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国际媒介环境下中西方文化传播的差异性分析在日益全球化的背景下，文化传播成为国际交流中不可忽视的一环，而随着信息技术的普及和发展，媒介环境已经成为文化传播的主要渠道之一。
在这个背景下，中西方文化传播存在显著的差异性。
本文将从媒介环境、文化价值观、传播形式三个方面，对中西方文化传播的差异性进行分析。
媒介环境在媒介环境方面，中西方的差异性主要表现在两个方面：传统与现代媒介的占比、信息获取的自主性。
首先，传统和现代媒介的占比存在很大差异。
西方国家的传统媒介在现代化和全球化的浪潮中，已经逐渐被现代媒介取代。
例如，在电视机的普及率方面，西方国家已经发展到了数字电视时代，而在中国，仍有七成以上的家庭选择传统模拟电视。
在报纸方面，随着互联网的出现，西方国家的传统报纸发行量已经出现了大幅下跌，而在中国，由于还存在着覆盖范围较广的地方报纸，传统报纸的发行量相对较为稳定。
其次，中西方在信息获取的自主性上也存在着差异。
西方国家的信息获取具有极高的个性化和自主性，个人可以通过搜索引擎、社交媒体等方式自由获取自己需要的信息。
而在中国，由于政府对网络和媒体具有一定程度的审查和管理，因此大众获取信息的自主性较为受限制。
文化价值观在文化价值观方面，中西方的差异主要表现在对文化多样性的认知和对权威性的看待。
首先，西方对文化多样性的看待较为开放和宽容。
西方人认为不同的文化形式在展示人类的价值观方面都有所贡献，在文化交流中强调多元化和包容性。
而在中国，对文化多样性的认知在多年的政治文化中相对封闭、单一。
尽管现在中国在推进对外交流，加强文化自信方面取得了一定进步，但从总体上看，对文化多元化和非现代化文化的容忍程度仍然存在不足。
其次，中西方在看待权威性和规范性的差异也较为明显。
在西方，个人经历和价值观念比较被重视，而权威性资讯相对不受欢迎。
而在中国，由于政治文化的影响，更为推崇权威性和规范性，官方媒体的权威性资讯仍然被大众所信奉。
传播形式在传播形式方面，中西方的差异主要表现在信息内容和传播方式两个方面。
中国与古巴经贸发展趋势本文作者张威顾学明工作单位商务部国际贸易经济合作研究院中国和古巴同为社会主义国家，不仅有着悠久的传统友谊，也有着进一步深化合作的美好愿望。
但从目前情况看，仍存在着诸多制约因素影响着中古经贸合作的发展水平。
一外部环境因素影响古巴经济发展的外部环境因素主要取决于两个国家即美国和委内瑞拉。
半个多世纪以来，古巴受到美国的全面经济封锁，与古巴的经贸往来可能遭致美国的制裁和打击，这早已成为古巴与其他国家发展经贸关系的巨大障碍。
虽然美国总统奥巴马采取了一些措施缓和两国之间的矛盾，例如，2011年奥巴马宣布允许美国人出于学术、教育、文化和宗教目的前往古巴旅行，允许美国公民在限定数量内向古巴公民汇款，并允许美国国际机场在限定的条件下运营飞往古巴的包租航班。
但是，这些措施并不意味着美国对古巴政策导向的根本转变，既有的风险依然存在。
从委内瑞拉的情况看，古巴与委内瑞拉的关系密切，委内瑞拉对古巴的石油出口对古巴的经济发展和社会稳定影响重大，一旦两国的密切关系发生变化，必将对古巴的经济社会发展造成较大的冲击，也将对中国企业与古巴的经贸合作产生不利影响。
二内部政策因素古巴实行的是社会主义计划经济，社会运行由国家经济计划统一调配，市场对国内和国际开放程度都有待提高。
尽管古共六大纲领致力于推动经济更新，确定了未来古巴经济发展模式和总体方向，实施了一系列增强经济活力的政策，包括放宽对个体工商户的限制，开放178项经济活动，允许自主经营，放宽外商投资条件等。
但大部分市场经营活动仍由国家计划统一实行，对外资审批十分谨慎，政策执行层面不可预见的因素较多，投资环境仍有待进一步完善。
此外，古巴对外汇实行管制，本国货币不能自由兑换，美元只能在一定范围内流通，如美元商店、旅游饭店等，也可购买紧俏物资，如燃料、建材等。
同时，古巴发行一种可自由兑换的比索。
2003年，古巴中央银行颁布第652003号行令，决定加强对外汇的管制。
古巴和中国的文化传承与保护、人才引进和创新创业方面的共同挑战和协同合作是怎样形成的？
一、文化传承与保护
古巴和中国都是具有悠久历史和灿烂文化的国家。
两国在文化传承与保护方面面临着共同的挑战。
为了解决这一问题，两国政府采取了多种措施，如修缮文化遗产，开展文化交流与合作，加强文化教育等。
此外，两国还互相学习借鉴，加强对各自文化的了解和认知，通过文化合作实现共同发展。
二、人才引进
人才是国家发展的重要支撑。
古巴和中国在人才引进方面面临着共同的挑战。
古巴为了加强自身技术和人才实力，通过各种方式招聘外国专家、技术人才和高级人才，以提高国家科技水平。
中国也通过各种方式吸引海外人才，包括创新创业人才、高学历人才等，以促进国家经济发展和科技进步。
三、创新创业
创新创业是国家实现转型升级和经济发展的重要途径。
古巴和中国在创新创业方面都面临着共同的挑战。
古巴通过改革开放政策、鼓励民间投资、培养创新创业人才等方式推动经济发展。
中国也通过一系列
政策，如政府引导资金支持等，加强创新创业的资源配置、人才培养
与支持体系。
此外，两国还通过加强创新创业合作实现共同发展。
综上所述，古巴和中国在文化传承与保护、人才引进和创新创业方面
面临着一系列共同的挑战。
两国政府采取各种措施与方式，进行合作，通过互相学习借鉴，加强互动交流，取得了良好的合作关系，并促进
了两国的共同发展。
中国主流媒体国际传播效果研究的社会化取向随着全球化进程的加速，国际传播越来越被视为每个国家重要的战略资源。
在这一趋势面前，中国主流媒体的国际传播也出现了一系列深刻变化。
本文从社会化取向的视角出发，探讨中国主流媒体国际传播效果的现状，并提出对其未来发展的一些思考。
随着互联网技术的不断发展，社交媒体平台愈发成为人们收集信息、分享观点、参与互动的主要场所。
在此背景下，中国主流媒体也开始逐渐借助社交媒体平台，拓展国际传播渠道，提升传播效果。
例如，新华社推出了全球大白新闻客户端，借助微信、微博等社交媒体平台为用户提供实时资讯、互动评论等服务；央视推出了“央视新闻”、“央视网”等多个新媒体平台，通过短视频、微博、微信公众号等形式发布中外各类新闻、观点和评论，组织网民互动等活动，满足用户的多样化需求。
通过社交媒体平台，主流媒体的国际传播效果得到了进一步提升，并呈现出以下特点：1、传播主体分散。
社交媒体上的其他用户成为了传播的参与者和过程中重要的交互对象。
通过社交媒体平台，主流媒体可直接借助用户的社交关系链，实现信息的有效推广和传递。
例如，用户分享新华社的新闻内容，内容又会被其朋友圈的其他用户看到，形成“口碑传播”。
2、传播速度加快。
社交媒体平台高速的信息传播和分享机制，使得主流媒体在国际传播方面的反应速度和时效性得到了大幅提升。
通过关注网络热点和话题，主流媒体可以第一时间将相关信息传递给用户。
3、传播形式多样。
社交媒体平台丰富的表达形式和多样化的内容形式，也为主流媒体提供了创新广告模式和内容表达模式的机会。
不仅可以通过短视频、美图、GIF等形式，丰富信息内容的表达方式，还可根据不同的目标受众，定制针对性的内容表达方式和传播策略。
二、主流媒体国际传播还需注重品质和价值的传达随着中国国际影响力的不断提升，主流媒体在国际传播方面的责任和使命也越加重大。
然而，在面对国际传播和宣传竞争时，主流媒体也面临着新的考验和挑战。
中国主流媒体国际传播效果研究的社会化取向中国作为世界第二大经济体，其国际传播效果备受关注。
中国主流媒体在国际传播中的作用不可忽视，通过社会化取向的研究，我们可以更好地了解中国主流媒体在国际传播中的效果和影响。
一、中国主流媒体的国际传播特点中国主流媒体在国际传播中具有一些独特的特点。
中国媒体的国际传播具有强烈的国家意识和国家认同感。
中国主流媒体在国际传播中积极宣传中国的文化、价值观和发展成就，传播中国声音，为中国争取国际话语权。
中国主流媒体在国际传播中具有强烈的政治性和导向性。
中国主流媒体在国际传播中往往传播中国政府的声音和政策，强调中国的和平发展、开放包容、互利共赢等理念。
中国主流媒体在国际传播中还注重宣传中国的优秀传统文化和现代社会发展成就，从而增强国际社会对中国的了解和认知。
中国主流媒体在国际传播中具有强烈的国家性和政治性，这也决定了其在国际传播中的效果和影响。
二、中国主流媒体在国际传播中的社会化取向中国主流媒体在国际传播中的社会化取向，主要表现在以下几个方面：1. 注重传播中国文化和价值观中国主流媒体在国际传播中注重传播中国的文化和价值观。
通过新闻报道、文化节目等形式，中国媒体向国际社会传递中国的传统文化和现代文化成就，强调中国的文化自信和文化自觉，增强国际社会对中国文化的认同感和理解度。
中国主流媒体在国际传播中还注重传播中国的优秀传统文化，如中国传统艺术、中国传统医药、中国传统节日等，通过这些文化传播，增强国际社会对中国文化的好感，促进中外文化交流互鉴，提升中国在国际社会中的文化软实力。
2. 传播中国的发展成就和国际形象中国主流媒体在国际传播中注重传播中国的发展成就和国际形象。
通过报道中国的经济发展、科技创新、社会进步等方面的成就，中国媒体向国际社会展示了一个充满活力和机遇的中国，增强国际社会对中国发展的信心和认同。
中国主流媒体在国际传播中也积极宣传中国的对外援助、国际合作、全球治理等方面的行动，展示中国对国际社会的责任担当和贡献，从而树立了中国的国际形象和国际声誉。
我国的媒介调研报告根据对我国媒介调研的结果，以下是关于我国媒介现状和趋势的报告。
一、媒介类型和特点我国媒介主要包括电视、广播、报纸、杂志、互联网和手机等。
电视广播广告仍然占据着主导地位，但互联网和手机媒介正在迅速发展。
当前，媒介的特点包括多样性、全媒体融合、移动化以及个性化。
二、传统媒介的现状1. 电视广播：尽管互联网和手机的媒介日益普及，电视广播仍然是我国最主要的传统媒介。
然而，电视广播的观众和收视率正在下降，因为观众逐渐转向了互联网视频和流媒体平台。
2. 报纸杂志：由于互联网新闻的兴起，传统的纸质报纸和杂志面临销售额下降和读者流失的问题。
但少数高质量的报纸和杂志仍然留住了一定的忠实读者群体。
三、新媒介的现状和趋势1. 互联网：我国互联网用户数量已经超过了8亿，成为最大的互联网市场之一。
互联网已成为了人们获取信息、社交、娱乐和购物的主要途径。
此外，移动互联网的普及使得互联网的覆盖范围更广，用户对个性化内容和移动支付的需求也逐渐增加。
2. 手机：我国是全球最大的智能手机市场，手机已经成为人们生活的必需品之一。
手机媒介在新闻、社交、短视频和移动支付等方面的应用越来越广泛。
随着5G技术的普及，手机媒介的影响力有望进一步提升。
四、媒介调整与创新为了适应新媒介的快速发展，传统媒介不得不进行调整和创新。
一些电视台和报纸杂志已经推出了自己的网站和移动应用，以便触达更多的用户。
同时，一些新媒体公司也开始从事制作高质量的新闻报道和专业内容，以与传统媒体竞争。
五、市场竞争与监管挑战媒介领域的竞争激烈，各种媒介争夺用户的时间和关注力，为广告商提供更多的投放渠道。
然而，媒体监管不容忽视，需要在保护用户利益的同时，鼓励媒体创新和发展。
六、媒介未来的发展趋势1. 多样化与个性化：随着用户需求的多样化和个性化，媒体内容和服务将更加多元化，满足不同人群的需求。
2. 移动化和智能化：移动互联网和智能设备的普及将进一步推动媒体的移动化和智能化发展，用户可以随时随地获取信息。
小米古巴市场分析报告小米古巴市场分析报告一、市场概况古巴是加勒比地区的一个国家，地处于北美洲和南美洲之间，是加勒比海最大的岛国。
由于长期的经济制裁和政治限制，古巴的市场经济发展相对滞后，但在最近几年，随着改革的推进和对外开放的加强，该国的市场开始展现出新的活力。
二、消费环境古巴的人口约为1126万，其中大部分居住在首都哈瓦那和其他一些主要城市。
尽管古巴的消费能力相对较低，但随着经济改革的推进，人民的收入水平也在逐渐提高。
古巴的人民对高质量的产品有很大的需求，尤其是电子产品方面。
三、竞争情况古巴的市场竞争相对较小，这主要是因为该国长期的经济制裁和对外贸易的限制。
然而，在近年来对外开放的背景下，越来越多的国际企业开始进入古巴市场，这导致了市场竞争的加剧。
在电子产品领域，尤其是智能手机领域，国际品牌如苹果、三星等已经占据了较大的市场份额。
四、机遇与挑战古巴作为拉美地区唯一社会主义国家，政治保持了相对稳定，这为各企业在古巴市场发展提供了一定的稳定环境。
此外，古巴拥有丰富的文化和旅游资源，吸引了大量的游客，为电子产品的销售提供了机会。
然而，古巴市场依然存在着一些挑战。
首先，由于经济相对滞后，大部分古巴人的购买力有限，他们更注重产品的性价比。
其次，古巴的基础设施落后，尤其是网络和电力供应方面仍然存在问题，这给电子产品的销售和服务带来了困难。
五、市场战略建议针对古巴市场的特点和现状，以下是小米在该市场的市场战略建议：1. 低端产品定位：考虑到古巴人民的收入水平相对较低，小米可以将重点放在低端产品上，提供高性价比的产品，满足古巴人民的日常需求。
2. 产品和服务升级：尽管古巴的基础设施存在问题，但以小米的技术实力，可以为古巴市场提供更高质量的产品和服务，例如提供更好的网络连接和电池寿命。
3. 营销策略：在推广和宣传方面，小米可以采取一些与古巴文化和旅游资源相关的策略，例如与当地艺术家合作，在产品宣传中融入古巴元素，以此吸引消费者的注意。
中国文化在拉丁美洲的传播和发展是一个多层面、多渠道的过程，涉及文化交流、媒体、语言学习、教育、旅游等方面。
以下是对中国文化在拉丁美洲的传播发展进行详细分析：1. 文化交流：中拉文化交流是中国文化传播的重要途径。
中拉文化年、文化节、艺术团访问等活动展示了中国传统文化的方方面面。
例如，中国书法、绘画、舞蹈等艺术形式在拉丁美洲的博物馆和艺术展览中备受关注。
这种交流促进了中拉两国民众对彼此文化的了解和尊重。
2. 媒体传播：中国媒体在拉丁美洲地区的发展也有助于中国文化的传播。
通过新闻报道、纪录片、电影和电视剧等形式，中国的历史、传统文化以及现代发展成就得到了展示。
同时，一些中文媒体在拉丁美洲地区的设立，为当地民众提供了学习中文、了解中国文化的平台。
3. 语言学习：汉语成为一门受欢迎的外语，也促进了中国文化在拉丁美洲的传播。
越来越多的人开始学习汉语，特别是学生和商务人士。
许多学校设立了中文教育项目，提供汉语课程和汉语水平考试。
学习汉语的人们，通过语言学习，更深入地了解中国的历史、文化和价值观。
4. 教育合作：中国与拉丁美洲国家在教育领域的合作也加强了文化传播。
中拉两国高校之间的交流项目逐渐增多，学生和教师互访成为常态。
通过这种交流，学生和教师有机会深入了解对方的文化差异，并促进了文化交流和理解。
5. 旅游交流：中国的旅游业在拉丁美洲地区迅速发展，成为促进中国文化传播的重要力量。
越来越多的中国游客前往拉丁美洲旅游，他们通过游览当地的自然景观、古迹和文化遗产，能够亲身感受拉丁美洲的文化风情，同时也将中国的文化传递给当地人。
总体来说，中国文化在拉丁美洲的传播发展取得了积极的成果。
通过文化交流、媒体传播、语言学习、教育合作和旅游交流等多种形式，中国的历史、传统文化和现代发展成就得到了展示，并为中拉两国人民之间的相互了解和友谊起到了重要的推动作用。
中国主流媒体国际传播效果研究的社会化取向1. 引言1.1 研究背景中国主流媒体在国际传播领域的影响力逐渐增强，引起了学术界和社会各界的关注。
随着中国经济的快速发展和国际地位的提升，中国主流媒体的国际传播效果备受瞩目。
中国主流媒体包括中国中央电视台、人民日报等具有较高影响力和知名度的媒体机构，它们在国际传播领域扮演着重要角色。
研究中国主流媒体国际传播效果的社会化取向，是为了更深入地了解中国媒体在国际舞台上的传播策略和效果。
通过社会化研究的方法，可以揭示中国主流媒体在国际传播中所面临的挑战和机遇，探讨其在国际传播中的独特优势和特点。
通过对社会化因素的分析和实践探索，可以为中国主流媒体提升国际传播效果提供参考和借鉴。
1.2 研究意义中国主流媒体国际传播效果研究的社会化取向具有重要的研究意义。
研究中国主流媒体在国际传播中的表现能够帮助我们深入了解中国在全球传播中的形象和影响力。
通过分析中国主流媒体在国际上的传播策略和效果，可以揭示中国在国际传播领域的强势和不足之处，为中国媒体在国际传播中的发展提供参考和借鉴。
研究中国主流媒体国际传播效果的社会化因素，可以帮助我们更好地理解和应对国际传播中的挑战和难题。
通过分析国际传播中的社会化因素，可以发现其中的规律和趋势，为中国主流媒体在国际传播中的应对策略提供理论支持和实践指导。
2. 正文2.1 中国主流媒体国际传播现状分析中国主流媒体在国际传播领域的地位日益重要，随着中国经济的崛起和国际话语权的增强，中国主流媒体的国际传播效果也逐渐受到关注。
目前，中国主流媒体主要包括中央媒体和地方媒体两大类。
中央媒体如中央电视台、人民日报等是中国传媒界的权威机构，拥有广泛的传播渠道和强大的影响力。
地方媒体则以地方性新闻为主，针对不同地区的受众需求进行报道。
1.强势崛起：随着中国经济的快速发展，中国主流媒体在国际传播领域逐渐崭露头角，向世界展示中国文化和价值观念。
2.多元化发展：中国主流媒体在国际传播中不断探索多样化的传播方式和内容形式，以满足不同受众群体的需求。
The Essay for News EnvironmentTitle:The Media In Cuba And The Comparison With The China’s Name:Guangliang LINClass: the First Class of International JournalismStudent number:20081300199Due date: July 6, 2009Course: News EnvironmentInstructor:Guiping LIUEssay Title: The Media In Cuba And The Comparison With The China’s Research Duration : March 25th ,2009—June 29th, 2009July 6, 2009The Teacher’s Suggestions For the Essay________ Essay writing of the term: Essay questionDiscuss and compare how political (systems), social and cultural factors have influenced the development of news media systems in China and in a country of your choice. Your discussion should include the linkages between these histories/factors and the development of the media systems, focusing on among other things, media policies and practices, regulatory frameworks- both legal and professional, ethics etc. Your discussion should however not be limited to the points listed above.The Media In Cuba And The Comparison With The China’s Abstract:This article discusses the framework of the Cuban media, mainly focuses on the media system, encapsulating the political factors, economic factors and laws relating to the media; analyzing the ethics of the Cuban media by contacting its journalism practice and occurrence .In the meanwhile, comparing the media system in Cuba with China’s is another ke ystone, in this comparison, the media environment transitions linkages and differences will be exhibited.Key words: Cuban media; Media system; Comparison with the China’s; TransitionIntroductionCuban journalism traces its history to an early beginning during the Spanish colonial rule, with the first Cuban press put into operation by 1723. The history of the nation's press can be divided into five periods. The first period, the Colonial, reaches from the earliest days until 1868. The second period, the time of the Independence Revolution, spans the period from 1868 to 1902. A third period, the Republican period, runs from 1902 until the overthrow of the dictator Machado in 1930. The third period, the Batista era, lasts from 1930 until 1959. The final and current epoch of the Castro era runs from the triumph of the communism revolution in 1959 up to the present. In 1959, the communist revolution which was lead by Fidel-Castro and Che-Guevara succeeded, and then Cuba has built up its communism media system. 1There are 62 radio stations across the island, staffed by about 1000 journalists, and hundreds of technicians and support personnel; there are two national TV channels (with 70% of their content originating in Cuba), one national TV Channel ,eight regional TV stations and seven provincial TV bureaus; Cuba has also owned two news agencies(National News Agency & The Latin America Agency ) , three newspapers of national circulation, fifteen journals and eighteen fraternal or religious publications.2(See in the Addenda)Fifty years have pasted, when we trace the course of its development, we will find endless sigh and fall into meditation. In this article, the media in Cuba will be discussed and will be made comparison with the China’s media.The Economic Factors1Jorge Ruiz Miyares(1999) . A Look at Media in Cub a :SAGE Publish2Jorge Ruiz Miyares(1999) . A Look at Media in Cub a :SAGE PublishMost of the media are state-owned absolutely in Cuba, the mass media are sponsored and subsidized by the Revolutionary government，neither is there room for hostility against the revolutionary government ,nor should any media imagine a Communist party official breathing down every editors’ neck. 3As the owner of media, the Cuban government is the real “boss” of the media. Compared to other countries in North America, Cuba is the only one that implements public ownership, all the media must act as the role as “mouthpiece ”of the Communist Party of Cuba. 4Just as the editor of Granma said, “The central party is the genuine proprieter of our Granma, what we can do is to carry out our distinguished leader Castro and central party’s policy and guideline.” (See in: “U ncover the Cuban party organ Granma’s mysterious veil” Website: /b490441/d5*******.htm. International Herald Leader) With the character of state-owned and “party organ”,5and the media must depend on the supports from the government, and can’t overstep authority .in the meanwhile, the media haven’t been allowed to be commercialized.So the Cuban Revolution Government executes its economic control by maintaining its unchangeable status of the media’s owner and supplyin g the fund to the media. 6After the 48 years of the Fidel-Castrol’s government regime, Raul Castro l intends to make some difference, such as the reform of the economic system, but there is nothing special for the media up till now.But in China, the year 1992 which is considered an important turning point for China’s economic system transition and for the transition of the media.7Though Chinese media are still state-owned, the influences of economic control are reduced; all the media are enterprises, so the media’s economic operation is independent of the government.“Economically, the media organizations, once subsidized, follow the market bottom line as newspapers become conglomerates to be financially solid and compete. The issue for China is that currently in cities under 500,000 population most newspapers and periodicals operate at a loss(Zi,2003b:13).Yet, The Party ,as the major media owner ,not only encourages and tolerates conglomerates for financial reasons but also to control chaotic free compe tition and limit the proliferation of minor papers. ” (Market or Party Controls: Chinese media in transition ;by Betty Houchin Winfield and Zengjun Peng .2005).3Lent, John A. (1999) . Cuban Mass Media After 25 Years of Revolution.Journalism Quarterly. Columbia,SC:AEJMC, Press.4Perez-Stable(1993) . The Cuban Revolution: Origins, Course, and Legacy. New York: Oxford University Press. 5Liu Jiuzhou(2005) .The basical theory of journalism.: Wuhan University Press6David Croteau (1997) .Survey of the Media:Exming the “the Liberal Media “claim: journalists”Views On Politics,Economic and Social Policy(including health care),and Media Coverage.Virginia :Virginia commonwealth university Press.7Franklin, Jane （1997）. Cuba and the United States: A Chronological History. Melbourne: Ocean Press.After the economic disaster of 1970, Cuban President Castro reorganized his government to include a larger and more diverse power structure and more mass participation in public decision making. Reflecting these changes in society, the mass media are now serving an expanded role of feedback control as well as the traditional distribution control. 88Jorge Ruiz Miyares(1999) . A Look at Media in Cub a :SAGE Publish(The chart is originated from Market or party controls:Chinese media in transition, by Betty Winfield and Zengjun Peng ,2005)Public criticism of the tactical operations of the government is transmitted vertically, and advocacy of the needs of major sectors of the power structure is carried by the mass media to the political elite.9That allows broadly based sectors of Cuban society to discuss certain issues among themselves and with the leadership without disrupting the progress of the revolution. 10“But the transition in Chinese media is another landscape. The observation of the impacts of economic factors on an authoritative system is allowed .Economic changes are decontrolling factors contributing to a possible liberalization of the media as more diverse through multi-owners via capital investments, foreign media and audience and circulation dependence.”11The chart above will show the major changes brought on by economic factors.Certainly, the new economic factor has negative influences on the media, but China has stepped out, while the Cuban media stays conservative.The Political FrameworksThough, the economic control in Cuban media roughly maintains the same framework, but the gradual change is on the way when the political factor including the political control is discussed.In the 1960's, the Cuban mass media underwent frequent change that reflected the volatility of the revolutionary process in broadcasting. 12The Cuban government executes its policies including the censorship and the media internal administration to the media The media organization is highly centralized, in this aspect ,tracing the history of the political policies of China’s ,just as Mao Zedong said ,“the role and power of the newspapers consists in their ability to bring the Party program ,the Party line ,the Party’s general and specific policies ,its tasks and methods of the before the masses in the quickest and most extensive way.”(Mao, 1948:18)(Market or Party Controls: Chinese media in transition; by Betty Houchin Winfield and Zengjun Peng .2005)While in the other media in Cuba, it is relatively decentralized. Under this diverse organizational structure, the political controls exercised by the revolutionary elite, such as formal censorship and the more frequent cooptation, are the most powerful and obvious in the process, but there are increasing indications that other subsystems, most notably the mass audience, are also exercising control over media content.139David Barkin(1975) Popular participation and the dialectics of Cuban development: SAGE Publish.10Robert W McChesney (2003).Theses on media deregulation: Media,Culture &Society ,2003;25;125.11Betty Winfield and Zengjun Peng(2005).Market or party controls:Chinese media in transition:SAGE Publish. 12Jorge Ruiz Miyares(1999) . A Look at Media in Cub a :SAGE Publish13Jorge Ruiz Miyares(1999) . A Look at Media in Cub a :SAGE PublishThe press situation in Cuba is four decades since the accession of the Castro government, neither one of the most restrictive in Latin America. The Castro regime maintains a monopoly on information throughout the nation, confiscating the property of independent media and maintaining a policy of constant repression.14Compared to the media in China, in terms of administrative control, the government previously appointed the main personnel of the editors-in-chief of non-government news media are actually overseeing the hiring of media professionals for editorial over the employment issue in the news media by requiring pre-job training for all new jo urnalists, who have to pass tests to get certificates. (Market or Party Controls: Chinese media in transition; by Betty Houchin Winfield and Zengjun Peng .2005) The Chinese mass media system, especially the political factors, has undergone significant changes over the past three decades; but political control of the media is still in transition.15For the purpose of political strategy, or for the reason of special national conditions, Cuban media choose a special or odd (as western countries describe) pathway for their own. As described above, the importance of the political factors especially the political control from the government or the party in power is apparent.Laws Related To the Media And InfluencesThere are no specific laws in Cuban media, but they make various laws related to the media, such as the Cuban constitution. As a country that was built up on the communist revolution (The Republic of Cuba was built up in 1959), revolution is the matter, so there is no wonder that many “independent” journalists or editors were arrested and accused of the accused called “Counterrevolution” in Cuba. Laws are the lack in this field related to regulate becomingly the media in Cuba.16Consequently, the protection for the media is lacking and wanting.The chart (September, 2008) bellow will show various reference to freedom of the press by country, including Cuba. And, will reflect the effect of the laws related to Cuban media.14Maria Isabel Dominguez(2009) . Cuban Social Policy :Principle Spheres and Targeted Social Groups: SAGE Publish.15Betty Winfield and Zengjun Peng(2005).Market or party controls:Chinese media in transition:SAGE Publish. 16Majid Tehranian（2002）. Peace Journalism: Negotiating Global Media Ethics. publish.Reference to freedom of the press by country(The chart comes from :Itai Himelboim and Yehiel Limor(2008).Media perception of freedom of the press: A comparative international analysis of 242 codes of ethics: SAGE Publish)The chart indicates that, Cuba lacks the freedom of speech, the freedom of press, the publish commentary and various opinions, etc.There are still lots of journalists seeking the freedom of press and freedom of speech, though many journalists were put in ja il, just as the say going “You cannot kill truth by murdering journalists.” (Tubal Páez, the president of the Journalist Union of Cuba.website:/articles/story/cuba-supports-press-freedom/.Cuba Supports Press Freedom)In China, there is also no specific law for the mass media, but there are lots of laws related to the media, such as the Constitution of the People's Republic of China(1982), in the 22 article, it states that “the country develops the culture undertaking including the literature and art, media broadcasting, p ress …”,in the meanwhile, the Constitution claimed that the rights of free of press and expression are protected by it. Besides, the Law of Copyright (2001), the National Security Law (1993) are about the media regulation..17So, totally, the laws in China are much more mature than the Cuban.The Ideology: the Significant Cultural Factor In the MediaAs a country that was built up on the communism revolution, and has always been hostile to the USA, Cuba has to pay attention to the communism ideology in their mass media; so there is no wonder that the ideology drumbeating is part of their media’s function. The function of disseminating the Communism is the same as the Chinese. The Communist Parties in China and Cuba both consider the media as the mouthpiece of their own and deepen the faith of socialism, thought China now focuses its energy on the economics, China has never loosed the ideology construction by the media. The CCTV and the Cubavision (a national TV in Cuba) are all the organs of disseminating ideology for their Parties and governments.When we take this situation in compare to the history of Chinese journalism, we may find out similarity in the two countries. “Party organ ” was acknowledged by Bourgeoisie Revolutionaries during the Second Climax of running newspapers in China ,they claimed that, run the newspaper for the revolution, considered the newspaper as a kind of powerful implement in the political contend ,and admitted the newspaper as “party organ” frankly, though we oppugn this kind of newspapers’ impartiality and objectivity.18If there is too much political and ideological propagandism in their journalism practice , it will be conducive to maintain the independence of its own , instead of meeting the need of maintaining the Cuban national ideology steadily ; if there is too much control including the severe censorship ,it will lead to the dilemma of their perspective, instead of resisting the ideological corrosion from western countries .17Wei Yongzheng(2007).The mass media broadcasting law s :Renmin University press18Fang Hanqi, Ding Jinlin, Huang Shan and Xue Fei(2002). The history of the journalsim &communication in China: Renmin University Press.The EthicsUp till now, the journalism ethics made by the official organ，but it doesn’t mean that there is no ethic in the media. In 1963, a NGO Called UPEC,19instituted their ethics called “Ethics Code of the Union of Journalists of Cuba.This regulation includes two parts：Duties and Rights，the disciplinary sanctions and the ethics commissions & the ethics commissions；it is clear that what they can do , what they should not do and the aftermath they should bear if they violate the regulation. The following is excerpted from “Ethics Codes of th e Union of the Journalists of Cuba”20:1. Duties and Rights:Article 1. The journalist has the duty of impelling, consolidating and to defend the content of the Statutes of the Union of Journalists of Cuba.Article 2. The journalist has the duty of inform and to express his approaches with truthfulness, agility and precision. Etc.2. The Disciplinary Sanctions and the Ethics CommissionsArticle 1. The violation of the ethical norms previously established can take, in dependence of the size of the facts and without damaging the sanctions of labor, administrative or penal order that corresponds, to the application of some of the following measures:a) Private admonishment.b) Public admonishment in front of the delegation of the UPEC of its press organ.c) Suspension of rights to occupy positions in the Union of Journalists of Cuba for one period from one to three years, etc.As a matter of fact, the reality is impractical for their journalists’practices, it is difficult to carry out these ethics. In addition, most of the members of the UPEC are from the mass media controlled by the government,21they attribute to the government indirectly, in some aspects, when their rules of self-control are contradictory to their government interest, ethics will be vain.The following are several examples and conclusions about the journalism practice ，journalists in Cuba obey the ethics as well as they obey the ethics as a result of the development of Cuba.(1)The report to the USA: are filled with the animus &criticism( See in : Venezuela, Cuba Criticize US Over Release of Carriles .Website :/21342/venezuela-cuba-criticize-us-over-release-of-car riles. Access date: June 29th,2009)(2)The report to China : are filled with goodwill & praise.(See in：Castro stresses importance of Chinese socialism.19UPEC: The Cuban Union of Journalists.20Itai Himelboim and Yehiel Limor(2008) . Media Perception of the press :A comparative international analysis of 242 codes of ethics :SAGE Publish.21David Craven(1990).The state of cultural democracy in Cuba and nicaragua the 1980s: SAGE PublishWebsite: /community/conversations/post/2897. Access date: June 29th,2009 )（3)The re3port to its national life: are filled with( political, economic & cultural): advocate sense of worth of socialism , national spirit, etc. (See in CUBA BUSINESS SECTION - Havana Journal.Website: /business/.Access date: June 29th,2009 ) (4).Independent media &independent journalists’ journalism practice：protest against the Communist Party of Cuba and the government, seek for the so-called “freedom&human rights”.( See in: Colorado Indeymedia .Website: /taxonomy/term/1119 . Access date: June29th,2009 )But when we look back upon China, the ethics in China seem to be more systematical. For instance, this year (2009), Several organizations, The Central Propaganda Department, The State Administration of Radio Film and Television and General Administration of Press and Publication PRC etc combine to institute the journalists’ ethics. 22In China, the association of journalist of China instituted the ethics in pared to the ethics of Cuban media, there are lots of principles related to the guide line, policies of the Communist Party of China, and the ethics emphasize the function of the mouthpiece for the party and people. Besides, the ethics of Cuba makes the disciplinary sanctions to those who violate their rules. While in China, the ethics stands out the laws to punish those violate the ethics.Taking a stand for the impartiality and objectivity of the journalism are the common rule in their ethics. 23On the other hand, there are also many problems in the journalism practices that violate the journalist ethics in China’s media .In the past several years, some phenomena arouse apparently. Owe to the national system transition ,the commercialization in China and the seduce from the commercial profits in the media, fake news seem to appear frequently ,for example, in 2001 some interest groups declared that the nucleic acid was a kind of nutrition，then the reports and advertisements related to this affair were diffused widely by the media, as a matter of fact ,there are not any nutrition in the nucleic acid ,and only a few of media opened up the reality.24In addition, some journalists receive red papers, the media abuse reporting affairs and crime news etc. In the background of commercialization, the media in China are faced with these ethics problems. In a sense, there are relatively few problems in the Cuban media when compared to the media in China. So both China and Cuba have a long way to overcome the problems in their media ethics.22Lokman Tsui (2003).The participation as the antithesis of a space of freedom:control and regulation of the internet in China:SAGE Publish23Li Lianron (2003) .The introduction to journalsim :Fudan University Press24See in :/article.php?id=5264ConclusionSo far, both Cuba and China have built up media framework ，in their framework，the external control and the internal management come together, the ideology are filled in the media, the ethics must face with the embarrassed actuality in the journalism practice; …Contradiction is everywhere.To summarize, the economic, political, ideological factors and ethics are comparable in Cuban media and China’s media.All in all, they are on the way, seeking for a more wholesome media system and journalism environment. Living in the slot and finding the way in the contradiction is the mirror of the up-to-date situation of the Cuban media and China’s media.Appendix:Main media (1999,originated from Jorge Ruiz Miyares’s stat, also see in: Jorge Ruiz Miyares(1999) . A Look at Media in Cub a:SAGE Publish)The main media national International Subtotal(number)Newspaper Granma,TraBajadores,Jwentud Rebelde 3Television Channel Cubavision &Telerebelde The InternationalTV Channel of theRepublic of Cuba3Radio Radio progress,Radio Reloj Radio ,etc Radio Havana Cuba 5News agency The Latin America Agency& NationalNews Agency National NewsAgency2Internet www.cubagov.cu www.cubagov.cu 1Reference（1）Itai Himelboim and Yehiel Limor(2008) . Media Perception of the press :A comparative international analysis of 242 codes of ethics :SAGE Publish.(2)Dan Berkowitz,Yehiel Limor and Jane Singer(2004). A Cross-Cultural Lookat Serving The Public Interest :American and Israeli Journalists Consider Ethical Scenarios: SAGE Publish.（3）Lent, John A. (1999) . Cuban Mass Media After 25 Years of Revolution.Journalism Quarterly. Columbia, SC:AEJMC, Press.（4）Maria Isabel Dominguez(2009) . Cuban Social Policy :Principle Spheres and Targeted Social Groups: SAGE Publish.（5）Perez-Stable(1993) . The Cuban Revolution: Origins, Course, and Legacy.New York: Oxford University Press.（6）Franklin, Jane （1997）. Cuba and the United States: A Chronological History.Melbourne: Ocean Press.（7）Jorge Ruiz Miyares(1999) . A Look at Media in Cub a :SAGE Publish(8) David Croteau (1997) .Survey of the Media:Exming the “the Liberal Media“claim: journalists” Views On Politics,Economic and Social Policy(including health care),and Media Coverage. Virginia :Virginia commonwealth university Press.(9). David Barkin(1975) Popular participation and the dialectics of Cubandevelopment: SAGE Publish.(10)Betty Winfield and Zengjun Peng(2005).Market or party controls:Chinesemedia in transition:SAGE Publish.(11)Robert W McChesney (2003).Theses on media deregulation: Media,Culture&Society ,2003;25;125.(12)Lokman Tsui (2003).The participation as the antithesis of a space offreedom:control and regulation of the internet in China:SAGE Publish.(13)Li Lianron (2003) .The introduction to journalsim :Fudan University Press(14)Wei Yongzheng(2007).The mass media broadcasting law s :RenminUniversity press(15)Fang Hanqi, Ding Jinlin, Huang Shan and Xue Fei(2002). The history of thejournalsim &communication in China: Renmin University Press.(16)Liu Jiuzhou(2005) .The basical theory of journalism.: Wuhan UniversityPress(17)David Craven(1990).The state of cultural democracy in Cuba and Nicaraguathe 1980s: SAGE Publish(18) Majid Tehranian（2002）. Peace Journalism: Negotiating Global(19)Media Ethics. publish.(20)Website:/article.php?id=5264 (Access date:June 29th,2009)。
