中英节日文化差异

毕业论文(设计)论文题目（英文）The Festival Cultural Differences between China and Britian （中文）中英节日文化差异学院外国语学院专业商务英语姓名肖珍珍学号************指导教师李老师2010年 6 月8 日OutlineThesis: Through the comparison between Chinese and British festival and discussion of ethnic knowledge, dating back to the history and origion, ethnic language learners can strengthen their the ability of communication and understanding British culture.I .IntroductionII. The origins and forms of the British and Chinese festivals.A. the origin of Chinese traditional festivalsB. the origin of British traditional festivalIII. The different celebration forms between Chinese and British festivals.A.The approaches to celebrate Chinese festivals1 .Spring Festival and New Year2 . Zhong Yuan Jie and Halloween3. Dragon Boat Festival4. The Mid-Autumn festival5. The winter solstice festivalB. The approaches to celebrate British festivals1. Carnival2. Easter3. Christmas4. Thanks giving DayIV. The other specific differences in celebrationA. The comparison in food and drinking during festivals between themB .The different table manners between themC. The differences between the clothing tonal during festivals.V. ConclusionAbstractThe origin of British festival celebrations and cultural perspectives, and a comparative study to explore the human culture attribute and rules, reveal the culture and human relations. Chinese and British festival and customs have obvious difference. Chinese festival mainly is for their age and throttle lucky and happy holiday custom to eat, and the main reason is the pursuit of life in Chinese, for the purpose of longevity and health, and through the diet to realize, British festival mainly comes from religion and related events, memory, and god bless the holiday custom to play as the theme, the main reason is the pursuit of life in the west, and for the purpose of healthy and happy by religious and entertainment activities. Different ethnic traditional festivals, and the difference of national or by having the same culture of many people survive form of culture system and way of life is closely related to the difference.内容提要从中西方节日文化的起源以及庆祝方式等视角来进行对比研究，进而发掘人类文化的属性和规则，揭示文化和人类之间的关系。

通过比较中西方节日差异, 讨论认识西方各民族的历史与文化, 有助于语言学习者与西方各民族加强沟通与了解。

中国和西方国家的节日及其习俗有着比较明显的差异。

中国的节日主要源于岁时节气、祈求自身吉祥幸福，节日习俗以吃喝为主题，其原因主要是中国人对生命的追求以健康长寿为目的，并通过饮食来实现;西方的节日主要源于宗教及相关事件，缅怀上帝、求其保佑，节日习俗以玩乐为主题，其原因主要是西方人对生命的追求以健康快乐为目的，并通过宗教和娱乐活动来实现。

不同的民族传统节庆之差异，都与该民族或由具有相同文化特质的诸多民族所构成的文化体系的生存形态和生活方式的差异密切相关。

[关键词] 传统节日; 中西文化; 差异；中西文化；节日文化；春节；圣诞节I. Introduction:Traditional ethnic festivals formation is a national historical and cultural long-term accumulation. The origin of the festival for the life of people and are closely linked, it reflects the people's emotion world, the people's love of life. There is a famous: "each national holiday, is that each national culture is the most realistic". Visible, want to understand the culture of a nation must be from them, the traditional festivalsII. The origins and forms of the British and Chinese festivals.Chinese and British festival and customs have obvious difference. Chinese festival mainly for their age and throttle lucky and happy holiday custom to eat, for the theme, the main reason is the pursuit of life in Chinese, for the purpose of longevity and health, and through the diet to realize, British festival mainly comes from religion and related events, memory, and god bless the holiday custom to play as the theme, the main reason is the pursuit of life in the west, and for the purpose of healthy and happy by religious and entertainment activities. Different ethnic traditional festivals, and the difference of national or by having the same culture of many people survive form of culture system and way of life is closely related to the difference. Traditional ethnic festival is a complex social cultural phenomenon, and contains a national historical formation and precipitation of personality, psychological, beliefs, ideas, ways of thinking, moral sentiment, aesthetic and cultural connotation of the deep structure of the value orientation of national spirit, is in a particular society on the soil of long-term results and important carrier, is a national survival form, the most prominent feature of the show. It is closely associated with the activities of production and understanding people and social historical development activities and produce, evolution and transformation, and controlled by people of different material life and different history of ideology, but also in different levels in the people's physical and role in the development of culture.Holiday is one year endowed with special social and cultural significance and a day of daily life of rich people, is a showcase of regional, national, and the country's political, economic, cultural, religious and other summary and extension. Festival is in the festival custom, often appear because of holiday system and deeper natural and social environment varies. Investigate its reason, is mainly composed of people's ideas and values. Custom differences as an important part of cultural differences affect people with more direct specific role.Through the comparison of the differences between Chinese festival custom, this paper analyses the characteristics of its own, to help us more objectively understanding of Chinese culture, more profound understanding comprehensively, we have positive significance in foreign culture, thus improving intercultural communication competence.A. the origin of Chinese traditional festivalsChina is an ancient civilized country Orient. Its long history and tradition for traditional festivals grew provided fertile soil. As a great agricultural country, Chinese culture is deeply rooted in agriculture. Therefore, the agricultural activities make holiday has local color more. Spring Festival and some agricultural activities, such as planting, harvest, closely related. As the most important holiday in China, Spring Festival's origins can be traced back to thousands of years evolving series of colorful legends and traditions.China has long in the feudal self-sufficient natural economy and agricultural society, the traditional festival has a strong color of agriculture, farming civilization of social characteristics, mainly from the old time to convert. In ancient China, for the long-term by agriculture in productivity and agricultural technology developed circumstances, attaches great importance to the influence of climate on crops. In summer, autumn injected, DongCang, during the process of understanding the nature of complex sequence, summarize four nights, 24, has formed by the traditional festival holiday. Hardworking Chinese people to live better, we must make great efforts to develop agriculture and agricultural development from the weather. The ancients cloud "spring", "if you clear oil, a busy wheat field" gu yu. In ancient times, the Spring Festival, the qingming festival (ancient says march is the important ones. Chinese traditional festivals, feudal society period and survived, the inevitable with the feudal: hierarchy and enclosed, family-based, each with family, family holiday all internal activity center. Holiday, young man, household must worship for the reunion dinner, family and family altogether celebrates the holiday. Even the New Year, Spring Festival is also rightness each other in between relatives. Even the outdoor people, also is a yangge dance performance properties of activity, no national nature of the carnival. In addition, the Chinese festival is another significant characteristic of Chinese food culture embodies the custom. Everyone has the different characteristic festival food requirements, with different from other festival. Like to eat dumplings, yuanxiao, zongzi, moon cake, etc. China embodies the Chinese festival of virtue and fashion, aged respected, xu family, is a fine tradition of our nation, should carry on, so people have clung to the Chinese festival custom, good atmosphere. Even like the day, nor who want to abandon Chinese festival.B. the origin of British traditional festivalIn British countries, religion is a social and cultural center. Meanwhile, through human for god or religious beliefs of the spirit of their control. It is no exaggeration to say, religious exists in all walks of life. Therefore, the festival is closely related with the Christian Christmas, Easter, except with religion.British culture by the influence due to long, the traditional Christian festivals with strong religious origins, such as valentine's day (memorial named Watts of Christian martyrs (Easter), commemorates the resurrection), Halloween (all saints), church memorial commemorates the birth of Jesus (Christmas), the origin of these festivals are mostly with religion. Of course, the British festival is on holiday and agriculture based on agriculture, but they are not the history of China's long holiday. ,British festivals are more show people's participation and interactivity, all the emotions, warm revelers vent, self-centered, advocates personality, Thanksgiving and Christmas and valentine's day... So here. This section of China and sealing, familial contrary. But these, it reflects the needs of social development and social advancement inevitable, reflected the social group, all human common participation, adapt to the modern society people eager to communicate with each other and together in groups, and emotional outburst. It broke the feudal closed form, no subordinate, old and young, between the grade reflects equality and freedom to express themselves. But in the aspects of not eat, the strict request, what day does not eat at different.III. The different celebration forms between Chinese and British festivals.Chinese traditional festivals, basic is formed during the period of feudal society, inevitably leave traces of the feudal society, the family, the festival, hierarchy in all activities within the family. The British tradition festival will be different, more people are showing the interactivity, collective and revelry, self-centered, advocates personality. The Chinese festivals with familial contrary, reflected the British culture group, reflects people eager to communicate with each other, the participation group, everyone is equal, embodies the characteristics of freedom to express themselves.A .The approaches to celebrate Chinese festivalsSpring Festival in every Chinese and overseas Chinese eyes, is the most important festivals. Its celebration activities are rich and solemn. Lin, a famous Chinese scholar, of Spring Festival, had done a good description, ancient Chinese lunar New Year, China's biggest holiday a year, compared with other festivals seem bleak many. The five-day, the whole nation in her best clothes, closed shop, play firecrackers sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal, etc. This is a day of good luck, everybody is looking for a better and more prosperous year, everyone happy, and prepared to increase his neighbors say good luck auspicious speech.1. Spring Festival and New YearAs the New Year began, the difference between great celebrations. As the Spring Festival, China's most important traditional festival originated from qing dynasty, is the annual lunar calendar, from January 1 on December 23, people began to develop all kinds of celebration, until the Lantern Festival. The custom of Spring Festival, such as cleaning, paid for the reunion dinner, firecrackers, the lion dance, etc. Anyhow, no matter streetLane, a thick festive atmosphere. While the west, they advocate of the Gregorian calendar year, which is New Year's day. Compared with their new way is much more romantic, in late December 31, regional people poured into the streets, grand carnival night, came close to zero, hundreds of thousands of people gather in prayer, together, sincerely for the arrival of the New Year countdown. When the clock strikes twelve, suddenly, the beautiful music played ball, luxuriant, people celebrate burning visible, Spring Festival and New Year Spring Festival, with strong special: the traditional flavor and unique charm, New Year time, reflect the breath and trend of modern life feeling, closer. In China, Spring Festival is Spring Festival, the important time of the year before from han Chinese, instead of the first day of the lunar year, gradually fromthe early Spring Festival food dish, the merchant, TuSuJiu, to later year, rice dumplings, variety. The ancients believed that year, the date of spring is a start, and then start, on the day he had advised people farming custom. All five nights leakage, tsing capital, both her clothes down to official county sheriff countries to serve food fights are green, green pennant performance, in TuNiu tillage outside, show signs among the people." Farming need strong body and so on food with the corresponding food. The earliest consists of five kinds of vegetables spicy stimulation XinPan namely spring plate and five TuSuJiu, purpose is strong body and farming. With the passage of time, the significance of farming festival advised people, and the strong hope, and further strengthened hope New Year filled with happy auspicious, and then the emergence of a new festival food, such as the symbol of happiness symbol, business year reunion of rice and moral developed linfe, jixiangruyi dumplings, etc. This Spring Festival of Chinese food is of a happy life with prayer and yearning.Spring Festival is called "and", because in the lunar year when, say again "old". The ancient "year", and "old" and the calendar and agricultural production. "Han wu? Of load:" too early before the first year (in),... to 104 the shang dynasty. XiaLi in year to year in December, zhou for XiaLi October for year." Again, "year" means that the mature grain. The oracle in "word is" fruit harvest image, the "in" the word "cogwheel is mature. The spread of XuanGong? GuLiang sixteen years, "great, big grain for years." Visible, "nian" was originally wish bumper festive days, "one after beginning, fresh". Specifically, the Spring Festival eve "includes" and "new" two parts, the night before the New Year's eve, after zero for the year for. In ancient times, whenever festival, people will be held in the activity, this is the HouHanShu "say:" JiDong age, the moon and the stars of Yin and Yang to return, and labor and nongda wax." In wax offering sacrifices, for the purpose of god, 100 ancestors, and farmers harvest in farming to rest and recreation of coming to the busy farming activities, and in the next harvest firecracker in prayer. People living forms will affect social life and content, this makes the festival of Chinese traditional life type are dependent on productive years time makes2. Zhong Yuan Jie and HalloweenHalloween and ZhongYuanJie. Halloween is one of the most important festivals in British, people's attention. That day, every door to hang a lantern, everyone put on clothes, it has to ward off evil spirits. Actually, as advanced developed countries, people already no longer superstitious about ghosts, they mostly for the hell of it. At the same time, people still held the grand masquerade parties. They can be arbitrary to neighbors for food, will be punished. In China, the gate is open ZhongYuanJie legend, this day, in the hell out of imp will wander, superstition of Chinese, for the worship of deities is very afraid. On that day, when they burn incense and pray for worshipping deities not evil on them. So, with the age ZhongYuanJie antipathetic product be washed out gradually3. Dragon Boat FestivalThe Dragon Boat Festival is an important holiday in the summer, the time for the Chinese lunar calendar, its main holiday foods are dumplings. Many scholars believe that the Dragon Boat Festival originated from the folk summer solstice, throttlefarming. But the summer solstice marks the beginning of summer, often appear in the may. This period is the most exuberant crop growth period, but also the most easily grows, weeds, pest spreads, must strengthen the management. NongYan said: "the summer solstice, such as cotton venomous bite. - To remind people to pay attention to the summer solstice, manage the field, also in order to pray for crop harvest, early ancestors bless in the shang era, one in summer solstice special taste was the main food, and use them to shandong ancestor worship. The word "studying ceremonies.from?" the emperor, midsummer month in shandong, shame to young taste with peach, first lie temple recommendation. This activity gradually, affect the folk custom, and JiaoShu "appeared" is a special food, dumplings for people in the summer solstice sacrifices and eat. Due to the Dragon Boat Festival evolved from the summer solstice development, then "JiaoShu" has become the Dragon Boat Festival food. The taiping jin weeks in our lead in the local ":" common to Gu leaves in shandong, wrapped with grey boil juice chun of May 5th, and officers of the summer solstice pampered. A zong, a JiaoShu, Yin and Yang are wrapped in cover from the elephant is not scattered." Visible, Dragon Boat Festival and dumplings and farming is closely related to the throttle. "Dragon Boat Festival" originally is the oldest of the national sacrifices his totem - dragon festival, then will the patriotic poet qu yuan to commemorate together, will contain deeper will totem worship and ancestor worship of the organic combination of ethnic culture connotation.4. The Mid-Autumn festivalThe Mid-Autumn festival is the most important festivals in autumn, time for lunar August 15, because it is MengQiu, half past autumn, JiQiu among the name. Its main holiday foods cakes. However, with the formation of the Mid-Autumn festival and the corresponding relations between but experienced a long historical process. Autumn is the harvest season. Full grain, fruit, people harbor the joyful mood, at the same time to harvest all nature produced gratitude, but the moon is nature's outstanding Chinese calculated and the important basis of solar seasonal, so the zhou dynasty had offerings, worship the activity. In the sui and tang dynasties time, people to worship, sacrifice of the Mid-Autumn moon gradually discovered the largest and most circle, the bright moon, and began to play, formed the moon, the custom for harvest festival. Tang poems "ouyang jam eel preface to play on words:" August in autumn, the season at night, meng, 15 months. YuTianDao taxation, continual are in months; and toads spirit.... litres, into the JiGu donglin, and succoth, and cool air lonesome." In the days of the holiday and pleasing to the eye, "saying" Chinese natural won't forget in wine jia Food Company. According to historical records, TangGaoZu LiYuan YuZhongQiu has hosted a night, and the princes, and to celebrate the tubo share of food placed businessman - a filling and surface carved chang e, moon circle of cookies rammed medicine pattern. This bread is perhaps the father of the "moon cakes" later. To the song dynasty, the festival moon banquet was popular, and SongWu self "dreams" and "play" wu3 lin2's old subtle has called the "moon cakes", not only with and linked to the Mid-Autumn festival. Mooncake festival food festival became the main about in yuan and Ming era. Late yuan dynasty, emperor zhu passed an uprising, will have time to write the note in uprising in exchanging mooncakes when sending messages. This shows that the custom of the Mid-Autumn moon cakes in yuan dynasty has very popular. The west lake TianRuCheng Ming ", "city tour than volunteers at pleasure" load "August 15 the Mid-Autumn moon, folk to spare phase, from the meaning of reunion. Thereafter, at least two meaning is shaped like a moon, for god worship to express on the nature of gratitude, second is the bread for circular, symbol of family reunion, reunion, a happy life with longing for. The so-called "on every festive day", ", "partings that such feelings, in the British tradition festival, are difficult to appreciate.5. The winter solstice festivalThe winter solstice is an important holiday in the November, time, no fixed date. The festival food more, wonton, mutton, glutinous rice dough, etc. The winter solstice is the one before the winter solstice, 24 solar is large storage crops and other food raw material of important period. Studying the corresponding of words: "in November, the gas so far but extremely hides." This year's crop is busy, or has ended, grain, cattle and sheep full circle manchang, this is the beginning of the fruits of labor and people. Therefore, the people are concerned about this day. Many researchers think about the han dynasty, the winter solstice has become a holiday. The winter solstice, people will celebrate the scale of the Spring Festival holiday, only some places have "old". The winter solstice festival is alternant, Yin and Yang, feed the yang-qi wonton dark house and then open chaos and ancestors, expression of the nature of ancestors, honor and gratitude. In addition, the winter solstice festival food also mutton, is not only the excellent tonic foods, winter symbolizes good fortune, and expects to express the happy life.B. The approaches to celebrate British festivals1. CarnivalIn British countries, the carnival is Christian "x" meat, mostly in the time of secularization in February; general Gregorian calendar quarter began in fasting, feast for three days before. The custom is mainly held feasts and recreational activities. Initially, the church regulations prohibit predators during fasting and entertainment, Christians will spontaneously in fasting before the start of the banquet hosted various entertainment, announced temporary farewell, called "x meat." "Thanks," farewell, farewell to the upright. Because people can enjoy in feasts, so it is also called the carnival activities for "carnival" activity. To the 15th century, Pope John Paul ii ordered in three days before the fasting celebrations. Since then, as a carnival holidays were officially confirmed, and gradually in British countries and he spread. Nowadays, the carnival has become the world many countries and peoples indispensable cinema-goers. Because the origin and the church parade during fasting meat and entertainment rules ban is closely related with February, come, celebrate their custom, so meat and entertainment from two aspects. But for most countries, the custom is complementary, diet, entertainment, and with the passage of time, religious and secular celebration increasingly desalts color. As in the Italian city of Venice, people not only at home, and drinking song in fancy clothes, face wore a mask or with all sorts of color, stilts into the streets, and festivals. Iraq is specially made many cakes and supply some masks customers; some restaurants, bars are making various maskbiscuit is hanged on the wall, indicative life began a new starting point. The carnival entertainment to peak is Brazil, but its "township of the carnival" the laudatory name not eating but big and wonderful samba dance.2. EasterEaster is a Christian for Jesus' resurrection "and the holiday in British countries, and is the second after the Christmas holidays, mostly in the Gregorian calendar time. At the customs, religious ceremonies also have the special festival food - eggs. According to the bible, Jesus went to Jerusalem in the Passover in Judaism when Friday was crucified on Sunday, and on the third day that he resurrection he ascended to heaven. This establishment Christian church, and to commemorate Easter by 325 A.D. the Roman empire, the padres Asia expressly for the meeting on time every year after the vernal equinox round the first Sunday, namely the Gregorian calendar in April. Due to the Easter is the church to commemorate Jesus, therefore festival eve are religious memorial day or activities, not only in a church, some cities also mass held a grand parade of religion. And the corresponding is eating eggs and egg roll activities. Eggs in British countries is believed to be the new life and the symbol of prosperity, the egg is dyed red with the blood of Christ symbol for human sin, so many families of Easter eggs without breakfast. Sometimes, parents also put their hidden, let the child go to find. The first is true eggs boiled egg after dyed, then more multi-purpose, big and chocolate, candy chocolate or other among. Eating eggs have two kinds, one is the direct edible, in respect of Christ; memorial But the more popular is through the egg roll, food and will match with mark together. As in the north of England, Scotland, people do on the color boiled egg roll down slopes from mark. Who first break, the egg is someone who can eat, defeat. If eggs are intact, the host will then foretold have good luck. In this activity, winning is not important, the important is the spirit of people.3. ChristmasIn the festival, in addition to the religious ceremonies, the necessary and Christmas party, Christmas tree and Santa Claus. In the bible recorded no definite birth date of Jesus, but the 354 AD, the Roman church is provisions on December 25 as the birth of Jesus Christ, and to celebrate to mark. It is this day, to choose the sacrifice of the sun with the secular consistent, said saturnalia the birth of Jesus Christ is the sun. After a period of development, Christmas evolve into British countries the major holiday, and given the same attention as Chinese Spring Festival have a family reunion, lively. Christmas is celebrated on December 24, especially late on Christmas Eve, the Christian church into mass, and sing a Christmas song, read, to celebrate hymn Jesus was born, Christmas. The children are brought forward Santa Claus candy, toys, and they will give gifts to some supper Santa Claus. Besides, the Christmas feast celebrating Christmas is required for family reunion banquet, but at the time, and not necessarily the same food festival. Such as Italy, France is held on Christmas Eve, similar to the family party in the eve of the lunar New Year ". Italian first "eve," is the main food having tuna, clams, etc, and nuts cakes , they go to church and mass, The Frenchman is mass home after enjoying Christmas dinner, mainly slowly food have goose liver sauce, chestnut Turkey, truffle bacteria and cakes, champagne, etc.Britain's Christmas party is held at noon, common Christmas foods have Turkey, Christmas pudding and mince pies. Roast Turkey is Columbus brought from Mexico, navigator later became a British Christmas Turkey, before this, by the head and bake for wild peacocks. The Christmas pudding is by raisins, apple, peel and spices, little brandy candied fruit such as raw material and steam or baked, usually in the top to insert a Holly pudding made adornment branches. Mince pies are using a variety of GuoGan for filling the pastry bunches of baked goods. Notable is, in most countries of the Christmas party, when the family must give and sit chair, more empty seat, because this is to the angel of the Lord ", "Jesus. After the banquet people happy, auspicious symbol around the tree of life eternal enjoy singing and dancing.4. Thanksgiving Day.Thanksgiving Day is the oldest peculiar to the north American continent, from which the first English pilgrims. Time for the last Thursday in November, main holiday foods have Turkey and pumpkin pie. These foods as Thanksgiving holiday foods is innate, is always the indispensable. Because they can not only make people recalling entrepreneurial ancestor of hardship, thank god favor, still can create more incentive or further happy life. From the above shows, holidays and festivals in the diet custom is the highlight of human life, although British region, by historical, cultural and ideological differences of their respective festival food vulgar, but it makes human life rich and colorful, each have each other, respect each other to attract the unique charm. In this sense, blind, not only lose true, will also make human life tend to be monotonous.IV. The other specific differences in celebrationA. The comparison in food and drinking during festivals between themThe characteristics of Chinese traditional festivals diet also had significant differences. The diet is the traditional Chinese festivals; the exquisite tends to perceptual color, aroma, and taste. Especially JieRiXing food festival, everyone is different from other food festival. Spring Festival is a festival, too. The day is reuniting with people from abroad, in the Spring Festival, when to go home together. On New Year's eve, the whole family together ShouSui, stay up late at night, HanYin together, sharing the happiness. On New Year's eve northern region is the custom, eat dumpling jiaozi is neutral, "and" the first word is "close", The dumpling jiaozi and harmony, "close" and "into" together with dumplings, therefore represent togetherness tree. In addition, because like dumplings, when to eat dumplings silver piece, also contain "a thriving business" auspicious meanings. The new habit of eat rice cakes, sweet sticky rice, the symbol of the New Year life sweet, risen. The Lantern Festival is yuanxiao custom, Dragon Boat Festival is the custom of eating zongzi, Mid-Autumn festival is the custom of moon cakes. While British diet is rational, he tends to pay more attention to the nutrition than China. Therefore, have developed the food industry ,such as, the KFC fast-food cans, McDonald, though, but the taste waking time saving, and good nutrition.B .The different table manners between themBritish diet is very different ways, and the difference of national character may also be affected. In China, no holiday feast, no matter what purpose, will only have a。