2009年中国地质大学北京英语考博真题

晶） is said to have a porphyritic texture（斑状结构）. The classification of fine-grained rocks, then, is based on the proportion of minerals which form phenocrysts and these phenocrysts （斑晶）reflect the general composition of the remainder(残留) of the rock. The fine-grained portion of a porphyritic（斑岩） rock is generally referred to as the groundmass（基质） of the phenocrysts. The terms "porphyritic" and "phenocrysts" are not restricted to fine-grained rocks but may also apply to coarse-grained rocks which contain a few crystals distinctly larger than the remainder. The term obsidian(黑曜岩) refers to a glassy rock of rhyolitic（流纹岩） composition. In general, fine-grained rocks consisting of small crystals cannot readily be distinguished from③ glassy rocks in which no crystalline material is present at all. The obsidians, however, are generally easily recognized by their black and highly glossy appearanceass of the same composition as obsidian. Apparently the difference between the modes of formation of obsidian and pumice is that in pumice the entrapped water vapors have been able to escape by a frothing（起泡） process which leaves a network of interconnected pore（气孔） spaces, thus giving the rock a highly porous （多孔的）and open appearance（外观较为松散）. ④ Pegmatite（结晶花岗岩） is a rock which is texturally（构造上地） the exact opposite of obsidian. ⑤ Pegmatites are generally formed as dikes associated with major bodies of granite （花岗岩） . They are characterized by extremely large individual crystals （单个晶体） ; in some pegmatites crystals up to several tens of feet in length（宽达几十英尺）have been identified, but the average size is measured in inches （英寸） . Most mineralogical museums contain a large number of spectacular（壮观的） crystals from pegmatites. Peridotite（橄榄岩） is a rock consisting primarily of olivine, though some varieties contain pyroxene（辉石） in addition. It occurs only as coarse-grained intrusives（侵入）, and no extrusive（喷出的） rocks of equivalent chemical composition have ever been found. Tuff （凝灰岩）is a rock which is igneous in one sense （在某种意义上） and sedimentary in another⑥. A tuff is a rock formed from pyroclastic （火成碎 屑的）material which has been blown out of a volcano and accumulated on the ground as individual fragments called ash. Two terms（igneous and sedimentary） are useful to refer solely to the composition of igneous rocks regardless of their textures. The term silicic (硅质 的)signifies an abundance of silica-rich（富硅） and light-colored minerals（浅 色矿物）, such as quartz, potassium feldspar（钾长石）, and sodic plagioclase （钠长石） . The term basic （基性） signifies （意味着） an abundance of dark colored minerals relatively low in silica and high in calcium, iron, and

2009年北京大学博士入学考试英语试题一、听力（原2008英语专业四级听力原题和答案）TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS(2008)-GRADE FOUR-TIME LIMIT:135MINPART I DICTATION[15MIN]Listen to the following passage.Altogether the passage will be read to you four times.During the first reading,which will be done at normal speed,listen and try to understand the meaning.For the second and third readings,the passage will be read sentence by sentence,or phrase by phrase,with intervals of15seconds.The last reading will be read at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work.You will then be given2minutes to check through your work once more.Please write the whole passage on ANSWER SHEET ONE.Choosing a CareerWhen students graduate from college,//many of them do not know how they want to spend their working lives.//And they sometimes move from job to job//until they find something that suits them,//and of equal importance to which they are suited.//Others never find a job in which they are really happy.//They remain all their lives square pegs in round holes.//When we choose our careers,we need to ask ourselves two questions.//First,what do we think we would like to be?// Second,what kind of people are we?//The idea,for example,of being a painter or a musician may seem very attractive,//but unless we have great talent,and are willing to work very hard,//we are certain to fail in these occupations.//And failure will lead to unhappiness in life.//So it is important to assess our suitability for a certain career in job search.(152words)PART II LISTENING COMPREHENSION[20MIN]In Sections A,B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY.Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Mark the correct answer to each question on your answer sheet.SECTION A CONVERSATIONSIn this section you will hear several conversations.Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions1to3are based on the following conversation.At the end of the conversation,you will be given15seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the conversation.1.When is Anne available for the meeting?A.The third week of May.B.The third week of June.C.The eleventh of June.D.The eleventh of May.2.Their meeting will probably take place inA.London.B.Toronto.C.Mexico City.D.Chicago.3.When is Eric calling back?A.Thursday afternoon.B.Friday afternoon.C.Thursday morning.D.Friday morning.Questions4to6are based on the following conversation.At the end of the conversation,you will be given15seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the conversation.4.According to the woman,advertisementsA.let us know the best product.B.give us sufficient information.C.fail to convince people.D.give misleading information.5.In the woman’s opinion,money spent on advertisements is paidA.by manufacturers.B.by customers.C.by advertisers.D.by all of them.6.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A.The woman seems to be negative about advertising.B.The woman appears to know more about advertising.C.The man is to be present at a debate on advertising.D.The man has a lot to talk about on advertising.Questions7to10are based on the following conversation.At the end of the conversation,you will be given20seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the conversation.7.Mr Brown brought with him only a few things becauseA.there wasn’t enough space in the cupboard.B.the hospital would provide him with everything.C.he was to stay there for a very short time.D.visitors could bring him other things.8.According to the hospital rules,at which of the following hours can visitors see patients?A.2:00pm.B.5:00pm.C.7:00pm.D.6:00pm.9.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A.Patients have breakfast at8.B.Patients have lunch at12.C.There are special alcohol lounges.D.There are special smoking lounges.10.Which statement best describes Mr Brown?A.He knows little about hospital rules.B.He can keep alcohol in the ward.C.He knows when to smoke.D.He is used to hospital life.SECTION B PASSAGESIn this section,you will hear several passages.Listen to the passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions11to13are based on the following talk.At the end of the talk,you will be given15 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the talk.11.Meeting rooms of various sizes are needed forA.contacts with headquarters.B.relaxation and enjoyment.rmal talksD.different purposes.12.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as part of hotel facilities for guests?A.Restaurants.B.Cinemas.C.Swimming pools.D.Bars.13.A hotel for an international conference should have the following EXCEPTA.convenient transport services.petent office secretaries.C.good sports and restaurant facilities.D.suitable and comfortable rooms.Questions14to17are based on the following talk.At the end of the talk,you will be given20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the talk.14.The museum aims mainly to displayA.the area’s technological development.B.the nation’s important historical events.C.the area’s agricultural and industrial development.D.the nation’s agricultural and industrial development.15.The following have been significant in the area’s prosperity EXCEPTA.the motorways.B.the Roman road.C.the canals.D.the railways.16.We know from the passage that some exhibitsA.are borrowed from workshops.B.are specially made for display.C.reflect the local culture and customs.D.try to reproduce the scene at that time.17.The passage probably comes fromA.a conversation on the museum.B.a museum tour guide.C.a museum booklet.D.a museum advertisement.Questions18to20are based on the following passage.At the end of the passage,you will be given 15seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the passage.18.According to the speaker,safety in dormitory means that youA.insure all your expensive things.B.lock doors when going out.C.lock windows at night.D.take all necessary precautions.19.What does the speaker suggest girls do when they are going to be out late?A.Call their friends.B.Stay with their friends.C.Avoid walking in streets.D.Always take a taxi.20.What is the speaker’s last advice?A.To take a few self-defense classes.B.To stick to well-lit streets at night.C.To avoid walking alone at night.D.To stay with their friends.SECTION C……………………（来自：/thread-5423-1-1.html）（答案：BDADD DACCA DBBCA CBDBA）完形填空原文（标出来的就是出提点）Three hundred years ago Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit made his first thermometer in his home town of Danzig(now Gdansk in Poland).The thermometer was filled with alcohol and completely sealed, but it was not much use without some sort of scale to measure the temperature.One story goes that,during the winter of1708-09,Fahrenheit took a measurement of0degrees as the coldest temperature outdoors—which would now read as minus17.8C.Five years later he used mercury instead of alcohol for his thermometers,and made a top reference point by measuring his own body temperature as90degrees.Soon afterwards he became a glassblower,which allowed him to make thinly blown glass tubes that could be marked up with more points on the scale and so increase accuracy.Eventually he took the lowest point of his temperature scale from a reading made in ice,water and salt,and a top point made from the boiling point of water.The scale was recalibrated using180 degrees between these two points and Fahrenheit was able to make much more accurate and more consistent measurements of temperature.But in1742a rival challenged the Fahrenheit scale and eventually superseded it.Anders Celsius,in Sweden,invented a scale of100degrees between the freezing and boiling points of water and gradually won over many countries.However,the British remained wedded to Fahrenheit until well into the20th century.改错原文（标出来的就是出提点）原文:Job Losses Pose a Threat to Stability Worldwide（原文来自NewYork Times:/2009/02/15/business/15global.html?_r=1）Worldwide job losses from the recession that started in the United States in December2007 could hit a staggering50million by the end of2009,according to the International Labor Organization,a United Nations agency.The slowdown has already claimed3.6million American jobs.High unemployment rates,especially among young workers,have led to protests in countries as varied as Latvia,Chile,Greece,Bulgaria and Iceland and contributed to strikes in Britain and France.Last month,the government of Iceland,whose economy is expected to contract10percent this year,collapsed and the prime minister moved up national elections after weeks of protests by Icelanders angered by soaring unemployment and rising prices.Just last week,the new United States director of national intelligence,Dennis C.Blair,told Congress that instability caused by the global economic crisis had become the biggest security threat facing the United States,outpacing terrorism."Nearly everybody has been caught by surprise at the speed in which unemployment is increasing,and are groping for a response,”said Nicolas Véron,a fellow at Bruegel,a research center in Brussels that focuses on Europe’s role in the global economy.In emerging economies like those in Eastern Europe,there are fears that growing joblessness might encourage a move away from free-market,pro-Western policies,while in developed countries unemployment could bolster efforts to protect local industries at the expense of global trade.Indeed,some European stimulus packages,as well as one passed Friday in the United States, include protections for domestic companies,increasing the likelihood of protectionist trade battles.Protectionist measures were an intense matter of discussion as finance ministers from the Group of7economies met this weekend in Rome.While the number of jobs in the United States has been falling since the end of2007,the pace of layoffs in Europe,Asia and the developing world has caught up only recently as companies that resisted deep cuts in the past follow the lead of their American counterparts.。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编7(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．The apartment was______at $20,000 and its owner was happy about that. (2009年北京航空航天大学考博试题)A．assaultedB．assessedC．assertedD．avenged正确答案：B解析：四个选项的意思分别是：assaulted攻击，突袭；assessed评价，估值；asserted断言，宣称；avenged报仇，复仇。

根据句子意思可知，正确答案是B 选项。

如：The lawyers assessed the property at $35,000(律师们估计这笔财产价值35000美元。

)2．It is too early to ______ the effect of the new measure.(2004年湖北省考博试题)A．administerB．assessC．elevateD．contribute正确答案：B解析：本题意为“评价新措施的影响为时尚早”。

B项的“assess评价，评估”符合题意，如：Damages were assessed at 1,000RMB．(损失估计达1 000元人民币。

)其他三项“administer管理，支配，执行；elevate抬起，使升高；contribute捐献，投稿”都不正确。

3．The nurse ______ the doctor in the operation room.(2003年西南财经大学考博试题)A．insistedB．resistedC．assistedD．persisted正确答案：C解析：本题是说护士在手术室帮助医生。

C项的assisted(帮助)符合题意。

其他三项“insisted坚持；resisted反抗：persisted坚持”都不正确。

“拆迁富翁”可不能变成拆迁“负翁”都说，土地是农民的根。

随着农村城市化进程的加快，越来越多的农民失去了土地，失去了他们赖以生存的根本，又加上国家优厚的拆迁补偿政策，使得一个特殊的新富群体随之涌现——“拆迁富翁”。

然而少部分人在大笔拆迁补偿款到手后却没能及时树立忧患意识，开始买豪车、乱花钱，甚至被拉下水参与赌博，不仅面临变成“负翁”的危险，也为社会的和谐稳定埋下隐患。

未富先骄，攀比心理凸显有媒体报道称，北京曾有一个村拆迁后，村民争购豪华汽车，仅奥迪就买了十五六辆，最贵的一辆价值80余万元。

对此，笔者走访了襄樊郊区的多个拆迁村镇后发现，此情况并非只出现在北京这种一线城市。

在襄樊，也有不少拆迁户在拿到补偿款后的第一件事情便是去买车，而且同村的拆迁户互相攀比，看谁买的车高档，看谁买的车贵。

要说农民利用补贴款来提高自己的生活水平实则无可厚非，如果补贴款能用得恰到好处我们更是大力提倡，可在如此这般的购买豪车风背后，我们不得不发出疑问，这些农民真的需要高档轿车吗？购买这么多的豪华轿车真的有必要吗？一位豪华车车主的邻居刘先生向笔者透露，很多被拆迁农民都是看到村里有个别人买了好车，臵了大房子，才跟风购买的。

原来，炫耀与攀比才是许多因拆迁而暴富的农民的真实心态。

据了解，有一部分农民购车是为了做生意，他们买车完全可以理解，但还有很多农民原本没有工作，祖祖辈辈就靠种地为生，买辆好车只是为了开着风光。

在襄樊某拆迁村担任过干部的杨先生说，有的购车村民在外面打工负责保洁，购车后开着别克，后备箱里装着扫帚就上班了；有的村民就是在家种地为生，买了车后，每天早上帕沙特的后备箱里装上铁锹、锄头等工具便去地里了；还有的农民新车闲臵多日后，便想到用豪车去跑出租，因为没人敢坐这种豪华黑车，不得不在车上挂个“5元”的牌子招揽生意。

盲目消费，成为社会隐患与荷包一同膨胀起来的还有享乐的欲望，“一夜暴富”让很多农民对于消费与理财缺少冷静的分析和长期规划，总觉得终于有钱了，可以享受到以前没条件享受到的了，他们开始频繁地出入高级饭店、酒吧、KTV、洗浴城等娱乐场所，一掷千金，挥金如土。

2009年3月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Drink coffee when you’re sleepy; it’s a good ______ and will help to keep you awake.A．incentiveB．promptC．stimulusD．appetite正确答案：C解析：本题答案是C。

C项stimulus意为“刺激物，促进因素”。

其他三项词义：incentive意为“刺激；鼓励”；prompt意为“催促，提醒”；appetite意为“食欲；胃口”。

2．Nearly 1,000 people are presumed dead as chances______of finding more survivors from the sunken Egyptian ferry.A．bubbleB．dwindleC．swayD．shiver正确答案：B解析：本题答案是B。

B项dwindle意为“减少，缩小”。

其他三项词义：bubble 意为“起泡，潺潺地流”；sway意为“摇摆，摇动”；shiver意为“打冷战，发抖”。

3．The only way he escaped from the bitter reality was to lose himself in a movie, allowing his imagination to______, viewing himself as a character in it.A．take upB．take onC．take offD．take over正确答案：D解析：本题答案是D。

中国地质大学（北京）考博英语阅读解析Passage Nine（Holmes' Knowledge）His ignorance was as remarkable as his knowledge. Of contemporary literature, philosophy and politics he appeared to know next to nothing. Upon my quoting Thomas Carlyle, he inquired in the naivest way who he might be and what he had done. My surprise reached a climax, however, when I found incidentally that he was ignorant of the Copernican Theory and of the composition of the Solar system."You appear to be astonished, " Holmes said, smiling at my expression. "Now that I do know it I shall do my best to forget it. You see, I consider that a man's brain originally is like a little empty attic, and you have to stock it with such furniture as you choose： A fool takes in all the lumber of every sort that he comes across, so that the knowledge which might be useful to him gets crowded out, or at best jumbled up with a lot of other things, so that he has difficulty in laying his hand upon it. It is a mistake to think that the little room has elastic walls and can distend to any extent. Depend upon it, there comes a time when for every addition of knowledge you forget something that you know before. It is of the highest importance, therefore, not to have useless facts elbowing out the useful ones.""But the Solar System！ " I protested.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) "What the deuce is it to me？" he interrupted impatiently.One morning, I picked up a magazine from the table and attempted to while away the time with it, while my companion munched silently at his toast. One of the articles had a pencil mark at the heading, and I naturally began to run my eye through it.Its somewhat ambitious title was "The Book of Life, " and it attempted to show how much an observant man might learn by an accurate and systematic examination of all that came in his way. It struck me as being a remarkable mixture of shrewdness and of absurdity. The reasoning was close and intense, but the deduction appeared to me to be far-fetched and exaggerated. The writer claimed by a momentary expression, a twitch of a muscle or a glance of an eye, to fathom a man's inmost thought. Deceit, according to him, was impossibility in the case of one trained to observation and analysis. His conclusionswere as infallible as so many propositions of Euclid. So startling would his results appear to the uninitiated that until they learned the processes by which he had arrived at them they might well consider him as a necromancer."From a drop of water, "said the writer, "a logician could infer the possibility of an Atlantic. So all life is a great chain, the nature of which is known whenever we are shown a single link of it. Like all other arts, the science of Deduction and Analysis is one which can be acquired by long and patient study, nor is life long enough to allow any mortal to attain the highest possible perfection in it. "This smartly written piece of theory I could not accept until a succession of evidences justified it.1. What is the author's attitude toward Holmes？[A]Praising.[B]Critical.[C]Ironical.[D]Distaste.2. What way did the author take to stick out Holmes' uniqueness？[A]By deduction.[B]By explanation.[C]By contrast.[D]By analysis.3. What was the Holmes' idea about knowledge-learning？[A]Learning what every body learned.[B]Learning what was useful to you.[C]Learning whatever you came across.[D]Learning what was different to you.4. What did the article mentioned in the passage talk about？[A]One may master the way of reasoning through observation.[B]One may become rather critical through observation and analysis.[C]One may become rather sharp through observation and analysis.[D]One may become practical through observation and analysis.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

人大２００９年考博英语阅读理解真题解析Planet Earth will do an electronic skin in the not-too-distance future.It will use the internet as a scaffold to transmit its sensations.This skin is being stitched together. It consists of millions of electronic measuring devices,such as thermostats,pollution detectors,cameras,EKGs.These will probe and monitor cities and endangered species,the atmosphere,and our ships,highway vehicles,and our bodies.For a decade or longer there will be no central nervous system to manage this vast signaling network.And there will be no central intelligence.But we believe that some qualities of self-awareness will emerge once the Net is sensually enhanced and emulated the complexity of the human brain.Sensuality is only one force pushing the Net toward intelligence.An eerie symbiosis of human and machine effort is also starting to evolve.The Internet creates a channel for thousands of programmers around the world to collaborate on software development and debugging.Through collaboration,this community can push past the technical barriers to machine intelligence.And though silicon networks today look nothing like the brain,nodes of the Net have begun to function as neuron.Researchers have already tackled complex computing problems, such as interpreting interstellar radio signals with about a million PCs working in concert. Before long,discrete microprocessors will probably be knitted together into ad hoc distributed computers.Don’t think of these as PC networks.The terminals would just as likely be cell phones of palm-like devices,each one far smarter than today’s heftiest desktops.We may think of this as a whole ecology,an information environment that’s massively connected.Humanity is now preparing to cast its net across the solar system.At a NASA laboratory in California,scientists are devising a version of the Internet called Inter Planet that will weave the moon,Mars,and some asteroids and comets into the earth’s expanding nervous system.Today’s communications between earth and unmanned probes are expensive,proprietary, and complex.With Inter Planet,we can simplify everything,cut costs,and engage the public more effectively.Then,the earth’s telemetric body will span the reaches of the solar system. The Net may not experience all the human thrills of exploration,but it will feel some tingles up and down its spine.育明考博全国免费电话：四零零六六八六九七八。

中国地质大学(北京）2007年博士研究生入学考试专业英语试题（理学)把下列短文译成汉语（1——必译，2、3—-选1)(共40分）1、Quakes Renew The Planet(地震让世界焕然一新）(30分）The advantages began billions of years ago, when this crustal recycling made the oceans and atmosphere and formed the continents. Today， it builds mountains， enriches soils, regulates the planet’s temperature, concentrates gold and other rare metals and maintains the sea’s chemical balance。

Plate tectonics describes the geology. The tragic downside is that waves of quakes and volcanic eruptions along plate boundaries can devastate human populations。

“It’s hard to find something uplifting about 150，000 lives being lost，" said Dr. onald J。

DePaolo, a geochemist at the University of California, Berkeley. “But the type of geological process that caused the earthquake and the tsunami is an essential characteristic of the earth。

2009年全国高考北京英语试题答案第一部分：听力理解（共两节，30分）第一节（共5小题，第小题1.5分共7.5分）1.C2.A3.B4.B5.C第二节（共15小题，每小题1.5分，共22.5分）6.A7.C8.A9.C 10.B11.B 12.C 13.B 14.B 15.C16.A 17.A 18.B 19A .20.C第二部分：知识运用（共两节，45分）第一节单项填空（共15小题，每小题1分，共15分）21.C 22.B 23.A 24.A 25.D26.A 27.B 28.D 29.C 30.C31.D 32.B 33.D 34.B 35.A第二节完形填空（共20小题，每小题1.5分，共30分）36.C 37.A 38.D 39.B 40.A41.C 42.B 43.D 44.C 45.A46.D 47.B 48.C 49.B 50.A51.D 52.B 53.D 54.A 55.C第三部分：阅读理解（共20小题，每小题2分，共40分）56.C 57.B 58.C 59.D 60.D61.D 62.C 63.B 64.B 65.A66.D 67.C 68.A 69.B 70.A71.A 72.A 73.B 74.C 75.第四部分：书面表达（共两节，35分）第一节情景作文（20分）一、内容要点：1、骑车去植树2、植树3、安插提示牌4、照相二、说明：内容要点可用不同方式表达三、One possible version:Green Action in Our ClassApril 12 is memorable because our class had a meaningful experience on that day. In the morning, we bicycled to the suburbs to plant trees, talking and laughing all the way. Upon arrival, we began to work immediately. Some were digging holes. Some were carrying and planting young trees. Others were watering them. After getting the work done, we put up a board remindingpeople to protect the trees. Before leaving we took some photos to record our green action. Seeing the lines of trees, we all had a sense of achievement. We feel it’s our duty to protect and beautify our environment.第二节开放作文（15分）One possible version:What an interesting picture! A Western young man, sitting at a table, is ready to eat a bowl of noodles. He is holding two forks the same way as we Chinese hold chopsticks. He is trying so hard to pick up the noodles that he is sweating a lot. At first glance, I think it’s a bit funny, for we Chinese take for granted that chopsticks are the tools for eating noodles. The man in the picture is trying to copy us. Obviously he is doing it the hard way. Maybe using one fork will do a better job, In my opinion, we don’t need to copy others’ ways of thinking. Sometimes a simpler way of doing things may be a better way.。

2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（北京卷）英语本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分, 满分150分。

第Ⅰ卷（选择题共115分）第一部分: 听力理解（共两节, 30分）第一节（共5小题, 每小题1. 5分, 共7. 5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一道小题, 从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后, 你将有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话你将听一遍。

例：What i s the man going to read?A．A newspaper B．A magazine C．A book答案是A。

1．How fast does the woman type?A．15 words a minute B．45 words a minute C．80 words a minute2．Which program does the man like most?A．Sports B．History C．News3．Which language does Mr. White speak well?A．French B．Spanish C．Japanese4．What was in the woman’s missing bag? 5．Where does the conversati on probably take place?A．In a classroom. B．In a library C．In a bookstore第二节（共15小题；每小题1. 5分, 共22. 5分）听下面6段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几道小题, 从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听每段对话或独白前, 你将有5秒钟的时间阅读每小题, 听完后, 每小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间, 每段对话或独白你将听两遍。

听第6段材料, 回答第6至7题。

6．What’s wrong with the man?A．He has headaches. B．He has a runny nose C．He has a temperature.7．When did the problem begin?A．Two weeks ago. B．Two months ago. C．Three months ago.听第7段材料, 回答第8至9题。

中国地质大学（北京）考博英语阅读理解真题解析 Let children learn to judge their own work. A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time; if corrected too much， he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the languages he uses and the language those around him use. Bit by bit， he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people. In the same way， when children learn to do all the other things they learn to do without being taught-to walk，run， climb， whistle， ride a bicycle-compare those performances with those of more skilled people， and slowly make the needed changes. But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his own mistakes for himself， let alone correct them. We do it all for him. We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him， or correct it unless he was made to. Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher. Let him do it himself. Let him work out， with the help of other children if he wants it， what this word says， what answer is to that problem， whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) If it is a matter of right answers， as it may be in mathematics or science， give him the answer book. Let him correct his own papers. Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work? Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he can't find the way to get the right answer. Let's end this nonsense of grades， exams， marks， Let us throw them all out， and let the children learn what all educated persons must some day learn， how to measure their own understanding， how to know what they know or do not know.Let them get on with this job in the way that seems sensible to them. With our help as school teachers if they ask for it. The idea that there is a body of knowledge to be learnt at school and used for the rest of one's life is nonsense in a world as complicated and rapidly changing as ours. Anxious parents and teachers say， “But suppose they fail to learn something essential they will need to get in the world?” Don't worry! If it is essential， they will go out into the world and learn it.1.What does the author think is the best way for children to learnthings?A.by copying what other people do.B.by making mistakes and having them corrected.C.by listening to explanations from skilled people.D.by asking a great many questions.2.What does the author think teachers do which they should not do?A.They give children correct answers.B.They point out children's mistakes to them.C.They allow children to mark their own work.D.They encourage children to mark to copy from one another.3.The passage suggests that learning to speak and learning to ridea bicycle are___.A.not really important skills.B.more important than other skills.C.basically different from learning adult skills.D.basically the same as learning other skills.4.Exams，grades，and marks should be abolished because children's progress should only be estimated by___.cated persons.B.the children themselves.C.teachers.D.parents.5.The author fears that children will grow up into adults while being___.A.too independent of others.B.too critical of themselves.C.incapable to think for themselves.D.incapable to use basic skills.答案：ABDBC本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

2009年考研英语真题真题解析IntroductionThe 2009 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination for English (also known as the Gaokao) is a highly significant examination in China. In this document, we will provide a comprehensive analysis of the 2009 exam, discussing the content, structure, and key strategies required to excel in this test. By focusing on understanding the exam format, reviewing the specific questions, and providing valuable insights, we aim to assist students in preparing effectively for the 2009 exam.Exam OverviewThe 2009 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination for English consists of three main sections: listening comprehension, reading comprehension, and translation and writing. The exam is designed to assess the applicants’ listening, reading, and writing skills in English. Each section of the exam carries a specific weightage and has its unique set of challenges.Listening ComprehensionThe listening comprehension section of the exam aims to evaluate the candidates’ ability to understand spoke n English in various situations. The questions are designed to test the applicants’ listening skills, including their comprehension of detailed information, understanding of speakers’ opinions, and ability to identify specific information from a passage.Candidates need to develop effective listening strategies to excel in this section. These strategies may include active listening, note-taking, and summarizing the main points of the passage. Furthermore, regular practice with listening exercises, audio recordings, and English language media can significantly enhance listening abilities.Reading ComprehensionThe reading comprehension section of the 2009 exam comprises a series of passages, each followed by a set of questions. This section assesses the candi dates’ ability to understand and analyze written English. The passages cover a wide range of topics, including literature, science, social issues, and more.To excel in the reading comprehension section, candidates should adopt various strategies such as skimming, scanning, and actively analyzing the passage. Skimming a passage helps candidates to quickly grasp its main idea, while scanning helps locate specific details. Additionally, candidates should pay attention to the organization and structure of the passage, as well as the relationship between different ideas.Translation and WritingThe translation and writing section of the 2009 exam requires candidates to translate a given Chinese passage into English and write an essay on a specific topic. This section evaluates the candidates’ translation skills and ability to express themselves fluently in written English.To excel in this section, candidates should practice translation exercises regularly, focusing on accuracy andcoherence. For the essay writing part, candidates should pay attention to structure, coherence, and clarity. It is crucial to plan the essay and organize ideas before writing, ensuring a logical flow of thoughts.Key Tips for Success1.Familiarize yourself with the exam format:Understanding the structure and requirements of eachsection is essential for efficient preparation.2.Develop a study plan: Create a study timetable andallocate sufficient time for each section of the exam.3.Practice regularly: Consistent practice, includingmock tests and past exam papers, can help to improveperformance and build confidence.4.Strengthen your weak areas: Identify the areaswhere you face difficulties and focus on improving thoseparticular skills.5.Utilize available resources: Make use of studymaterials, online resources, and guidance from experienced teachers or mentors.6.Time management: Understand the time constraintsof each section and practice managing time effectivelyduring preparation.ConclusionThe 2009 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination for English is a challenging test that requires careful preparation and strategic approaches. By understanding the exam format and structure, practicing regularly, and focusing on improving weak areas, candidates can enhance their performance and maximize their chances of success. With determination, consistent effort, and proper guidance, candidates can effectively tackle the exam and achieve their desired results.。

Attitudes of respect, modesty and fair play can grow only out of slowly acquired skills that parents teach their children over many years through shared experience and memory. If a child reaches adulthood with recollections only of television, Little League and birthday parties, then that child has little to draw on when a true test of character comes up—say, in a prickly business situation. “Unless that child feels grounded in who he is and where he comes from, everything else is an act,” says etiquette expert Betty Jo Trakimas.The Dickmeyers of Carmel. Ind., reserve every Friday night as “family night” with their three children. Often the family plays board games or hide-and-seek. “My children love it,” says Theresa, their mother.Can playing hide-and-seek really teach a child about manners? Yes, say Trakimas and others, because it tells children that their parents care enough to spend time with him, he is loved and can learn to love others. “Manners aren’t ab out using the right fork, agrees etiquette instructor Patricia Gilbert-Hinz. “Manners are about being kind—giving compliments, team-playing, making sacrifices. Children learn that through their parents.”While children don’t automatically warm to the idea of learning to be polite, there’s no reason for them to see manners as a bunch of stuffy restrictions either. They’re the building blocks of a child’s education.“Once a rule becomes second nature, it frees us,” Mitchell says. “How well could Michael Jordan play basketball if he had to keep reminding himself of the rules?”Judith Martin concurs. “A polite child grows up to get the friends and the dates and the job interviews,” she says, “because people respond to good manners. It’s the language of all human behavior.”培养仪式尊重他人、为人谦虚和公正无私等种种品质，都是父母通过多年来和孩子共同的经历和回忆教导出来的。

2009年11月北京学位英语试题Part I Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:According to a recent surv, ey, employees in many companies today work longer hours than employees did in 1979. They also take shorter vacations than employees in 1979. It seems that Americans are working harder today than ever before. Or are they? A management consultant, Bill Meyer, decided to find out. For three days, he observed an investment banker hard at work. Meyer wrote down everything the banker did during his long workday. At the end of the three-day period, Meyer reviewed the banker's activities with him. What did they find out? They discovered that the man spent 80 percent of his time doing unnecessary work. For example, he attended unnecessary meetings, made redundant (多余的) telephone calls, and spent time packing and unpacking his two big briefcases.(76) Apparently many people believe that the more time a person spends at work, the more he or she accomplishes. When employers evaluate employees, they often consider the amount of time on the job in addition to job performance. Employees know this. Although many working people can do their job effectively during a regular 40-hour work week, they feel they have to spend more time on the job after normal working hours so that the people who can promote them see them.A group of headhunters (猎头) were asked their opinion about a situation. They had a choice of two candidates for an executive position with an important company. The candidates had similar qualifications for the job. For example, they were both reliable. One could do the job well in a 40-hour work week. The other would do the same job in an 80-hour work week just as well. According to a headhunting expert, the 80-hour-a-week candidate would get the job. The time this candidate spends on the job may encourage other employees to spend more time at work, too. Employers believe that if the employees stay at work later, they may actually do more work.However, the connection between time and productivity (生产率) is not always positive. (77) In fact. many studies indicate that after a certain point, anyone's productivity and creativity begin to decrease. Some employees are not willing to spend so much extra, unproductive time at the office. Once they finish their work satisfactorily, they want to relax and enjoy themselves. For these people, the solution is to find a company that encourages people to do both.1. What is the main idea of this passage?A. Many people work long hours but do not always do a lot of work.B. Most people can get more work done by working longer hours.C. Most Americans work 80 hours a week, and some work even longer.D. People can make more money by working longer hours.2. The management consultant wanted to fmd outA. how hard the investment banker worked during his work hoursB. when people spent time doing unnecessary work in their officeC. if people needed vacation after working hard for a certain period of timeD. whether Americans were really working harder than they had done before3. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. The more time a person spends at work, the more he or she accomplishes.B.Employers do not judge their employees' job performance according to theamount of working time.C. Some people work more than 40 hours a week in the hope of getting promotion.D. Allemployees are willing to spend extra time at work.4. The 80-hour-a-week candidate would get the job because employers believe_____.A. that he is more reliableB. his example would lead other employees to work longer hoursC. he has better qualificationsD. he could encourage other employees to do a better job5. The expression “to do both” in the last paragraph is_____.A. to finish their work satisfactorily and relax and enjoy themselvesB. to pay attention to both performance and productivityC. to work long hours and have short vacationsD. to relax and enjoy themselves quite frequently[NextPage]Passage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:Many private institutions of higher education around the country are in danger. Not ail will be saved, and perhaps not all deserve to be saved. There are low-quaiity schools just as there are low-quality businesses. We have no obligation to save them simply because .they exist. But many thriving institutions that deserve to continue are threatened. They are doing a fine job educationally, but they are caught in a financial difficulty, with no way to reduce rising costs or increase revenues (收入) significantly. Raising fees doesn't bring in more revenue, for each time fees go up, the, enrollment (注册人数) goes down, or the mount that must be given away in student aid goes up. (78) Schools are bad businesses, whether rmblic or orivate, not usually because of bad management but because of the nature of the business. They lose money on every customer, and they can go bankrupt either from too few students or too many students. Even a very good college is a very bad business.It is such colleges, thriving but threatened, that I worry about. Low enrollment is not their chief problem. Even with full enrollments, they may go under. Efforts to save them, and preferably to keep them private, are a national necessity. (79) There is no basis. for arguing that private schools are bound to be better than public schools. There are plentiful examples to the contrary. Anyone can name state universities and colleges that rank as the finest in the nation and the world. It is now inevitable that public institutions will be dominant, and therefore diversity (多样性) is a national necessity. Diversity in the way wesupport schools tends to give us a healthy diversity in the forms of education. In ah imperfect society such as ours, uniformity of education throughout the nation could be dangerous, ha an imperfect society, diversity is a positive good. Eager supporters of public higher education know the importance of keeping private higher education healthy.6. In the passage, the author asks the public to support_____ .A. private higher education in generalB. public higher education in generalC. high-quality private universities and collegesD. high-quality state universities and colleges7. According to the passage, schools are bad businesses because of_____.A. the nature of schoolB. poor teachersC) bad management D. too few students.8. The phrase “go under” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to _____.A. have low feesB. get into difficultiesC. do a bad ]ob educationallyD. have low teaching standards9.Which of the following statements is TRUE?A.There are many cases indicating that private schools are superior to public schools.B. The author thinks diversity of education is preferable to uniformity of education.C. A high-quality university is always a good business.D. Each time fees are raised, the enrollment goes up.10.In the author's opinion, the way that can save private schools lies in_____.A. full enrollmentB. raising feesC. reducing student aidD. national supportPassage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based onthe following passage:The fourth-graders atChicago's McCormick Elementary School don't know Chinese is supposed to be hard to learn. For most, who speak Spanish at home, it's becoming their third language. They've been heating and using Chinese words since nursery, and it's natural to give a “ni hao”when strangers enter the classroom.“It's really fun!”says Miranda Lucas, taking a break from a lesson that includes a Chinese interview with Jackie Chan. “I'm teaching my mom to speak Chinese.”The classroom scene at McCormick is unusual, but it may soon be a common phenomenon in American schools, where Chinese is rapidly becoming the hot new language. Government officials have long wanted more focus on useful languages like Chinese, and pressure from them -- as well as from business leaders, politicians, and parents -- has produced a quick growth in the number of programs.Chicago city officials make their best effort to include Chinese in their public schools. Their program has grown to include 3,000 students in 20 schools, with more schools on a waiting list. Programs have also spread to places like Los Angeles, New York City, and North Carolina. Supporters see knowledge of the Chinese language and culture as an advantagein a global economy where China is growing in importance. “This is an interesting way to begin to engage with the world's next superpower,”says Michael Levine, director of education at the Asia Society, which has started five new public high schools that offer Chinese. “Globalization has already changed the arrangements in termsof how children today are going to think about their careers, The question is when, not whether, the schools are going to adjust.”(80) The number of students leaming Chinese is tiny compared with how many study Spanish or French. But one report shows that before-college enrollment (报名人数) nearly quadrupled between 1992 and 2002, from 6,000 to 24,000. Despite the demand, though, developing programs isn't easy. And the No. one difficulty, everyone agrees, is having enough teachers. Finding teacher “is the challenge,” says Scott McGinnis, an academic adviser for a language institute and a Chinese teacher for 15 years at the college level. “Materials are easy comparison. Or getting schools funded.”11. The best title for this passage might be_____.A. Next Hot Language to Study: ChineseB. Next Hot Language to Study: SpanishC.Next Hot Language to Study: FrenchD. Chicago Is the Place to Learn Chinese12. The most difficult thing to do is finding _____.A. enough textbooks for the Chinese programsB. enough money for the Chinese programsC. enough teachers for the Chinese programsD. enough students for the Chinese programs13. We learn from the passage that_____.A. Scott McGinnis has been a Chinese teacher for 15 yearsB. Jackie Chan is a Chinese teacher at McCormick Elementary SchoolC. Chicago officials ire required to learn ChineseD. Scott McGinnis is good at giving his opinions on everything14. According to the passage, all the following statements are true EXCEPT_____.A. the number of students learning Chinese is smallB. Chinese programs have found their way in several major Cities in the U.S.C. g0vernment officials don't like the pressure from businessleaders and parents to start Chinese programsD. China is becoming more and more influential in the world15 The word "quadrupled" in the last paragraph is close in meaning to“multiplied by_____”.A. three timesB. four timesC. five timesD. six times[NextPage]Part Ⅱ Vocabulary and Structure (30%)Directions: In this part there are 30 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then blacken the Corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.16. The driver was at______loss when______word came that he wasforbidden to drive for speeding.A. a; /B. a; theC. the; theD./; /17. My uncle's house in the downtown area is much smaller than ours, but it is twice______expensive.A. asB. soC. tooD. very18. This magazine is very ______with young people, who like its content and style.A. familiarB. popularC. similarD. particular19. The art show was ______ being a failure; it was a great success.A. far fromB. along withC. second toD. regardless of20. Health problems are closely connected with bad eating habits and a______of exercise.A. limitB. lackC. needD. demand21. In our daily life, everyone fails every now and then. It is how youreact that makes a_____.A. developmentB. differenceC. progressD. point22. The hotel was awful!___, our room was far too small. Then we found that the showerdidn't work.A. To begin withB. After allC. In realityD. As a whole23. Don't worry if you can't understand everything. The teacher will_____ the main points at the end.A. recoverB. reviewC. requireD. remember24. It is reported that the police will soon look______the case of the two missing children.A. uponB. afterC. intoD. out25. One of the best ways for people to keep fit is to______healthy eating habits:A. growB. developC. increaseD. raise26. The company is starting a new advertising campaign to new customers to its stores.A. joinB. attractC. stickD. transfer27. Over the past decades, sea ice in the Arctic(北极) as a result of global warming.A. had decreasedB. will decreaseC. has been decreasingD. is decreasing28. ____ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog.A. Being bittenB. BittenC. Having bittenD. To be bitten29. He_____ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn't beenjoying himself by the seaside.A. shouldB. mustC. wouldn'tD. can't30. Many children,_______parents are away working in big cities, aretaken good care of in the village.A. theirB. whoseC. of themD. with whom31. If it_____tomorrow, we will stay indoors to have our trainingclass.A. rainsB. rainC. will rainD. rained32. The college sports meet was __ till next week because of theheavy rain.A. put outB. put onC. put offD. put up33. Lord Jim_____a private school five years ago with the moneyhe earned through hard work.A. findsB. foundC. foundsD. founded34. When Bob and his friends came, we____our supper then.A. hadB. were havingC. haveD. are having35. That big dictionary_____Tom two hundred dollars.A. spentB. paidC. costD. took36. It was in 2005 _____we began to introduce this new techniqueinto our company.A. whichB. thenC. whenD. that37. He____the maths examination if he had worked hard enough,but he didn't.A. would passB. has passedC. would have passedD. passed38. Since it is already midnight, we______now.A. had better leavingB. had better leaveC. had better to leaveD. had better have left39. Rabbits are quiet animals,_______they are able to make 20 different sounds.A. howB. in spite ofC. because ofD. even though40. There are two rooms in the house, ____serves as a kitchen.A. the smaller of whichB. the smaller of thatC. the smallest of whichD. the smallest of that41. I was so fired then that I fell______in class.A. asleepB. sleepC. sleepingD. slept42. I can only stay here for a while, but I'll come again in _____ days.A. a fewB. fewC. a littleD. little43. Given the choice between work and play, Tom would surely prefer the ____.A. lateB. laterC. latterD. last44. He began to work for a big company _____ an early age.A. onB. atC. ofD. with45. James doesn't like pop music, ____does his sister.A. SoB. AlsoC. EitherD. Neither[NextPage]Part III Identification (10%)Directions: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A, B, C and D. Identify the one that is not correct. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.46. How an interesting role she played in the film! No wonder she has won an Oscar.A B C D47. The famous scientist, in his honor a dinner party will be held tonight, is to arrive soon.A B C D48. The old man was so angry and spoke so fast that none of his children understood thatA B C Dhe meant.49. The young man, to make several attempts to beat the world record in high jumping,A B Cdecided to have another try.D50. In the town was found many old people who badly needed money and care.A B C D51. As early as the 12th century boys in England enjoyed to play football.A B C D52. So absorbed she was in her work that she didn't realize it was time that she picked up herA B C Ddaughter.53. In big cities there is an increasingly need for cheap apartments for the lower middle class.A B C D54. The price of meat was much more higher than expected.A B C D55. Joe's father has died ten years ago, so he has lived with his mother since then.A B C D[NextPage]Part IV Cloze (10%)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage, and for each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D at the end of the passage. You should choose ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.There 56 a king who had twelve beautiful daughters. They 57 in twelve beds all in one room and when they went to bed, the 58 were shut and locked up. 59 , every morning 60 shoes were found to be quite worn through as if they had been danced in all night. Nobody could 61 how it happened, or 62 the princesses had been.So the king made it 63 to all that if any person could discover the 64 and find out where it was that the princesses danced in the 65, he would have the 66 he liked best to take as his wife, and would be king 67 his death. But whoever tried and did not succeed, after three days and nights, would be 68 to death.A prince from a nearby country soon came. He was well entertained, and in the evening was taken to the chamber (大房间) next 69 the one where the princesses lay intheir twelve 70 . There he was to sit and 71 where they went to dance; and, in order 72 nothing could happen without him hearing it, the door of his 73 was left open. But the prince soon went to sleep; and when, he 74 in the morning he found that the princesses had all been dancing, 75 the soles of their shoes were full of holes.56. A. was B. were C. is D. are57. A. did B. slept C. washed D. kicked58. A. chairs B. desks C. doors D. roofs59. A. So B. Therefore C. Then D. However60. A. their B. your C. our D. her61. A. make out B. take out C. find out D. speak out62. A. when B. what C. why D. where63. A. know B. knowing C. knows D. known64. A. story B. secret C. news D. idea65. A. night B. day C. afternoon D. morning66. A. one B. it C. some D. that67. A. before B. after C. of D. below68. A. made B. passed C. put D. handed69. A. by B. to C. at D. on70. A. boxes B. buckets C. sofas D. beds71. A. notice B. keep C. watch D. hit72. A. that B. which C. who D. whose73. A. kitchen B. classroom C. chamber D. restaurant74. A. ate B. awoke C. slept D. ran75. A. for B. so C. but D. though[NextPage]Part V Translation (20%)Section ADirections: In this part there are five sentences which you should translate into Chinese. These sentences are all taken from the 3 passages you have just read in Reading Comprehension. You can refer back to the passages to identify their meanings in the context.76. Apparently, many people believe that the more time a person spends at work, the more he or she accomplishes.77. In fact, many studies indicate that after a certain point, anyone's productivity and creativity begin to decrease.78. Schools are bad businesses, whether public or private, not usually becauseof. bad management but because of the nature of the business.79. There is no basis for arguing that private schools are bound to be better than public schools.80. The number of students learning Chinese is tiny compared withn how many study Spanish or French..SectionBDirections：In this part there are five sentences in Chinese.You should translate them into English.Be sure to write clearly.81.我们期待和你一起工作。

CHINA UNIVERSITY OF GEOSCCIENCESPhD Entrance Examination in English17 April 2009REG. NUMBER:LISTIEN TO THIS!Good morning! You are about to take the English test for people who wish to enter the doctoral program in the earth sciences at this school. The test may be rather different from any exam you’ve taken in the past. The first part is a timed listening exercise. The other three sections test your knowledge of grammar, elementary writing skills and basic vocabulary, plus your reading ability. You can have as much time as you like for the last three parts of the test—within reason, of course.The test has four sections. The answers for parts 1,2 and 3 (in other words, every part except 4) should be marked on your answer sheet. The answers for part 4 should be written directly on this test paper.Make sure you READ AND FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS for each part of the test!The results of this exam will enable us to compare your preparation in English with that of the other candidates. The ―passing‖ grade is relative; in other words, it will depend on the scores for the whole body of test-takers. You should just relax and do as well as you can.We shall now begin. Turn the page to part 1. Good luck!PART 1. Imagine that you are on a train to Shanghai. In the seats in front of you there are two foreigners, and you can hear their conversation. One of them is telling the other about his job. He says what he does, now what he is or what field (profession or occupation) he is in.On your paper you see a list of the names of people in 60 different occupations or professions. As you listen, decide what the speaker is. Then find the correct word on the list and write the number beside it in the proper blank on your answer sheet.For instan ce, suppose you hear this: (Speaker P) ―well, I don’t enjoy lecturing very much, especially to younger students, but I do love my research. I’d be so happy if I could spend every day in the lab with my graduatestudents and postdocs. However, that’s just not the way university departments operate.‖ You decide that the speaker must be a professor, so you find ―a professor ‖ on your list. You see that the number beside it is 61; you then write the number 61 in the blank beside P on your answer sheet.By th e way, in reality there is no P and no 61, and ―a professor‖ is not one of the choices on your list. This is just a theoretical example. You will now have three minutes to read the list. [SILENCE]All right, now let’s begin!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101112131415161718192021222324 an accountantan actoran airline pilotan architectan astronomera biologista chefa civil engineera concert pianistaconstructionworkera corporateexecutivea dentista dieticiana diplomatan electriciana fashion designera film critica film directora flight attendanta florista geologista geophysicist会计演员民航驾驶员建筑师天文学家生物学家烹调师土木工程师（建筑）高级钢琴演奏师工人企业执行总裁牙医营养师外交官电工时装设计师电影评论家电影导演飞机乘务员花店老板地质学家地球物理学家图形设计员发型设计师313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354a librariana mathematiciana mechanica mechanical engineera military officera novelista nursea paleontologista press photographera plumbera poeta police detectivea police patrolmana pop singera postmana private businessmana private detectivea psychiatrista psychologista publishera radio announcera schoolteacher primaryaschoolteachersecondarya software engineer图书管理员数学家机修工（技工）机械工程师军官小说作家护士古生物学家新闻摄影师管道维修工（水暖工）诗人侦探（刑警）普通警察（巡警）流行歌手邮递员私营企业家（个体商人）私人侦探心理医生心理学家出版商电台播音员小学教师中学教师软件工程师252627282930a graphic designera hairdressera hardwareengineera hotel managera journalista judgea lab techniciana lawyer硬件工程师饭店经理新闻记者法官实验室技术人员律师555657585960a store clerk/shopssistanta surgeona tax officiala travel agenta university studenta vet零售店主外科医生税务员旅行代理商大学生宠物医生（兽医）D18. If you are worried about your English, you should do something to it. You could read moreA B Coften, for example, or perhaps take a refresher course.D19. It seems to me that the bus company ought to make sure its drivers follow the schedule.A BWhy do we have always to wait such a long time for the bus in the morning?C D20. John has only read several articles on this subject. It’s obvious that he needs to read a good dealA Bmore of the technical literature before he starts working on his research proposal. After all, inB Corder to get funding, he must impress scientists who are acknowledged experts in this field.DPART 3. Read the article below carefully and completely. (Notice that the paragraphs are numbered from 1 to 7.) Then answer the questions that follow. In each case write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet.You are not allowed to use a dictionary. However, we have provided a short list of difficult words with their definitions to help you read the text. Read this vocabulary list before you begin the article.VOCABULARY FOR THE ARTICLEto allot X to A (vb.): to distribute or assign X to Aan array (n.): range or arrangementberyllium (n.): the element Bebillowing (adj.): expanding in great wavesa chamber (n.): a small room or compartmentcontamination (n.): pollutiona continuum (n.): an unbroken range or seriesa defect (n.): a flaw or mistake; an imperfectionto encase X in Y (vb.): to enclose X inside Yfaint (adj.): weak, not easily detecteda flare (n.): a sudden eruption of light or firean infusion (n.): pouring something in ; an additional sum (e.g. of money)interstellar (adj.): found in the space between the starsorbit (n.): a path that forms a circle around a planet or starto pool (vb.): to combinea practice (n.): something done often; a way of doing somethingresidual (adj.): still remainingscaled-down (n.): reduced in size; smaller in designto trail (vb.): to follow or track another object[1] The National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) is preparing to launch the last of what it calls its ―Great Observatories‖, space telescopes that astronomers hope will explo re the faint warm glow of the early days of the universe and see through the billowing clouds of interstellar dust that obscure the birthplaces of stars and , possibly, far-off planets. The telescope, a robot observatory that the space agency calls the Space Infra-red Telescope Facility, of SIRTF, is scheduled to be launched April 18 from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on a Boeing Delta II rocket. SIRTF will travel in an unusual orbit: It will trail the Earth from a distance on its mission to map the infra-red, or heat, emissions from objects near and far. SIRTF is the last in a series of space telescopes that NASA proposed in the 1970s. The idea was to place them above the obscuring atmosphere of Earth and examine the heavens across the entire electromagnetic spectrum of light, ranging from gamma rays, X-rays and ultraviolet light on one end to infrared and radio waves on the other. In the middle of this continuum is the small visible spectrum that includes the array of colors that the human eye can see. This is where the first and best known of the great observatories, the Hubble Space Telescope, does its work, writing itself into astronomical history by producing a continuing series of images that has given humans a new view of the wonders of the universe.[2] NASA hopes SIRTF will follow the path charted by its companion orbiting observatories, which include the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and the Chandra X-Ray Observatory, in mapping its special part of the skies. ―when the history is written of the latter 90s and early part of this century, the field of astronomy will be remembered for the contributions of the Great Observatories,‖ said Edward Weiler, associate administrator for space science at NASA. ―We have realized our early goals with the observatories,and in about every case we’ve exceeded our expectations.‖ Weiler said no one telescope or instrument could look across the whole sectrum of light to study all aspects of the cosmos. ―Doctors don’t examine you with one instrument,‖ he said.―Astronomers studying the universe are doctors in that sense. They can’t just look at the light seen by the eye and hope to understand what is happening out there.‖[3] Hubble was launched in 1990. Shortly afterward, a defect was discovered in the main mirror, threatening its effectiveness. It was repaired in 1993, when a space shuttle crew installed corrective lenses. Since then, it has been upgraded to keep it at the forefront of visible astronomy until it ends its mission in 2010. Compton, launched in 1991, ended its successful mission in 1999 and burned in the Earth’s atmosphere. But before its demise, it discovered powerful bursts of gamma rays exploding from sources across the universe and studied other extremely high-energy phenomena like quasars, cosmic ray interactions and solar flares. Chandra, launched in 199 and scheduled to operate at least through next year, is studying sources of powerful X-ray emissions like black holes and big exploding stars known as supernovas.[4] Robert Kirshner, an astronomer and a professor of science at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astorphysics in Cambridge, Massachusetts, said the Great Observatories were having major effects on astronomy, scientifically and sociologically. They encourage cooperation among scientists who specialize in studying particular wavelengths of light , he said, because coordinated observations of the same phenomenon can show more than narrower studies. NASA also has more requests for observing time on each telescope than it has available. So astronomers are encouraged to pool objectives to yield more from each set of observations, experts said. Kirshner said the model established for using Hubble, with a separate research institution set up to review proposals and distribute the information obtained, has also helped the field of astronomy. The Hubble model established the practice of giving astronomers who were allotted time on the telescope the money to analyze the data, he said, giving a needed infusion of scientific financing to astronomy.[5] Anne Kinney, director of the astronomy and physics division at NASA headquarters, estimated the cost of the Great Observatories at $10 billion to design, build, launch and operate over their lifetimes. Most of that money, $7 billion, has gone to Hubble. ―The re is no question that space telescopes are more expensive than ground observatories,‖ she said. ―But if you can do what you can’t do on the ground, it is worth it.‖[6] The designs for SIRTF have been changed several times since 1979, when it was first proposed. At one point, it was to be a telescope based on the space shuttle; at another, a giant $2 billion rocket-launched telescope that orbited Earth like Hubble. Cost overruns and technical challenges with infrared detectors further delayed the project, until NASA agreed to the scaled-down $740 million observatory. Scientists and engineers said the delays helped the project, because new technical concepts came along that made the telescope smaller but more powerful. The project benefited from advances in lightweight optics and developments with infrared detectors sponsored by the military, which used similar sensors on to monitor Earth-based missile launchings from space. Designed for a mission of two and a half years that could stretch to five years, the solar-powered SIRTF has two curved mirrors to gather and distribute infrared light, a primary mirror 0.8 meter in diameter and a smaller secondary one, each made form the ultra-light, but strong, beryllium.[7] Anything in the universe with temperatures above absolute zero (0°K or – 460°F) emits some heat, or infrared radiation. Because the heat of the telescope itself can obscure the readings, in a phenomenon called infra-red noise, the observatory and its instruments have to be extraordinarily cold. On earlier infrared satellite missions, the entire telescope and its detectors were encased in giant freezer bottle containing a super-chilledliquid-gas coolant. To reduce size and weight, the SIRTF designers took a radically different approach. Only the chamber for scientific instruments and a compact coolant bottle with 400 litres of liquid helium coolant will be cold at launching. Engieers are counting on the rest of the spacecraft to cool on its own in deep space to about –400°F, a process that will take about a month. Designed to take advantage of passive natural cooling, the sun side of SIRTF is entirely shielded by its solar power panel, and that side of the spacecraft is a shiny silver color, to reflect heat. The opposite side is painted black to radiate residual heart into space. To avoid heat contamination from the Earth and moon, SIRTF will be placed in orbit around the sun at a distance closely matching that of Earth from the sun. The spacecraft will trail in Earth’s wake million of kilometers awa y, but close enough to stay in contact with its science center at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.1． A suitable title for this article might beA Infra-red radiation, the key to understanding the universeB NASA spends billions of dollars on astronomersC The Great Observatories —NASA’s gift to astronomyD A new eye for observing the universe2．The article implies that data from SIRTF will be receivedA In FloridaB In MassachusettsC In CaliforniaD At NASA headquarters3．According to the article, the Great ObservatoriesA Following behind the Earth as it circles around the sunB Have all been launched on schedule, and in each case everything gone smoothlyC Have deepened our understanding of the universe but have produced no truly surprising discoveriesD Enable astronomers to study the universe without the distorting effect of the Earth’s atmosphere4．Changes and delays in the SIRTF ProjectA Caused a huge increase in the cost of developing and launching the observatoryB Enable designers to make use of advances in science and engineering to improve the SIRTFC Had very little impact on the basic design of the observatory, apart from a slight reduction in its sizeD Almost led to its cancellation5．If what the writer of this article says is true, NASA official Anne Kinney impliesA That the Great Observatory series has been a bargain — far cheaper than plannedB That the Great Observatories entirely eliminate the need for astronomical ovservatories on the EarthC That the cost of the Great Observatories is high, but justified by the vast expansion of our ability to explore the universeD That the total cost of the Great Observatories is still not known, and that therefore critics have no reason to attack NASA’s space research program6．According to the article, Prof. Kishner thinks that the Great ObservatoriesA Have led to a new understanding of the sociology of science, of astronomy in particularB Have induced specialists in cosmic radiation to work together more closelyC Have created a demand for more satellite observatoriesD Have caused astronomers to combine their objective in order to make better use of the data produced by the NASA observatories7．In paragraph 3, ―demise‖ refers toA The planned destruction of NASA’s gamma ray observatoryB The death of a well-known astronomerC The end of the first phase of the Compton Observatory’s workD The accidental loss of the Compton observatory8．In pa ragraph 4, ―observing time‖ meansA Looking for evidence of distortions in time near the edge of the universeB Controlling the amount of time each scientist has to use an ovservatoryC Being careful not to misuse the time astronomers are givenD Time granted different research group to use one of the observatories9．―Cost overruns‖ in paragraph 6 meansA Necessary expenditures that turn out to be greater than plannedB Additional money in the NASA budgetC Mistakes in the budget for designing and building SIRTFD Unexpected changes in the cost of various items10．If you were an observer on the sun searching for the SIRTF as it passed。