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2009年北京大学博士入学考试英语试题一、听力（原2008英语专业四级听力原题和答案）TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS(2008)-GRADE FOUR-TIME LIMIT:135MINPART I DICTATION[15MIN]Listen to the following passage.Altogether the passage will be read to you four times.During the first reading,which will be done at normal speed,listen and try to understand the meaning.For the second and third readings,the passage will be read sentence by sentence,or phrase by phrase,with intervals of15seconds.The last reading will be read at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work.You will then be given2minutes to check through your work once more.Please write the whole passage on ANSWER SHEET ONE.Choosing a CareerWhen students graduate from college,//many of them do not know how they want to spend their working lives.//And they sometimes move from job to job//until they find something that suits them,//and of equal importance to which they are suited.//Others never find a job in which they are really happy.//They remain all their lives square pegs in round holes.//When we choose our careers,we need to ask ourselves two questions.//First,what do we think we would like to be?// Second,what kind of people are we?//The idea,for example,of being a painter or a musician may seem very attractive,//but unless we have great talent,and are willing to work very hard,//we are certain to fail in these occupations.//And failure will lead to unhappiness in life.//So it is important to assess our suitability for a certain career in job search.(152words)PART II LISTENING COMPREHENSION[20MIN]In Sections A,B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY.Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Mark the correct answer to each question on your answer sheet.SECTION A CONVERSATIONSIn this section you will hear several conversations.Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions1to3are based on the following conversation.At the end of the conversation,you will be given15seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the conversation.1.When is Anne available for the meeting?A.The third week of May.B.The third week of June.C.The eleventh of June.D.The eleventh of May.2.Their meeting will probably take place inA.London.B.Toronto.C.Mexico City.D.Chicago.3.When is Eric calling back?A.Thursday afternoon.B.Friday afternoon.C.Thursday morning.D.Friday morning.Questions4to6are based on the following conversation.At the end of the conversation,you will be given15seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the conversation.4.According to the woman,advertisementsA.let us know the best product.B.give us sufficient information.C.fail to convince people.D.give misleading information.5.In the woman’s opinion,money spent on advertisements is paidA.by manufacturers.B.by customers.C.by advertisers.D.by all of them.6.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A.The woman seems to be negative about advertising.B.The woman appears to know more about advertising.C.The man is to be present at a debate on advertising.D.The man has a lot to talk about on advertising.Questions7to10are based on the following conversation.At the end of the conversation,you will be given20seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the conversation.7.Mr Brown brought with him only a few things becauseA.there wasn’t enough space in the cupboard.B.the hospital would provide him with everything.C.he was to stay there for a very short time.D.visitors could bring him other things.8.According to the hospital rules,at which of the following hours can visitors see patients?A.2:00pm.B.5:00pm.C.7:00pm.D.6:00pm.9.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A.Patients have breakfast at8.B.Patients have lunch at12.C.There are special alcohol lounges.D.There are special smoking lounges.10.Which statement best describes Mr Brown?A.He knows little about hospital rules.B.He can keep alcohol in the ward.C.He knows when to smoke.D.He is used to hospital life.SECTION B PASSAGESIn this section,you will hear several passages.Listen to the passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions11to13are based on the following talk.At the end of the talk,you will be given15 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the talk.11.Meeting rooms of various sizes are needed forA.contacts with headquarters.B.relaxation and enjoyment.rmal talksD.different purposes.12.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as part of hotel facilities for guests?A.Restaurants.B.Cinemas.C.Swimming pools.D.Bars.13.A hotel for an international conference should have the following EXCEPTA.convenient transport services.petent office secretaries.C.good sports and restaurant facilities.D.suitable and comfortable rooms.Questions14to17are based on the following talk.At the end of the talk,you will be given20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the talk.14.The museum aims mainly to displayA.the area’s technological development.B.the nation’s important historical events.C.the area’s agricultural and industrial development.D.the nation’s agricultural and industrial development.15.The following have been significant in the area’s prosperity EXCEPTA.the motorways.B.the Roman road.C.the canals.D.the railways.16.We know from the passage that some exhibitsA.are borrowed from workshops.B.are specially made for display.C.reflect the local culture and customs.D.try to reproduce the scene at that time.17.The passage probably comes fromA.a conversation on the museum.B.a museum tour guide.C.a museum booklet.D.a museum advertisement.Questions18to20are based on the following passage.At the end of the passage,you will be given 15seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the passage.18.According to the speaker,safety in dormitory means that youA.insure all your expensive things.B.lock doors when going out.C.lock windows at night.D.take all necessary precautions.19.What does the speaker suggest girls do when they are going to be out late?A.Call their friends.B.Stay with their friends.C.Avoid walking in streets.D.Always take a taxi.20.What is the speaker’s last advice?A.To take a few self-defense classes.B.To stick to well-lit streets at night.C.To avoid walking alone at night.D.To stay with their friends.SECTION C……………………（来自：/thread-5423-1-1.html）（答案：BDADD DACCA DBBCA CBDBA）完形填空原文（标出来的就是出提点）Three hundred years ago Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit made his first thermometer in his home town of Danzig(now Gdansk in Poland).The thermometer was filled with alcohol and completely sealed, but it was not much use without some sort of scale to measure the temperature.One story goes that,during the winter of1708-09,Fahrenheit took a measurement of0degrees as the coldest temperature outdoors—which would now read as minus17.8C.Five years later he used mercury instead of alcohol for his thermometers,and made a top reference point by measuring his own body temperature as90degrees.Soon afterwards he became a glassblower,which allowed him to make thinly blown glass tubes that could be marked up with more points on the scale and so increase accuracy.Eventually he took the lowest point of his temperature scale from a reading made in ice,water and salt,and a top point made from the boiling point of water.The scale was recalibrated using180 degrees between these two points and Fahrenheit was able to make much more accurate and more consistent measurements of temperature.But in1742a rival challenged the Fahrenheit scale and eventually superseded it.Anders Celsius,in Sweden,invented a scale of100degrees between the freezing and boiling points of water and gradually won over many countries.However,the British remained wedded to Fahrenheit until well into the20th century.改错原文（标出来的就是出提点）原文:Job Losses Pose a Threat to Stability Worldwide（原文来自NewYork Times:/2009/02/15/business/15global.html?_r=1）Worldwide job losses from the recession that started in the United States in December2007 could hit a staggering50million by the end of2009,according to the International Labor Organization,a United Nations agency.The slowdown has already claimed3.6million American jobs.High unemployment rates,especially among young workers,have led to protests in countries as varied as Latvia,Chile,Greece,Bulgaria and Iceland and contributed to strikes in Britain and France.Last month,the government of Iceland,whose economy is expected to contract10percent this year,collapsed and the prime minister moved up national elections after weeks of protests by Icelanders angered by soaring unemployment and rising prices.Just last week,the new United States director of national intelligence,Dennis C.Blair,told Congress that instability caused by the global economic crisis had become the biggest security threat facing the United States,outpacing terrorism."Nearly everybody has been caught by surprise at the speed in which unemployment is increasing,and are groping for a response,”said Nicolas Véron,a fellow at Bruegel,a research center in Brussels that focuses on Europe’s role in the global economy.In emerging economies like those in Eastern Europe,there are fears that growing joblessness might encourage a move away from free-market,pro-Western policies,while in developed countries unemployment could bolster efforts to protect local industries at the expense of global trade.Indeed,some European stimulus packages,as well as one passed Friday in the United States, include protections for domestic companies,increasing the likelihood of protectionist trade battles.Protectionist measures were an intense matter of discussion as finance ministers from the Group of7economies met this weekend in Rome.While the number of jobs in the United States has been falling since the end of2007,the pace of layoffs in Europe,Asia and the developing world has caught up only recently as companies that resisted deep cuts in the past follow the lead of their American counterparts.。
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编7(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．The apartment was______at $20,000 and its owner was happy about that. (2009年北京航空航天大学考博试题)A．assaultedB．assessedC．assertedD．avenged正确答案：B解析：四个选项的意思分别是：assaulted攻击，突袭；assessed评价，估值；asserted断言，宣称；avenged报仇，复仇。
根据句子意思可知，正确答案是B 选项。
如：The lawyers assessed the property at $35,000(律师们估计这笔财产价值35000美元。
)2．It is too early to ______ the effect of the new measure.(2004年湖北省考博试题)A．administerB．assessC．elevateD．contribute正确答案：B解析：本题意为“评价新措施的影响为时尚早”。
B项的“assess评价，评估”符合题意，如：Damages were assessed at 1,000RMB．(损失估计达1 000元人民币。
)其他三项“administer管理，支配，执行；elevate抬起，使升高；contribute捐献，投稿”都不正确。
3．The nurse ______ the doctor in the operation room.(2003年西南财经大学考博试题)A．insistedB．resistedC．assistedD．persisted正确答案：C解析：本题是说护士在手术室帮助医生。
C项的assisted(帮助)符合题意。
其他三项“insisted坚持；resisted反抗：persisted坚持”都不正确。
“拆迁富翁”可不能变成拆迁“负翁”都说，土地是农民的根。
随着农村城市化进程的加快，越来越多的农民失去了土地，失去了他们赖以生存的根本，又加上国家优厚的拆迁补偿政策，使得一个特殊的新富群体随之涌现——“拆迁富翁”。
然而少部分人在大笔拆迁补偿款到手后却没能及时树立忧患意识，开始买豪车、乱花钱，甚至被拉下水参与赌博，不仅面临变成“负翁”的危险，也为社会的和谐稳定埋下隐患。
未富先骄，攀比心理凸显有媒体报道称，北京曾有一个村拆迁后，村民争购豪华汽车，仅奥迪就买了十五六辆，最贵的一辆价值80余万元。
对此，笔者走访了襄樊郊区的多个拆迁村镇后发现，此情况并非只出现在北京这种一线城市。
在襄樊，也有不少拆迁户在拿到补偿款后的第一件事情便是去买车，而且同村的拆迁户互相攀比，看谁买的车高档，看谁买的车贵。
要说农民利用补贴款来提高自己的生活水平实则无可厚非，如果补贴款能用得恰到好处我们更是大力提倡，可在如此这般的购买豪车风背后，我们不得不发出疑问，这些农民真的需要高档轿车吗？购买这么多的豪华轿车真的有必要吗？一位豪华车车主的邻居刘先生向笔者透露，很多被拆迁农民都是看到村里有个别人买了好车，臵了大房子，才跟风购买的。
原来，炫耀与攀比才是许多因拆迁而暴富的农民的真实心态。
据了解，有一部分农民购车是为了做生意，他们买车完全可以理解，但还有很多农民原本没有工作，祖祖辈辈就靠种地为生，买辆好车只是为了开着风光。
在襄樊某拆迁村担任过干部的杨先生说，有的购车村民在外面打工负责保洁，购车后开着别克，后备箱里装着扫帚就上班了；有的村民就是在家种地为生，买了车后，每天早上帕沙特的后备箱里装上铁锹、锄头等工具便去地里了；还有的农民新车闲臵多日后，便想到用豪车去跑出租，因为没人敢坐这种豪华黑车，不得不在车上挂个“5元”的牌子招揽生意。
盲目消费，成为社会隐患与荷包一同膨胀起来的还有享乐的欲望，“一夜暴富”让很多农民对于消费与理财缺少冷静的分析和长期规划，总觉得终于有钱了，可以享受到以前没条件享受到的了，他们开始频繁地出入高级饭店、酒吧、KTV、洗浴城等娱乐场所，一掷千金，挥金如土。
2009年3月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Drink coffee when you’re sleepy; it’s a good ______ and will help to keep you awake.A．incentiveB．promptC．stimulusD．appetite正确答案：C解析：本题答案是C。
C项stimulus意为“刺激物，促进因素”。
其他三项词义：incentive意为“刺激；鼓励”；prompt意为“催促，提醒”；appetite意为“食欲；胃口”。
2．Nearly 1,000 people are presumed dead as chances______of finding more survivors from the sunken Egyptian ferry.A．bubbleB．dwindleC．swayD．shiver正确答案：B解析：本题答案是B。
B项dwindle意为“减少，缩小”。
其他三项词义：bubble 意为“起泡，潺潺地流”；sway意为“摇摆，摇动”；shiver意为“打冷战，发抖”。
3．The only way he escaped from the bitter reality was to lose himself in a movie, allowing his imagination to______, viewing himself as a character in it.A．take upB．take onC．take offD．take over正确答案：D解析：本题答案是D。
中国地质大学（北京）考博英语阅读解析Passage Nine（Holmes' Knowledge）His ignorance was as remarkable as his knowledge. Of contemporary literature, philosophy and politics he appeared to know next to nothing. Upon my quoting Thomas Carlyle, he inquired in the naivest way who he might be and what he had done. My surprise reached a climax, however, when I found incidentally that he was ignorant of the Copernican Theory and of the composition of the Solar system."You appear to be astonished, " Holmes said, smiling at my expression. "Now that I do know it I shall do my best to forget it. You see, I consider that a man's brain originally is like a little empty attic, and you have to stock it with such furniture as you choose： A fool takes in all the lumber of every sort that he comes across, so that the knowledge which might be useful to him gets crowded out, or at best jumbled up with a lot of other things, so that he has difficulty in laying his hand upon it. It is a mistake to think that the little room has elastic walls and can distend to any extent. Depend upon it, there comes a time when for every addition of knowledge you forget something that you know before. It is of the highest importance, therefore, not to have useless facts elbowing out the useful ones.""But the Solar System！ " I protested.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) "What the deuce is it to me？" he interrupted impatiently.One morning, I picked up a magazine from the table and attempted to while away the time with it, while my companion munched silently at his toast. One of the articles had a pencil mark at the heading, and I naturally began to run my eye through it.Its somewhat ambitious title was "The Book of Life, " and it attempted to show how much an observant man might learn by an accurate and systematic examination of all that came in his way. It struck me as being a remarkable mixture of shrewdness and of absurdity. The reasoning was close and intense, but the deduction appeared to me to be far-fetched and exaggerated. The writer claimed by a momentary expression, a twitch of a muscle or a glance of an eye, to fathom a man's inmost thought. Deceit, according to him, was impossibility in the case of one trained to observation and analysis. His conclusionswere as infallible as so many propositions of Euclid. So startling would his results appear to the uninitiated that until they learned the processes by which he had arrived at them they might well consider him as a necromancer."From a drop of water, "said the writer, "a logician could infer the possibility of an Atlantic. So all life is a great chain, the nature of which is known whenever we are shown a single link of it. Like all other arts, the science of Deduction and Analysis is one which can be acquired by long and patient study, nor is life long enough to allow any mortal to attain the highest possible perfection in it. "This smartly written piece of theory I could not accept until a succession of evidences justified it.1. What is the author's attitude toward Holmes？[A]Praising.[B]Critical.[C]Ironical.[D]Distaste.2. What way did the author take to stick out Holmes' uniqueness？[A]By deduction.[B]By explanation.[C]By contrast.[D]By analysis.3. What was the Holmes' idea about knowledge-learning？[A]Learning what every body learned.[B]Learning what was useful to you.[C]Learning whatever you came across.[D]Learning what was different to you.4. What did the article mentioned in the passage talk about？[A]One may master the way of reasoning through observation.[B]One may become rather critical through observation and analysis.[C]One may become rather sharp through observation and analysis.[D]One may become practical through observation and analysis.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
人大２００９年考博英语阅读理解真题解析Planet Earth will do an electronic skin in the not-too-distance future.It will use the internet as a scaffold to transmit its sensations.This skin is being stitched together. It consists of millions of electronic measuring devices,such as thermostats,pollution detectors,cameras,EKGs.These will probe and monitor cities and endangered species,the atmosphere,and our ships,highway vehicles,and our bodies.For a decade or longer there will be no central nervous system to manage this vast signaling network.And there will be no central intelligence.But we believe that some qualities of self-awareness will emerge once the Net is sensually enhanced and emulated the complexity of the human brain.Sensuality is only one force pushing the Net toward intelligence.An eerie symbiosis of human and machine effort is also starting to evolve.The Internet creates a channel for thousands of programmers around the world to collaborate on software development and debugging.Through collaboration,this community can push past the technical barriers to machine intelligence.And though silicon networks today look nothing like the brain,nodes of the Net have begun to function as neuron.Researchers have already tackled complex computing problems, such as interpreting interstellar radio signals with about a million PCs working in concert. Before long,discrete microprocessors will probably be knitted together into ad hoc distributed computers.Don’t think of these as PC networks.The terminals would just as likely be cell phones of palm-like devices,each one far smarter than today’s heftiest desktops.We may think of this as a whole ecology,an information environment that’s massively connected.Humanity is now preparing to cast its net across the solar system.At a NASA laboratory in California,scientists are devising a version of the Internet called Inter Planet that will weave the moon,Mars,and some asteroids and comets into the earth’s expanding nervous system.Today’s communications between earth and unmanned probes are expensive,proprietary, and complex.With Inter Planet,we can simplify everything,cut costs,and engage the public more effectively.Then,the earth’s telemetric body will span the reaches of the solar system. The Net may not experience all the human thrills of exploration,but it will feel some tingles up and down its spine.育明考博全国免费电话：四零零六六八六九七八。
中国地质大学(北京）2007年博士研究生入学考试专业英语试题（理学)把下列短文译成汉语（1——必译，2、3—-选1)(共40分）1、Quakes Renew The Planet(地震让世界焕然一新）(30分）The advantages began billions of years ago, when this crustal recycling made the oceans and atmosphere and formed the continents. Today， it builds mountains， enriches soils, regulates the planet’s temperature, concentrates gold and other rare metals and maintains the sea’s chemical balance。
Plate tectonics describes the geology. The tragic downside is that waves of quakes and volcanic eruptions along plate boundaries can devastate human populations。
“It’s hard to find something uplifting about 150，000 lives being lost，" said Dr. onald J。
DePaolo, a geochemist at the University of California, Berkeley. “But the type of geological process that caused the earthquake and the tsunami is an essential characteristic of the earth。
2009年全国高考北京英语试题答案第一部分：听力理解（共两节，30分）第一节（共5小题，第小题1.5分共7.5分）1.C2.A3.B4.B5.C第二节（共15小题，每小题1.5分，共22.5分）6.A7.C8.A9.C 10.B11.B 12.C 13.B 14.B 15.C16.A 17.A 18.B 19A .20.C第二部分：知识运用（共两节，45分）第一节单项填空（共15小题，每小题1分，共15分）21.C 22.B 23.A 24.A 25.D26.A 27.B 28.D 29.C 30.C31.D 32.B 33.D 34.B 35.A第二节完形填空（共20小题，每小题1.5分，共30分）36.C 37.A 38.D 39.B 40.A41.C 42.B 43.D 44.C 45.A46.D 47.B 48.C 49.B 50.A51.D 52.B 53.D 54.A 55.C第三部分：阅读理解（共20小题，每小题2分，共40分）56.C 57.B 58.C 59.D 60.D61.D 62.C 63.B 64.B 65.A66.D 67.C 68.A 69.B 70.A71.A 72.A 73.B 74.C 75.第四部分：书面表达（共两节，35分）第一节情景作文（20分）一、内容要点：1、骑车去植树2、植树3、安插提示牌4、照相二、说明：内容要点可用不同方式表达三、One possible version:Green Action in Our ClassApril 12 is memorable because our class had a meaningful experience on that day. In the morning, we bicycled to the suburbs to plant trees, talking and laughing all the way. Upon arrival, we began to work immediately. Some were digging holes. Some were carrying and planting young trees. Others were watering them. After getting the work done, we put up a board remindingpeople to protect the trees. Before leaving we took some photos to record our green action. Seeing the lines of trees, we all had a sense of achievement. We feel it’s our duty to protect and beautify our environment.第二节开放作文（15分）One possible version:What an interesting picture! A Western young man, sitting at a table, is ready to eat a bowl of noodles. He is holding two forks the same way as we Chinese hold chopsticks. He is trying so hard to pick up the noodles that he is sweating a lot. At first glance, I think it’s a bit funny, for we Chinese take for granted that chopsticks are the tools for eating noodles. The man in the picture is trying to copy us. Obviously he is doing it the hard way. Maybe using one fork will do a better job, In my opinion, we don’t need to copy others’ ways of thinking. Sometimes a simpler way of doing things may be a better way.。
2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（北京卷）英语本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分, 满分150分。
第Ⅰ卷（选择题共115分）第一部分: 听力理解（共两节, 30分）第一节（共5小题, 每小题1. 5分, 共7. 5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一道小题, 从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后, 你将有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话你将听一遍。
例：What i s the man going to read?A．A newspaper B．A magazine C．A book答案是A。
1．How fast does the woman type?A．15 words a minute B．45 words a minute C．80 words a minute2．Which program does the man like most?A．Sports B．History C．News3．Which language does Mr. White speak well?A．French B．Spanish C．Japanese4．What was in the woman’s missing bag? 5．Where does the conversati on probably take place?A．In a classroom. B．In a library C．In a bookstore第二节（共15小题；每小题1. 5分, 共22. 5分）听下面6段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几道小题, 从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听每段对话或独白前, 你将有5秒钟的时间阅读每小题, 听完后, 每小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间, 每段对话或独白你将听两遍。
听第6段材料, 回答第6至7题。
6．What’s wrong with the man?A．He has headaches. B．He has a runny nose C．He has a temperature.7．When did the problem begin?A．Two weeks ago. B．Two months ago. C．Three months ago.听第7段材料, 回答第8至9题。
CHINA UNIVERSITY OF GEOSCCIENCESPhD Entrance Examination in English17 April 2009REG. NUMBER:LISTIEN TO THIS!Good morning! You are about to take the English test for people who wish to enter the doctoral program in the earth sciences at this school. The test may be rather different from any exam you’ve taken in the past. The first part is a timed listening exercise. The other three sections test your knowledge of grammar, elementary writing skills and basic vocabulary, plus your reading ability. You can have as much time as you like for the last three parts of the test—within reason, of course.The test has four sections. The answers for parts 1,2 and 3 (in other words, every part except 4) should be marked on your answer sheet. The answers for part 4 should be written directly on this test paper.Make sure you READ AND FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS for each part of the test!The results of this exam will enable us to compare your preparation in English with that of the other candidates. The ―passing‖ grade is relative; in other words, it will depend on the scores for the whole body of test-takers. You should just relax and do as well as you can.We shall now begin. Turn the page to part 1. Good luck!PART 1. Imagine that you are on a train to Shanghai. In the seats in front of you there are two foreigners, and you can hear their conversation. One of them is telling the other about his job. He says what he does, now what he is or what field (profession or occupation) he is in.On your paper you see a list of the names of people in 60 different occupations or professions. As you listen, decide what the speaker is. Then find the correct word on the list and write the number beside it in the proper blank on your answer sheet.For instan ce, suppose you hear this: (Speaker P) ―well, I don’t enjoy lecturing very much, especially to younger students, but I do love my research. I’d be so happy if I could spend every day in the lab with my graduatestudents and postdocs. However, that’s just not the way university departments operate.‖ You decide that the speaker must be a professor, so you find ―a professor ‖ on your list. You see that the number beside it is 61; you then write the number 61 in the blank beside P on your answer sheet.By th e way, in reality there is no P and no 61, and ―a professor‖ is not one of the choices on your list. This is just a theoretical example. You will now have three minutes to read the list. [SILENCE]All right, now let’s begin!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101112131415161718192021222324 an accountantan actoran airline pilotan architectan astronomera biologista chefa civil engineera concert pianistaconstructionworkera corporateexecutivea dentista dieticiana diplomatan electriciana fashion designera film critica film directora flight attendanta florista geologista geophysicist会计演员民航驾驶员建筑师天文学家生物学家烹调师土木工程师（建筑）高级钢琴演奏师工人企业执行总裁牙医营养师外交官电工时装设计师电影评论家电影导演飞机乘务员花店老板地质学家地球物理学家图形设计员发型设计师313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354a librariana mathematiciana mechanica mechanical engineera military officera novelista nursea paleontologista press photographera plumbera poeta police detectivea police patrolmana pop singera postmana private businessmana private detectivea psychiatrista psychologista publishera radio announcera schoolteacher primaryaschoolteachersecondarya software engineer图书管理员数学家机修工（技工）机械工程师军官小说作家护士古生物学家新闻摄影师管道维修工（水暖工）诗人侦探（刑警）普通警察（巡警）流行歌手邮递员私营企业家（个体商人）私人侦探心理医生心理学家出版商电台播音员小学教师中学教师软件工程师252627282930a graphic designera hairdressera hardwareengineera hotel managera journalista judgea lab techniciana lawyer硬件工程师饭店经理新闻记者法官实验室技术人员律师555657585960a store clerk/shopssistanta surgeona tax officiala travel agenta university studenta vet零售店主外科医生税务员旅行代理商大学生宠物医生（兽医）D18. If you are worried about your English, you should do something to it. You could read moreA B Coften, for example, or perhaps take a refresher course.D19. It seems to me that the bus company ought to make sure its drivers follow the schedule.A BWhy do we have always to wait such a long time for the bus in the morning?C D20. John has only read several articles on this subject. It’s obvious that he needs to read a good dealA Bmore of the technical literature before he starts working on his research proposal. After all, inB Corder to get funding, he must impress scientists who are acknowledged experts in this field.DPART 3. Read the article below carefully and completely. (Notice that the paragraphs are numbered from 1 to 7.) Then answer the questions that follow. In each case write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet.You are not allowed to use a dictionary. However, we have provided a short list of difficult words with their definitions to help you read the text. Read this vocabulary list before you begin the article.VOCABULARY FOR THE ARTICLEto allot X to A (vb.): to distribute or assign X to Aan array (n.): range or arrangementberyllium (n.): the element Bebillowing (adj.): expanding in great wavesa chamber (n.): a small room or compartmentcontamination (n.): pollutiona continuum (n.): an unbroken range or seriesa defect (n.): a flaw or mistake; an imperfectionto encase X in Y (vb.): to enclose X inside Yfaint (adj.): weak, not easily detecteda flare (n.): a sudden eruption of light or firean infusion (n.): pouring something in ; an additional sum (e.g. of money)interstellar (adj.): found in the space between the starsorbit (n.): a path that forms a circle around a planet or starto pool (vb.): to combinea practice (n.): something done often; a way of doing somethingresidual (adj.): still remainingscaled-down (n.): reduced in size; smaller in designto trail (vb.): to follow or track another object[1] The National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) is preparing to launch the last of what it calls its ―Great Observatories‖, space telescopes that astronomers hope will explo re the faint warm glow of the early days of the universe and see through the billowing clouds of interstellar dust that obscure the birthplaces of stars and , possibly, far-off planets. The telescope, a robot observatory that the space agency calls the Space Infra-red Telescope Facility, of SIRTF, is scheduled to be launched April 18 from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on a Boeing Delta II rocket. SIRTF will travel in an unusual orbit: It will trail the Earth from a distance on its mission to map the infra-red, or heat, emissions from objects near and far. SIRTF is the last in a series of space telescopes that NASA proposed in the 1970s. The idea was to place them above the obscuring atmosphere of Earth and examine the heavens across the entire electromagnetic spectrum of light, ranging from gamma rays, X-rays and ultraviolet light on one end to infrared and radio waves on the other. In the middle of this continuum is the small visible spectrum that includes the array of colors that the human eye can see. This is where the first and best known of the great observatories, the Hubble Space Telescope, does its work, writing itself into astronomical history by producing a continuing series of images that has given humans a new view of the wonders of the universe.[2] NASA hopes SIRTF will follow the path charted by its companion orbiting observatories, which include the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and the Chandra X-Ray Observatory, in mapping its special part of the skies. ―when the history is written of the latter 90s and early part of this century, the field of astronomy will be remembered for the contributions of the Great Observatories,‖ said Edward Weiler, associate administrator for space science at NASA. ―We have realized our early goals with the observatories,and in about every case we’ve exceeded our expectations.‖ Weiler said no one telescope or instrument could look across the whole sectrum of light to study all aspects of the cosmos. ―Doctors don’t examine you with one instrument,‖ he said.―Astronomers studying the universe are doctors in that sense. They can’t just look at the light seen by the eye and hope to understand what is happening out there.‖[3] Hubble was launched in 1990. Shortly afterward, a defect was discovered in the main mirror, threatening its effectiveness. It was repaired in 1993, when a space shuttle crew installed corrective lenses. Since then, it has been upgraded to keep it at the forefront of visible astronomy until it ends its mission in 2010. Compton, launched in 1991, ended its successful mission in 1999 and burned in the Earth’s atmosphere. But before its demise, it discovered powerful bursts of gamma rays exploding from sources across the universe and studied other extremely high-energy phenomena like quasars, cosmic ray interactions and solar flares. Chandra, launched in 199 and scheduled to operate at least through next year, is studying sources of powerful X-ray emissions like black holes and big exploding stars known as supernovas.[4] Robert Kirshner, an astronomer and a professor of science at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astorphysics in Cambridge, Massachusetts, said the Great Observatories were having major effects on astronomy, scientifically and sociologically. They encourage cooperation among scientists who specialize in studying particular wavelengths of light , he said, because coordinated observations of the same phenomenon can show more than narrower studies. NASA also has more requests for observing time on each telescope than it has available. So astronomers are encouraged to pool objectives to yield more from each set of observations, experts said. Kirshner said the model established for using Hubble, with a separate research institution set up to review proposals and distribute the information obtained, has also helped the field of astronomy. The Hubble model established the practice of giving astronomers who were allotted time on the telescope the money to analyze the data, he said, giving a needed infusion of scientific financing to astronomy.[5] Anne Kinney, director of the astronomy and physics division at NASA headquarters, estimated the cost of the Great Observatories at $10 billion to design, build, launch and operate over their lifetimes. Most of that money, $7 billion, has gone to Hubble. ―The re is no question that space telescopes are more expensive than ground observatories,‖ she said. ―But if you can do what you can’t do on the ground, it is worth it.‖[6] The designs for SIRTF have been changed several times since 1979, when it was first proposed. At one point, it was to be a telescope based on the space shuttle; at another, a giant $2 billion rocket-launched telescope that orbited Earth like Hubble. Cost overruns and technical challenges with infrared detectors further delayed the project, until NASA agreed to the scaled-down $740 million observatory. Scientists and engineers said the delays helped the project, because new technical concepts came along that made the telescope smaller but more powerful. The project benefited from advances in lightweight optics and developments with infrared detectors sponsored by the military, which used similar sensors on to monitor Earth-based missile launchings from space. Designed for a mission of two and a half years that could stretch to five years, the solar-powered SIRTF has two curved mirrors to gather and distribute infrared light, a primary mirror 0.8 meter in diameter and a smaller secondary one, each made form the ultra-light, but strong, beryllium.[7] Anything in the universe with temperatures above absolute zero (0°K or – 460°F) emits some heat, or infrared radiation. Because the heat of the telescope itself can obscure the readings, in a phenomenon called infra-red noise, the observatory and its instruments have to be extraordinarily cold. On earlier infrared satellite missions, the entire telescope and its detectors were encased in giant freezer bottle containing a super-chilledliquid-gas coolant. To reduce size and weight, the SIRTF designers took a radically different approach. Only the chamber for scientific instruments and a compact coolant bottle with 400 litres of liquid helium coolant will be cold at launching. Engieers are counting on the rest of the spacecraft to cool on its own in deep space to about –400°F, a process that will take about a month. Designed to take advantage of passive natural cooling, the sun side of SIRTF is entirely shielded by its solar power panel, and that side of the spacecraft is a shiny silver color, to reflect heat. The opposite side is painted black to radiate residual heart into space. To avoid heat contamination from the Earth and moon, SIRTF will be placed in orbit around the sun at a distance closely matching that of Earth from the sun. The spacecraft will trail in Earth’s wake million of kilometers awa y, but close enough to stay in contact with its science center at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.1． A suitable title for this article might beA Infra-red radiation, the key to understanding the universeB NASA spends billions of dollars on astronomersC The Great Observatories —NASA’s gift to astronomyD A new eye for observing the universe2．The article implies that data from SIRTF will be receivedA In FloridaB In MassachusettsC In CaliforniaD At NASA headquarters3．According to the article, the Great ObservatoriesA Following behind the Earth as it circles around the sunB Have all been launched on schedule, and in each case everything gone smoothlyC Have deepened our understanding of the universe but have produced no truly surprising discoveriesD Enable astronomers to study the universe without the distorting effect of the Earth’s atmosphere4．Changes and delays in the SIRTF ProjectA Caused a huge increase in the cost of developing and launching the observatoryB Enable designers to make use of advances in science and engineering to improve the SIRTFC Had very little impact on the basic design of the observatory, apart from a slight reduction in its sizeD Almost led to its cancellation5．If what the writer of this article says is true, NASA official Anne Kinney impliesA That the Great Observatory series has been a bargain — far cheaper than plannedB That the Great Observatories entirely eliminate the need for astronomical ovservatories on the EarthC That the cost of the Great Observatories is high, but justified by the vast expansion of our ability to explore the universeD That the total cost of the Great Observatories is still not known, and that therefore critics have no reason to attack NASA’s space research program6．According to the article, Prof. Kishner thinks that the Great ObservatoriesA Have led to a new understanding of the sociology of science, of astronomy in particularB Have induced specialists in cosmic radiation to work together more closelyC Have created a demand for more satellite observatoriesD Have caused astronomers to combine their objective in order to make better use of the data produced by the NASA observatories7．In paragraph 3, ―demise‖ refers toA The planned destruction of NASA’s gamma ray observatoryB The death of a well-known astronomerC The end of the first phase of the Compton Observatory’s workD The accidental loss of the Compton observatory8．In pa ragraph 4, ―observing time‖ meansA Looking for evidence of distortions in time near the edge of the universeB Controlling the amount of time each scientist has to use an ovservatoryC Being careful not to misuse the time astronomers are givenD Time granted different research group to use one of the observatories9．―Cost overruns‖ in paragraph 6 meansA Necessary expenditures that turn out to be greater than plannedB Additional money in the NASA budgetC Mistakes in the budget for designing and building SIRTFD Unexpected changes in the cost of various items10．If you were an observer on the sun searching for the SIRTF as it passed。
