cleaned.There are certain disadvantages to consider. Metal will erode equally in all directions, so that walls of the etched section will have a radius equal to the depth of etch. A second disadvantage is that a better finish is obtained on surfaces parallel to the direction of rolling of a sheet than on surface perpendicular to the direction of rolling. This can be compared to the surface obtained when working wood parallel to, or across the grain. A third disadvantage, not unique with this process, is the warpage that will occur in thin, previously stressed sections etched on just one side.Chemical milling, however, has many advantages over conventional metal-removal methods. There is no warpage of heavy sections such as forgings or extrusions when the etchant is applied simultaneously to all sides for reduction of section thickness. In conventional milling only one side can be worked at a time, and frequent turning of a part is necessary to prevent warpage. Chemical milling can be applied to parts of irregular shape where conventional milling may be very difficult. Light-weight construction can be obtained with chemical milling by the elimination of welding, riveting, and stiffeners; parts can be contoured to distribute the load in the most suitable manner. As an example of the potential savings of this process, as compared to machine milling, one company reports that the cost of removing aluminum by chem.-milling is $0.27 per pound as compared to $1.00 per pound by conventional milling. The rate of metal removal for chem.-milling is 0.001in. for aluminum.Electric-discharge machining is a process in which an electrical potential is impressed between the workpiece and the tool, and the current, emanating from a point source on the workpoiece, flows to the tool in the form of a spark. The forces that accomplish the metal removal are within the workpiece proper and, as a result, it is not necessary to construct the unit to withstand the heavy pressures and loads prevalent with conventional machining methods.The frequency of the electrical discharge ranges from 20,00 cps (cycles per second) for rough machining, to 50,000 cps for finishing such items as hardened tools and dies. The current may vary from 50 amp, during rough machining, to as low as 0.5 amp, during finishing. The process is currently applied to the machining of single-point tools, form tools, milling cutters, broaches, and die cavities. It is also applicable to the removal of broken drills, taps, and studs without damaging the workpiece in which the broken tool is imbedded. Other uses are the machining of oil holes in a hardened part, and the machining of small safety-wire holes in the heads of special alloy bolts, such as titanium.The ultrasonic machining process is applied to both conducting and non-conducting material, and relies entirely upon abrasive action for metal removal. The workpiece is submerged in slurry of finely fivided abrasive particles in a vehicle such as water. The tool is coupled to an oscillator and vibrates at frequencies between 15,000 and 30,000 cps. The vibrating tool cavitates the liquid, and the force drives the abrasive into the surface of the workpiece to remove metal chips which are carried away by the liquid. The acceleration given the abrasive grains is as much as 100,000 times the acceleration of gravity, providing a smooth and rapid cutting force.Introduction of MachiningMachining as a shape-producing method is the most universally used and the most important of all manufacturing processes. Machining is a shape-producing process in which a power-driven device causes material to be removed in chip form. Most machining is done with equipment that supports both the work piece and cutting tool although in some cases portable equipment is used with unsupported workpiece.Low setup cost for small quantities. Machining has tow applications in manufacturing. For casting, forging, and pressworking, each specific shape to be p5roduced, even one part, nearly always has a high tooling cost. The shapes that may be produced, even one part, nearly always has a high tooling cost. The shapes that may be produced by welding depend to a large degree on the shapes of raw material that are available. By making use of generally high cost equipment but without specialtooling, it is possible, bu machining, to start with nearly any form of any material, so long as the exterior dimensions are great enough, and produce any desired shape from any material. Therefore, machining is usually the preferred method for producing one or a few parts, even when the design of the part would logically lead to casting, forging or pressworking if a high quantity were to be produced.Close accuracies, good finishes. The second application for machining is based on the high accuracies and surface finishes possible. Many of the parts machined in low quantities would be produced with lower but acceptable tolerances if produced in high quantities by some other process. On the other hand, many pars are given shapes by some high quantity deformation process and machined only on selected surfaces where high accuracies are needed. Internal threads, for example, are seldom produced by any means other than machining and small holes in pressworked parts may be machined following the pressworking operations.钻床和铣削直式钻床或钻孔式印刷机可用于各种尺寸和种类，它能安装轴速度的足够范围和自动运转以适应大多工业的要求。
Unit11 Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing Technologies 快速成型与制造技术Introduction 导言Manufacturing community is facing two important challenging tasks: Substantial reducition of product development time; and Improvement on flexibility for manufacturing multi-variety and small batch-size products. Computer-aided design and manufacturing(CAD and CAM) have significantly improved the traditional production design and manufacturing. However, there are a number of obstacles in true integration of computer-aided design with computer-aided manufacturing for rapid development of new prodcts.制造社会面临两个重要的富有挑战性的任务：大幅度减少产品开发时间，提高多种产品，小批量大小产品的制造灵活性。
计算机辅助设计与制造(CAD 和CAM)有着显著改善了传统的产品设计及制造。
然而，在新产品快速开发方面有一些障碍，这些障碍阻碍着计算机辅助设计与计算机辅助制造的真正集成。
To substantially shorten the time for developing patterns, moulds, and prototypes, some manufacturing enterprise have started to use rapid prototyping(RP) methods for complex partterns making and component prototyping. Over the past few years, a variety of new rapid manufacturing technologies, generally called Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing(RP & M) have emerged; the technologies developed include stereo lithography(SL),selective laser sintering(SLS), fused deposition modeling(FDM), laminated object manufacturing(LOM), and three dimensional printing(3D Printing). These technologies are capable of directly generating physical objects from CADdatabases. They have a common important feature: the prototype part is produced by adding materials rather than removing materials, that is , a part is first modeled by a geometric modeler such as a solid modeler, and then is mathematically sectioned(sliced) into a series of parallel cross-section pieces. For each piece, the curing or binding paths are generated. These curing or binding paths are directly used to instruct the machine for producing the part by solidifying or binding a line of material. After a layer is built, a new layer is built on the previous one in the same way. Thus, the model is built layer by layer from the bottom to top.为了大大缩短母模，模具和样件的整理时间，一些制造厂开始利用快速原型制造技术(RP)来整理复杂的母模和零部件的原型。
C52 www.hermle.deMilling at its best: Hermle machines are often at the forefront when it comes to optimized results.The proverbial Hermle precision in conjunction with process consultation and project management has made us an important machine manufacturer in nearly all key sectors:from large complex components to the smallest componentsin the high-tech area. Versatile applications, uncompromising results – Hermle “The Original”.Contents.01Industry sectors02The machine03Technical data04Automation05Precision06Energy efficiency07ServicesMachine constructionHermle is at home in all sectors. For us, ensuring the highest precision and reliable machining is always paramount. Our machines are made for daily operation, whether as linked linear segments in production or as stand-alone workshop machinery.Tool and mould construction Subcontractor industry060702The machineThe C 52: a highly dynamic machining centre designed consistently for 5-axis/5-side machining.Features galore to ensure high-precision, economical parts production. Numerous automation solutions extend the application range many times over.02.1The machine . MTThanks to the revolutionary MT design, all turning operations can be performed even with the table swivelled. The C 52 U MT machining centre can also process workpieces up to 2000 kg in weight.02.2A new dimension of dynamics3 axes in the tooldynamics independent of workpieceForce characteristics: 3 guideways with one guide shoe for ideal force balanceTandem drive (Y axis) for high machine dynamicsin the Y axisTorque motor (C axis) for high dynamics Modified gantry designwith optimum main axis support Pick-up magazine integrated into the base body to save spaceSwivelling range of swivelling rotary table +100° to -130°Stainless steel lining of entire working areaLarge working area relative to the installation area Tandem drive (A axis) Torsion avoidance and high level of accuracyOptimised chip ejection in working area during dry machining Accessibility,excellent ergonomicsLinear axes above the working area121302.3The workpieceMany important points must be observed in order to guarantee that every workpiece is machined perfectly. For this reason, Hermle has been working on perfecting and optimising the machining process for many years. This is the reason that the C 52 is now equipped with: - The largest working area relative to the installation area- The largest swivelling range of workpieces in the working area- Utilisation of the entire traverse range- A large collision circle between the table flanges5-axis / MTØ 1000 x 810 mmmax. 2000 kgMT: max. 1000 / 2000 kgCollision circle: Ø 1290 mmVertical table clearance: max. 950 mm1415ErgonomicsBuilt for daily use: the Hermle C 52 can be ergonomically adapted for every machine operatorfor optimum ease of use, simple operation and uncomplicated maintenance.Door opening 1250 mm Vertical table clearance 950 mm Loading height 890 mm Control panel pivotable02.5Table variantsHermle’s swivelling rotary table has revolutionised the concept of 5-axis machining.Also with the C 52, five axis operation is a key attribute, this capability is enhanced through the use of a torque drive. All machining tables are manufactured exclusively and entirely at our plant in Gosheim.Uncompromised perfection: this tandem drive design accesses the gearwheel on the table housing directly and so completely eliminates shaft torsion. This is the only way to achieve the highest precision.02.5Made in Germany – made in Gosheim: the C 52 table variants stand for the highest quality and optimum material usage from the cast housing to the installed torque motors.At our main plant in Gosheim, these machining tables are laying the foundations for the precision, accuracy and quality of the machined surfaces.Hermle tables are equipped with cutting edge drive technology for high dynamic performance during 5 axis machining, as it is the slowest axis that determines the speed when milling in 5 axes. High-torque motors and the adapted gear can position loads of up to 2000 kg rapidly and, most importantly, with exceptional precision.Tandem drive20Zero-point clamping systems / pallet clamping systemsClamping surface: Ø 700T grooves:parallel 9 / 14 H7 Swivelling range: + 100° / - 130°C-axis drive type: Torque Speed - rotary axis C:30 rpm Speed - swivelling axis A (tandem drive): 20 rpm Max. table load: 2000 kgClamping surface: Ø 1150 x 900T grooves:parallel 9 / 18 H7 Swivelling range: + 100° / - 130°C-axis drive type: Torque Speed - rotary axis C:30 rpm Speed - swivelling axis A (tandem drive): 20 rpm Max. table load: 2000 kgThe “Torque” swivelling rotary table provides the ideal conditions for highly dynamic 5-axis and simultaneous 5-axis machining.Swivelling rotary tableClamping surface: Ø 1000T grooves:star 16 / 18 H7Swivelling range: + 100° / - 130°C-axis drive type: Torque Speed - rotary axis C:500 rpm Speed - swivelling axis A (tandem drive): 20 rpm Max. turning table load: 1000 kg Max. milling table load: 2000 kgZero-point clamping systems / pallet clamping systemsSwivelling rotary table . MT2202.640 %100 %20 %120007800890040001500n [rpm]356,0293,026,0M [Nm]24,0197,056,0P [kW]31,046,040 %100 %20 %9000780040001500n [rpm]356,0293,048,0M [Nm]35,0197,056,0P [kW]31,045,5The C 52 is equipped with compact spindles. All spindles can be replaced quickly and easily in case of failure.With the different speed ranges and tool holding fixtures the tool spindles are suitable for a wide variety of machining tasks. Like the machining tables, all tool spindles are manufactured exclusively and entirely at our plant in Gosheim.40 %100 %20 %180001180040001500n [rpm]215,018,0M [Nm]9,0166,0108,035,0P [kW]17,527,040 %100 %20 %150001550n [rpm]215,0166,011,0M [Nm]108,016,035,0P [kW]17,527,040001180024Tool Spindle 9000 rpm40%100%20%m]90005200650023001200n [rpm]560,0441,043,0M [Nm]324,070,0P [kW]41,056,002.7The tool magazineThe C 52’s tool magazine holds up to 60 tools in the standard version and is integrated into the machine bed to save space. On the rear of the machine is the ground-level tool loading point with operator control panel. The adapted platform enhances ergonomics with easy accessibility.Integration into the machine bed Pick-up magazineTool changer (pick-up)Excellent accessibility Covers for tool holding fixtureAdditional control panel next to tool loading pointErgonomically optimum platform for the machine operator28Additional magazine single Additional magazine doubleThe Hermle additional magazine, for space-optimised expansion of the tool storage capacity.Adjustable feet with integrated transport rollers facilitate attachment to the Hermle machiningcentre C 52. The additional magazine is available as a single or double version.Two magazines that canbe combinedLoading and unloading positionwith 2 x 2 or 2 x 3 tool pockets(depending on the interface)Up to 325 tool pockets(depending on the interface)With an additional control panelOnly 3 m2 footprintThe C 52 can be equipped with two types of control unit. All control units provide diverse pro-gram functions. Hermle simplifies programming and operation still further with comprehensiveextra features.02.8Control unitMilling and turning using one control unitHeidenhain TNC 640- Dynamic Efficiency – Active Chatter Control (ACC),Adaptive Feed Control (AFC), trochoidal milling- Dynamic Precision – Cross Talk Compensation (CTC),Active Vibration Damping (AVD), Load Adaptive Control (LAC)- Further special turning cycles are integrated such as roughing,finishing, grooving and threading- Easy to switch from milling to turning mode- 19" TFT colour flat screen- Keyboard unit with full keyboard, integrated trackball, USB andEthernet interfaces- Fully digital with HSCI interface andEnDat interface- P rogramming in Heidenhain plain textor per DIN/ISO- Standard drilling and milling cycles- Touch probe system cycles- Free contour programming- Special functions for fast 3D machining- Automatic calculation of cutting data- Pallet management- Software option Kinematic Opt (Measurement cycle for improvingaccuracy of rotational and swivelling operations)For further advantages and detailed technical data, please see the Heidenhain brochures.Milling and turning using one control unitSiemens S 840 D sl- 19" TFT colour flat screen- Keyboard unit with full keyboard, additional panel with integratedtrackball, key-operated switch and buttons, USB and Ethernetinterfaces- Complete and flexible diagnostics and service concept- All inverter and control components are connected with each otherby the Drive-Cliq-Interface- I ncluding shell transformation, 5-axis transformation,process-oriented measuring, 3D tool radius compensationand Spline-Interpolation- Incl. software option Kinematic Opt(Measurement cycle for improvingaccuracy of rotational andswivelling operations)- Tool management forall machines HOTS- The S 840 D sl is also equipped forturning mode and can handle allintegrated milling and turningprocesses- Operating Interface OPERATE with ShopMill- SINUMERIK MDynamics incl. Advanced Surface- High Speed Settings - CYCLE832For further advantages and detailed technical data, please see the Siemens brochures.32 33Hermle setupsHeavy Duty Machining StandardHigh-Production - Standard setting.- S witches back to the standardsetting after a different setuphas been used.- Q uicker machining with programs which have many cycle calls or sub-programs. Standard Heavy duty machining Production - For roughing in conjunction with high milling power. - Greater machining performance possible thanks to reduced machinevibration (depending on the tool andthe selected technology data). 02.8Control unit Machine status is continually monitored by the Hermle wear diagnosis system.It facilitates rapid machine diagnosticsand status-oriented detection of maintenance tasks.Hermle "Wear Diagnosis System"Simple, Hermle tool management for Heidenhain controls.Hermle "Tool Management Control"Simple, Hermle order management software.Hermle "Automation Control System"Simple, Hermle tool management for the Siemens S 840 D sl.Hermle “Operate-Tool-System”The …Information-Monitoring-Software“ isused to display the live status of machi-nes and send events via e-mail.Hermle “Information-Monitoring-Software“02.9The detailsThe C 52 is built using an elegant cassette panel construction. This high-tech building blockconcept is used throughout from the standard machine to the flexible manufacturing system.The machining centre can be transported without any disassembly and set up without a foundation. Furthermore, all units are arranged for easy maintenance and servicing.Comprehensive fluid technologyOptimised chip managementDiverse cooling lubricant unitsSpace-saving chip conveyor arrangementChip conveyorChip conveyor with internal cooling lubricant supplyand recooling unit Chip conveyor with internal cooling lubricant supply, recooling unitand emulsion mist extraction Chip conveyor with internal cooling lubricant supply 363703Technical data . C 5238 3903.1 Technical data . C 52TraverseX axis 1000 mm TraverseY axis 1100 mm TraverseZ axis 750 mm Rapid linear traversesX-Y-Z 60-60-55 m/min Linear accelerationX-Y-Z 6 m/s2Linear feed forceX-Y-Z 16000 N Max. vertical table clearance950 mm Max. workpiece diameterØ 1000 mm Max. workpiece height810 mm Collision circle (A-axis) 0° position Ø 1290 mm Working area SpeedMain power/Torque9000 rpm 20% c.d.f.SK 50 56 kW / 356 Nm SpeedMain power/Torque12000 rpm 20% c.d.f.HSK A 10056 kW / 356 Nm SpeedMain power/Torque15000 rpm 20% c.d.f.SK 4035 kW / 215 Nm Speed Main power/Torque18000 rpm 20%c.d.f.HSK A 6335 kW / 215 Nm SpeedMain power/Torque 9000 rpm 20% c.d.f.HSK T 100 70 kW / 560 Nm Speed12000 rpm HSK T 100 Main power/Torque 20% c.d.f.35 kW / 215 NmMain spindle drive Control unitInterface SK 40 / HSK A 63 / HSK T 63SK 50 / HSK A 100 / HSK T 100Magazine pockets6042Chip-to-chip time* approx. 7.0 s*(chip-to-chip times for 3-axis units inmilling mode calculated in keepingwith German standard VDI 2852, page 1)approx. 7.0 sMax. tool length500 mm500 mmMax. tool diameterØ 160 mmØ 250 mmMax. magazine load480 kg462 kgMax. tool weight15 kg30 kgTool changer (pick-up)Clamping surface flattenedon 2 sides-900 mm-Swivelling range+100° / -130°+100° / -130°+100° / -130°C-axis drive mode torque torque torqueSpeed - swivelling axis A (tandem)20 rpm20 rpm20 rpmSpeed - rotary axis C30 rpm30 rpm500 rpmMax. milling table load2000 kg2000 kg2000 kgMax. turning table load--1000 kgT grooves parallel9 units / 14 H79 units / 18 H7-T grooves star-shaped--16 units / 18 H7*All tables available on demand Table variants*Included in standard deliveryAvailable upon requestSK 50ZM 72 / ZM 92 ZM 176 / ZM 21672 / 92176 / 216HSK A 63 / HSK T 63ZM 110 / ZM 135ZM 265 / ZM 325110 / 135265 / 325HSK A 100 / HSK T 100ZM 88 / ZM 108ZM 212 / ZM 26088 / 108212 / 260*The tool length depends on the use of the magazineand is at max. 500 mm. More details on request. Extension of toolstorage capacity*4041Operating pressure120 bar(standard version without optional extras, attachments, workpieces and cooling lubricant)Approx. 21.0 tTp in X-Y-Z axes according to VDI/DGQ 3441(calculated at a constant ambient temperature of 20 °C +/-1 °C. Our products are subject to the German Export Lawand require authorization since the attainable precision may be less/greater than 6 µm.)0.008 mmHinged belt conveyor Chip conveyor ejection height at least 940 mmChip cart450 l Amount of cooling lubricant 500 lPump capacity5 bar / 80 l/minAmount of cooling lubricant 1700 lPressure (manually adjustable up to)max. 80 bar / 47 l/minMains connection (ICS)400 V / 50 HzPower consumption (ICS)18.5 kVA Mains connection 400 V / 50/60 HzPower consumption C 52 U to 94 kVA Power consumption C 52 U MT to 94 kVACompressed air6 barChip conveyorCooling lubricant unitConnected loadsInternal cooling lubricant supply Hydraulics Central lubrication Weight Included in standard delivery Available upon requestPositional tolerance03.2 OptionsThe C 52 is prepared for anything: Numerous optional extras make machining even more efficient and powerful in real applications and enable you to optimise your work with the machining centre still further.1 Machining centre2 Emulsion mist extraction3 Chip conveyor4 Chip cart5 Internal cooling lubricant supply6 Recooling unitC 52 U dimensionsexternal - BDE signal- Control panel height adjustable with 19“ swivel screen - Bed flushing- Blow air through spindle centre- Recooling unit - Chip conveyor - Coolant nozzle - Chip cart- Air purge for linear scales - Status lamp-Preparation buttonmodule- Elec. heat compensation - Emulsion mist extraction - Internal cooling lubricant supply- Touch probe incl. preparation - Pallet storageC 52 U MT dimensions1 Machining centre2 Emulsion mist extraction3 Chip conveyor4 Chip cart5 Internal cooling lubricant supply6 Recooling unit- Additional magazine44451 Machining centre2 Emulsion mist extraction3 Chip conveyor4 Chip cart5 Internal cooling lubricant supply6 Recooling unit7 Additional magazine singleC 52 U dimensions . Additional magazine singleexternal- BDE signal- Control panel height adjustablewith 19“ swivel screen- Bed flushing- Blow air through spindlecentre- Recooling unit- Chip conveyor- Coolant nozzle- Chip cart- Air purge for linear scales- Status lamp- Preparation buttonmodule- Elec. heat compensation- Emulsion mist extraction- Internal cooling lubricantsupply- Touch probe incl. preparation- Pallet storage- Additional magazine1 Machining centre2 Emulsion mist extraction3 Chip conveyor4 Chip cart5 Internal cooling lubricant supply6 Recooling unit8 Additional magazine doubleC 52 U dimensions . Additional magazine double464704AutomationC 52 U with pallet changer PW 200004.1Our pallet changer is setting new standards for parallel setup in our highly dynamic machining centres. A further increase in productivity allows for more adaptable storage systems.Machining centres can be set up via pallet storage for production-oriented machine runs with minimum operator interference/without operator interference or for customer-specific runs using a wide range of parts. Furthermore, multiple machining centres can be linked to form a complete manufacturing system.。
5.1 IntroductionConventional machining is the group of machining operations that use single- or multi-point tools to remove material in the form of chips. Metal cutting involves removing metal through machining operations. Machining traditionally takes place on lathes, drill presses, and milling machines with the use of various cutting tools. Most machining has very low set-up cost compared with forming, molding, and casting processes. However, machining is much more expensive for high volumes. Machining is necessary where tight tolerances on dimensions and finishes are required.5.1 译文传统机械加工是一组利用单刃或者多刃刀具以切屑形式去除材料的加工方式。
金属切削意味着通过机械加工去除金属。
传统的机械加工都是利用不同的刀具在车床、钻床和铣床上进行的。
与成型加工、锻压和铸造工艺相比，大多数机械加工的生产准备成本都较低，然而如果是大批量生产，其成本要高得多。
当对零件的尺寸公差和光洁度要求较高时，机械加工是很有必要的。
5.2 Turning and LatheTurning is one of the most common of metal cutting operations. In turning, a workpiece is rotated about its axis as single-point cutting tools are fed into it, shearing away excess material and creating the desired cylindrical surface. Turning can occur on both external and internal surfaces to produce an axially-symmetrical contoured part. Parts ranging from pocket watch components to large diameter marine propeller shafts can be turned on a lathe.Apart from turning, several other operations can also be performed on lathe.axially ['æksiəli] adv.轴向地symmetrical [si'metrikəl] a. 对称的cylindrical [si'lindrikl] a.圆柱形的contoured ['kɔntuəd] a.显示轮廓的，与某种形体轮廓相吻合的译文:在金属切削加工操作中，车削是最常见的一种。
工业机器人的工作流程英文回答：Industrial robots are automated machines that perform a variety of tasks in a variety of industries. They are typically programmed to perform specific tasks repeatedly, with a high degree of accuracy and precision.The workflow of an industrial robot typically involves the following steps:1. Programming: The robot is programmed to perform a specific task. This involves creating a program that specifies the robot's movements, speed, and other parameters.2. Setup: The robot is set up in the desired location and the program is loaded into the robot's controller.3. Calibration: The robot is calibrated to ensure thatit is moving and operating correctly.4. Operation: The robot is operated according to the program. The robot will typically perform the same task repeatedly, until it is stopped or reprogrammed.5. Maintenance: The robot is regularly maintained to ensure that it is operating correctly and safely.Industrial robots are used in a wide variety of applications, including:Assembly.Welding.Painting.Material handling.Inspection.Packaging.中文回答：工业机器人的工作流程。
