武汉大学博士课程考试英语段落分析

武汉大学考博英语-10(总分：79.50，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension(总题数：5，分数：39.50)Public speaking fills most people with dread. Humiliation is the greatest fear; self- exposure and failing to appeal to the audience come a close second. Women hate it most, since girls are pressurized from an early age to be concerned with appearances of all kinds.Most people have plenty of insecurities, and this seems like a situation that will bring them out. If you were under pressure to be perfect, you are terrified of falling in the most public of ways.Extroverts, on the contrary, will feel less fear before the ordeal. It does not mean they will necessarily do it better. Some very shy people manage to shine. When I met the British comedian Julian Clary, he was shy and cautious, yet his TV performances are perfect.In fact, personality is not the best predictor of who does it well. Regardless of what you are like in real life, the key seems to be to act yourself.Actual acting, as in performing the scripted lines of a character other than yourself, does not do the job. While politicians may limit damage by having carefully rehearsed, written scripts to speak from, there is always a hidden awareness among the audience that the words might not be true.Likewise, the incredibly perfect speeches of many American academics are far from natural. You may end up buying their book on the way out, but soon afterwards, it is much like fast food, and you get a nameless sense that you"ve been cheated.Although, as Earl Spencer proved at his sister Princess Diana"s funeral, it is possible both to prepare every word and to act naturally. A script rarely works and it is used to help most speakers. But, being yourself doesn"t work either. If you spoke as if you were in your own kitchen, it would be too authentic, too unaware of the need to communicate with an audience.I remember going to see British psychiatrist R. D. Laing speak in public. He behaved like a seriously odd person, talking off the top of his head. Although he was talking about madness and he wrote on mental illness, he seemed to be exhibiting rather than explaining it.The best psychological place from which to speak is an unselfconscious self- consciousness, providing the illusion of being natural. Studies suggest that this state of "flow", as psychologists call it, is very satisfying.（分数：8.00）(1).Women hate public speaking most mainly because of ______.（分数：2.00）A.their upbringing very early onB.their inability to appeal to the audienceC.their sense of greater public pressure √D.their sense of greater humiliation解析：[解析] 女人最讨厌当众演讲，因为她们意识到在公众面前有更大的压力。

武汉大学博士英语期末考试资料整理(2018.6.5更新)1．段落分析Developing Paragraph/Body（正文/主体）1. Unity (一致性)—topic sentence切题，与开篇提出的论点相关2. Development (发展性)—supporting sentences no more than 5 aspects论据是否充分Common Methods of Developmentexemplification 例证1)facts事实2)citation引证3)comparison and contrast比较与对比4)analysis分析5)classification分类3. Coherence (连贯性):主要指段落中的句子与句子之间在逻辑上和结构上的相互连贯—条理清楚、层次分明、衔接自然。

General rule by classification总原则：from the most important to the least important or versa vice 由重到轻，反之亦然（由轻到重：hierarchical structure/build-up expansion）1)by transitions/signposts过渡词/路标词2)by repetition of key words3)by synonyms or variations of key words4)by reference words (e.g.: this, these, that, those, one, ones)5)from material to spiritual aspects从物质到精神6)from physical to psychological aspects从身体到心理7)from individual to social aspects从个体到社会8)from oneself to others从自身到他人9)from direct to indirect aspects从直接到间接10)from physical environment to economic, social and cultural structure从地理环境到社会、经济和文化结构Concept-defining1. Content 内容（from paragraph level 段落）Topic 话题—笼统→ Perspective 角度—抽象→ Aspect 方面—具体1）Topic 话题：what to write – general 笼统（topic sentence）2）Perspective (point of view/viewpoint) 角度/视点→ 展开素材3）Aspect (part/side) 方面/层面→ 体现素材(supporting sentences)from material to spiritual aspects从物质到精神from physical to psychological aspects从身体到心理from general to specific从笼统到具体from idea/mentality to behavior从思想到行为from people to organization/governmentfrom technological to social aspects = from technology to society/from science to society from individual to social aspects从个体到社会from oneself to others从自身到他人from direct to indirect aspects从直接到间接from physical environment to economic, social and cultural structure从地理环境到社会、经济和文化结构2. Form/Function形式（from passage level 篇章）Structure: the organization of the whole articleIntroduction (what)Body (why)Conclusion (how)3. Paragraph development 段落的展开How to arrange the material to develop/illustrate/elaborate/support the topic sentence1) Skill: knowledge & ability that enables you to so sth wellSkill form:技巧/形式→展开素材：支持句的表现形式，外在的（supporting sentence）Skill > method1)(by) Statistics统计2)(by) Examples例证3)(by) Statements阐述4)(by) Quotation引言2) Method/order: way of arrangementMethod/order/pattern: content方法/布局→排列组合素材；支持句排列组合方式，内在的1)topic order（subtitle）2)causal order = cause and effect3)spatial order = space order4)chronological order = time order5)problem and solution6)means and ends7)process and result8)classification9)hierarchical structure 分层次、等级的(from least to most)10)antithesis对照（from positive to negative）11)progression递进：a gradual process of change or developing over period of time 一段时间内的变化发展过程12)comparison and contrast比较与对比13)by definition 下定义Note：平行结构是指在论证某个观点或论题时，将其分解成具有一定联系的几个方面加以论述，而这几个方面都是从属于中心论题或观点的，他们之间地位平等，呈平行关系。

2019武汉大学博士学位英语考试重点复习一、段落分析第一课的第三段：Our second major discovery was that the Information Marketplace will dramatically affect people and organizations on a wide scale. Besides its many uses in commerce, office work, and manufacturing, it will also improve health care, provide new ways to shop, enable professional and social encounters across the globe, and generally permeate the thousands of things we do in the course of our daily lives. It will help us pursue old and new pleasures, and it will encourage new art forms, which may be criticized but will move art forward, as new tools have always done. It will also improve education and training, first in specific and established ways and later through breakthroughs that are confidently awaited. Human organizatio ns from tiny companies to entire第一课的第十二段：The wise eye will also see that the Information Marketplace is much influential than its parts—the interfaces, middleware and pipes that make up the three-story building on which we stand. Once they are integrated, they present a much greater power—the power to prevent an asthmatic from dying in a remote town in Alaska, to enable an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at a new form of work, to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant daughter while also providing emotional and financial support. These powers are far greater than第八课的第一段：Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies. In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incanmonuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent第八课的第二段Easter Island, celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization, is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors. Current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1,600 years ago the island's first settlers, explorers from Polynesia, found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests, dozens of wild bird species, and no predators. They multiplied and prospered, distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sophisticated economy and complex political system. Rival clans erected ever-larger statues on platforms, emulating the stone carvings of their Polynesian forebears, trying to surpass each other with displays of power and wealth.第八课的第四段：It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: “This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.”Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to第八课的第六段：Humanity may not act in time to prevent the decimation of the rain forests, fossil fuels, arable land, and fisheries. In only 40 years, Ethiopia’s forest cover shrank from 30% to 1%. During the same time period, the rest of the world lost half of its rain forests. Powerful decision-making groups ignore those who sound an alarm; their political, economic, and religious agendas fail to address the第八课的第八段：If we are going to avoid the fate of the Easter Islanders, we must change the myths that are leading us toward extinction and find inspiring visions of a plausible and appealing future. The old myths have collapsed, but no new ones have emerged to fill the vacuum. For transformation to occur, human beings must actively shape the future, an enterprise that goes to the heart of mythmaking. If we are each a cell in what Peter Russell calls “The Global Brain,”then this is an第八课的第十二段：But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides——first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize——was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to aboriginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug第八课的第二十五段：The third principle is to identify real-life situations in which antagonists can find common ground. With a recognition of the limitations of linguistic exchange, postmodernists urge that groups “press beyond dialogue.”For example, athletes and musicians from all walks of life can generate smooth and effective teams or musical groups. Business executives and scientists from conflicting backgrounds are often able to work together to generate multinational corporations and二、文章结构分析第八课1-4段Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies. In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent ziggurat-like structures in central Africa.Easter Island, celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization, is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors. Current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1,600 years ago the island’s first settlers, explorers from Polynesia, found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests, dozens of wild bird species, and no predators. They multiplied and prospered, distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sop histicated economy and complex political system. Rival clans erected ever-larger statues on platforms, emulating the stone carvings of their Polynesian forebears, trying to surpass each other with displays of power and wealth.Eventually, as the island’s population grew to 20,000 people, the forests were cut more rapidly than they regenerated. Trees were transformed into fuel, canoes, and houses, as well as rollers and ropes to transport the gigantic stone heads. In time, the absence of wood for sea going canoesreduced the fish catches, while erosion and deforestation diminished crop yields. The growing populace consumed the local bird and animal populations. When the island could no longer feed its human population, the political and religious oligarchy that had directed and distributed the local resources began to languish. Many archaeologists believe the ruling class was overthrown by warriors. In the ensuing disorder, clan fought clan fought clan, toppling and desecrating each other’s statues. When the Europeans arrived on Easter Sunday, 1772, the once-fertile island was barren and desolate. Its remaining inhabitants, only a fraction of the numbers a few generations earlier, were heirs to a once-greater society that had degenerated into violence, starvation, and cannibalism.It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: “This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.”Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to retain their positions and privileges.附：武汉大学博士研究生英语试题Part I Documental Analysis 20%Attention: Analyze the following paragraph according to the requirements of perspective, method and skill, and questions.But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides--first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize--was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to aboriginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, and spouse and child abuse went up.Part II Article Analysis 15%Attention:Fill the chart according to the requirements based on your understanding of the following article.1. We live in times that are harsh but exciting, where everyone agrees that we are moving to a new level of civilization. Principles, values, ways of life, will no longer be the same; but as yet we are not really ready for these changes; we are faced with inventing the future and also bringing it into operation, progressively; we make experiments and we frequently make mistakes; but we are beginning to know what we want when we talk of justice, freedom and democracy. The scientific and technological community is directly involved in the questions that arise. Following those ofour generation, the demands of your generation will continue until these aims have been at least partially achieved.2. The closeness of scientific problems to political problems is such that scientific workers are not, far from it, protected from socio-economic vicissitudes. So much so that they sometimes express the same needs as all other workers and join them in this context; but they also call for specific measures. Like everyone else we need freedom but we especially need freedom of expression for our scientific and technological ideas; we need this even if it is only to put them forward for criticism. We don't ask for any particular privilege but we would like the efforts made to be evaluated at their actual worth, in the interests of society.3. If our federation is so active in working for a statement of the rights and responsibilities of scientific workers, it is because we wish to resolve this problem in a way appropriate to most countries.4. So you will certainly play an important part in society, even if this is not always readily recognized by society, because scientific and technological knowledge and expertise are the context in which future economic, social and political changes will take place. Whatever you do, you cannot ignore them and, whatever is said, society will not be able to ignore you. You will also have a decisive part to play, and perhaps an even more difficult one, in the scientific and technological community itself. The whole extension of this community and its interaction with society as a whole leads scientific workers to get involved in all political debates, crises and decisions. You will have to note the essential demands of science as such; it is not simply a matter of protecting society from unacceptable consequences; one must also protect scientific activity from political and financial meddling.5. It is vital to safeguard the basic honesty of science, the honesty that is basic to its metho d. Whenever, in the history of science, this honesty has been set aside, the consequences have been serious. I am not speaking merely of the suicide or disgrace of an individual but of the social and economic damage arising from such lapses. There are worse possibilities: at a time when problems are increasingly complex, with ever widening political implications, we need science to be technically dependable and socially credible. In a world of turbulence, science's saving grace is not simply material but lies in its rationality.Part III Writing 25%Attention: Write an essay on the following topic with substantial evidence and good reasoning (e.g.in a linear way) in more than 300 words.How to Write English Well as a PhD Candidate---- On My Class ExperiencePart I. Documental Analysis 20% Topic: ______________________________ ______________________________Perspective(s): ____________________________________________________Method(s): ______________________________________________________Skill(s): _______________________________ _______________________________Questions: ________________________________________________________Part II. Article Analysis 15%。

2024年武汉大学博士英语作文The year 2024 marked a significant milestone for Wuhan University as it celebrated the remarkable achievements of its doctoral students. As a prestigious institution of higher learning, Wuhan University has long been recognized for its commitment to academic excellence, innovative research, and the development of future leaders. The 2024 doctoral English essay competition exemplified the university's dedication to fostering a vibrant intellectual community and providing its students with a platform to showcase their exceptional writing skills.The topic of the 2024 doctoral English essay competition was a testament to the university's global outlook and its desire to prepare its students for the challenges of the 21st century. In a world that is becoming increasingly interconnected, the ability to effectively communicate in English has become a crucial asset for scholars and researchers. The competition's focus on English language proficiency not only highlighted the university's commitment to internationalization but also recognized the importance of cross-cultural exchange and collaboration in the pursuit of knowledge.The essays submitted by the doctoral candidates were a reflection of the diverse academic interests and research foci within the university. From groundbreaking advancements in the field of medicine to innovative solutions in the realm of sustainability, the essays showcased the depth and breadth of the university's intellectual prowess. Each submission was a testament to the rigorous training and mentorship that the doctoral students had received, as they navigated the complexities of their respective fields and articulated their findings with clarity and precision.One particularly impressive essay explored the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in revolutionizing the delivery of healthcare services. The author, a doctoral candidate in the Department of Computer Science and Technology, delved into the ways in which AI-powered diagnostic tools and personalized treatment plans could enhance patient outcomes and alleviate the burden on overburdened healthcare systems. Drawing upon a wealth of empirical data and cutting-edge research, the essay not only demonstrated the candidate's technical expertise but also their ability to engage in critical analysis and to present their findings in a compelling and accessible manner.Another standout essay focused on the challenges of urban sustainability in the face of rapid urbanization. The doctoral student,hailing from the School of Architecture and Urban Planning, proposed a comprehensive framework for the development of smart cities that would prioritize the integration of renewable energy sources, the optimization of transportation networks, and the creation of green public spaces. The essay's holistic approach to urban planning and its emphasis on the need for interdisciplinary collaboration resonated with the panel of judges, who recognized the candidate's visionary thinking and their ability to offer practical solutions to complex, real-world problems.The diversity of the essay topics was a testament to the breadth of research being conducted at Wuhan University. From the exploration of cutting-edge technologies to the examination of pressing social and environmental issues, the essays showcased the university's commitment to addressing the challenges of the modern world. Moreover, the competition's focus on English language proficiency underscored the university's desire to foster a globally-engaged community of scholars, who are equipped to disseminate their findings on an international stage and to collaborate with peers from around the world.The 2024 doctoral English essay competition was not merely a celebration of academic achievement but also a testament to the transformative power of education. The essays submitted by the doctoral candidates demonstrated their ability to think critically, tosynthesize complex information, and to communicate their ideas with clarity and conviction. These skills, honed through years of rigorous study and research, will undoubtedly serve the candidates well as they embark on their respective careers, whether in academia, industry, or public service.As Wuhan University continues to push the boundaries of knowledge and to nurture the next generation of leaders, the 2024 doctoral English essay competition stands as a shining example of the university's commitment to excellence and its unwavering dedication to the pursuit of knowledge. The essays submitted by the doctoral candidates not only showcased their individual talents but also highlighted the collective strength of the university's intellectual community. As the world looks to institutions like Wuhan University to provide solutions to the pressing challenges of our time, the 2024 doctoral English essay competition serves as a powerful reminder of the transformative potential of higher education and the vital role that it plays in shaping the future.。

武汉大学2023年博士英语作文的深度解析与中文阐述**Analyzing and Elucidating the 2023 Doctoral English Essay Theme at Wuhan University**The 2023 doctoral essay theme at Wuhan University, a prestigious institution in China, invites students to delve into a thought-provoking topic that encourages critical thinking and academic exploration. This essay aims to delve into the theme, analyzing its deeper implications and discussing its relevance in today's context.The theme, which focuses on the intersection of technology, society, and the individual, challenges doctoral students to consider how technological advancements have shaped our world and continue to do so. It asks them to reflect on the ethical, social, and personal implications of these changes and consider how they might impact future developments.**Ethical Considerations in Technological Advancements**One significant aspect of the theme is the ethical considerations that arise with technological advancements. As we witness rapid advancements in areas like artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and data analytics, it becomes crucial to consider the ethical implications of these technologies. For instance, how do we ensure that AI systems are designed and used ethically, without discriminating against certain groups or infringing on individual privacy? How do we ensure that biotechnology is used responsibly, without creating potential harm to human health or the environment? These are questions thatdoctoral students must grapple with as they delve into the ethical dimensions of technology.**Social Impacts of Technological Change**Another important aspect of the theme is the social impacts of technological change. Technology has thepotential to disrupt existing social structures and create new ones. It can change the way we interact with each other, the way we work, and the way we live. Doctoral students are encouraged to consider how these changes might affectsociety at large, including issues of social inequality,access to technology, and the role of technology in promoting or hindering social progress.**Personal Dimensions of Technological Change**Finally, the theme also considers the personal dimensions of technological change. Technology has becomean integral part of our lives, shaping our identities, beliefs, and values. Doctoral students are challenged to reflect on how technological advancements have impactedtheir own lives and the lives of others, and to considerhow they might shape their future careers and personal growth.**中文阐述**武汉大学2023年博士英语作文的主题邀请学生们深入探讨科技与社会的交织关系，以及科技如何塑造我们的世界。

武汉大学博士课程考试英语段落分析Unit 1 para3Our second major discovery was that the Information Marketplace will dramatically affect people and organizations on a wide scale. Besides its many uses in commerce, office work, and manufacturing, it will also improve health care, provide new ways to shop, enable professional and social encounters across the globe, and generally permeate the thousands of things we do in the course of our daily lives. It will help us pursue old and new pleasures ,and it will encourage new art forms, which may be criticized but will move art forward, as new tools have always done. It will also improve education and training, first in specific and established ways and later through breakthroughs that are confidently awaited. Human organizations from tiny companies to entire national governments will benefit too, because so much of the work they do is information work.Topic :The affection of the Information Marketplace Perspective: people--organizationAspect(s):material-spiritual, individual-society Method: classificationSkill:examples Questions: what howUnit1 para12The wise eye will also see that the information Marketplace is much more influential than its parts –the interfaces, middleware and pipes that make up the three-story building on which we stand. Once they are integrated, they present a much greater power — the power to prevent an asthmatic from dying in a remote town in Alaska, to enable an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at a new form of work, to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant daughter while also providing emotional and financial support. These powers are far greater than the ability to send an e-mail message, or to have five hundred TV channels.Topic :The influence of information marketplace Perspective: powerAspect(s):material-spiritual Method: hierarchical structure 层次结构（life-work-pleasure）Skill:examplesUnit8 para1Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies. In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent ziggurat-like structures in central Africa.Topic : The disappearance of culture Perspective: worldAspect(s):culture【material】Method: space orderSkill:examplesUnit8 para2Easter island, celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization, is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors. current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1,600 years ago the island's first settlers, explorers from Polynesian, found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests, dozens of wild bird species, and no predators. they multiplied and prospered, distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sophisticated economy and complex political system. rival clans erected ever-larger statues platforms, emulating the stone carvings of their Polynesian forebears, trying to surpass each other with displays of power and wealth.Topic : The civilization of easter island Perspective: island/civilizationAspect(s):enviroment-society Method: progression-classificationSkill:statement-example Questions: wha t→howUnit8 para4It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: “This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.” Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to retain their positions and privileges.Topic : The detection of change Perspective: islanderidea behavior - Method: classification progressionUnit8 para6Humanity may not act in time to prevent the decimation of the rain forests, fossil fuels, arable land, and fisheries. In only 40 years, Ethiopia’s forest cover shrank from 30% to 1%. During the same time period, the rest of the world lost half of its rain forests. Powerful decision-making groups ignore those who sound an alarm; theirpolitical, economic, and religious agendas fail to address the problem of disappearing natural resources.Topic : The prevention of the decimation Perspective: humanityAspect(s): decimation 消亡 (material-spiritual ) - Method: causal order 因果顺序Skill: statistics - statementUnit8 para8If we are going to avoid the fate of the Easter Islanders, we must change the myths that are leading us toward extinction an find inspiring visions of a plausible and appealing future. The old myths have collapsed, but no new ones have emerged to fill the vacuum. For transformation to occur ,human beings must actively shape the future , an enterprise that goes to the heart of mythmaking. If we are each a cell in what Peter Russell calls “The Global Brain,” then this is an individual as well a collective venture.Topic : The change of the myths Perspective: mythmakingAspect(s): myths—idea：understanding Method: problem-solution orderSkill: statement-statementUnit8 para12But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers in creased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides — first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize — was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to abotiginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, and spouse and child abuse went up.topic :The shadow of GNP Perspectivs: science-societyAspect(s): shadow (material) Method: classificationSkill: examples Questions: what howUnit8 para25The third principle is to identify real-life situations in which antagonists can find common ground. With a recognition of the limitations of linguistic exchange, postmodernists urge that groups “press beyond dialogue.” For example, athletes and musicians from all walks of life can generate smooth and effective teams or musical groups. Business executives and scientists from conflicting backgrounds are often able to work together to generate multinational corporations and cooperative research undertakings.topic :The principle of common ground Perspectivs: situation（common ground）Aspect(s): press beyond dialogue Method: antithesis对比(homogeneity-heterogeneity)同质异质Skill: examples Questions: what how词汇：Rational 理性的、合理的Illustrate 说明——Illustration 例证Linear thinkingLinear way of thinking pattern 线性思维方式Discourse 论述Material——spiritual 物质——精神Point of view ——perspective 角度Micro 微观Macro 宏观Advantage disadvantageNowadays, it becomes more and more important for Chinese PhD candidates to write English well, not only for studying abroad, but also for writing English research papers. Actually, a number of papers written in English by most PhD candidates seem to be far from English, though many of them can write high quality papers in Chinese. Thus how to improve the writing ability of English has become a problem that needs to be considered.The reason why we Chinese students cannot write an accurate “English” paper is that our mother language, especially the thinking patterns, influences us. The features of a discourse have close relation with those of culture. What is reflected on the writing discourse is the sentence and passage organization form. There are different ways of expression with different thinking patterns. For example, When a Chinese student writes an English paper, he is used to using our Chinese thinking patterns to construct the discourse and organize the sentences. Well we may consider it a good writing, but an English–speaker may dislike it. So we should know about these differences between Chinese and English and be able to converse our thinking patterns to English.Generally, it is vital to know how to use words suitably, how to write sentences correctly, andhow to organize paragraphs logically.Firstly, at the sentence level, the basic grammar such as word spell and sentence structure must be all right. When it comes to the written form of the sentence, the thinking pattern must be taken into account. For example, Chinese people are used to using personal and active voice just like“we did this experiment” , contrast to theChinese, English people always use impersonal and passive voice just like“thisexperiment was done by us”.Secondly, writing a paper is just like building a house. To finish the house is far away from our aim. And there are buildings with different styles in different countries. Every sentence and every paragraph has a close relation with its neighbors. Only spelled out some sentences could not make a good writing. So it is necessary to analyze discourse from logic construction, deductive reasoning, and so on. To the paragraph writing, we should adopt the “Triple style” which divides the paragraph structure into three parts: topic sentence, body/development and conclusion. In every passage, materials must be prepared around the topic. These materials are organized精品文档by some skills and methods from the special perspective and aspects which used to develop the topic.In a word, all these elements are influenced greatly by culture and thinking patterns. From sentence to paragraph and then to passage, we need not only to develop the writing skill, but also the linear way of thinking.收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除。

武汉大学考博英语-12(总分：71.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension(总题数：4，分数：31.00)Opponents of affirmative action say the battle over the use of race in college admissions is hardly over, despite the Supreme Court"s ruling Monday upholding the goal of a diverse student body. Higher education leaders overwhelmingly hailed the decision, saying it reaffirmed policies used by most .selective colleges and universities. But some critics raised the possibility of more lawsuits, and promised to continue pressuring the Department of Education"s Office of Civil Rights to investigate questionable policies. "We"re talking about admission programs, scholarships, any program only for minorities or in which the standards used to judge admissions are substantially different," says Linda Chavez, founder and president of the Center for Equal Opportunity, a conservative non-profit group.Others say they"ll take their case to voters. "We have to seriously contest all this at the ballot box," says University of California regent Ward Connerly, who helped win voter approval of California"s Proposition 209, which prohibits considering race or gender in public education, hiring and contracting. Because of that law, Monday"s ruling had no practical impact in the state. "It may be time for us to let the (Michigan) voters decide if they want to use race as a factor in admissions," Connerly said Monday.Meanwhile, U. S. Education Secretary Rod Paige, consistent with President Bushes stance opposing affirmative action, said the Department of Education will "continue examining and highlighting effective race-neutral approaches to ensure broad access to and diversity within our public institutions". Even Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O"Connor, in one of the opinions, recommended that states look for lessons in race-neutral programs being tried in California and elsewhere. While the ruling said admission officials may consider race in the selection process, colleges and universities are not obligated to do so. "Ultimately in the debate, diversity is a choice, not a legal mandate", says Arthur Coleman, a former Department of Education official who now helps colleges and universities ensure constitutional policies.The public, too, remains conflicted, largely along racial lines. According to a January poll by the non-profit research organization Public Agenda, 79% of Americans said it is important for colleges to have a racially diverse student body, while just 54% said affirmative action programs should continue. In a Gallup poll conducted days before the ruling, 49% of adults said they favor affirmative action and 43% did not, with blacks and Hispanics far more likely to favor the practice than whites. And some educators doubt that with Monday"s ruling, those opposing affirmative action will change their minds.For now, admission officials and university lawyers are poring over the ruling to determine how or whether to adjust policies. While most tend to be closed-mouthed about admission policies, many say they don"t expect significant changes.（分数：7.50）(1).What the critics said in the first paragraph amounts to the idea that ______.（分数：1.50）A.no admission policies based on race should be implemented √B.minority applicants should be given favorable considerationsC.different standards for admitting minority students should be set upD.selective colleges and universities should be punished for their discrimin--atory policies 解析：不应当实施基于种族的录取政策。

一、金融危机(答题型议论文)Financial CrisisIt is no denying the fact that the ongoing international financial crisis has landed the world economy in the most difficult situation since last century’s Great Depression. A mass of unemployment, housing problem and difficult business conditions for enterprises have influenced our lives in many aspects. Therefore, just as the saying goes, “A fall in a pit, a gain in your wit”, we must learn from this crisis and spare no efforts to take some measure to solve this problem.Actually, there are many steps which can be adopted to deal with this problem. First of all, the government should establish relevant policies to help graduates and migrant workers find jobs and offer more government-funded jobs in public service. In addition, another way contributing to the success of solving the problem is to help the enterprises overcome the difficult period with the structural tax cut and technical innovation. At the same time, the government is bound to increase spending in housing project to help vulnerable groups have the residence in both urban and rural areas.All in all, to solve the problem of financial crisis, both the government and ordinary people should join hands to carry outeffective measures. As a big responsible and developing country, China should act in an active and responsible way during this crisis to keep the steady and fast growth of its economy, and contribute our power for global financial stability and world economic growth.评论：写作还是需要使用书面语和适当地使用一些常用句型，特别是在开头和结尾。

Unit one: What will be?Material 1: To get to the greatest transformation that the Information Marketplace has to offer, Let’s reconstruct the growing crescendo of key discoveries we have made, which together describe “what will be.”Q: What is the relatio nship between the expressions “the greatest transformation” and “the growing crescendo of key discoveries”?A: The relationship between them is cause and effect or process/means and purpose.Material 2: We began with a simple but far-reaching model of the future world of information as an Information Market, where people and their computers will buy, sell, and freely exchange information.Q: Why does the author prefer the term “Information Marketplace” in the article “What will be” from the point of view o f writing?A: Because the Information Marketplace is taken as a model (a simple but far-reaching model of the future world of information).Material 3: We went on to explore the many human-machine interfaces people will use to get in and out of this new e difice,…We explore the pipes that will carry our information and the ways we will carry our information and the ways we will bend them to give us the speed, reliability, and security we need. We also explore how a vast array of new shared software toolsQ: From what point of view does the author employ the word “explore”?A: From the point of view of discovery the author employs the word “explore”.Material 4: Our second major discovery was that the Information Market will dramatically affect people and organization on a wide scale. Besides its many uses in commerce, office work, and manufacturing it will also improve health care, provide new ways to shop, enable professional and social encounters across the globe, and generally permeate the thousands of things we do in the course of our daily lives. It will help us pursue old and new pleasures, and it will encourage new art forms, which may be criticized but will move art forward, as new tools have always done. It will also improve education and training first in specific and established ways and later through breakthroughs that are confidently awaited. Human organizations from tiny companies to entire national governments will benefit too, because so much of the work they do is information work.Q: From what aspect does the author arrange the writing material to develop the topic sentence “Information Marketplace will dramatically affect people and organizations on a wide scale”?A: From people to organizations and material to spiritual the author arranges the writing material to develop the topic sentence.Q: What kind of skill or method does the author employ to develop the topic sentence” Our second major discovery was that the Information Market will dramatically affect people and organization on a wide scale”?A: The authors employ the method of giving example to develop the topic sentence.Q: What does the author want to suggest by examples to develop the topic sentence”Our second major discovery was that the Information Market will dramatically affect people and organization on a wide scale”?A: The authors want to suggest the influence of the Information Market by examples to develop the topic sentence.Material 5:The electronic bulldozers’ effect is primarily economic, increasing human productivity in both our personal lives and the workplace. The rapid, widespread distribution of information in the form of info-nouns(text, photos, sounds, video) and especially info-verbs(human and machine work on information) is one simple way in which productivity will increase. Automatization is the other powerful effector; machine-to-machine exchanges will off-load human brain work the way machines of the Industrial Revolution off-loaded muscle work.Q: What is the relationship between “info-nouns, info-verbs and automatization” and “productivity”?A: The relationship between them is cause and effect or process/means and purpose.Q: From the words “effector” what can we get about the relationship between Automatization and Computer?A: Automatization is the result of the Computer.Q: By the word “info-nouns” and “info-verbs” from what perspective point of view does the author mentions the simple way to increase productivity?A: The author mentions the simple way to increase productivity by the word “info-nouns” and “info-verbs” from Static and dynamic perspective.Material 8: Other economic consequences were less clear, like the unemployment rate over the long run, which we cannot forecast even though we can foresee many new types of jobs.Q: What kind of skill (rhe torical device) does the author employ by the words “forecast” and “foresee”?A: The author employs the rhetorical device of alliteration.Material 9: More important, by making machines easier to use and giving ourselves the ability to fashion software painlessly and rapidly, we can fulfill the promise of the Information Age to tailor the new technologies to our individual human and organizational purposes, rather than the other way around.Q: From what point of view does the author employ the word “tailor”?A: From the point of view of purposes the author employs the word “tailor.”Material 10: The voiceless millions of the world will come to be heard and be better understood, provided that the wealthy nations help the less wealthy ones enter the Information Club.Q: From what point of view does the author employ the word “voiceless”?A: From the point of view of chance/opportunity or isolation/separation/distance away the author employs the word “voiceless.”Material 11: The Information Marketplace will make of us urban villagers-half urban sophisticate, roaming the virtual globe, and half villager, spending more time at home and tending to family, friends, and the routines of the neighborhood.Q: What aspect does the author mostly refer to by the expres sion “urban villagers” with regard to human beings?A:The author mostly refers to the role of us in the Information Marketplace.Q: Why does the author compare people living in the Information Age to urban villagers? Do you agree to the statement that physical proximity is being eroaded or even replaced by electronic proximity? Give your reasonsA: (1) Because people living in the Information Age have two roles to play: the role of an urbanite and the role of a villager. (2) No. Because human emotions and human relationships will pass only partially through the Information Marketplace.Material 12: Reflecting on our exploration, we also discovered that people will exploit the newness, vagueness, and breadth of the Information Marketplace to support their wishes and predilections, whatever they may be.Q: From the expression “exploit” and “to support”, what is the relationship between “the newness, vagueness, and breadth of the Information Marketplace” and “wishes and predilections”?A: The relationship between them is process and purpose or material and spiritual.Q: What point of view does the author most probably suggest by saying “people will exploit the newness, vagueness, and breadth of the Information Marketplace”A: The author most probably suggests an economic or material point of view.Material 13: Once they are integrated, they present a much greater power-the power to prevent an asthmatic from dying in a remote town in Alaska, to enable an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at a new form of work, to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant daughter while also providing emotional and financial support.Q: Read the paragraph and decide from what aspects the author makes arrangements of writing material to de velop “the power”?A: From material to spiritual (aspects) (life-job-enjoyment) the author makes arrangements of the writing material to develop “the power.”Material 14: We could stop here, after putting all these discoveries together, satisfied and impressed with our overarching vision of a third socioeconomic revolution.Q: From the word “overarching”, what kind of image or picture can we get of the third socioeconomic revolution from the reading? And why? What is the relationship between the expression “after putting all these discoveries together” and “overarching vision of a third socioeconomic revolution”?A: (1) The third socioeconomic revolution refers to the Information Revolution. From reading we can get a comprehensive or overall or inclusive pi cture of it because “putting all these discoveries together” suggest the idea of comprehensiveness and an “overarching vision” means that the author has discussed both the promise and pitfalls the information marketplace carries. (2) The relationship between them is cause and effect.Material 15: Beginning 1_Ending 14, 15Q: What is the style of this writing? And why?A: It is formal because of both organization(structure) and linguistic (words).Attitude: positive or negativeMaterial 16: Given all these possibilities for change, we considered what might happen when they bump up against the ancient human beings that we are and have been for thousands of years.Q: From what point of view does the author employ the word “ancient”?A: The author employs the word “ancient”from the point of view of a long history of human beings.Unit Three: Adam Smith: Right and WrongMaterial 1: Even though more than 200 years have passed and the world has changed radically, a version of Adam Smith’s ideas is revered by mi llions of prosperous and influential individuals who don’t know what Smith’s ideas were.Q: What does the expression “prosperous and influential” mostly refer to?A: The expression “prosperous and influential” mostly refer to economy(wealth) and political(social status)——successful people.Material 2: But I am dubious about Muller’s claim that Smith is still the most cogent defender of capitalism. Too much has changed in the last 200 years for that to be the case.Q: What does the author think of Adam Smith from reading? And why?A: (1) Smith may not be the cogent defender of capitalism; (2) We can see it from the sentence “Too much has changed in the last 200 years for that to be the case”.Q: What is the relationship between the two sentences “But I am du bious about Muller’s claim that Smith is still the most cogent defender of capitalism.” and“Too much has changed in the last 200 years for that to be the case.”?A: The relationship between them is cause and effect.Material 3: Our credulity is strained to think that the fear of punishment explains it all. The police would have to be everywhere. The question is nothing less than the origin of morality.Q: From what point of view does the author say “Our credulity is strained to think that the fear of puni shment explains it all”?A: From the point of view of the origin of morality the author says “Our credulity is strained to think that the fear of punishment explains it all”.Q: what’s the author’s attitude to the question of origin of morality by saying “the fear of punishment explains it all”? And why?A:The author’s attitude is negative from the sentence” The police would have to be everywhere”. Material 4: As a man of the Enlightenment who placed hope in the power of reason to sweep unreason before it, Smith looked to this small party to gain the attention of statesmen and in due time enlighten them.Q: From what point of view does Adam Smith think it is an efficient way to improve the institutions that serve the general interest?A: From the point of view of statesmen or enlightenment Adam Smith think it is an efficient way to improve the institutions that serve the general interest.Material 5: There is a strange inversion here. Smith believed that it was not reason that ruled but human passions. Yet it was necessary for reason to discover and support the institutions that directed the passions to universally beneficial ends. Probably nothing further needs to be said about this as long as we keep clearly in mind whether the subject is the invisible hand or the visible hand.Q: What do the expression “the invisible hand” and “the visible hand” mostly refer to respectively?A: The expression “the invisible hand” and “the visible hand” mostly refer to reason and passions respectively.Material 6: Cooperation is adaptive in social species; cognitively advanced social species take pleasure in the company of others and language gives Homo sapiens the ability to generalize from shared experience about fairness and duty.Q: By what means can human beings usually act decently to one another?A: By means of cooperation or company of others and language human beings can usually act decently to one another.Material 7: The outcome leaves no doubt that Smith knew moral sentiments cannot survive the effects of alienation.Q: From what perspective does Adam Smith consider moral sentiments?A: From the perspective of alienation Adam Smith considers moral sentiments.Material 8: Now we come to Jerry Z. Muller’s excavation of Adam Smith’s great unread book, The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776.Q: From what point of view does the author employ the word “unread”?A: From the point of view of time or greatness the authors employ the word “unread”.Material 9: But the single-minded pursuit of self-interest nevertheless results in the general good, as we all know, because free competition forces prices to the lowest level compatible with the costs of land, labor, and capital.Q: From what point of view does the author say “the single-minded pursuit of self-interest never theless results in the general good”?A: From the point of view of free competition the authors say “the single-minded pursuit of self-interest nevertheless results in the general good”.Material 10: But Smith had no illusions about the impartiality of government.Q: What is Adam Smith’s comment on the government? And what is his advice of the government’s role?A:(1) His comment on the government is partiality; (2) His advice of the government’s role is impartiality.Q: From what perspective does Adam Smith gives his comment on the government? And what is his advice of the government?A: (1) From the perspective of role Adam Smith gives his comment on the government; (2) His advice of the government’s role is impartiality.Material 11: With all these exacerbating tensions of the 19th and 20th centuries, it was too much to expect that lawmakers, prime ministers, and presidents could understand, much less agree on, how to contain this explosive mixture.Q: What’s Adam Smith’s attitude toward the authorities? And why?A: Adam Smith’s attitude toward the authorities is negative from structure “too……to”.Material 12: As I said at the beginning, Smith is not the most cogent defender of capitalism; we live in a different capitalism; if I wanted to sketch a defense of modern capitalism, and it is the only practical thing to do, I would start with the fact that we live in a society of conflicting interests.Q: From what perspective does the author say “Smith is not the most cogent defender of capitalism”?A: The author says “Smith is not the most cogent defender of capitalism” from the perspective of capitalism.Material 13: His means are naively or hypocritically supported, for we have no free market in the sense that Smith defined it.Q: From what perspective does the author say “His means are naively or hypocritically supported”?A: The author says “His means are naively or hypocritically supported” from the perspective of free market.Unit Eight: New Myths for the New MillenniumMaterial 1: Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies. In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent ziggurat-like structures in central Africa.Q: How do the authors arrange the writing material to develop the topic sentence?A: The authors arrange the writing material by example.Q: From what perspective do the authors arrange the writing material by example to develop the topic sentence “Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies.”?A: The authors arrange the writing material from the perspective of cultures around the world.Q: Why do the authors arrange the writing material by example to develop the topic sentence “Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies.”?A: The authors want to show “how”.Material 2: Current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1600 years ago the island’s fir st settlers, explorers from Polynesia, found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests, dozens of wild bird species, and no predators.Q: What kind of image or picture can we get of the island from the reading? And what can we learn from it?A: (1) We can get a peaceful and ecologically-balanced image from the description of Easter Island;(2) We should keep ecological balance.Q: What image can we get from the description of Easter Island? What do the authors want to tell us?A: (1) We can get a peaceful image from the description of Easter Island; (2) We should keep ecological balance.Material 3: Trees were transformed into fuel, canoes, and houses, as well as rollers and ropes to transport the gigantic stone heads.Q: What kind of skill or method do the authors employ by the words “rollers” and ropes?A: The authors employ the rhetorical device of alliteration.Material 4: Easter Island, celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization, is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors. Current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1600 years ago the island’s first settlers, explorers from Polynesia, found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests, dozens of wild bird species, and no predators. Themultiplied and prospered, distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sophisticated economy and a complex political system.Q: What do the authors want to show us by the description of “a sophisticated economy and a complex pol itical system” from reading?A: By the expression the authors mostly refer to civilization or civilized society.Q: What idea can we get from the description “sophisticated economy and a complex political system” from the reading? What point of view do the authors mostly refer to by the expression “sophisticated economy and a complex political system”?A: (1) By the description the authors mostly refer to civilization; (2) The authors mostly refer to a material and spiritual point of view.Material 7: Our planet today has a rising population faced with dwindling resources, and the earth has become so interconnected that, as on an island, there is no place that is not affected by the ecology of the whole.Q: What point of view do the authors mostly refer to from the reading?A: The authors mostly refer to ecology.Q: What problem is suggested here by the expression “a rising population faced with dwindling resources”? And what do the authors want to tell us?A: (1) Imbalance of the ecological system on the earth is suggested here; (2) The authors want to tell us that in the course of development, we should always attach great importance to the control of population and the preservation of natural resources so as to maintain ecological balance. Material 8: For transformation to occur, human beings must actively shape the future, an enterprise that goes to the heart of mythmaking.Q: What is the relationship between “mythmaking” and “future”?A: The relationship between them is cause and effect or process/means and purpose.Q: What is the relationship between “For transformations to occur” and “human beings must actively shape the future”?A: The relationship between them is cause and effect or process/means and purpose.Material 10: Framing a problem in mythological terms can point toward solutions at deeper mythic levels.Q: What point of view do the author mostly refer to when dealing with the “problem and solution”?A: The author mostly refer to myth.Q: What kind of ideas can we get from the reading when de aling with the “problem and solution” respectively?A: We need myth study for the problem and myth guiding for the solutions.Material 12: But as the Grand Narrative of progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals The discovery of powerful insecticides----first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel prize----was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish ,birds, and animals Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems , life-threatening contamination , and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions.Q: From what point of view do the authors make the arrangement of writing materials to illustrate the main idea of “malignant shadow”?A: The authors make arrangements of the writing material by degree from the least to the most or by time sequence.Material 13: Of course, the new millennium will not actually start until the year 2001, and the year 2000 is not a mystical number but a social construct.Q: From what point of view do the authors mention “th e year 2000 is not a mystical number but a social construct”?A: From the point of view of transformation and mythmaking the authors mention “the year 2000 is not a mystical number but a social construct”.Material 14: He was very clear, however, that if humanity is to survive, its dysfunctional myths must be transformed.Q: In what aspect must the myths be changed if they are unsuitable now according to Campbell?A: The function of the myths must be changed.Material 15: For Campbell, the emblem of the mythology begging to be born is the photo from outer space showing the earth as a beautiful, blue, but unambiguously indivisible home.Q: What kind of image does it create by the term of “a beautiful, blue, but unambiguously indivisible home”? And what can we learn of Campbell?A: The image of ecologically-balanced nature is created by the term(It is a peaceful image). We can learn of Campbell about his idea of the new myth: t o keep the ecologically-balanced habitat in which humans live in harmony with nature.Material 16: Even if Keen’s assessment is optimistic, it supports the proposition that solutions to even the most hazardous aspects of the world problem antique are still within the reach of human vision and cooperation.Q: What do the authors think of Keen’s idea from reading? And why?A: It is optimistic/workable/advisable—good/all right/ok. From the sentence “Even if ” we know that.Q: What is the authors’ attitude toward Keen’s idea from reading? And why?A: The authors agree with Keen’s idea. From the sentence “Even if” we know that.Material 17: The need for a unifying mythic vision amid the disorienting cacophony of competing myths remains. Abraham Lincoln’s famous Civil War plea is more appropriate than ever. He observed that “the dogmas of the past are inadequate to the stormy present. As our case is new, so we must think anew and act anew.”Q: For what do the authors employ the quotation of Lincoln on the analogy of mythmaking? A: The authors employ the quotation to illustrate it is necessary to created a new myth now. (The authors employ the quotation to illustrate why we should create a new myth now)Material 18: The need for a unifying mythic vision amid the disorienting cacophony of competing myths remains.Q: What do the authors think of the situation? And how do you understand the relationship between the expressions “the disorienting cacophony of competing myths remains” and “a unifying mythic vision”?A: The conflict between competing myths prevails and we have lost all sense of direction. We can understand a problem and solution(what and how) relationship between the two mentioned terms. Material 19: With a recognition of the limitations of linguistic exchange, postmodernists urge that groups “press beyond dialogue.”Q: What kind of sug gestion do the postmodernists give by the term “press beyond dialogue”? And why?A: The postmodernists suggest communication by non-verbal means because of the limitations of linguistic exchange.Material 20: President Dwight Eisenhower anticipated “systems design” when he remarked that plans are useless but planning is all-important.Q: What aspects do words “plan” and “planning” refer to respectively(how do you understand the word choice “plan” and “planning”)? And from what points of view are “plan” and “planning” mentioned respectively?A: From a micro point of view, the authors mention “plan”, which is static and refers to myth. And the authors mean that myths cannot be designed and fixed ideas about the new myth are useless.From a macro point of view, the authors mention “planning”, which is dynamic and refers to mythmaking. And the authors mean that we can get an overall goal for the future by mythmaking, so we should attach importance to it.Material 21: It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: "This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here." Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to retain their positions and privileges.Q: what kind of skill or method do the authors employ to arrange the writing material to develop the topic sentence “It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately.”?A: The authors arrange the writing material by quotation and statement.Material 22: Humanity may not act in time to prevent the decimation of the rain forests, fossil fuels, arable land, and fisheries. In only 40 years, Ethiopia’s forest cover shrank from30% to 1%. During the same time period, the rest of the world lost half of its rain forests. Powerful decision-making groups ignore those who sound an alarm; their political, economic, and religious agendas fail to address the problem of disappearing natural resources.Q: What kind of skill or method do the authors employ to arrange the writing material to develop the topic sentence “Humanity may not act in time to prevent the decimation of the rain forests, fossil fuels, arable land, and fisheries.”?A: The authors arrange the writing material by statistics and statement.Material 23:Our planet today has a rising population faced with dwindling resources, and the earth has become so interconnected that, as on an island, there is no place that is not affected by the ecology of the whole.Q: What kind of language feature is shown in the sentence from the reading of underlined words?A: Impersonal and inanimate i s shown as the language feature.Q: What kind of language feature is shown in “has, has become, there is, is not affected”?A: Static and passive i s shown as the language feature.Material 24:Modern science and technology have propelled this myth, extending the human life-span, harnessing natural resources and the power of the atom, carrying sounds through the atmosphere, and exploring outer space by defying gravity itself.Q: What kind of language feature is shown in the sentence from the reading of underlined words?The need for a unifying mythic vision amid the disorienting cacophony of competing Abraham Lincoln's famous Civil War plea is more appropriate than ever. He observed that "the dogmas of the past are inadequate to the stormy present. As our case is new, so we must think anew and act anew." In his seminal book, Reality Isn't What It Used to Be (Harper & Row, 1990), Walter Truett Anderson describes two keys to postmodern thought. The first is to realize that all explanations of reality are themselves constructions-human, useful, but not perfect. The second is to develop the ability to step out of reality constructs and see them as such.Q: What kind of skill or method do the authors employ to arrange the writing material to develop the topic sentence “The need for a unifying mythic vision amid the disorienting cacophony of competing myths remains.”?A: The authors arrange the writing material by quotation.。