干细胞工程

细胞工程复习题一、名词解释[1]细胞工程：是指主要以细胞为对象，应用生命科学理论，借助工程学原理与技术，有目的地利用或改造生物遗传性状，以获得特定的细胞、组织产品或新型物种的一门综合性科学技术。

[2]细胞融合：是指使用人工方法使两个或两个以上的细胞合并形成一个细胞的技术。

[3]细胞重组：从活细胞中将细胞器及其组分分离出来，再在体外一定条件下将不同来源的细胞器及其组分重新组合，使之重新装配成为具有生物活性的细胞或细胞器的一种实验技术[4]细胞培养：泛指所有体外培养，其含义是指从动物活体体内取出组织，于模拟体内生理环境等特定的体内条件下，进行孵育培养，使之生存并生长[5]细胞全能性：指分化细胞保留全部的核基因组，具有生物个体生长、发育所需要的全部遗传信息，具有发育成完整个体的潜能。

[6]细胞分化：是指细胞在形态、结构和功能上发生差异的过程，包括时间上和空间上的分化。

[7]细胞核移植：是一种利用显微操作技术将一种动物的细胞核移入同种或异种动物的去核成熟卵细胞内的技术。

主要包括胚胎细胞核移植和体细胞核移植。

[8]细胞悬浮培养：是将细胞接种于液体培养基中并保持良好的分散状态的培养方式[9]细胞系：由原代培养经传代培养纯化，获得的以一种细胞为主的、能在体外长期生存的不均一的细胞群体。

第一次传代培养后的细胞即称之为细胞系[10]细胞株：是指从一个经过生物学鉴定的细胞系用单细胞分离培养或通过筛选的方法，由单细胞增殖形成的细胞群，称细胞株[11]细胞凋亡：也叫程序性细胞死亡是机体维持环境稳定、有基因控制的细胞自主的有序性死亡[12]细胞团培养：细胞培养时，本身代谢就慢或者脆弱，细胞密度太低或者太高都会导致细胞的凋亡，死亡的细胞裂解物包裹未凋亡的细胞形成絮状物，这些絮状物在显微镜下看就是细胞聚集。

[13]体细胞核移植：体细胞核移植又称体细胞克隆，原理即细胞核的全能性，是动物细胞工程技术的常用技术手段[14]冠瘿组织：是由根癌农杆菌感染引起的植物肿瘤组织，它能在无外加植物激素的培养基上生长。

组织与细胞工程中干细胞再生医学新进展干细胞再生医学是当前医学领域的一个热门研究方向，它具有巨大的潜力来治疗各种疾病和创伤，并为患者带来新的希望。

在组织与细胞工程中，干细胞再生医学正迎来新的进展，为人类健康带来了许多重要的突破。

本文将介绍干细胞的定义、分类以及干细胞再生医学的最新进展。

首先，我们来了解一下什么是干细胞。

干细胞是一类具有自我更新和多潜能分化能力的特殊细胞。

它们可以通过不同的分化路径生成各种特定的细胞类型，并且可以自我复制以不断补充其数量。

干细胞通常分为两类：胚胎干细胞和成体干细胞。

胚胎干细胞是从早期胚胎中获得的，具有最广泛的分化潜能。

它们可以分化为所有体细胞类型，并具有巨大的再生潜力。

然而，胚胎干细胞的获取和应用伦理问题备受争议，限制了其在临床应用中的使用。

与此相反，成体干细胞存在于成年生物的各个组织和器官中，具有一定的分化潜能。

它们主要用于维持和修复组织，是体内的自然修复系统。

成体干细胞相对于胚胎干细胞更容易获取，且不涉及伦理争议，因此在干细胞再生医学中得到广泛应用。

在组织与细胞工程领域，干细胞再生医学取得了一系列新的进展。

首先，研究人员发现了一种名为诱导多能干细胞（induced pluripotent stem cell，iPSC）的新型干细胞。

iPSC 是通过基因工程技术将成体细胞重编程而来的多能性细胞，具有类似于胚胎干细胞的特性。

iPSC 的发现带来了一种新的获得干细胞的方法，解决了胚胎干细胞获取和伦理问题，为干细胞再生医学的应用打开了新的大门。

其次，利用干细胞进行组织工程也取得了显著进展。

组织工程是一种将多种细胞和生物材料结合起来，利用干细胞的再生能力来修复或重建组织和器官的方法。

通过培养和进一步分化干细胞，研究人员已经成功制备出许多具有生物学功能的组织，如心肌组织、神经组织和肝脏组织等。

这些组织工程构建的组织不仅可以在实验室中进行研究，还可以在临床上应用于治疗患者，为细胞治疗提供新的选择。

干细胞技术在组织工程及再生医学中的前景展望引言干细胞技术作为一项颠覆性的医学科技，被广泛研究和应用于组织工程及再生医学领域。

通过利用干细胞的多潜能性和自我更新能力，人们可以再造、修复和替代受损组织和器官，带来巨大的医学和生物学进展。

本文将展望干细胞技术在组织工程及再生医学中的潜力和前景。

一、干细胞技术的进展1.1 干细胞的定义和分类干细胞是一类具有自我更新和多向分化潜能的细胞，可分为胚胎干细胞和成体干细胞两大类。

胚胎干细胞来源于胚胎早期的内细胞团，具有高度分化和广泛分化潜能；而成体干细胞存在于成人的多个组织和器官中，包括骨髓、脂肪组织、神经组织等。

1.2 干细胞技术的发展历程干细胞技术的研究始于20世纪70年代，经过几十年的努力，科学家们已经成功地分离和培养出多种干细胞，并实现了不同组织和器官的再生。

干细胞技术的进展为组织工程和再生医学领域带来了希望和机遇。

二、组织工程中的干细胞应用2.1 干细胞在组织工程中的重要性组织工程是一种利用生物材料和细胞来构建人工组织和器官的技术，而干细胞作为具有多潜能性和自我更新能力的细胞，被广泛应用于组织工程领域。

干细胞可以不断分化为各种特定细胞，从而实现器官和组织的再生和修复。

2.2 干细胞在组织工程中的应用案例干细胞在组织工程中的应用案例多种多样，涉及到多个器官的再生。

例如，干细胞可以应用于心肌再生，通过植入干细胞诱导它们分化为心肌细胞，以修复心肌缺损。

此外，干细胞还可以应用于骨骼再生、肝脏细胞再生、皮肤再生等领域，为受损的组织和器官提供新的生物材料和细胞来源。

三、再生医学中的干细胞应用3.1 干细胞在再生医学中的潜力再生医学是一种通过利用干细胞和组织工程技术来再造受损组织和器官的医学科学。

干细胞作为再生医学的核心组成部分，具有重大潜力。

通过干细胞的多向分化潜能，可以再造多种类型的细胞，从而为疾病治疗和组织修复提供新的方法和途径。

3.2 干细胞在再生医学中的应用前景再生医学是目前科学研究和临床实践的热点领域之一，干细胞作为再生医学的核心技术，具有巨大的应用前景。

Cancer stem cells are defined as those with the ability to self-renew while generating a daughter progenitor. They are malignant for the progenitor to undergo further differentiation into more mature progenitors into phenotypically diverse cancer cells. To cure cancer it is imperative to devise therapies that effectively target the cancer stem cells.iPS cells, namely induced pluripotent stem cells, were first produced in 2006 from mouse cells and in 2007 from human cells. They are a type of pluripotent stem cell artificially derived from a non-pluripotent cell, typically an adult somatic cell, by inducing a "forced" expression of specific genes, such as oct4, sox2, nanog, klf4, c-myc and so forth. They are similar to natural pluripotent stem cells, such as ES cells, in many respects, such as the expression of certain stem cell genes, chromatin methylation patterns, doubling time, embryoid body formation and potency of differentiability, but the full extent of their relation to natural pluripotent stem cells is still being assessedcell reprogramming, is the process of directing mature cells to a primitive state of gene expression. Somatic cell nuclear transfer, cell fusion, and introduction of specific transcriptional factors are three main strategies of cell reprogramming.stem cells are biological cells that can differentiate into diverse specialized cell types. There are two types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells that are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells that are found in various tissues. The classical definition of a stem cell requires it possess two properties: self-renewal - the ability to go through numerous cycles of cell division while maintaining the undifferentiated state. Potency - the capacity to differentiate into specialized cell types. In the strictest sense, this requires stem cells to be either totipotent or pluripotent - to be able to give rise to any mature cell type, although multipotent or unipotent progenitor cells are sometimes referred to as stem cells.Epigenetic is the study of heritable changes in phenotype or gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the DNA sequence. These changes may remain through cell divisions for the remainder of the cell's life and may also last for multiple generations. However, there is no change in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism; instead, non-genetic factors cause the organism's genes to behave differently.Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, an early-stage embryo. They have two distinctive properties: the pluripotency of differentiation, and the capacity of self-renewal. They can differentiate into all derivatives of the three primary germ layers, which include more than 220 types of cells in the adult body. They also can maintain their undifferentiated state when they are in the continuous process of division.gene targeting is a genetic technique that uses homologous recombination to change an endogenous gene. The method can be used to delete a gene, remove exons, add a gene, and introduce point mutations. Gene targeting can be permanent or conditional. Gene targetingrequires the creation of a specific vector for each gene of interest. However, it can be used for any gene, regardless of transcriptional activity or gene size.可塑性plasticity refers to the ability of a cell to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment.Somatic cells nuclear transfer is a laboratory technique for creating a clonal embryo, using an ovum with a donor nucleus. It can be used in embryonic stem cell research, or in regenerative medicine, such as "therapeutic cloning". It can also be used as the first step in the process of reproductive cloning, but it will break human ethics if it is applied in human cloning.Genomic imprinting is a mark about parental origin, namely a genetic phenomenon by which certain genes are expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. It is an inheritance process independent of the classical Mendelian inheritance. Imprinted genes are either expressed only from the allele inherited from the mother , or from the allele inherited from the father. It is also an epigenetic process that involves methylation and histone modifications in order to achieve gene expression without altering the genetic sequence. These epigenetic marks are established in the germline and are maintained throughout all somatic cells of an organism.Transdifferentiation is an irreversible switch of one differentiated cell type to another. It takes place when a non-stem cell transforms into a different type of cell, or when an already differentiated stem cell creates cells outside its already established differentiation path. It is a type of metaplasia, which includes all cell fate switches, including the interconversion of stem cells.Stem cell niche is the microenvironment in which stem cells are found, which interacts with stem cells to regulate stem cell fate. Niche can be in reference to the in vivo or in vitro stem cell microenvironment. During embryonic development, various niche factors act on embryonic stem cells to alter gene expression, and induce their proliferation or differentiation for the development of the fetus. Within the human body, stem cell niches maintain adult stem cells in a quiescent state, but after tissue injury, the surrounding micro-environment actively signals to stem cells to either promote self renewal or differentiation to form new tissues.Aseptic technique refers to a procedure that is performed under sterile conditions. This includes medical and laboratory techniques, such as with microbiological cultures. It includes techniques like flame sterilization.自我更新self-renew means that embryonic stem cells can maintain their undifferentiated state when they are in the continuous process of division. It is the distinctive prosperity of embryonic stem cells or iPS cells.分化differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specializedcell type. Differentiation occurs numerous times as the organism grows from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. It is under the exact and rigorous control of the expression of various genes.细胞周期The cell cycle is the series of events that takes place in a cell leading to its division and duplication. It can be divided in two brief periods: interphase, during which the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis and duplicating its DNA; and M phase, during which the cell divides into two distinct cells . The cell cycle is a vital process by which a zygote develops into a mature organism, as well as a process by which various tissues and organs are renewed.治疗性克隆therapeutic cloning means using the technique of cloning to create embryos in the laboratory for medical purposes. The use of cloning techniques to obtain human embryos is in order to extract embryonic stem cells or pluripotent stem cells. These stem cells, in the right conditions, can develop into any types of cells, issues as well as organs, which can be used for medical treatment.。