2015上海卷

上海市2015年初中毕业统一学业考试英语答案解析Part 1 ListeningⅠ.Listening comprehension1.【答案】E2.【答案】F3.【答案】B4.【答案】C5.【答案】D6.【答案】G7.【答案】C8.【答案】A9.【答案】D10.【答案】A11.【答案】D12.【答案】B13.【答案】B14.【答案】C15.【答案】F16.【答案】T17.【答案】T18.【答案】F19.【答案】T20.【答案】F21.【答案】have fun22.【答案】work hard23.【答案】in class24.【答案】11 o'clock25.【答案】angry withPart 2 Phonetics, Grammar and VocabularyⅡ.Choose the best answer26.【答案】A【解析】A．shape的发音为/ʃeɪp/，是重读开音节，字母a发本身的音/eɪ/；B．sheep的发音为/ʃiːp/；C．shop 的发音为/ʃɒp/；D．ship的发音为/ʃɪp/。

【考点】单词的读音。

27.【答案】D【解析】根据句意可知，本题考查“by oneself”的用法。

【考点】代词辨析。

28.【答案】B【解析】in在…里面；of…的；on在…上面；at在，后跟小地点或具体的时间；a picture of sb．某人的照片，of表所属关系。

【考点】介词辨析。

29.【答案】C【解析】wait for为固定搭配，表目的。

waiting for the opening ceremony to start做crowd的定语。

【考点】介词辨析。

30.【答案】C【解析】根据句意可知，此处应为序数词，排除A、B，又sixteenths常用在分数表达中。

【考点】数词辨析。

31.【答案】D【解析】根据句意，这是一个有关比较级的试题。

much作为程度副词，应该放于比较级之前。

2015年上海市中考数学试卷一、选择题（本大题共6小题，共24.0分。

在每小题列出的选项中，选出符合题目的一项）1. 下列实数中，是有理数的为( )A. √2B. √43 C. π D. 02. 当a>0时，下列关于幂的运算正确的是( )A. a0=1B. a−1=−aC. (−a)2=−a2D. a12=1a23. 下列y关于x的函数中，是正比例函数的为( )A. y=x2B. y=2x C. y=x2D. y=x+124. 如果一个正多边形的中心角为72°，那么这个多边形的边数是( )A. 4B. 5C. 6D. 75. 下列各统计量中，表示一组数据波动程度的量是( )A. 平均数B. 众数C. 方差D. 频率6. 如图，已知在⊙O中，AB是弦，半径OC⊥AB，垂足为点D，要使四边形OACB为菱形，还需要添加一个条件，这个条件可以是( )A. AD=BDB. OD=CDC. ∠CAD=∠CBDD. ∠OCA=∠OCB二、填空题（本大题共12小题，共48.0分）7. 计算：|−2|+2=______．8. 方程√3x−2=2的解是______．9. 如果分式2xx+3有意义，那么x的取值范围是______．10. 如果关于x的一元二次方程x2+4x−m=0没有实数根，那么m的取值范围是______．11. 同一温度的华氏度数y(℉)与摄氏度数x(℃)之间的函数关系是y=95x+32，如果某一温度的摄氏度数是25℃，那么它的华氏度数是℉.12. 如果将抛物线y =x 2+2x −1向上平移，使它经过点A(0,3)，那么所得新抛物线的表达式是______．13. 某校学生会提倡双休日到养老院参加服务活动，首次活动需要7位同学参加，现有包括小杰在内的50位同学报名，因此学生会将从这50位同学中随机抽取7位，小杰被抽到参加首次活动的概率是______． 14. 已知某校学生“科技创新社团”成员的年龄与人数情况如下表所示： 年龄(岁) 11 12 13 14 15人数 5 5 16 15 12那么“科技创新社团”成员年龄的中位数是______岁．15. 如图，已知在△ABC 中，D 、E 分别是边AB 、边AC 的中点，AB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =m ⃗⃗ ，AC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =n ⃗ ，那么向量DE⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 用向量m ⃗⃗ ，n ⃗ 表示为______．16. 已知E 是正方形ABCD 的对角线AC 上一点，AE =AD ，过点E 作AC 的垂线，交边CD 于点F ，那么∠FAD =______度．17. 在矩形ABCD 中，AB =5，BC =12，点A 在⊙B 上，如果⊙D 与⊙B 相交，且点B 在⊙D 内，那么⊙D 的半径长可以等于______.(只需写出一个符合要求的数)18. 已知在△ABC 中，AB =AC =8，∠BAC =30°，将△ABC 绕点A 旋转，使点B 落在原△ABC 的点C 处，此时点C 落在点D 处，延长线段AD ，交原△ABC 的边BC 的延长线于点E ，那么线段DE 的长等于______．三、解答题（本大题共7小题，共78.0分。

2015年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）理科综合能力测试化学试题（含答案）相对原子质量：H-1 C-12 N-14 O-16 Na-23 Cl-35.5 Ca-40一、选择题（本题共10分，每小题2分，每题只有一个正确选项）1.中国科学技术名词审定委员会已确定第116号元素Lv的名称为鉝。

关于的叙述错误的是A. 原子序数116B. 中子数177C. 核外电子数116D. 相对原子质量2932.下列物质见光不会分解的是A. HClOB. NH4ClC. HNO3D. AgNO33.某晶体中含有极性键，关于该晶体的说法错误的是A. 不可能有很高的熔沸点B. 不可能是单质C. 可能是有机物D. 可能是离子晶体4.不能作为判断硫、氯两种元素非金属性强弱的依据是A. 单质氧化性的强弱B. 单质沸点的高低C. 单质与氢气化合的难易D. 最高价氧化物对应的水化物酸性的强弱5.二氧化硫能使溴水褪色，说明二氧化硫具有A. 还原性B. 氧化性C. 漂白性D. 酸性二、选择题（本题共36分，每小题3分，每题只有一个正确选项）6.将Na、Na2O、NaOH、Na2S、Na2SO4分别加热熔化，需要克服相同类型作用力的物质有A. 2种B. 3种C. 4种D. 5种7.检验用硫酸亚铁制得的硫酸铁中是否含有硫酸亚铁，可选用的试剂是A. NaOHB. KMnO4C. KSCND. 苯酚8.已知H2O2在催化剂作用下分解速率加快，其能量随反应进程的变化如下图所示。

下列说法正确的是A. 加入催化剂，减小了反应的热效应B. 加入催化剂，可提高H2O2的平衡转化率C. H2O2分解的热化学方程式：H2O2 → H2O + O2 + QD. 反应物的总能量高于生成物的总能量9.已知咖啡酸的结构如右图所示。

关于咖啡酸的描述正确的是 A. 分子式为C9H5O4B. 1mol咖啡酸最多可与5mol氢气发生加成反应 C. 与溴水既能发生取代反应，又能发生加成反应 D. 能与Na2CO3溶液反应，但不能与NaHCO3溶液反应10.卤代烃的制备有多种方法，下列卤代烃不适合由相应的烃经卤代反应制得的是A. B. C. D.11.下列有关物质性质的比较，错误的是A. 溶解度：小苏打< 苏打B. 密度：溴乙烷> 水C. 硬度：晶体硅< 金刚石D. 碳碳键键长：乙烯> 苯12.与氢硫酸反应有沉淀生成的电解质是A. 硫酸铜B. 氢氧化钠C. 硫酸亚铁D. 二氧化硫13.实验室回收废水中苯酚的过程如右图所示。

2015年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）英语考生注意：1.考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。

2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。

试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（第1-12页）和第Ⅱ卷（第13页），全卷共13页。

所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（填空题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。

答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。

第Ⅰ卷（共103分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end ofeach conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversation and the questionwill be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the fourpossible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you haveheard.1.A. impatient B. confused C. pleased D. regretful2. A. at a bus stopB. at a laundryC. at the dentist’ｓD. at the chemist’ｓ3. A. An actor B. A salesman C. A translator D. A writer4. A. He lost his classmate’s homework.B. He can’t help the woman with her math.C. He broke the woman’s calculator.D. He doesn’t know where the “on” button is.5. A. The woman should go to another counter.B. The woman gives the man so many choices.C. The man dislike the sandwiches offered there.D. The man is having trouble deciding what to eat.6. A. She has no idea where to find the man’s exam result.B. She isn’t allowed totell students their grades.C. Dr. White hasn’t finish grading the papers.D. Dr. White doesn’t want to be contacted while he’s away.7. A. Move to a neat dormitory? B. Find a person to share their apartmentC. Clean the room with the roommate ??D. Write an article about their roommate8. A. Bob won’t take her adviceB. Bob doesn’t want to go abroadC. She doesn’t think Bob should study overseasD. She hasn’t talked to Bob since he went aboard9. A. The snack bar isn’t usually so empty. B. Dessert is served in the snack bar.C. The snack bar is near the library.D. Snacks aren’t allowed in the library.10. A. Take her bicycle to the repair shop. B. Leave her bicycle outside.C. Clean the garage after the rain stops.D. Check if the garage is dry.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions oneach of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one wouldbe the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. It helps care for customers’ dogs.B. You have to buy food for dogs.C. None of the dogs are caged.D. There is a dog named Princess.12. A. She likes the food there.B. She enjoys the fun with a pet.C. She can have free coffee.D. She doesn’t like to be alone.13. A. A new kind of cafe.B. A new brand of cafe.C. A new home for pets.D. A new way to raise pets.Question 14 through 16 are based on the following passages.14. A. A trend that high achievers are given a lower salary.B. A view that life quality is more important than pay.C. A dream of the young for fast-paced jobs.D. A new term created by high achievers.15. A. 10% B. 12% C. 6% D. 7%16. A. People are less satisfied with their lives.B. The financial investment may increase.C. Well-paid jobs are not easy to find.D. Unexpected problems may arise.Section CDirections: In section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD for each answer.SRTService NotesAccount No.: 17Service Request: Check the 18Solutions: Send another 19 (2 pm on 20 )Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.In what way are these climbers special? They are all 21 .22 .Why did they choose to conquer MountKilimanjaro?What did they do in time of difficulty????????? They persevered, 23 each other.How did they record their adventure? By keeping 24 .II. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent andgrammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form. of thegiven word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)Gift from a strangerMy local supermarket is always busy. The first parking space I found was convenient, but I'dnoticed a woman in a blue car circling for a while. (25) _____ I was in a good mood, I let her have it. Onthe edge of the car park I backed into the next available spot—it was a tight fit.Pretty soon I'd made my way through the supermarket and was back in the fresh air. Feeling good, I(26) _____(empty) my purse change into the hands of a homeless man and helped a struggling womanreverse park（倒车）.Just as I approached my car, 1 saw the woman I'd let have my car space earlier. She was giving me(27) _____ odd look—half puzzled, half intent (热切的). I smiled and wished her a pleasant day. As Isqueezed back into my car, I spotted the same lady (28) _____ (look) in at me. "Hello," she said,hesitantly. "This (29) _____ sound crazy but I was on my way to drop some of my mother's things off atthe chari ty bins.” You are just so much (30) _____ her.” You helped those people, I noticed, and youseemed so happy.” She looked at me meaningfully and passed a box in through the window. “I thinkher automatically. She smiled and walkedwould like you to have it.” (31) _____ (shock), I took it fromaway.After a pause, I opened the box. Inside was a beautiful gold necklace with a large grey pearl. It was(32) _____ (nice) gift I'd ever received, and it was from a complete stranger. The necklace was aroundmy neck, a warm reminder of human kindness.(B)Ask helpful HannahDear helpful Hannah,I’ve got a problem with my husband, Sam. He bought a smart phone a couple of months ago and hetook it on our recent ski vacation to Colorado, it was a great trip except for one problem. He has aconstant urge (33) for next messages; he checks his phone every five minutes! He’s soaddicted to it that he just can’t stand the idea (34) there may be an important text. He can’thelp checking even at inappropriate times like when we are eating in a restaurant and I am talking tohim! He behaves (35) any small amount of boredom can make him feel the need to check hisphone even when he know he shouldn’t. The temptation to see (36) is connecting him is justtoo great. When I ask him to put down the phone and stop (37) (ignore) me, he say, “In aminute.” but still checks to see if (38) has posted something new on the Internet. Our life (39)(interrupted). If we go somewhere and I ask him to have the phone at home, he suffers from withdrawalsymptom. May this dependency on his smart phone has become more than an everyday problem.(40) is a real illness people can’t sufferI recently read an article about “nomophobia,”　from the fear of being without your phone! I am worried that Sam maybe suffering from this illnessbecause he feels anxious if he doesn’t have his phone with him, even for a short time.Who would have thought that little devices like these could have brought so much trouble!Sick and Tired SadieSection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be usedonce. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. accessB. alternativesC. designedD. confirmedE. conflictingF. elementsG. function H. innovative I. prospective J. separate K. supportingConsidering how much time people spend in effects, it is important that with A be well designed.Well-designed office spaces help create a corporation’s image. They motivate workers and they makean impression on people who visit and might be potential, or 41 , customers. They makebusiness work better, and they are a part of the corporate culture to live in.As we move away from an industrial-based economy to a knowledge-based one, office designerscome up with 42 to the traditional work environments of the past. The design industry hasmoved away from a fixed office setup and created more flexible “strategic management environments.”These 43 solutions are meant to support better organizational performance.As employee hierarchies （等级制度）have flattened or decreased, office designers’ response tothis change has been to move open-plan areas to more desirable locations within the office and createfewer formal private offices. The need for increased flexibility has also been 44 by changes inworkstation design. Office and work spaces often are not 45 to a given person on a permanentbasis. Because of changes to methods of working, new design allow for expansion or movement ofdesks, storage, and equipment within the workplace. Another important design goal is communication,which designers have improved by breaking the walls that 46 workstations. Designers have47 to heavily trafficked areasalso created informal gathering places and upgraded employees’such as copy and coffee rooms.Corporate and institutional office designers often struggle to resolve a number of competing andoften 48 demands, including budgetary limits, employees hierarchies and technologicalinnovation (especially in relation to computerization). These demands must also be balanced with theneed to create interiors (内饰) that in some way enhance, establish or possess a company’s image and will enable employees to 49 and their best.All these 50 of office design are related. The most successful office designs are like goodmarriage—the well-designed office and the employees that occupy it are seemingly made for eachother.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C andD. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.If you studied pictures that ancient people left on rock walls and you tried to determine theirmeaning, you would not detect interest in romance among the artists. 51 , you would see plenty ofearned to center on hunting andanimals with people running after them. Life for ancient people’sgathering wild foods for meals.In modern times, when food is available in grocery stores, finding love is more 52 inpeople’s lives. The 53 is all around us. It is easy to prepare a list of modern stories having to dowith love. An endless number of books and movies qualify as love stories in popular culture.Researchers are studying whether love, a highly valued emotional state, can be 54 . They ask,what is love? Toothpaste companies want us to think attraction is all about clean teeth, but clean teethgo only so far. Scientists wonder how much the brain gets involved. You have probably heard thatopposites attract but that 55 attract, too. One thing is certain: The truth about love is not yet set instone.First ImpressionTo help determine the 56 of attraction, researchers paired 164 college classmates and hadthem talk for 3, 6 or 10 minutes so they could get a sense of each other’s individuality. Then students were asked to 57 what kind of relationship they were likely to build with their partners. Afternine weeks, they reported what happened.As it turned out, their 58 judgments often held true. Students seemed to 59 at an earlystage who would best fit into their lives.The 60 KnowsScientists have also turned to nonhumans to increase understanding of attraction. Many animalsgive off pheromones — natural chemicals that can be detected by, and then can produce a response in,other animals of the same species. Pheromones can signal that an animal is either ready to fight or isfeeling 61 to partnerships. In contrast, humans do not seem to be as 62 as other animals atdetecting such chemicals. Smell, however, does seem to play a part in human attraction. Although wemay not be aware of chemicals like pheromones consciously, we give and receive loads of informationthrough smell in every interaction with other people.Face ValueBeing fond of someone seems to have a number of factors, including seeing something we findattractive. Researchers had people judge faces for 63 . The participants had 0.013 seconds to vieweach face, yet somehow they generally considered the images the same as people who had more time tostudy the same faces. The way we 64 attractiveness seem to be somewhat automatic.When shown an attractive face and then words with good or bad associations, people responded to65 words faster after viewing an attractive face. Seeing something attractive seems to cause happythinking.51. A. Instead B. Therefore C. Moreover D. Otherwise52. A. romantic B. stressful C. central D. artificial53. A. priority B. proof C. possibility D. principle54. A. tested B. impressed C. changed D. created55. A. appearances B. virtues C. similarities D. passions56. A. illustrations B. implications C. ingredients D. intentions57. A. predict B. investigate C. diagnose D. recall58. A. critical B. initial C. random D. mature59. A. memorize B. distinguish C. negotiate D. question60. A. Nose B. Eye C. Heart D. Hand61. A. open B. alert C. resistant D. superior62. A. disappointed B. amazed C. confused D. gifted63. A. emotion B. attractiveness C. individuality D. signals64. A. enhance B. possess C. maintain D. assess65. A. familiar B. plain C. positive D. irritating第二部分：阅读理解（第一节共20小题，第二节5小题；每小题2分，满分50分）阅读下列材料，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该选项标号涂黑。

上海市英语试卷一、单选题（共20小题）1．Which of the following words is pronounced | e:p|A．shape B．sheep C．shop D．ship2．Nowadays I can choose online courses and study by______A．I B．me C．my D．myself3．I love this picture_____ you beside the music fountainA．in B．of C．on D．at4．There was a big crowd waiting____ the opening ceremony to startA．by B．from C．for D．with5．Rose received a letter full of love from her parents on her_____ birthdayA．sixteen B．sixteen’sC．sixteenth D．sixteenths6．Alex did the project on community service____ better than his classmatesA．so B．very C．too D．much7．Leave the relevant books behind，____ you won’t be able to think independentlyA．or B．and C．so D．but8．______Mike didn’t win the race, he was still wearing a smile on his faceA．If B．sinceC．Although D．because9．The little dancer from Australia looks____ in the long skirtA．gently B．happilyC．beautifully D．lovely10．Now Jerry____ the exchange programs with his classmates in the meeting roomA．discussed B．in discussingC．was discussing D．has discussed11．Tim told us that his company______ robots to do some of the workA．uses B．will useC．has used D．would use12．Over 30,000 dollars ___ for a children’s hospital by a British girl several months ageA．in raised B．was raisedC．will be raised D．has been raised13．my friend invited me ___ the art club，and I accepted it with pleasureA．join B．to joinC．joined D．joining14．Martin was so busy___ the old that he gave up his part-time jobA．helping B．helpedC．to help D．help15．-Mum,___ I visit the Movie Museum tomorrow-I’m afraid you can’t．It is closed on MondayA．must B．may C．should D．need16．____ important it is for kids to imagine freelyA．what B．what aC．what an D．how17．Please ______your exam papers once again before handing them inA．going over B．went overC．go over D．to go over18．-____ father took part in the charity activity in the neighbourhood yesterday -Peter’sA．Whose B．what C．which D．who19．-Don’t threw plastic bags towards the animals in the zoo-______A．All right B．my pleasureC．not at all D．Doesn’t mention20．You look sad，Betty．What is the matter with you?A．I’ve got the first prizeB．I’m sorry to hear thatC．I can’t attend the summer campD．I don’t quite agree with you二、信息匹配（共1小题）Today I am going to talk about rainforest．Are you _1__ with them？ They are interesting and exciting places! Many kinds of the world’s plants and animals live in the rainforests．However, rainforests are___2___ now—they are disappearing very fast because they are cut down or burnt every day．As a result, ___3____ animals and plants are dying out．Maybe you have never been to a rainforest, so why should you protect them__4__？Rainforests are important to everyone．They are important because the plants in the rainforests make oxygen．We need oxygen to breathe．Rainforests also help to ---5--- the weather．When trees are down, it gets hotter．Besides, one quarter of our___6___ come from plants．Many of these plants can be found only in rainforests．There is a lot that we have not learnt about rainforests．If we __7__ them, we will never find out．In my opinion, our future__8__ saving the rainforests．We must tell more people how important rainforests are so that they will stop doing harm to them．We must protect the rainforests now．We have to act now to save our early home．三、完成句子（共2小题）1．Some people like reading on Wechat, but_____ don’t．（other）2．Cut the strawberries into pieces and put_____ into the younger．(they)3．The day was_____ , but the man was trying to come through．(closeD．4．I’m thankful to the teacher for her _____ on my interview．(suggest)5．It’s our responsibility to make the sky______ than before．(clear)6．Education is one of the most powerful ways to _____ one’s mind．(rich)7．I think it’s ____ to judge a person before you reality know him．( fairy)8．_____, the famous temple was not damaged in the earthquake．( luck)23.完成句子1．A dictionary is useful for us to understand new words．(改为复数形式)________ ________ useful for us to understand new words．2．Marry paid about 1,500 dollars for a trip to Europe with her mother （对划线部分提问）________ ________ did Marry pay for a trip to Europe with her mother？3．Mark returned to his country after he finished university abroad．(保持句意基本相同) Mark ______ _______ to his country after he finished university abroad．4．I am not good at playing badminton．Gary isn’t, either．(合并为一句)______ Gary _____ I am good at playing badminton．5．Why does Jim send flowers to Ms Gary every September？ he wondered （改为宾语从句）He wondered why __________ ___________ fiowers to Ms Grey every September．6．Wesley translates two French story books into Chinese every year．(改为被动语态) Two French story books _____ ______ into Chinese by Wesley every year．7．the amusement park，after，are going to，they，the speech contest （连词成句）_______________________________________________________________四、阅读理解（共2小题）1．At __________, students are having a painting lesson．A．9:30 a．m．B．11:35 a．m．C．1:30 p．m．D．2:15 p．m．2．The underlined word “Alternatively” is closest in meaning to “__________”．A．As another choiceB．For this reasonC．At the same timeD．In other words3．Students should prepare a new part of _____ ahead of time as their homework．A．TechnologyB．BiologyC．DramaD．Chemistry4．Students can learn how to __________ according to the information in the table．A．make a videoB．write a report on DramaC．play basketballD．surf the Internet safely5．An average student need about __________ minutes to finish his homework．A．30B．40C．90D．1106．The information in the table is mainly for students to __________．A．take classesB．do their homeworkC．choose teachersD．organize hobby groups1．Denny believed in Santa Claus, didn’t he?2．Where did the Christmas gifts come from according to Denny?3．How old was Denny when he wrote the letter?4．Why was Denny not on the “Nice List”?5．What would Denny probably do in order to get a Christmas present?6．Who do you think answered Denny’s letter? Give you reason．五、完形填空（共1小题）Road signs for your futureSometimes,the choices you have made prove to be wrong．Don’t worry it’s not the end of the world! In traffic, what you do in this situation is just turn around and find a 1 way．That’s exactly what you should also do in real life．In your life you will find many dead ends but you will always find your wayout of them．Life is not always a walk in the park．There will be uphill as well as downhill, bumps（凸块） and smooth rides．If you are not careful, a bump can make you 2 ．Huwever, riding your life along just straight roads with no bumps can become 3 ．So, a bump can be a nice experience aswell．Right or left? In your life there will be times when you have to make a 5 ．Your may want to focus on your studies, so you choose to stop a hobby that you’ve had for years．6 ! Before putting awaythe guitar or stopping your dance lessons, you should think how you could divide your time betweenstudying and hobbies．Basically it’s just a question of how to manage your time．Whate ver you do in life, remember to take it easy, You don’t have to run everywhere．Sometimes running makes life less enjoyable．It’s often better to think before taking action．So, think first and thenact! There’s really no rush! You don’t have to experience ev erything before you’re 20!1．A．better B．shorter C．faster D．wider2．A．grow B．cry C．change D．fall3．A．helpful B．boring C．lucky D．dangerous4．A． B． C． D．5．A．living B．decision C．mistake D．wish6．A．Drive carefully B．Act immediately C．Think again D．Speak aloud六、阅读填空（共1小题）It’s a commce school day at Southern Cross School near the famous Kruger National Park in South Africa．Teachers and pupils don’t sit in a classroom I 1 , they go through the forest or sit under the threes．The school teachers students all the same s 2 as the rest of the country’s schools, but the teaching methods are completely different．Southern Cross uses nature as a teaching tool．The teachers and their puoils go out into nature and work with animals and plants．These can be used to study a 3 from mathsand social sciences to languages．The school is in an area where animals live wild and can be hunted．To get to class, students travel a road through the forest that wild animals use as well．The classroom for small preschoolers is a little different from the rest of the school．For example, the first lesson of the day is maths, but the teaching method is very s___4 In this school you won’t hear a teacher saying “Count how many apples Jane has in her basket．”Actually, the c hildren visit a nearby river to count the number of marks left by animals．This way they can see how many different animals come to d 5 during the night．The students are encouraged to take care of the injured and small animals．If they find a dead animal in the area, they study where the animal fits in the foot chain and how and why it d 6 ．The headmaster says, “We must make people understand what we are doing to the e__7 ．We need tocare for our planet．”七、书面表达（共1小题）“I want to invent ”（以“我想要发明”为题，写一篇不少于60个词的短文，标点符号不占格）注意：1、将题目补充完整。

2015年高考试题及答案（上海卷）高三2015-06-10 10:572015年高考试题及答案（上海卷）考生注意：1．本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求，所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。

2．答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上。

3．答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。

4．考试时间150分钟，试卷满分150分。

一、阅读80分（一）阅读下文，完成第1-6题。

（16分）应该正确对待文献综述熊易寒①在很长一段时间里，国内学术界都不大重视文献综述。

近年来随着学术规范的逐步建立，这种情况有所转变，不过大多数综述都是罗列式的，报幕似地把相关研究一个一个列出来，丝毫感觉不到这些文献之间存在任何内在的关联，甚至也感觉不到这些文献与作者本人的研究有何相干。

这样的综述机械、突兀，有生拼硬凑之嫌，称之为“伪综述”亦不为过。

②阅读国际上的顶级学术刊物，有这么几个发现：一、书评以外的论文□有比较翔实的文献综述；二、专门的文献综述性文章□是由该领域的一流学者撰写；三、对相关著作的征引□采取间接引用的形式，很少直接引用。

这与国内的情形很不一样，值得我们思考。

③为什么必须有文献综述？一篇优秀的文献综述其实就是一幅学术谱系图。

写文献综述不仅是为了陈述以往的相关研究，也不仅仅是为了表示对前辈、同行或知识产权的尊重，更是为了“认祖归宗”，对自己的研究进行定位。

有时候只有把一篇文献放到学术史的脉络中去，放到学术传统中去，我们才能真正理解这个文本：作者为什么要做这项研究？他的问题意识是什么？他试图与谁对话？我们在开始一项研究时也同样要有问题意识和对话意识，不能自说自话。

对话的前提自然是倾听，如果连别人说了什么都不知道，如何进行对话？正是在倾听的过程中，我们发现了“问题”，才需要与对方进行讨论，否则便无话可说。

通过综述的写作，我们就会知道：别人贡献了什么？我打算或者能够贡献什么？我是否在重复劳动？从这个意义上讲，撰写文献综述首先是为了尊重并真正进入一个学术传统，其次才是利他主义功能——为他人提供文献检索的路线图。

2015年上海市初中毕业统一学业考试英语试卷（满分150分，考试时间100分钟）Part 2 Phonetics , Grammar and vocabulary(第二部分语音、语法和词汇)II. Choose the best answer(选择最恰当的答案) （共20分）26. which of the following words is pronounced /ʃeɪp / ？A). shape B). sheep C) .shop D) .ship【答案】A【考点定位】考查单词的发音。

27. Nowadays I can choose online courses and study by_____ ?A). I B). me C) .my D) .myself【答案】D【考点定位】考查代词的用法。

28. I love this picture ______ you beside the music fountain.A). in B) .of C). on D). at【答案】B【解析】试题分析：句意：我喜欢你在音乐喷泉旁边的那张照片。

A). in 在……里；B). of ……的，表示所属关系；C) .on 在……上；D). at在……。

根据句意可知是所属关系，故选B。

【考点定位】考查介词的用法。

29. There was a big crowd waiting _____ the opening ceremony to start.A). by B) .from C). for D). with【答案】C【解析】试题分析：句意：有一大群人在等候开幕式的开始。

wait for ,等候……，后加等候的人或事情。

wait for sb(sth) to do sth,等候某人做……。

结合句意，故选C。

【考点定位】考查固定短语的用法。

30. Rose received a letter full of love from her parents on her ______ birthday.A) .sixteen B). sixteen’s C) .sixteenth D). sixteenths【答案】C【考点定位】考查数词的用法。

2015年上海市中考数学试卷一、选择题1．（4分）下列实数中，是有理数的为（）A．B．C．πD．02．（4分）当a＞0时，下列关于幂的运算正确的是（）A．a0=1 B．a﹣1=﹣a C．（﹣a）2=﹣a2D．a=3．（4分）下列y关于x的函数中，是正比例函数的为（）A．y=x2 B．y= C．y= D．y=4．（4分）如果一个正多边形的中心角为72°，那么这个多边形的边数是（）A．4 B．5 C．6 D．75．（4分）下列各统计量中，表示一组数据波动程度的量是（）A．平均数B．众数C．方差D．频率6．（4分）如图，已知在⊙O中，AB是弦，半径OC⊥AB，垂足为点D，要使四边形OACB为菱形，还需要添加一个条件，这个条件可以是（）A．AD=BD B．OD=CD C．∠CAD=∠CBD D．∠OCA=∠OCB二、填空题7．（4分）计算：|﹣2|+2=．8．（4分）方程=2的解是．9．（4分）如果分式有意义，那么x的取值范围是．10．（4分）如果关于x的一元二次方程x2+4x﹣m=0没有实数根，那么m的取值范围是．11．（4分）同一温度的华氏度数y（℉）与摄氏度数x（℃）之间的函数关系是y=x+32，如果某一温度的摄氏度数是25℃，那么它的华氏度数是℉．12．（4分）如果将抛物线y=x2+2x﹣1向上平移，使它经过点A（0，3），那么所得新抛物线的表达式是．13．（4分）某校学生会提倡双休日到养老院参加服务活动，首次活动需要7位同学参加，现有包括小杰在内的50位同学报名，因此学生会将从这50位同学中随机抽取7位，小杰被抽到参加首次活动的概率是．14．（4分）已知某校学生“科技创新社团”成员的年龄与人数情况如下表所示：那么“科技创新社团”成员年龄的中位数是岁．15．（4分）如图，已知在△ABC中，D、E分别是边AB、边AC的中点，=，=，那么向量用向量，表示为．16．（4分）已知E是正方形ABCD的对角线AC上一点，AE=AD，过点E作AC的垂线，交边CD于点F，那么∠FAD=度．17．（4分）在矩形ABCD中，AB=5，BC=12，点A在⊙B上，如果⊙D与⊙B相交，且点B在⊙D内，那么⊙D的半径长可以等于．（只需写出一个符合要求的数）18．（4分）已知在△ABC中，AB=AC=8，∠BAC=30°，将△ABC绕点A旋转，使点B落在原△ABC的点C处，此时点C落在点D处，延长线段AD，交原△ABC 的边BC的延长线于点E，那么线段DE的长等于．三、解答题19．（10分）先化简，再求值：÷﹣，其中x=﹣1．20．（10分）解不等式组：，并把解集在数轴上表示出来．21．（10分）已知：如图，在平面直角坐标系xOy中，正比例函数y=x的图象经过点A，点A的纵坐标为4，反比例函数y=的图象也经过点A，第一象限内的点B在这个反比例函数的图象上，过点B作BC∥x轴，交y轴于点C，且AC=AB．求：（1）这个反比例函数的解析式；（2）直线AB的表达式．22．（10分）如图，MN表示一段笔直的高架道路，线段AB表示高架道路旁的一排居民楼，已知点A到MN的距离为15米，BA的延长线与MN相交于点D，且∠BDN=30°，假设汽车在高速道路上行驶时，周围39米以内会受到噪音的影响．（1）过点A作MN的垂线，垂足为点H，如果汽车沿着从M到N的方向在MN 上行驶，当汽车到达点P处时，噪音开始影响这一排的居民楼，那么此时汽车与点H的距离为多少米？（2）降低噪音的一种方法是在高架道路旁安装隔音板，当汽车行驶到点Q时，它与这一排居民楼的距离QC为39米，那么对于这一排居民楼，高架道路旁安装的隔音板至少需要多少米长？（精确到1米）（参考数据：≈1.7）23．（12分）已知，如图，平行四边形ABCD的对角线相交于点O，点E在边BC 的延长线上，且OE=OB，连接DE．（1）求证：DE⊥BE；（2）如果OE⊥CD，求证：BD•CE=CD•DE．24．（12分）已知在平面直角坐标系xOy中（如图），抛物线y=ax2﹣4与x轴的负半轴相交于点A，与y轴相交于点B，AB=2，点P在抛物线上，线段AP与y轴的正半轴交于点C，线段BP与x轴相交于点D，设点P的横坐标为m．（1）求这条抛物线的解析式；（2）用含m的代数式表示线段CO的长；（3）当tan∠ODC=时，求∠PAD的正弦值．25．（14分）已知，如图，AB是半圆O的直径，弦CD∥AB，动点P，Q分别在线段OC，CD上，且DQ=OP，AP的延长线与射线OQ相交于点E，与弦CD相交于点F（点F与点C，D不重合），AB=20，cos∠AOC=，设OP=x，△CPF的面积为y．（1）求证：AP=OQ；（2）求y关于x的函数关系式，并写出它的定义域；（3）当△OPE是直角三角形时，求线段OP的长．2015年上海市中考数学试卷参考答案与试题解析一、选择题1．（4分）下列实数中，是有理数的为（）A．B．C．πD．0【分析】根据有理数能写成有限小数和无限循环小数，而无理数只能写成无限不循环小数进行判断即可．【解答】解：是无理数，A不正确；是无理数，B不正确；π是无理数，C不正确；0是有理数，D正确；故选：D．【点评】此题主要考查了无理数和有理数的区别，解答此题的关键是要明确：有理数能写成有限小数和无限循环小数，而无理数只能写成无限不循环小数．2．（4分）当a＞0时，下列关于幂的运算正确的是（）A．a0=1 B．a﹣1=﹣a C．（﹣a）2=﹣a2D．a=【分析】分别利用零指数幂的性质以及负指数幂的性质和分数指数幂的性质分别分析求出即可．【解答】解：A、a0=1（a＞0），正确；B、a﹣1=，故此选项错误；C、（﹣a）2=a2，故此选项错误；D、a=（a＞0），故此选项错误．故选：A．【点评】此题主要考查了零指数幂的性质以及负指数幂的性质和分数指数幂的性质等知识，正确把握相关性质是解题关键．3．（4分）下列y关于x的函数中，是正比例函数的为（）A．y=x2 B．y= C．y= D．y=【分析】根据正比例函数的定义来判断即可得出答案．【解答】解：A、y是x的二次函数，故A选项错误；B、y是x的反比例函数，故B选项错误；C、y是x的正比例函数，故C选项正确；D、y是x的一次函数，故D选项错误；故选：C．【点评】本题考查了正比例函数的定义：一般地，两个变量x，y之间的关系式可以表示成形如y=kx（k为常数，且k≠0）的函数，那么y就叫做x的正比例函数．4．（4分）如果一个正多边形的中心角为72°，那么这个多边形的边数是（）A．4 B．5 C．6 D．7【分析】根据正多边形的中心角和为360°和正多边形的中心角相等，列式计算即可．【解答】解：这个多边形的边数是360÷72=5，故选：B．【点评】本题考查的是正多边形的中心角的有关计算，掌握正多边形的中心角和为360°和正多边形的中心角相等是解题的关键．5．（4分）下列各统计量中，表示一组数据波动程度的量是（）A．平均数B．众数C．方差D．频率【分析】根据平均数、众数、中位数反映一组数据的集中趋势，而方差、标准差反映一组数据的离散程度或波动大小进行选择．【解答】解：能反映一组数据波动程度的是方差或标准差，故选：C．【点评】本题考查了标准差的意义，波动越大，标准差越大，数据越不稳定，反之也成立．6．（4分）如图，已知在⊙O中，AB是弦，半径OC⊥AB，垂足为点D，要使四边形OACB为菱形，还需要添加一个条件，这个条件可以是（）A．AD=BD B．OD=CD C．∠CAD=∠CBD D．∠OCA=∠OCB【分析】利用对角线互相垂直且互相平分的四边形是菱形，进而求出即可．【解答】解：∵在⊙O中，AB是弦，半径OC⊥AB，∴AD=DB，当DO=CD，则AD=BD，DO=CD，AB⊥CO，故四边形OACB为菱形．故选：B．【点评】此题主要考查了菱形的判定以及垂径定理，熟练掌握菱形的判定方法是解题关键．二、填空题7．（4分）计算：|﹣2|+2=4．【分析】先计算|﹣2|，再加上2即可．【解答】解：原式=2+2=4．故答案为4．【点评】本题考查了有理数的加法，以及绝对值的求法，负数的绝对值等于它的相反数．8．（4分）方程=2的解是x=2．【分析】首先根据乘方法消去方程中的根号，然后根据一元一次方程的求解方法，求出x的值是多少，最后验根，求出方程=2的解是多少即可．【解答】解：∵=2，∴3x﹣2=4，∴x=2，当x=2时，左边=，右边=2，∵左边=右边，∴方程=2的解是：x=2．故答案为：x=2．【点评】此题主要考查了无理方程的求解，要熟练掌握，解答此题的关键是要明确：（1）解无理方程的基本思想是把无理方程转化为有理方程来解，在变形时要注意根据方程的结构特征选择解题方法．常用的方法有：乘方法，配方法，因式分解法，设辅助元素法，利用比例性质法等．（2）注意：用乘方法（即将方程两边各自乘同次方来消去方程中的根号）来解无理方程，往往会产生增根，应注意验根．9．（4分）如果分式有意义，那么x的取值范围是x≠﹣3．【分析】根据分式有意义的条件是分母不为0，列出算式，计算得到答案．【解答】解：由题意得，x+3≠0，即x≠﹣3，故答案为：x≠﹣3．【点评】本题考查的是分式有意义的条件，从以下三个方面透彻理解分式的概念：（1）分式无意义⇔分母为零；（2）分式有意义⇔分母不为零；（3）分式值为零⇔分子为零且分母不为零．10．（4分）如果关于x的一元二次方程x2+4x﹣m=0没有实数根，那么m的取值范围是m＜﹣4．【分析】根据关于x的一元二次方程x2+4x﹣m=0没有实数根，得出△=16﹣4（﹣m）＜0，从而求出m的取值范围．【解答】解：∵一元二次方程x2+4x﹣m=0没有实数根，∴△=16﹣4（﹣m）＜0，∴m＜﹣4，故答案为m＜﹣4．【点评】本题考查了一元二次方程ax2+bx+c=0（a≠0）的根的判别式△=b2﹣4ac：当△＞0，方程有两个不相等的实数根；当△=0，方程有两个相等的实数根；当△＜0，方程没有实数根．11．（4分）同一温度的华氏度数y（℉）与摄氏度数x（℃）之间的函数关系是y=x+32，如果某一温度的摄氏度数是25℃，那么它的华氏度数是77℉．【分析】把x的值代入函数关系式计算求出y值即可．【解答】解：当x=25°时，y=×25+32=77，故答案为：77．【点评】本题考查的是求函数值，理解函数值的概念并正确代入准确计算是解题的关键．12．（4分）如果将抛物线y=x2+2x﹣1向上平移，使它经过点A（0，3），那么所得新抛物线的表达式是y=x2+2x+3．【分析】设平移后的抛物线解析式为y=x2+2x﹣1+b，把点A的坐标代入进行求值即可得到b的值．【解答】解：设平移后的抛物线解析式为y=x2+2x﹣1+b，把A（0，3）代入，得3=﹣1+b，解得b=4，则该函数解析式为y=x2+2x+3．故答案是：y=x2+2x+3．【点评】主要考查了函数图象的平移，要求熟练掌握平移的规律：左加右减，上加下减．并用规律求函数解析式．会利用方程求抛物线与坐标轴的交点．13．（4分）某校学生会提倡双休日到养老院参加服务活动，首次活动需要7位同学参加，现有包括小杰在内的50位同学报名，因此学生会将从这50位同学中随机抽取7位，小杰被抽到参加首次活动的概率是．【分析】由某校学生会提倡双休日到养老院参加服务活动，首次活动需要7位同学参加，现有包括小杰在内的50位同学报名，直接利用概率公式求解即可求得答案．【解答】解：∵学生会将从这50位同学中随机抽取7位，∴小杰被抽到参加首次活动的概率是：．故答案为：．【点评】此题考查了概率公式的应用．用到的知识点为：概率=所求情况数与总情况数之比．14．（4分）已知某校学生“科技创新社团”成员的年龄与人数情况如下表所示：那么“科技创新社团”成员年龄的中位数是14岁．【分析】一共有53个数据，根据中位数的定义，把它们按从小到大的顺序排列，第27名成员的年龄就是这个小组成员年龄的中位数．【解答】解：从小到大排列此数据，第27名成员的年龄是14岁，所以这个小组成员年龄的中位数是14．故答案为14．【点评】本题属于基础题，考查了确定一组数据的中位数的能力．注意找中位数的时候一定要先排好顺序，然后再根据奇数和偶数个来确定中位数，如果数据有奇数个，则正中间的数字即为所求，如果是偶数个则找中间两位数的平均数．15．（4分）如图，已知在△ABC中，D、E分别是边AB、边AC的中点，=，=，那么向量用向量，表示为﹣．【分析】由=，=，利用三角形法则求解即可求得，又由在△ABC中，D、E分别是边AB、边AC的中点，可得DE是△ABC的中位线，然后利用三角形中位线的性质求解即可求得答案．【解答】解：∵=，=，∴=﹣=﹣，∵在△ABC中，D、E分别是边AB、边AC的中点，∴==（﹣）=﹣．故答案为：﹣．【点评】此题考查了平面向量的知识以及三角形中位线的性质．注意掌握三角形法则的应用．16．（4分）已知E是正方形ABCD的对角线AC上一点，AE=AD，过点E作AC的垂线，交边CD于点F，那么∠FAD=22.5度．【分析】根据正方形的性质可得∠DAC=45°，再由AD=AE易证△ADF≌△AEF，求出∠FAD．【解答】解：如图，在Rt△AEF和Rt△ADF中，∴Rt△AEF≌Rt△ADF，∴∠DAF=∠EAF，∵四边形ABCD为正方形，∴∠CAD=45°，∴∠FAD=22.5°．故答案为：22.5．【点评】本题考查了正方形的性质，全等三角形的判定与性质，求证Rt△AEF≌Rt△ADF是解本题的关键．17．（4分）在矩形ABCD中，AB=5，BC=12，点A在⊙B上，如果⊙D与⊙B相交，且点B在⊙D内，那么⊙D的半径长可以等于14（答案不唯一）．（只需写出一个符合要求的数）【分析】首先求得矩形的对角线的长，然后根据点A在⊙B上得到⊙B的半径为5，再根据⊙D与⊙B相交，得到⊙D的半径R满足8＜R＜18，在此范围内找到一个值即可．【解答】解：∵矩形ABCD中，AB=5，BC=12，∴AC=BD=13，∵点A在⊙B上，∴⊙B的半径为5，∵如果⊙D与⊙B相交，∴⊙D的半径R满足8＜R＜18，∵点B在⊙D内，∴R＞13，∴13＜R＜18，∴14符合要求，故答案为：14（答案不唯一）．【点评】本题考查了圆与圆的位置关系、点与圆的位置关系，解题的关键是首先确定⊙B的半径，然后确定⊙D的半径的取值范围，难度不大．18．（4分）已知在△ABC中，AB=AC=8，∠BAC=30°，将△ABC绕点A旋转，使点B落在原△ABC的点C处，此时点C落在点D处，延长线段AD，交原△ABC 的边BC的延长线于点E，那么线段DE的长等于4﹣4．【分析】作CH⊥AE于H，根据等腰三角形的性质和三角形内角和定理可计算出∠ACB=（180°﹣∠BAC）=75°，再根据旋转的性质得AD=AB=8，∠CAD=∠BAC=30°，则利用三角形外角性质可计算出∠E=45°，接着在Rt△ACH中利用含30度的直角三角形三边的关系得CH=AC=4，AH=CH=4，所以DH=AD﹣AH=8﹣4，然后在Rt△CEH中利用∠E=45°得到EH=CH=4，于是可得DE=EH﹣DH=4﹣4．【解答】解：作CH⊥AE于H，如图，∵AB=AC=8，∴∠B=∠ACB=（180°﹣∠BAC）=（180°﹣30°）=75°，∵△ABC绕点A旋转，使点B落在原△ABC的点C处，此时点C落在点D处，∴AD=AB=8，∠CAD=∠BAC=30°，∵∠ACB=∠CAD+∠E，∴∠E=75°﹣30°=45°，在Rt△ACH中，∵∠CAH=30°，∴CH=AC=4，AH=CH=4，∴DH=AD﹣AH=8﹣4，在Rt△CEH中，∵∠E=45°，∴EH=CH=4，∴DE=EH﹣DH=4﹣（8﹣4）=4﹣4．故答案为4﹣4．【点评】本题考查了解直角三角形：在直角三角形中，由已知元素求未知元素的过程就是解直角三角形．也考查了等腰三角形的性质和旋转的性质．三、解答题19．（10分）先化简，再求值：÷﹣，其中x=﹣1．【分析】先根据分式混合运算的法则把原式进行化简，再把x的值代入进行计算即可．【解答】解：原式=•﹣=﹣=，当x=﹣1时，原式==﹣1．【点评】本题考查的是分式的化简求值，熟知分式混合运算的法则是解答此题的关键．20．（10分）解不等式组：，并把解集在数轴上表示出来．【分析】先求出每个不等式的解集，再根据找不等式组解集的规律找出不等式组的解集即可．【解答】解：∵解不等式①得：x＞﹣3，解不等式②得：x≤2，∴不等式组的解集为﹣3＜x≤2，在数轴上表示不等式组的解集为：．【点评】本题考查了解一元一次不等式组，在数轴上表示不等式组的解集的应用，解此题的关键是能根据不等式的解集求出不等式组的解集，难度适中．21．（10分）已知：如图，在平面直角坐标系xOy中，正比例函数y=x的图象经过点A，点A的纵坐标为4，反比例函数y=的图象也经过点A，第一象限内的点B在这个反比例函数的图象上，过点B作BC∥x轴，交y轴于点C，且AC=AB．求：（1）这个反比例函数的解析式；（2）直线AB的表达式．【分析】（1）根据正比例函数y=x的图象经过点A，点A的纵坐标为4，求出点A的坐标，根据反比例函数y=的图象经过点A，求出m的值；（2）根据点A的坐标和等腰三角形的性质求出点B的坐标，运用待定系数法求出直线AB的表达式．【解答】解：∵正比例函数y=x的图象经过点A，点A的纵坐标为4，∴点A的坐标为（3，4），∵反比例函数y=的图象经过点A，∴m=12，∴反比例函数的解析式为：y=；（2）如图，连接AC、AB，作AD⊥BC于D，∵AC=AB，AD⊥BC，∴BC=2CD=6，∴点B的坐标为：（6，2），设直线AB的表达式为：y=kx+b，由题意得，，解得，，∴直线AB的表达式为：y=﹣x+6．【点评】本题主要考查了待定系数法求反比例函数与一次函数的解析式和一次函数与反比例函数的交点的求法，注意数形结合的思想在解题中的应用．22．（10分）如图，MN表示一段笔直的高架道路，线段AB表示高架道路旁的一排居民楼，已知点A到MN的距离为15米，BA的延长线与MN相交于点D，且∠BDN=30°，假设汽车在高速道路上行驶时，周围39米以内会受到噪音的影响．（1）过点A作MN的垂线，垂足为点H，如果汽车沿着从M到N的方向在MN 上行驶，当汽车到达点P处时，噪音开始影响这一排的居民楼，那么此时汽车与点H的距离为多少米？（2）降低噪音的一种方法是在高架道路旁安装隔音板，当汽车行驶到点Q时，它与这一排居民楼的距离QC为39米，那么对于这一排居民楼，高架道路旁安装的隔音板至少需要多少米长？（精确到1米）（参考数据：≈1.7）【分析】（1）连接PA．在直角△PAH中利用勾股定理来求PH的长度；（2）由题意知，隔音板的长度是PQ的长度．通过解Rt△ADH、Rt△CDQ分别求得DH、DQ的长度，然后结合图形得到：PQ=PH+DQ﹣DH，把相关线段的长度代入求值即可．【解答】解：（1）如图，连接PA．由题意知，AP=39m．在直角△APH中，PH===36（米）；（2）由题意知，隔音板的长度是PQ的长度．在Rt△ADH中，DH=AH•cot30°=15（米）．在Rt△CDQ中，DQ===78（米）．则PQ=PH+HQ=PH+DQ﹣DH=36+78﹣15≈114﹣15×1.7=88.5≈89（米）．答：高架道路旁安装的隔音板至少需要89米．【点评】本题考查了解直角三角形的应用、勾股定理的应用．根据题目已知特点选用适当锐角三角函数或边角关系去解直角三角形，得到数学问题的答案，再转化得到实际问题的答案．23．（12分）已知，如图，平行四边形ABCD的对角线相交于点O，点E在边BC 的延长线上，且OE=OB，连接DE．（1）求证：DE⊥BE；（2）如果OE⊥CD，求证：BD•CE=CD•DE．【分析】（1）由平行四边形的性质得到BO=BD，由等量代换推出OE=BD，根据平行四边形的判定即可得到结论；（2）根据等角的余角相等，得到∠CEO=∠CDE，推出△BDE∽△CDE，即可得到结论．【解答】证明：（1）∵四边形ABCD是平行四边形，∴BO=OD，∵OE=OB，∴OE=OD，∴∠OBE=∠OEB，∠OED=∠ODE，∵∠OBE+∠OEB+∠OED+∠ODE=180°，∴∠BEO+∠DEO=∠BED=90°，∴DE⊥BE；（2）∵OE⊥CD∴∠CEO+∠DCE=∠CDE+∠DCE=90°，∴∠CEO=∠CDE，∵OB=OE，∴∠DBE=∠CDE，∵∠BED=∠BED，∴△BDE∽△DCE，∴，∴BD•CE=CD•DE．【点评】本题考查了相似三角形的判定和性质，直角三角形的判定和性质，平行四边形的性质，熟记定理是解题的关键．24．（12分）已知在平面直角坐标系xOy中（如图），抛物线y=ax2﹣4与x轴的负半轴相交于点A，与y轴相交于点B，AB=2，点P在抛物线上，线段AP与y轴的正半轴交于点C，线段BP与x轴相交于点D，设点P的横坐标为m．（1）求这条抛物线的解析式；（2）用含m的代数式表示线段CO的长；（3）当tan∠ODC=时，求∠PAD的正弦值．【分析】（1）根据已知条件先求出OB的长，再根据勾股定理得出OA=2，求出点A的坐标，再把点A的坐标代入y=ax2﹣4，求出a的值，从而求出解析式；（2）根据点P的横坐标得出点P的坐标，过点P作PE⊥x轴于点E，得出OE=m，PE=m2﹣4，从而求出AE=2+m，再根据=，求出OC；（3）根据tan∠ODC=，得出=，求出OD和OC，再根据△ODB∽△EDP，得出=，求出OC，求出∠PAD=45°，从而求出∠PAD的正弦值．【解答】解：（1）∵抛物线y=ax2﹣4与y轴相交于点B，∴点B的坐标是（0，﹣4），∴OB=4，∵AB=2，∴OA==2，∴点A的坐标为（﹣2，0），把（﹣2，0）代入y=ax2﹣4得：0=4a﹣4，解得：a=1，则抛物线的解析式是：y=x2﹣4；（2）方法一：∵点P的横坐标为m，∴点P的坐标为（m，m2﹣4），过点P作PE⊥x轴于点E，∴OE=m，PE=m2﹣4，∴AE=2+m，∵=，∴=，∴CO=2m﹣4；方法二：∵点P在抛物线上，∴P（m，m2﹣4），设PA的直线方程为：y=kx+b，∴⇒，∴l PA：y=（m﹣2）x+2m﹣4，∴CO=2m﹣4；（3）方法一：∵tan∠ODC=，∴=，∴OD=OC=×（2m﹣4）=，∵△ODB∽△EDP，∴=，∴=，∴m1=﹣1（舍去），m2=3，∴OC=2×3﹣4=2，∵OA=2，∴OA=OC，∴∠PAD=45°，∴sin∠PAD=sin45°=．方法二：∵P（m，m2﹣4），B（0，﹣4），∴l PB：y=mx﹣4，∴D（，0），tan∠ODC=⇒，OC=2m﹣4，∴OD=，∵线段AP与y轴的正半轴交于点C，∴OC=2m﹣4（m＞2），∴，经整理：m2﹣2m﹣3=0，∴m1=﹣1（舍去），m2=3，∴P（3，5），∴l PA：y=x+2，∴∠PAD=45°，∴sin ∠PAD=．【点评】此题考查了二次函数的综合，用到的知识点是相似三角形的判定与性质、勾股定理、特殊角的三角函数值，关键是根据题意作出辅助线，构造相似三角形．25．（14分）已知，如图，AB 是半圆O 的直径，弦CD ∥AB ，动点P ，Q 分别在线段OC ，CD 上，且DQ=OP ，AP 的延长线与射线OQ 相交于点E ，与弦CD 相交于点F （点F 与点C ，D 不重合），AB=20，cos ∠AOC=，设OP=x ，△CPF 的面积为y ．（1）求证：AP=OQ ；（2）求y 关于x 的函数关系式，并写出它的定义域；（3）当△OPE 是直角三角形时，求线段OP 的长．【分析】（1）连接OD ，证得△AOP ≌△ODQ 后即可证得AP=OQ ；（2）作PH ⊥OA ，根据cos ∠AOC=得到OH=PO=x ，从而得到S △AOP =AO•PH=3x ，利用△PFC ∽△PAO 得当对应边的比相等即可得到函数解析式；（3）分当∠POE=90°时、当∠OPE=90°时，当∠OEP=90°时三种情况讨论即可得到正确的结论．【解答】解：（1）连接OD，在△AOP和△ODQ中，，∴△AOP≌△ODQ，∴AP=OQ；（2）作PH⊥OA，∵cos∠AOC=，∴OH=PO=x，=AO•PH=3x，∴S△AOP又∵△PFC∽△PAO，∴==（）2，整理得：y=，∵AP延长线与CD相交于点F，∴CF≤CD=16，易知△CPF∽△OPA，∴，∴x的定义域为：＜x＜10；（3）当∠POE=90°时，CQ==，PO=DQ=CD﹣CQ=（舍）；当∠OPE=90°时，PO=AO•cos∠COA=8；当∠OEP=90°时，如图，由（1）知△AOP≌△ODQ，∴∠APO=∠OQD，∴∠AOQ=∠OQD=∠APO，∵∠AOQ＜90°，∠APO＞90°（矛盾），∴此种情况不存在，∴线段OP的长为8．【点评】本题考查了圆的综合知识、相似三角形的判定及性质等知识，综合性较强，难度较大，特别是第三题的分类讨论更是本题的难点．。

2015年上海高考英语真题试卷(含答案)Gift from a StrangerMy local supermarket is always busy。

When I arrived。

I found a convenient parking space。

However。

I noticed a woman in a blue car circling the lot for a while。

Since I was in a good mood。

I decided to let her have the space。

I then backed into the next available spot。

which was a tight fit.After making my way through the supermarket。

I was back in the fresh air。

Feeling good。

I emptied my purse of change into the hands of a homeless man。

I also helped a struggling woman with her reverse parking.As I approached my car。

I noticed the woman I had given my parking spot to earlier。

She was giving me an unusual look。

appearing both puzzled and intent。

I smiled and wished her a pleasant day as I squeezed back into my car。

As I settled in。

I saw the same woman looking at me through my window。