MOUVEMENTS LITTERAIRES 文学流派全

Moyen AgeLes genres littéraires1.littérature épique (chanson de geste)La chanson de geste est la plus ancienne forme littéraire en langue vulgaire. Le mot geste vient du latin qui signifier les actions, les exploits. La geste est le récit qui raconte les faits d’armes réalisés par un roi, elle est composée de laisses qui utilise le décasyllabe. Elle célèbre le courage, le sens de l’honneur et de la loyauté, les valeurs essentielles de la chevalerie. Les deux chansons les plus célèbres sont :La Chanson de Roland et La Chanson de Guillaume.2.Littérature aristocratiqueLa littérature courtoise touche à la fois la poésie et le roman.Elle installe la femme à une place d’honneur.Elle satisfait les exigences d’un public plus raffiné qui se forme au cours du 12e siècle.La courtoisie : Tristan et Iseut(Thomas Béroulet)Chrétien de Troyes(5 romans)Yvain ou le chevalier au lionLancelot ou le chevalierà la charettePerceval ou le Conte du GraalErec et EnideCligès3.Littérature bourgeoise①le Roman de Renart②fabliau (conte àrire en vers, le fabliau est un texte narratif bref, écrit enoctosyllabes àrime plates, qui raconte une une histoire plaisante ou burlesque. Le fabliau multiplie les traits satiriques et les références àla vie du quotidienne du Moyen Age.)③théâtre : miracle, mystère, sotie, farce, moralité④Rutebeuf (poésie lyrique et satirique)4.littérature didactique ( allégorique)Roman de la Rose (Guillaume de Lorris et Jean de Meung)Charles d’Orléans(1394---1465)« Je suis celui au coeur vêtu de noir » en deuil5. François Villon( 1431--- ?)« Frères humains qui après nous vivez, n’ayez les coeurs contre nous endurcis. »Lais ou Petit TestamentTestament ou Grand TestamentBallade des Dames du Temps JadisBallade des Pendus ou L’épitaphe Villon16e siècle : Renaissance et humanismeLa Renaissance fait un retour vers l’antiquité. Elle met l’homme au centre de ses préoccupations. Hommes de sciences et hommes de lettres retournent àla source antique et repensent la condition de l’homme à partir de leur expérience personnelle : appétit de savoir, esprit critique et attention à l’humain définissent les contours de l’humanisme.Humanisme : un mouvement intellectuel et littéraire qui se répand au 16e siècle àtravers toute l’Europe.Les pincipes :1. le retour au textes antiques(Homère, Aristote, Platon, Cicéron, Virgile)2. le goût de savoir et le goût de recherche3. la volonté de convaincreLes thèmes :1. la confiance en l’homme2. la réflexion politique3. la ferveur et la foiLes écrivains et les oeuvresClément Marot : l’Adolescence clémentineFrançois Rabelais : Pantagruel, GargantuaJoachim du Bellay : Défense et illustration de la langue françaiseLes Antiquités de Rome, Les RegretsPierre de Ronsard : Les Amours, les Hymnes«Vivez, si m’en croyez, n’at tendez pas à demain,cueillez dès aujourd’hui les roses de la vie. » ---Ronsard ( épicurisme)Michel Montaigne : Les EssaisAgrippa d’Aubigné : Les ThagiquesLa Pléiade : un mouvement poétique de la renaissance française dont Ronsard est le chef, et Du Bellay le porte-parole. Le manifeste « Défense et illustration de la languefrançaise »marque la naissance de ce mouvement. La Pléiade préconise l’imitation des anciens dans les genres littéraires et défend en même temps la langue française. 17e siècle : Le classicisme, le triomphe de la raisonClassique désigne antique1. origine : Malherbe, c’est lui qui pose le principe du classicisme, réforme de la langue.2. Richelieu : fonde l’Académie française, dirige le goût littéraire3. Descartes : c’est lui qui p riviligie la Raison4. théoriciens de la poésie et du théâtre. Ils fixent des règles que chaque écrivians doit obéir.Caractères1. Respect et imitation des Anciens(les Grecs, les Romains)2. Nature et naturel. Il faut peintre la personnalité. Il faut chasser ce qui est merveilleux, fantaisiste, choquant.3. Lucidité et raison : La raison chasse lyrisme, la rêverie.4. Impersonnalité. Il faut chasser le moi. L’auteur doit cacher ses oeuvre.5. Pélimitation des genres littéraires---respect des règlesBoileau : les grands genres : tragédie, épopée, comédieLes genres secondaires : ode, sonnet, satire, idylle, épigramme, ballade. Chaque forme a ses règles.1. La règle des trois unités :L’unité d’action : elle impose une intrigue unique et élimine les épisodes ou les personnages qui ne sont pas directement liés à l’action principale. L’unité de temps : tout se passe en un seul jour.L’unité de lieu : tout se passe en un seul jour.2. vraisemblance3. bienséancebienséance interne :cohérencebienséance externe : chasse ce qui est grossier brutal4. dénouement tragique : un ou plusieurs personnages meurent à la fin.5. l’action doit être illustre.«Tu t’es, en m’offensant, montré digne de moi,je me dois, par ta mort, montrer digne de toi. »---Cid Corneille---Malherbe, Descartes, Corneille,Molière, Racine, La Fontaine, Pascal, Bossuet,Mme de Sévigné, Mme de la Fayette,Boileau, Bruyère, Fénelon.18e siècle : le mouvement des LumièresC’est un mouvement qui se propage en Europe tout au long du 18e siècle. Il propose une conception de l’homme capable de dissiper les ténèbres de l’ignorance pour penser par lui-même. Conduits par la raison et l’esprit critique, les écrivains des Lumères défendent les valeurs nouvelles et contribuent à la transformation profonde de la société.Rationaliste philosophique : Rousseau, Voltaire, Montesquieul’Encyclopédie : Diderot19e siècleLe romantisme 19eLe mot « romantisme »désigne une école littéraire radicalement opposée---en particulier pour ce qui concerne le théâtre---à la doctrine classique.Le mouvement romantique manifeste au 19e siècle le triomphe de la sensibilté et le rejet de l’ordre classique au profil de la liberté de création.Les principes du mouvement sont : se liberter des règles clssiques, affirmer l’expression de l’émotion et du lyrisme, réaliser le ménage des genres et des registres. ---Lamartine, Chateaubriand, Victor Hugo, Musset, StendhalLe réalisme 19eLes écrivains réalistes, conscients de ces bouleversements sociaux et de la vie inhumaine du peuple, cherchent à décrire ce qu’ils voient, à refléter la vie telle qu’elle est, ils veulent que leurs oeuvres puissent reproduire le réel. Le romancier se présente ainsi comme un historien du présent qui, documents à l’appui, essaie de recréer le réel tout en explorant l’univers de la vie quotidienne et en faisant du peuple le personnage principal du raman.---Balzac, Flaubert, Maupassant, StendhalLe naturalisme 19eCe mouvement naturaliste est étroitement lié àEmile Zola et à ses oeuvres, car c’est lui qui définit le naturalisme comme la nature vue à travers un tempérament, dans Le Roman espérimental. De fait, le naturalisme pousse à l’extrême l’observation et lareproduction du réel que propose le réalisme. Zola, inspiré des idées et des méthodes scientifiques, tente de faire de son roman un laboratoire où l’écrivain, sur le modèle du scientifique, observe et analyse les comportements humains sous l’effet des lois de l’hérédité et des milieux sociaux et historiques. Son ensemble gigantesque des Rougon-Macquart en est un exemple convaincant.---Emile Zola, les frères GoncourtLe symbolisme 19eCe mouvement littéraire et artistique repose sur l’idée que le monde n’est que le reflet d’une réaliste que l’on ne peut atteindre autrement que par la poésie. A travers les images, les signes et les symboles, l’artiste peut révéler cette réalité supérieure. Baudelaire a ouvert la voie à ce courant littéraire avec son oeuvre célèbre Les Fleurs du Mal. Les symbolistes cherchent àdécouvrir des mondes inconnus qui se manifestent par des signes et des symboles pour accéder àla conquête du suprême enchantement.---Baudelaire, Verlaine, Rimbaud, Mallarmé20e siècleLe surréalisme 1919L’inspiration surréaliste se fonde sur l’inconscient. Les surréalistes veulent « écire sous la dictée de l’inconscient». Le poète ne sera alors que l’enregistreur d’images obtenues dans les états de semi-conscience. Le but des surréalistes est d’aller au-delàde l’apparence extérieure des choses qui est perçue par les sens à l’éta t de veille et connue par l’activité rationnelle consciente.①rupture et révolte : contre toutes les formes d’ordre et de conventions logiques, morales, socials.②Libération humaine---automastismeSe laisser inspirer par l’inconsceint③s’abandonner au rêve, au fantasme, à l’inconcient.---Louis Aragon, André Breton, Paul EluardL’existentialisme (pendant la seconde guerre mondiale)Le nom de Sartre est associé à l’existentialisme.C’est une affirmation de la liberté humaine qui s’exprime dans l’action. Nos acte nous jugent. «L’homme est condamné à être libre ».---Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, Simone de BeauvoirLe théâtre de l’absurde (Nouveau théâtre & L’anti-théâtre) 1950sL’oeuvre de Ionesco appartient à ce qu’on appelle le «théâtre de l’absurde ».①La dénonciation du conformisme bourgeois et de l’injustice sociale.②Le refus de la psychologieDisparition de l’intriqueDestruction de l’espace-temps---Samuel Beckett, Eugène IonescoLe nouveau roman (1953-1958)Le refus des formes traditionnelles. Plus de personnages romanesques, plus d’intrigue claire, mais une recherche pour tenter de modifier le regard porté sur le monde. Les objets sont décrits sans souci de leur utilité, les événements n’ont pas une signification unique. Le lecteur doit partic iper à la construction du sens grâce à une série d’indices. Ont participé à ce mouvement :Robbe-Grillet, Nathalie Sarraute, Claude Simon, Butor, Pinget.Le stucturalisme 1960sIllustré par l’anthropologieAppliqué à l’ethnologie, sociologie,la critique littéraire et artistique.---Roland BarthesPrix Nobel Français (par année)1901 - Prix Nobel de littérature : Sully Prudhomme1904 - Prix Nobel de littérature : Frédéric Mistral1915 - Prix Nobel de littérature : Romain Rolland1921 - Prix Nobel de littérature : Anatole France1927 - Prix Nobel de littérature : Henri Bergson1937 - Prix Nobel de littérature : Roger Martin du Gard1947 - Prix Nobel de littérature : André Gide1952 - Prix Nobel de littérature : François Mauriac1957 - Prix Nobel de littérature : Albert Camus1960 - Prix Nobel de littérature : Saint-John Perse1964 - Prix Nobel de littérature : Jean-Paul Sartre (prix décliné/refuse le prix nobel)1985 - Prix Nobel de littérature : Claude Simon2000 - Prix Nobel de littérature : Gao Xingjian2008 - Prix Nobel de littérature : Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio。

17世纪文学1.巴洛克文学2.英国资产阶级革命文学：（清教徒）弥尔顿：英国最杰出的诗人约翰•班杨：讽喻小说3.法国古典主义文学：“三一律”，戏剧（高创，拉成《安德洛玛克》，布立，）4.莫里哀（法戏剧）《伪君子》：答丢夫18世纪文学1.英国：（笛福，理查逊，菲尔丁，斯，“感伤主义”）2.法国：伏尔泰（哲理），狄德罗（百科），卢梭3.德国：莱辛，席勒（狂飙突进，个，崇）4.歌德：《少年维特》《浮士德》19世纪文学（一）1.德国：浪漫主义的策源地（耶拿派，海德堡，海涅）2.英国：湖畔派（华，柯，骚）撒旦派（拜伦，雪莱，济慈）司各特3.法国：夏多布里昂，斯达尔夫人，缪塞，大仲马4.俄国：茹科夫斯基（第一位抒情诗人），雷列耶夫，普希金（多余人），莱蒙托夫5.1东欧：裴多菲（匈牙利人）《自由与爱情》6.美国：欧文（美文之父），库珀（美国司各特）爱伦坡（恐怖小说）霍桑《红字》惠特曼《草叶集》7.拜伦：《东方叙事诗》“拜伦式英雄”《唐璜》8.雨果：早中晚美丑对照原则《悲惨世界》雨果人道主义《巴黎圣母院》9.普希金：浪漫主义，批判现实《叶莆盖尼•奥涅金》人道主义和民主主义19世纪文学（二）现实主义文学1.法国文文学斯丹达尔：《红与黑》巴尔扎克：《人间喜剧》梅里美，福楼拜，小仲马卡包茶花2.英国文学：资本主义萨克雷（名）没有主人公夏洛蒂勃朗特（简）艾米莉勃朗特（呼）3.俄国文学：普希金《奥涅金》✓莱蒙托夫（他的崇拜者）果戈里（继承了）冈察洛夫《奥勃洛摩》✓屠格涅夫《罗亭》✓“多余人”：19世纪俄国文学中贵族知识分子的一种典型，这些形象大多具有较好的文化修养，接受启蒙思想影响，但往往以自我为中心，没有明确的生活目标缺乏行动能力和勇气，因此在社会上无所适从结局是悲剧性的。

4.其他国家文学：德国：格•维尔特工人诗人北欧：丹麦作家安徒生美国：废奴文学是50年代中期的现实主义文学，反对美国南方畜奴制和反映黑人悲惨生活为主要内容作品理查•希尔德烈斯《白奴》斯托夫人《汤姆叔叔的小屋》5.斯丹达尔：“近代小说之父”《拉辛与莎士比亚》，为浪漫主义辩护，宣言书《红与黑》思想内容：红代表拿破仑时期，法国资产阶级革命的热血和丰功伟绩，象征于连希望立功战场；“黑”意味着复辟时期王朝和教会黑暗统治，象征于连希望通过披上教黑袍…。

英美文学名词解释浪漫主义湖畔派诗人十四行诗拜伦式英雄无韵诗（共5篇）第一篇：英美文学名词解释浪漫主义湖畔派诗人十四行诗拜伦式英雄无韵诗1.Romanticism浪漫主义1)a movement in literature, philosophy, music and art from late 18th century to early th19 century in Europe.2)emphasized individual values(个人价值）and aspirations（志向，抱负）above those of society.3)started from the ideas of Rousseau（卢梭）in France and from the Storm and Stress movement(“狂飙突进”文学运动)in Germany.4)the characteristics of Romanticism（浪漫主义文学特色）:Passion / emotion ,Individualism 5)Representative writers(代表作家）: France:Hugo, Lamartine, George Sand Germany: Geothe, Schiller Russia:Pushkin, Lemontove America(30 years later): Irving, Cooper, Emerson, Thoreau ke Poets湖畔派诗人Wordsworth，Coleridge and Southey were known as Lake Poets because they lived and knew one another in the last few years of the 18th century in the district of the great lakes in Northwestern England.The former two published The Lyrical Ballads(抒情诗谣)together in 1798, while all three of them had radical inclinations(主要的喜爱，倾向）in their youth but later turned conservative（保守的）and received pensions（退休金）and poet laureateships（桂冠诗人）from the aristocracy(贵族，统治阶级）.3.Sonnet十四行诗1)A sonnet is a 14 line poem that follows a very specific rhyme scheme(特殊的韵律组合）.2)Sonnets are traditionally love poems.3)There are two different types of sonnets:-Italian or Petrarchan Sonnet(意大利诗人彼特拉克推广的彼特拉克十四行诗）:Named after Francesco Petrarch, an Italian poet from the 14th century –English or Shakespearean Sonnet: Created by Henry Howard in the 16th century 4.Ballad meter民谣诗歌音节Ballad meter is a type of poetry that uses alternating(交替的，轮流的）lines of iambic（抑扬格的）tetrameter（四音部诗)and iambic trimeter(三音格，三音步）, with a rhyme scheme of A-B-C-B.5.Byronic hero拜伦式英雄1）The Byronic hero is an idealized（理想化的）but flawed(有缺陷的）character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron, characterized by his ex-lover Lady Caroline Lamb as being “mad, bad, and dangerous to know”.[1] The Byronic hero first appears in Byron's semi-autobiographical epic narrative poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage(1812-18).2）Characteristics The Byronic hero typically exhibits the following characteristics: high level of intelligence and perception，cunning and able to adapt，sophisticated and educated self-critical and introspective，mysterious, magnetic and charismatic，struggling with integrity，power of seduction and sexual attraction，social and sexual dominance，emotional conflicts, bipolar tendencies, or moodiness，a distaste for social institutions and norms，being an exile, an outcast, or an outlaw，“dark” attributes not normally associated with a hero[citation needed]，disrespect of rank and privilege，a troubled past，cynicism，arrogance，self-destructive behavior 6.Blank verse 无韵诗is poetry written in unrhymed（无韵律的）iambic pentameter(五音部诗行）.It has been described as “probably the most common and influential form that English poetry has taken since the sixteenth century”and Paul Fussell has claimed that “about three-quarters of all English poetry is in blank verse.”The pr eeminent(卓越的）dramatic（戏剧的）andnarrative（记叙的）verse form in English and also the standard form for dramatic verse in Italian and German.Its richness and versatility（多面性）depend on the skill of the poet in varying the stresses and the position of the caesura(pause停顿)in each line, in catching the shifting tonal（音调的）qualities and emotional overtones（弦外之音）of the language, and in arranging lines into thought groups and paragraphsThe first documented use of blank verse in the English language was by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey in his translation of the Æneid(c.1554).He was possibly inspired by the Latin original, as classical Latin verse(as well as Greek verse)did not use rhyme;or he may have been inspired by the Italian verse form of Versi Sciolti , which also contained no rhyme.The play, Arden of Faversham(circa大约1590 by an unknown author)is a notable （显著的）example of end-stopped blank verse.Christopher Marlowe was the first English author to make full use of the potential of blank verse, and also established it as the dominant verse form for English drama in the age of Elizabeth I and James I.The major achievements in English blank verse were made by William Shakespeare, who wrote much of the content of his plays in unrhymed iambic pentameter, and Milton, whose Paradise Lost is written in blank tonic blank verse was widely imitated in the 18th century by such poets as James Thomson(in The Seasons)and William Cowper(in The Task).Romantic English poets such as William Wordsworth, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats used blank verse as a major form.Shortly afterwards, Alfred Lord Tennyson became particularly devoted to blank verse, using it for example in his long narrative poem “The Princess”, as well as for one of his most famous poems: “Ulysses”.Among American poets, Hart Crane and Wallace Stevens are notable forusing blank verse in extended compositions at a time when many other poets were turning to free verse.。

美国文学流派总结重农派(Agrarians)迷惘的一代(The Lost Generation)黑山派诗歌(BIack Mountain Poems)垮掉的一代(the Beat Generation)黑色幽默(Black humor)重农派(Agrarians)美国现代南方作家组成的一个松散的文化团体，又称“逃亡者派”。

1915年，一些与田纳西州纳什维尔镇范德比尔特大学有关的文化人常常聚会讨论文学及哲学问题。

第一次世界大战期间集会曾一度中断，1919年重又恢复。

范德比尔特大学教师、诗人约翰·克罗·兰塞姆成为这一活动的实际领导者，他的周围聚集了一批有才华的年轻人，如诗人罗伯特·潘·华伦、阿伦·泰特、唐纳德·戴维森以及小说家安德鲁·纳尔逊·莱特尔、诗人莫里尔·莫尔等。

1922至1925年，他们出版了有影响的小型文艺杂志《逃亡者》，它所发表的重要的文章后来收组成为《逃亡者文选》(1928)。

“逃亡者派”一词即由此而来。

“逃亡者”们提倡维护南方传统的文学地方主义，成为“南方文艺复兴”的一文中坚力量。

1930年，以“逃亡者派”为主体的12个南方作家，其中有兰塞姆、华伦、泰特以及诗人约翰·弗莱彻、剧作家斯塔克·扬格等人，撰写的专题论文集《我要表明我的态度》出版。

这部被看作“重农派”宣言的著作在社会上引起了不小反响。

这些文章的主旨都是以南方农业社会为尺度来评价、批判现代美国资本主义社会。

此后，阿伦·泰特等人编辑出版了“重农派”的第二部论文集《谁占有美国?》(1936)。

30年代经济大萧条时期，重农思想对南方知识分子影响极大。

这种思想不仅贯穿在兰塞姆、戴维森、泰特、华伦等人的作品中，在威廉·福克纳、卡罗琳·戈登、莱特尔以至尤多拉·韦尔蒂等人的小说中也有鲜明的体现，一时形成了一股很有声势的文化潮流，以致有“重农运动”之称。

一、文学术语*41.Epic叙事诗，史诗A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.Twoof the most famous epics of Western civilization are Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.The great epic of the Middle Ages is The Divine Comedy（神曲）by the Italian poet Dante.The two most famous English epics are the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf and John Milton's Paradise Lost,which employ some of the conventions of the classical epic.2.Naturalism自然主义（文学、艺术以反映现实为宗旨）Naturalism is a term of literary history,primarily a French movement in prose fiction and the drama during the final third of the19th century,although it is also applied to similar movements or groups of writers in other countries in the later decades of the19th and early years of the20th cents.In France Emile Zola(1840-1902)was the dominant practitioner(习艺者，专业人员) of Naturalism in prose fiction and the chief exponent（鼓吹者，倡导者，拥护者；能手，大师）of its doctrines.The emergence of Naturalism does not mark a radical（彻底的）break with Realism,rather the new style is a logical extension of it.Broadly speaking,Naturalism is characterized by a refusal to idealize experience and by the persuasion that human life is strictly subjected to natural laws.The Naturalists shared with the earlier Realists the conviction that the everyday life of the middle and lower classes of their own day provided subjects worthy of serious literary treatment.Emphasis was laid on the influence of the material and economic environment on behavior,and on the determining effects of physical and hereditary factors in forming the individual temperament.Famous American Naturalistic writers would include Jack London,Stephen Crane and Frank Norris,who were deeply influenced by Charles Darwin's evolution theory which believe that one's heredity and social situation limit one's character.3.Modernism现代派（盛行于20世纪的文学风格）Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts,originating about the end of the19th century and prosperity in the20th century.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted,alienated and ill relationships between man and nature,man and society,man and man,and man and himself.The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public,more on the subjective than on the objective.They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual.In their writings,the past,the present and the future are mingled（混合）together and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual.4.Transcendentalism超验主义It was a reaction to the18th century Newtonian concept of the universe.The major features of New England Transcendentalism can be summarized as follows:1.The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit,or the Oversoul,as the most important thing in the universe.2.The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.To them the individual was the most important element of society.3.The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature was,to them,not purely matter.It was alive,filled with God's overwhelming presence.I.Major Literary Terms in The Anglo-Norman Period1.Romance:Any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.Originally,the term referred to a medieval tale dealing with the loves and adventures of kings and queens,knights and ladies,and including unlikely or supernatural happenings.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the best of the medieval romances.John Keats's The Eve of St.Agnes is one of the greatest metrical（格律）romances ever written.2.Ballad（民谣，叙事歌谣）:A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung.In many centuries,the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature.Folk ballads have no known authors.They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung.The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people.The most popular subjects,often tragic,are disappointed love,jealousy,revenge,sudden disaster and deeds of adventure and daring.Devices commonly used in ballads are the the refrain（叠词）,incremental repetition（叠句）and code language（特定语言）.A later form of ballad is the literary ballad which imitates the style of the folk ballad.The most famous English literary ballad is Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner（老水手之歌）.二、选择&填空The Anglo-Norman PeriodThe literature which Normans brought to England is remarkable for its____tales of___and___,in marked contrast of____and ____of Anglo-Saxon poetry.romantic,love,adventure,strength,somberness（昏暗；冷静）Geoffrey Chaucer1.The Canterbury Tales contains in fact a General Prologue and only_____tales,of which two are left unfinished.●242.The____provides a framework for the tales in The Canterbury Tales and it comprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.●Prologue序言3.The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's greatest work and the greater part of it was written in____Couplets.●Heroic（英雄双韵体）4.The pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales are on their way to the shrine of St.Thomas a Becket at the place named____.●Canterbury5.In The Canterbury Tales,from the character of_____,we may see a very vivid sketch of a woman of the middle class,and a colorful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucer's own day.●the Wife of Bath（巴斯夫人：齐叟笔下一个结过5次婚等待第六位丈夫的女人）Renaissance1.Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,and____are generally regarded as Shakespeare's four great tragedies.●Macbeth2.Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of_____.●Queen Elizabeth3._____wrote his_____in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of people's sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.●Thomas More，UtopiaThe literature of the17th century1.After____'s death,monarchy was again restored in1660.It was called the period of_____.●Oliver Cromwell;Restoration2.The Glorious Revolution took place in the year of_____●1688.3.Paradise Lost tells how____rebelled against God and how___and___were driven out of Eden.●Satan;Adam,Eve.4.Bunyan's most important work is____,written in the form old-fashioned medieval form of_____and dream.●The Pilgrim's Progress;allegory寓言the18th century literature1.The image of an enterprising Englishman of the18th century was created by Daniel Defoe in his famous novel______.●Robinson Crusoe2.The18th century in English literature is an age of___.●prose3.Jonathan Swift's masterpiece is___..●Gulliver's Travels4.William Blake's work___(1794)are in marked contrast with the Songs of Innocence天真之歌.●The Songs of Experience经验之歌5.The greatest of___poets in the18th century is Robert Burns.●Scottishthe19th century literature1.With the publication of William Wordworth's______with S.T.Coleridge,______began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literature.●Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集,Romanticism2.The Romantic Age came to an end in1832when the last Romantic writer_____died.●Walter Scott3.The greatest historical novelist_____was produced in the Romantic Age.●Walter Scott4.The glory of the Romantic age is in the poetry of___,___,___,___,___,and___.●Scott,Wordsworth,Coleridge科尔里奇,Byron,Shelley,Keats,Moore,Southey索西.5.The English Romantic Period produced two major novelists.They are______.●Scott and Austen6.In his poems Wordsworth aimed at the_____and_____of the language.●simplicity,purity7.Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems,one is Childe Harold's Pilgrimage,and the other is_____.●Don Juan8.“Ode to a Nightingale”was written by_____.●John Keats9.Jane Austen's literary concern is about human beings in their_____relationships.●personal.Victorian Age1.In the19th century English literature,a new literary trend_____appeared after the romantic poetry,and flourished in the time of ______.●Critical realism,1840s and1850s.2.Critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature.Here lies in the essentially_____and _____character of critical realism.●Democratic,humanitarian3.In A tale of Two Cities,the two cities are_____and_____in the time of revolution.●London,Paris4.In1847,Thackeray published his masterpiece_____,which marks the peak of his literary career.●Vanity Fair5.It is Robert Browning who developed the literary form_____..●Dramatic monologue戏剧独白20th century British Literature1.____had its outstanding advocate in Kipling,who with drum and trumpet,called upon England to“take up the Whiteman's burden”by dominating all“lesser breeds without the law.”●lmperialism2.Those“novels of character and environment”by Thomas Hardy are the lost representative of him as both a and a critical realist writer.●Naturalistic3.It took Galsworthy twenty-two years to accomplish the monumental work,his masterpiece____●The Forsyte Saga福尔赛世家wrence finished____,the autobiographical novel at which he had been working off and on for years,which was positively taken as a typical example and lively manifestation of the“Oedipus Complex”in fiction.●Sons and Lovers5.___and___are the most outstanding stream of consciousness novelist.●James Joyce，Virginia Woolf.6.____is generally regarded as Virginia Woolf's most remarkable work.●To the LighthouseExercises on American Literature1.In the17th century,the English settlements in____and____began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.●Virginia,Massachusetts2.Washington Irving's____became the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic.●Sketch Book3.Cooper's enduring fame rests on his frontier stories,especially the five novels that comprise the____.●Leatherstocking Tales4.____was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New land.●Ralph Waldo Emerson5.A superb book entitled____came out of Henry David Thoreau's two-year experiment at Walden Pond.●Walden6.The book____is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.●Moby DickBook two chapter one1.In his cluster of poems called Leaves of Grass,__gave America its first genuine epic poem.●Walt Whitman2.As the founder of American Critical Realism,____enjoys the fame as“Lincoln of American literature”.●Mark Twain3.____was considered the founder of psychological realism in America.●Henry James4.The identification of potency（影响）with money is at the heart of Dreiser's greatest and most successful novel,____.●An American TragedyThe20th century1.Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the“_____Movement”.●Imagist2.The most significant American poem of the20th century was_____.●The Waste Land3.____of the1920s characterized by frivolity and carelessness is brought vividly to life in The Great Gatsby.●The Jazz Age4.Hemingway's novel___painted the image of a whole generation,the Lost Generation.●The Sun Also Rises5.____wrote about the disintegration（瓦解）of the old social system in the American southern states,and the lives of modem people,both black and white.●William Faulkner三、True or False1.In1066,Alexander the Great led the Norman army to invade England.It was called the Norman Conquest.●F(William the Conqueror）2.The Story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination（顶点）of the romances about Charles the Great.●F(King Arthur and his knights)3.Robinson named Saturday to the saved victim.F(Friday)4.“A Modest Proposal”is made to Irish government to relieve the poverty of English people.F(Irish)5.It was Henry Fielding and Tobias Gorge Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.T6.Of all the romantic poets of the18th century,Blake is the most in-dependent and the most original.T7.George Eliot produced the remarkable novels including Adam Bede,The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner.(true)8.The Bronte sisters are Charlotte Bronte,Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte.(true)9.The Victorian Age was largely an age of prose,especially of the novel.(true)10.David Copperfield is Thackeray's masterpiece.F(Dickens)11.The title of the novel Vanity Fair is taken from Bunyan's Pilgrim's progress.(true)12.In1907,John Galsworthy received the Nobel Prize for“idealism”in literature.Kim is his long novel.F(Kipling)13.George Bernard Shaw was strongly against the credo of“art for art's sake”.T14.The Importance of Being Earnest is written by Oscar Wilde.T15.Hester Prynne is the heroine in Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The Scarlet Letter.T16.In1828,Noah Webster published his An American Dictionary of the English Language.T17.Stirred by the teachings of transcendentalism,writers of Boston and nearby towns produced a New England literary renaissance.T18.The Fall of the House of Usher is one of Edgar Allan Poe's poems.F(novels)19.Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass are about man and nature.T20.Emily Dickinson is a democratic poet.F(modernist)21.“The Cop and the Anthem”was written by Jack London.F(O Henry)22.While embracing the socialism of Marx,Jack London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals.This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel The Call of the Wild F(Martin Eden) 23.Between the mid-19th and the first decade of the20th century,there had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social id natural sciences,as well in the field of art in Europe,which played an indispensable role in bringing about modernism and the modernistic writings in the United States.T 24.The decade of the1910s,American literature achieved a new diversity and reached its greatest heights.F(1920s)25.John Steinbeck is a representative of the1930s,when“novels of social protest”became dominant on the American literary scene.T 26.John Updike is considered to be a spokesman for the alienated youth in the post-war era and his The Catcher in the Rye is regarded as students'classic.F（Jerome David Salinger）(J.D.Salinger）四、连线题作家流派/文体作品Literature StyleChaucer heroic couplet英雄双韵体Romance of the Roseschiefly under the influenceof French poetry of theMiddle AgesThe House of Fame--《名誉堂》Troylus and Criseyde《特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德》The Legend of Good women--《良妇传说》The Parliament of Fowls--《百鸟堂》under the spell of the greatliterary geniuses of earlyRenaissance Italy:Danteand Petrarch andBoccaccioThe Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》Produced his works ofmaturity free from anyforeign influence.WilliamLanglandPiers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》Alliteration(头韵)Thomas More托马斯.莫尔Humanism人文主义Utopia乌托邦Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根The Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》Of Studies《论读书》;Of wisdom《论智慧》EssayJohn Lyly Eupheus written in a peculiar style known as EuphuismThomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特first introduced the sonnet into English literatureEarl of Surrey萨利伯爵created blank verse Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞The Fairy Queen《仙后》Lyrical poetryBen Jonson琼生Every Man in His Humour;Volpone,or the Fox;The Alchemist;Bartholomew Fair.ChristopherMarlowe克里斯托弗.马洛Doctor Faustus;The Jew of Malta;Tamburlaine Play Robert Greene George Green;the Pinner of WakefieldWilliam Shakespeare威廉姆.莎士比亚Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，King Lear(李尔王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)37plays;blank verseJohn Donne 约翰.多恩“metaphysical”poets(玄学派诗人)《Death be not proud》《死神莫骄妄》Songs and Sonnets《歌谣与十四行诗》The RelicA Valediction:Forbidding Mourning《离别辞：莫忧伤》1.Extraordinary frankness,penetrating realism,cynicism.2.Novelty of subjectmatter and point of view.3.Novelty of form.John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿三个John都是the Puritans清教徒派《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护《Paradise Lost》失乐园Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》《Paradise Regained》复乐园Sonnet-On His Blindness1.The use of blank verse.2.Grand style.3.Inheritance fromtraditional works such as《失明述怀》Sonnet-On His Deceased Wife《梦之妻》Bible.John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Holy War《圣战》The Life and Death of Mr.BadmanGrace Abounding《丰盛恩惠》1.Written in theold-fashioned,medievalform of allegory anddream.2.His language is chieflyplain,colloquial,and quitemodern.Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福realistic novel现实主义小说《Robinson Crusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记《Jonathan Wild》乔纳森.威尔德《Moll Flanders》摩尔.弗兰德斯Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁Father of modernfiction《Joseph Andrews》约瑟夫.安德鲁斯《The History of Tom Jones,a foundling》弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事The History of Jonathan Wild the Great《伟大的乔纳森·王尔德》Humor&satiristJonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特satirist反讽prose poetry《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游记《A Modest Proposal》一个温和的建议A Tale of a Tub1697《一只桶的故事》The Battle of the Books1698《书籍之战》The Drapier’s Letters1724《布商来信》Joseph Addlson The Tatler闲谈者The Spectator旁观者Joseph Addison＆Richard Steele；their life-long friendship and the partnership in literary career.Alexander pope the Pastorals(1709)（田园诗歌）the Essay on Criticism (1711)（论批评）The Rape of the Lock(1714)（卷发遇劫记）“Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady”;“Eloise to Abelard,Samuel Richardson塞缪尔.理查森epistolarynovel(书信体小说），Englishdomestic novel(英国家庭小说）《Pamela》帕美勒Clarissa Harlowe克拉丽莎Sir Charles Grandison查尔斯•格兰迪森的历史psychological analysisRichard B.Sheridan理查德.B.谢尔丹comedy《School for Scandal》造谣学校the Rivals(情敌)the only important Englishdramatist of the18thcenturyOliver Goldsmith’s奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯《The Vicar of Wakefield》威克菲尔德的牧师，小说novel《She Stoops to Conquer》委曲求全，欢乐喜剧rollicking comedy《The Deserted Village》荒村，诗歌The Traveller旅行者poems,诗歌The Citizen of the World世界公民essay以上6位都是18世纪Classicism(古典主义)、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说)的代表人物Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷Sentimentalism感伤主义no belief《Elegy,Written in a CountryChurchyard》墓园挽歌William Blake 威廉.布莱克Pre-romanticismSongs of Innocence天真之歌Songs ofExperience经验之歌Poetical Sketches素描诗集The Tiger老虎Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心呀在高原John Anderson,My Jo约翰·安徒生，我爱A Red,Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰To a Mouse致小鼠Auld Lang Syne友谊地久天长William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯Lake Poets（湖畔派）Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣《The Prelude》序曲1.Leading figure of English romanticpoetry2.See this world freshly and naturally.3.Changed the course of English poetryLord Byron拜伦Romanticism《Childe Harold Pilgrimage》查尔德哈罗德游记Don Juan（唐璜）《Hours of Idleness》闲散时刻1.Renowned as the“gloomy egoist”2.“Byronic Hero”（拜伦式英雄）3.Devote himself into the revolutionPercy Bysshe Shelley雪莱Idealism（理想主义）《Prometheus Unbound》解放的普罗米修斯《Ode to the West Wind》西风颂The Cloud云1.Intense and original2.Reflect radical ideas and revolutionaryoptimism3.Rebel against English politics andconservative valuesJohn Keats济慈Romanticism（浪漫主义）《The Eve of St.Agnes》圣阿格良斯之夜《On a Greeian Urn》希腊古瓮颂《To a Nightingale》致夜莺Ode on Melancholy（忧郁颂）Isabella（伊莎贝拉）1.Epitaph:Here lies one whose name waswritten in water（此地长眠者，声名水上书）2.Early death from tuberculosis at theage of253.He is characterized by sensual imageryWalter Scott沃特.斯科特Famous HistoricalNovelistIvanhoe（艾凡赫）The lady of the Lake（湖中夫人）Waverley（威佛利）1.Historical novelist as well as playwrightand poet.2.He was an advocate,judge and legaladministrator by professionJane Austen简.奥斯丁Female Novelist《Pride and Prejudice》傲慢与偏见《Sense and Sensibility》理智与情感《Emma》爱玛1.Modern character through the treatmentof everyday life2.Virginia Woolf called Austen"the mostperfect artist among women."Charles Lamb 查尔斯.兰伯Essayist（随笔作家）Tales from Shakespeare（莎士比亚故事集）Essays of Elia（伊利亚随笔）The Last Essays of Elia（伊利亚续笔）1.Indulged in his own contemplation andimagination2.To him,literature was a means toexpress his own subjective world and toescape from the sordidness（肮脏、卑鄙）Charles Dickens狄更斯Critical Realism批判现实主义Victorian Period维多利亚时期humanism人文主义《Hard Times》艰难时刻《PickwickPapers》匹克威克外传《Oliver Twist》雾都孤儿《A Tale of Two Cities》双城记1.expose and criticize the poverty,injustice,hypocrisy and corruptness2.show a highly consciouse modernartist3.humor and wit seem inexhaustible4.Picaresque novel(流浪汉小说）Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特《Shirley》雪利《Jane Eyre》简.爱1.great work of genius in Englishfiction2.focus on the female topic3.lyric writing style4.simple realismEmily Bronte艾米丽.勃郎特《Wuthering Heights》呼啸山庄Mrs.Gaskell《Mary Barton,North and South》玛丽.巴顿，北方和南方William Makepeace Thackeray 《Vanity Fair》名利场—this title wasborrowed from The Pilgrim’s Progressby Bunyan.没有大人物的小说1.rich knowledge of social life andheart,the picture in the novels areaccurate and true life2.Thackeray’s satire is caustic and hishumor subtle3.Pay attention to morilityGeorge Eliot 乔治.艾略特《Adam Bede》亚当贝德The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》Silas Marner《织工马南传》Middlemarch《米德尔马契》1.show superb conception andexecution and include much favoralfeminist criticism2.describe various inner world anddepict people’s live with cinematicprecision3.moral teaching and psychologicalrealism.精神说教和心理现实主义。

英美文学玄学派：是指17世纪英国文坛出现的一个独特的诗歌流派。

英国诗人约翰·邓恩是这个流派的代表人物，他因在诗歌中精妙地运用“奇喻”的比喻手法而蜚声文坛。

它们往往以精致典雅的形式表现情感与观念的矛盾，把古典主义的性情与浪漫主义的风骨很好地融合到了一起。

骑士文学盛行于西欧，反映了骑士阶层的生活理想。

骑士精神和道德是上层社会的贵族文化精神，它是以个人身份的优越感为基础的道德与人格精神，但它也积淀这西欧民族远古尚武精神的某些积极因素。

三联剧：在古希腊悲剧创作中，有一类悲剧均由三部分组成，每部分即能独立存在，各部之间又有紧密联系。

这种剧合则为一，分则为三，代表作家为埃斯库罗斯。

文艺复兴：是指13世纪末在意大利各城市兴起，以后扩展到西欧各国，于16世纪在欧洲盛行的一场思想文化运动，带来一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了近代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。

人文主义：是文艺复兴核心思想，是新兴资产阶级反封建的社会思潮，也是资产阶级人道主义的最初形式。

它肯定人性和人的价值，要求享受人世的欢乐，要求人的个性解放和自由平等，推崇人的感性经验和理性思维。

七星诗社：是16世纪中期法国的一个文学团体，是由七位人文主义诗人组成的文学团体。

他们中以龙沙和杜贝莱最著名。

七星诗社的诗人们从事过各种创作，他们的诗声望很高，但他们的主要贡献却是对于法语改革的主张。

狂飙突进运动：是18世纪德国文学界的运动，是文艺形式从古典主义向浪漫主义过渡时的阶段，也可以说是幼稚时期的浪漫主义。

但其中心代表人物是歌德和席勒，歌德的《少年维特的烦恼》是其典型代表作品，表达的是人类内心感情的冲突和奋进精神。

伤感主义：１８世纪后期欧洲资产阶级启蒙运动中的一种文艺思潮，也称为“主情主义”。

该派的得名，源与英国作家斯特恩的小说《在法国和意大利的感伤的旅行》。

该派作家崇尚感情，把感情看的高于“理性”，因而强调文学的主要任务是细致刻画任务的心理动态和描写人物的不幸遭遇，以便唤起读者在感情上的同情和共鸣，表达出对当时贵族阶级的理性主义和古典主义的反抗。