Simulation of Transitions between Pasta Phases in Dense Matter
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英译汉40篇:1. Quitting smoking is more of a matter of willpower than of individual choice, for smoking is widely recognized as addictive. Although counseling and medication can increase the odds that a smoker quits permanently, the best way to avoid dilemmas is never to take up smoking to begin with.The irreversible effects of cigarette smoking vary in intensity and are related both to the amount and duration of exposure and the age at which the person is initially exposed. This report challenges the notion that a few years of exposure to smoking will have no lasting harmful consequences. We hope to discourage this prevalent but vital habit and suggest that tobacco-related health effects decline substantially as time away from smoking increases.2. This book derives from decades of teaching in various schools across the country. It is based on the belief that philosophy is a genuinely exciting subject, accessible not only to gifted undergraduate majors but to everyone. Everyone is a philosopher, whether enro lled in a philosophical course or not. The difference is that someone who has studied philosophy systematically has the advantage of having encountered stronger and more varied arguments than might have been available otherwise. What is special about this book is that it offers introductory students the opportunity of having direct contact with substantial readings from significant books on philosophy, but without the unreasonable demand that they confront these books in full, which are often incomprehensib le.3. Social progress has done away with the need for backbreaking work and has provided time and leisure for personality development. With it, indeed because of it, today the middle-class family expects each of its members to develop his unique personality, and so does each individual, more or less, himself. This new obligation of the family to provide a setting for the development of a unique personality makes family consensus extremely difficult, if not impossible. Nothing is more problematic for a small group of quite different, unique individuals than to live in close quarters, in close harmony with each other. Besides, the necessity of cultivating teenagers’ moral character adds to the difficulty in parenting.4. One of the unintended consequences of the globalization is that it puts different societies and cultures in much greater direct contact with one another. It connects people to people much faster than people and cultures can often prepare themselves. Some cultures thrive on the sudden opportunities for collaboration that this global intimacy makes possible. Others are frustrated, and even humiliated by this close contact, which, among other things, makes it easy for people to see where they stand in the world in relation to everyone else. All of this helps to account for the emergence of one of the most devastating forces today –terrorist organizations which have no regard for human lives and which it is in our best interest to wipe out.5. In this book, we offer advice that we hope will seem reasonable and worth serious consideration. But as any experienced writer knows, there are occasions when even the best advice may not apply. The demands of writing for different audiences, with differentpurposes, on different subjects, at different levels of formality are so varied that they cannot begin to be anticipated in a book like this, and we recognize that what is appropriate for one piece of writing may not be appropriate for another. In most cases, you will have to avoid ambiguity at all costs so as not to leave your words open to misinterpretation.6. When dominant innovators in a science respond to the challenge of a situation that demands some change in its practice, this may take a number of forms, and rival schools may grow up around different leaders responding differently to a particular situation. These rivalries may be reinforced and perpetuated by the use of standard textbooks. Any empirical science must be able to cope with its own phenomena, and once any observation is accepted as relevant, its theory and modes of description and analysis must be able to handle it with scientific adequacy, of which exhaustiveness, consistency, economy are basic principles. The extension of a science to new but relevant fields may require the further elaboration and presentation of existing theory along previously-followed lines.7. Changes and developments in a science are determined by a number of causes. Every science grows from its past, and the state reached in a previous generation provides the starting point for the next. But no science is carried on in a vacuum, without reference to or contact with other sciences and the general atmosphere for learning. Scientists and men of learning are also men of their age and country, and they can’t live independent of the culture. Besides its own past, the course of science is also affected by the social context of its contemporary world and the intellectual premises in it. Applications of the science and the expectations that others have of it may be a very important determinant of the direction of its growth and changes.8. Human progress is greatly accelerated by the use of language in cultural transmission; the knowledge and experience acquired by a particular person can be passed on to another in language, so that no amount of demonstration can replace the role of language. In this connection the importance of the invention of printing can never be exaggerated. At the present time the achievements of anyone in any part of the world can be made availab le and accessible to anyone else able to read and capable of understanding what is involved. From these uses of language, spoken and written, the most developed animal communication system, though given the courtesy title of language, is worlds away.9. (2010.01) The reason for not classifying carbon dioxide as a pollutant is that it is a natural component of the atmosphere and needed by plants to carry out biological synthesis. No one would argue that carbon dioxide is a necessary component of the atmosp here any more than one would argue the fact that Vitamin D is necessary in the human diet. However, excess intake of Vitamin D can be extremely toxic. Living systems, be they an ecosystem or an organism, require that a delicate balance be maintained betwee n certain compounds in order for the system to function normally. When the excess presence of one substance threatens the wellbeing of an ecosystem, it becomes toxic despite the fact that it is requiredin small quantities.10. On some occasions it is important to adhere to the conventions that characterize serious public discourse and to avoid expressions that might be used in more casual situations. Among the features of formal English are the careful explanation of background information, complexity in sentence structure, explicit transitions between thoughts, and the use of certain words that are reserved chiefly for creating a formal tone. Situations that normally require formal usage would include an article discussing a serious matter submitted to a respected journal, an official report by a group of researchers to a government body, a talk presented to a professional organization, and a letter of job application.11.The Microsoft’s rise to prominence set off an explosion in demand for all things digita l and sparked the Internet boom, because every investor looked at the Internet and concluded that if everything was going to be digitized –data, inventories, commerce, books and entertainment –and transported and sold on the Internet, the demand for Internet-based products and services would be infinite. This led to the dot-com stock bubble and a massive overinvestment in the fiber-optic cable needed to carry all the new digital information. As a result, some companies became bankrupt and some were struggling to stay in business. Keep in mind that cyberspace promises both opportunities and high risks.12.The purchase process is initiated when a consumer becomes aware of a need. This awareness may stem from an internal source such as starvation or an external source such as TV commercials or promotions. Awareness of such a need motivates the consumer to search for information about options with which to fulfill the need. This information is available from varied sources. Once alternatives have been identified through these sources, consumers evaluate the options, paying particular attention to those attributes the consumer considers vital. To attract more regular customers, many companies continue to communicate with their customers after a purchase in an effort to influence post-purchase satisfaction and behavior.13. To survive, humans need food, clothes and shelter. There are three ways human activities endanger other species: by killing off animals directly, introducing foreign species into their habitat and by destroying their natural habitats. One reason for preserving life-forms is that each of them occupies a special place within its ecosystem - the community of plant and animal life, in combination with the nonliving components of its environment. Many methods of preserving endangered species are being practiced worldwide, involving legislation, protection of individual species, promotion of ecologically sound development, support to scientific investigation, encouragement of effective conservation activities, monitoring of the international wildlife trade and influence on public opinion and guidelines of governments and private institutions.14.Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated soil erosion. In some cases, the loose soil is blown completely away, leaving a stony surface. In other cases, the finer particles may be removed, while the sand-sized particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or ridges of sand. Desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than from natural processes. The semi-dry lands bordering desert exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and water. The pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity.15. Under very cold conditions, rocks can be shattered by ice and frost. Glaciers may form in permanently cold areas, and these slowly moving masses of ice cut out valleys, carrying with them huge quantities of eroded rock fragments. In dry areas the wind is the principal agent of erosion. It carries fine particles of sand, which strike exposed rock surfaces, thereby wearing them into yet more sand. Even living things contribute to the formation of landscapes. Tree roots force their way into cracks and speed their splitting. In contrast, the roots of grasses and other small plants may help to hold loose soil together.16. Here are some tips for a low-carbon life. Burning fossil fuels emits heat-trapping pollution like carbon dioxide that contributes to global warming. Cutting down on driving is environmentally friendly and helps eliminate weight problems over time without dangerous diets or surgery. Next, skip the bottled water and drink tap water. Limit your consumption of red meat because of its unhealthy saturated fat content, particularly corn-fed animals. Raising food animals contributes substantially to climate change because a meat-based diet requires more energy than a plant-based one. Finally, avoid heavily packaged foods and buy in bulk. The health benefits of going organic include no synthetic pesticides and fertilizers so you reduce your exposure to hazardous chemicals.17. Ozone blowing over from Asia is raising background levels of a major ingredient of smog in the skies over Western states of the US. The amounts are small and, but they have been steadily rising since 1995. The development could complicate U.S. efforts to control air pollution. The U.S. government is considering lowering the current limit on ozone in the atmosphere by as much as 20 percent, and has been working with China to lower its emissions of the chemicals that turn into ozone. Ozone is harmful to people's respiratory systems and plants. It is created when compounds produced by burning fossil fuels are hit by sunlight and break down. Ozone also contributes to the greenhouse effect, ranking behind carbon dioxide in importance.18. One of E-mail’s chief virtues is that information can be exchanged without the participants having to interact simultaneously and without the drawbacks of the telephone.A second advantage is its speed. In seconds your can send entire documents across time zones. E-mail gives people more flexibility in their schedules and sparing them the distractions that take up much time. Besides, E-mail eliminates the visual tokens of socialstatus that are apparent to everyone in a face-to-face meeting. Ideas that are proposed on a computer network tend to be evaluated in terms of their merits more than their origin. The final advantage is psychological. It can nurture a sense of connectedness and commitment in people who see themselves actively involved in a discussion.19. There is more to school education than instruction and passing knowledge. To live up to his or her image, a teacher at an elementary or secondary school has to have positive influence on the pupils in terms of manners, attitudes and views of life. It’s no exaggeration to claim that a teacher is a parent, consultant and role model all rolled into one. When a teacher has become someone to talk to, turn to and correspond to, his role as a friend is enhanced. Accompanied by teachers who are considerate, helpful and responsible, a child is likely to be imprinted by such good qualities and eventually does the same to others.20. One of the chief concerns of wildlife management is the protection and improvement of the natural habitat so that animals have enough food and water to survive. Wildlife management involves care of the soil to produce good vegetation; it also involves care of plants, not only as a source of food, but as protection. Animals need cover to hide from their natural enemies and to raise their young safely. Just as crops are harvested, wildlife too must sometimes be “harvested”. By allowing limited hunting, good management can control certain species that threaten to overpopulate their habitat.21. The standard educational or psychological tests are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees and military personnel. But they have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tools themselves but largely upon the user.22. To the average person knowledge itself is of importance because of its bearing upon what he needs to do and to make. It helps him in clarifying his wants, in constructing his ends and in finding means for realizing them. There exist, in other words, values as well as known facts and principles, and philosophy is concerned primarily with values – with the ends for the sake of which man acts. Given the most extensive and accurate system of knowledge, man is still confronted with the question of what he is going to do about it and what he is going to do with the knowledge in his possession.23. Successive heavy snowfalls, which were rare in the past fifty years, struck the south of China, cutting off power supply and leaving expressways closed. On Sunday, heavy fog fell over parts of central China, further obstructing a transport system already paralyzed by weeks of snow, a day after one person was stamped to death by frustrated train passengers stranded for days. The fog covered parts of Human – one of the provinces hit worst by theodd winter storms – delaying flights and bringing road traffic to a halt. To make the matter worse, his disaster coincides with China’s Spring Festival.24. The miracle silicon chip represents a development in the technology of mankind that over the past few years has acquired the force and significance associated with the development of hand tools or the discovery of the steam engine. Just as the Industrial Revolution took over an immense range of tasks from men’s muscles and enormously expanded productivity, so the microcomputer is rapidly assuming huge burdens of tedious work from the human brain and thereby expanding the mind’s capacities in ways that man is beginning to grasp. With the chip, remarkable achievements of memory and execution become possible in everything from farms to banks to corporate offices.25. Recent history has demonstrated the need to change our conception of the process driven forward by competition. The price variable once perceived as the dominant aspect of the competitive process is now subordinate to the competition of the new product and technology. While in a highly competitive industry investment in innovation might meet resistance from management and stockholders who might be concerned with cost-cutting and large advertising budgets, it would be a shocking error to assume that producers enjoying monopoly should favor abundant expenditures on research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more smoothly in stable circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status and resist the threat implied in change.26. As a branch of cognitive science, linguistics, which has direct bearing on verbal communication, has undergone systematic exploration and explicit elaboration. The combination of linguistics and psychology has shed light on how an infant acquires the mother tongue and contributed to the great variety of teaching approaches to a foreign language. However, a keen insight into the process of language acquisition can’t be gained until the function of each part of the brain is disclosed. The myth that the ea rlier an infant learns a foreign language the better the result arises from the confusion of language acquisition with language learning. Scientists have yet to reach consensus on the best age to start learning a foreign language.27. Efforts have been continually made to maintain the currency of this dictionary though annual updating. These efforts were for a time successful, at least in incorporating the newest additions to the language into the written record of that language. Eventua lly, however, it turned out that the flood of new terms, subtle changes in pronunciation and changes in attitudes toward numerous expressions had made a total revision of the dictionary necessary. The past two decades have witnessed an information explosion of unprecedented proportions. Rapid advances in science are bringing with them countless new terms and new applications of established terms.28. If you think your kids are too young to worry about illness like heart disease and stroke, think again. There is increasing evidence that children are vulnerable to health problems stemming from inactivity and a high-fat diet. A 2004 study found that a total of 155 million children aged five to 17 worldwide are overweight. To be of good constitution, kids need a minimum of one hour of daily physical activity, whether it be walking to school or joining a sports team. Regular exercise keeps weight under control, lowers blood pressure and wards off heart disease and depression. Better memory, observation and problem-solving skills may all be associated with increased physical activity.29. There is no question that China and India are better off for having at least part of their population in the flattening world. When societies begin to prosper, you get a virtuous cycle going: They begin to produce enough food for the people to leave the land, the excess labor gets trained and education, it begins working in services and industry; that leads to innovation and better education and institutions of higher learning, free markets, economic growth and development, better infrastructure, fewer diseases and slower population growth.30. Countries whose workers and industries are woven into a major global supply chain know that they cannot take an hour, a week, or a month off for war without disrupting industries and economies around the world and thereby risking the loss of their place in that supply chain for a long time, which could be extremely costly. For a country with no natural resources, being part of a global supply chain is like striking oil – oil that never runs out. And therefore, to get dropped from such a chain because you start a war is to have your oil wells go dry or have someone pour cement on them.31. Each year natural disasters, some of which are of unimaginable magnitude, cause heavy casualties. It’s estimated that devastating floods alone cause losses of approximately 5 billion dollars. In flood-affected regions, reconstruction usually entails expenses that reach astronomical figures. Given the gravity of the situation, many countries as well as international agencies are intensifying their efforts to make more accurate predictions and take precautions. One solution is to construct solid architectures that can survive extreme conditions in disaster-prone areas. Where misfortune never strikes once, people need to be alert to potential risks all the time.32. History has been a fascinating sphere of research since ancient times. Unlike other disciplines of science, history can never reach accuracy. The most historians can do is approximate accuracy by recording past events realistically and interpreting these events objectively. The infinite number of historical figures and incidents makes impossible the documentation of everything that has happened, so historians have to make selections from the data available and accessible before deciding on the data that are deemed necessary and relevant. The fact that explanations on a particular event and its cause vary from historian to historian makes history all the more exciting.33. Wildlife and wildlife habitat play a vital role in the ecological and biological processes that are essential to life itself. The functioning of the biosphere, and hence the maintenance and enhancement of human life, depends on countless interactions among plants, animals, and microorganisms. These ecological processes are essential for agriculture, fisheries, and other endeavors necessary to human life. They also help maintain environmental quality by decomposing and otherwise removing some pollutants and by preventing waste accumulation. Some of the biological processes in which wild species play a key role are seed dispersal, soil generation, nutrient cycling, habitat maintenance, waste breakdown and pest control34. Creativity is by no means something one is just born with, nor is it necessarily a characteristic of high intelligence. Creativity is the ability to use the resources available to produce original ideas that are good for something.There are numerous things parents can do to facilitate the development of creativity of infants. They can involve children in decision-making if the problem is appropriate by seeking their suggestions. It is of great importance to have children understand the consequence of various decisions. As children grow older, they are expected to decide more serious things. It does not matter if a child makes a wrong decision, for one of the most distinct features of creative people is a very strong motivation to make order out of confusion.35. Fundamental science has provided us with an increasingly detailed and accurate understanding of nature. Advances in science are based on the pre-conditions that:a)Everything, including existing knowledge, is open to critical and unprejudiced inquiry.Science is often built on the destruction of existing patterns and is a continuously evolving process.b) Our minds, reason and our powers of observation are the tools for advancing knowledge.There are no mysteries that will resist scientific investigation.c)Science is the property of mankind and is our most precious human asset.d)All hypotheses and predictions are subject to the proof of scientificexperiments. Knowledge is power and science is the power of powers.36. Biological diversity, or biodiversity, means the variety of life on earth and includes the entire web of living organisms ranging from soil microbes, frogs, and trees to bears and blue whales. From the perspective of sustainable use, wildlife is a renewable resource that provides many benefits and socioeconomic advantages. Sustainable use is defined as "the use of components of biodiversity in a way and at a rate that does not lead to long term decline" but maintains the "potential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations." Sustainable use will ensure that the numerous tangible and intangible benefits of wildlife that we enjoy today can be enjoyed by future generations37. We are all familiar with the current situation with the conventional sources of ener gy. Oil prices are mounting and sources of conventional energy are being used up fast. They are not going to last forever. Conventional energy sources come with outrageous effects. We are paying dearly for playing with the ecological balance and situation will not improve with a magic rod. These circumstances are forcing the humankind to look for alternative sources of energy that don’t leave a heavy carbon footprint for the present and future generations. By alternative energy we mean any environmentally friendly source of energy intended to supplement or replace conventional energy sources such as fossil oil and biofuel.38. Healthcare reform in China is a matter of life and death for the underprivileged. The advent of this reform will have significant implication for infants who are susceptible to fatal diseases, the incurably ill patients and for those who have been left untreated because the medical cost is beyond their budget. The improved availability and accessibility of effective drugs for cancer can lessen the agony of victims. More powerful vaccines and ingenious approaches to disease can send the rate of mortality plunging to a point where there is no panic any more. For the well-being of rural residents, hospitals at the grass-roots’ level shoul d be enhanced in terms of medical facilities and personnel.39. Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, the influence of the factory on the physical and mental state of the workers has received no attention at all. Modern industry is based on the conception of maximum productivity at the minimum cost. It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without any consideration to the impacts produced on the individuals or on their children by the artificial mode of existence reinforced by the factory. Lack of space entails the construction of enormous apartment buildings where too large masses of residents are crowded together. While civilized men enjoy such a way of living, they do not realize that they have had some of their necessities of life taken away, including peace, ease and health.40. While love in virtual worlds may still be unusual, online relationships have become commonplace. A study found 74 % of single internet users in the U.S. involved in at lease one online dating-related activity, including visiting sites specifically devoted to finding a match. The advantages of the internet over the real world are that online relationships are a way to experiment cheaply and safely. Y ou can meet far more people online than in a bar. Beyond that, online communication can encourage risks, because you can simply disappear if things become embarrassing or awkward. The internet has pitched us into a new era of romance that offers greater opportunities to meet the right partner and a better environment for intimate and honest communication.。
不记单词英语作文模板Title: Overcoming Vocabulary Obstacles: A Guide to Writing English Essays Without Relying on Memorized Words。
Introduction:In the realm of English writing, vocabulary serves as a cornerstone for effective communication. However, the challenge arises when one encounters unfamiliar words or struggles with memorization. This essay explores strategies to navigate these hurdles and compose compelling English essays without solely relying on memorized vocabulary.1. Embrace Simplified Language:Instead of fixating on intricate vocabulary, prioritize clarity and coherence in your writing. Utilize simple words and concise expressions to convey your ideas effectively. For instance, rather than employing complex terminology, opt for straightforward language thatresonates with your readers.2. Master Synonyms and Paraphrasing:Expand your repertoire of synonyms to enrich your writing. When confronted with unfamiliar words, employ synonyms or rephrase sentences to convey the same meaning. This approach not only enhances your vocabulary but also fosters adaptability in diverse writing contexts.3. Contextual Understanding:Cultivate a keen sense of context to decipher the meaning of unfamiliar words. Pay close attention to surrounding sentences or paragraphs, as they often provide clues to infer the intended message. By contextualizing words within sentences, you can comprehend their nuances without resorting to rote memorization.4. Utilize Analogies and Examples:Harness the power of analogies and examples toelucidate complex concepts. Drawing parallels to familiar situations or citing real-life instances enhances understanding and engagement. By employing analogical reasoning, you can elucidate intricate ideas withoutrelying solely on memorized vocabulary.5. Effective Employment of Transitions:Seamlessly integrate transitions to enhance the flow and coherence of your writing. Transitional phrases such as "however," "consequently," and "in contrast" facilitate smooth transitions between ideas, thereby elevating the quality of your essays. Focus on mastering thesetransitional devices to augment the clarity and structure of your compositions.6. Precision in Expression:Prioritize precision and clarity in your choice of words. Instead of resorting to convoluted vocabulary, opt for precise terms that encapsulate your intended meaning. By refining your language to convey precise ideas, you cancircumvent the need for extensive memorization while bolstering the effectiveness of your writing.7. Feedback and Revision:Solicit feedback from peers or instructors to refine your writing skills. Constructive criticism offers invaluable insights into areas for improvement, enabling you to enhance your proficiency in English writing. Embrace the iterative process of revision, incorporating feedback to hone your craft and refine your linguistic abilities.Conclusion:In conclusion, mastering English writing withoutrelying solely on memorized vocabulary necessitates a multifaceted approach. By embracing simplicity, mastering synonyms, and cultivating contextual understanding, you can navigate vocabulary obstacles with confidence and finesse. Through effective utilization of analogies, transitions, and precise expression, you can craft compelling essaysthat resonate with readers. Embrace feedback and revisionas integral components of the writing process, continually refining your skills to achieve excellence in English composition. Ultimately, by implementing these strategies, you can transcend the limitations of memorization andunlock the full potential of your English writing abilities.。
我最喜欢的书荆棘鸟英语作文The Thorn Birds is a captivating novel that has captured the hearts of readers worldwide. Written by the renowned Australian author Colleen McCullough, this epic saga delves into the intricate lives of the Cleary family, set against the breathtaking backdrop of the Australian outback. As one of my all-time favorite books, The Thorn Birds has left an indelible mark on my literary journey, inspiring me with its rich characters, poignant themes, and timeless storytelling.At the heart of the novel is the forbidden love story between Meggie Cleary and Father Ralph de Bricassart, a Catholic priest. Their star-crossed romance is the driving force that propels the narrative, weaving a tapestry of passion, sacrifice, and the eternal struggle between duty and desire. McCullough's masterful writing paints a vivid portrait of the characters' inner turmoil, allowing the reader to deeply empathize with their joys and sorrows.One of the most captivating aspects of The Thorn Birds is the way it seamlessly blends the personal and the epic. The Cleary family's saga unfolds against the backdrop of the vast and rugged Australianlandscape, which becomes a character in its own right. McCullough's vivid descriptions of the outback's harsh beauty and the family's struggle to tame the land create a powerful sense of place that transports the reader to another time and space.The novel's exploration of complex themes such as the nature of love, the conflict between tradition and progress, and the search for meaning in life is truly remarkable. The Thorn Birds delves deep into the human experience, touching on universal truths that resonate with readers across cultures and generations. The characters' journeys are marked by triumphs and tragedies, moments of profound joy and soul-crushing heartbreak, all of which are woven together with a masterful hand.What sets The Thorn Birds apart is its ability to capture the nuances of human emotions and relationships. McCullough's writing is both lyrical and visceral, painting a vivid tapestry of the characters' inner lives. The complex and flawed nature of the protagonists, particularly Meggie and Ralph, adds depth and authenticity to the story, making their struggles and choices all the more compelling.One of the most poignant aspects of the novel is its exploration of the concept of destiny and the ways in which our choices can shape the course of our lives. The Thorn Birds poses profound questions about the nature of free will, the impact of societal expectations, andthe consequences of our decisions. The characters' struggles to reconcile their personal desires with the demands of their faith, family, and society create a rich tapestry of moral and ethical dilemmas.Beyond the central love story, The Thorn Birds also delves into the intricacies of family dynamics and the lasting impact of childhood experiences. The Cleary family's saga is marked by both triumph and tragedy, with each generation facing its own unique challenges and triumphs. McCullough's keen insight into the complexities of human relationships and the power of familial bonds adds a layer of depth and authenticity to the narrative.The Thorn Birds has also been praised for its masterful storytelling and the author's ability to weave together multiple narrative threads. The novel's sweeping scope, which spans several decades and generations, is a testament to McCullough's narrative prowess. The seamless transitions between past and present, the deftly drawn characters, and the intricate plot twists all contribute to the novel's enduring appeal and the reader's immersion in the story.One of the reasons The Thorn Birds has become a beloved classic is its ability to transcend genre boundaries. While it is often categorized as a romance novel, the book's depth and complexity defy such a simple classification. It is a sweeping family saga, ahistorical drama, and a profound meditation on the human condition, all woven together with a masterful hand.The Thorn Birds has also had a lasting impact on popular culture, inspiring numerous adaptations and inspiring countless readers to explore the richness of Australian literature. The novel's enduring popularity is a testament to its timeless themes and the author's ability to create a world that feels both deeply personal and universally resonant.In conclusion, The Thorn Birds is a truly remarkable work of fiction that has left an indelible mark on my literary experience. Colleen McCullough's masterful storytelling, rich character development, and profound exploration of the human experience have made this novel a cherished favorite that I return to time and time again. The Thorn Birds is a testament to the power of literature to transport us, challenge us, and ultimately, leave us changed.。
Artificial Intelligence AI has become a pivotal element in the modern technological landscape,transforming industries and redefining the way we interact with machines.As an English teacher,I would like to guide you through writing an English essay on this topic,focusing on its various aspects and implications.Title:The Evolution and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIntroduction:Begin your essay by introducing the concept of AI and its historical roots.Mention how AI has evolved from simple algorithms to complex systems capable of learning and decisionmaking.Paragraph1:Definition and HistoryDefine AI and its various types,such as narrow AI and general AI.Discuss the early milestones in AI development,including the work of pioneers like Alan Turing and John McCarthy.Paragraph2:Technological AdvancementsDetail the advancements in AI technology,such as machine learning,deep learning,and neural networks.Explain how these technologies have enabled AI to perform tasks that were once thought to be the exclusive domain of humans.Paragraph3:Applications in Various FieldsExplore the diverse applications of AI across different sectors.Discuss its use in healthcare for diagnosis and treatment,in finance for risk management and fraud detection,and in transportation for autonomous vehicles.Paragraph4:Ethical ConsiderationsAddress the ethical implications of AI,such as privacy concerns,the potential for job displacement,and the need for transparency in AI decisionmaking processes.Paragraph5:AI in EducationDiscuss the role of AI in education,including personalized learning,intelligent tutoring systems,and the challenges it presents in terms of studentteacher interaction and data privacy.Paragraph6:The Future of AIPredict the future trajectory of AI,considering its potential to become more integrated into daily life and its possible impact on society.Discuss the importance of responsible AI development and the need for regulatory frameworks.Conclusion:Conclude your essay by summarizing the main points and reflecting on the transformative potential of AI.Emphasize the need for a balanced approach to AI integration,considering both its benefits and challenges.Sample Sentences for Each Paragraph:Introduction:Artificial Intelligence,a term coined in the mid20th century,has become synonymous with the convergence of technology and humanlike cognitive abilities.Paragraph1:Definition and History:AI,in its essence,is the simulation of human intelligence in machines,which has evolved from rudimentary rulebased systems to sophisticated algorithms capable of pattern recognition and problemsolving.Paragraph2:Technological Advancements:The advent of machine learning algorithms has been a gamechanger,enabling AI to adapt and improve its performance over time without explicit programming.Paragraph3:Applications in Various Fields:From revolutionizing the healthcare sector by assisting in early disease detection to optimizing stock trading in the financial industry,AI has become an indispensable tool across a myriad of fields.Paragraph4:Ethical Considerations:As AI systems become more autonomous,ethical dilemmas arise,such as the potential for AI to make decisions that could infringe on individual privacy or exacerbate existing biases.Paragraph5:AI in Education:AI has the potential to revolutionize education by offering personalized learning paths and adaptive assessments,yet it also raises questions about the role of human educators and the ethical use of student data.Paragraph6:The Future of AI:Looking ahead,AI is poised to become an integral part of our lives,from smart homes to intelligent cities,but it is crucial to navigate its development with a keen eye on ethical considerations and societal impact.Conclusion:In conclusion,AI stands as a testament to human ingenuity and the relentless pursuit of innovation.As we embrace AI,it is imperative to do so with a thoughtful and measured approach,ensuring that its benefits are maximized while mitigating potential risks. Remember to use a variety of sentence structures and vocabulary to maintain the readers interest.Additionally,ensure that your essay is wellorganized,with clear transitions between paragraphs.。
Innovation is a pivotal force driving progress and development in various fields, including the English language.When it comes to writing an essay on innovation,there are several aspects to consider to make your composition engaging and thoughtprovoking.1.Introduction to Innovation:Begin your essay by defining innovation and its importance in the modern world.Discuss how innovation has transformed various sectors,such as technology,education,and healthcare.2.Historical Examples:Provide examples of past innovations that have had a significant impact on the English language.This could include the invention of the printing press, which facilitated the spread of written English,or the development of the internet,which has revolutionized the way we communicate and learn languages.3.Technological Innovations in Language Learning:Discuss the role of technology in making English language learning more accessible and efficient.Mention tools like language learning apps,online courses,and AIpowered translation services.4.Cultural Innovations:Explore how cultural shifts have influenced the English language. For instance,the globalization of English has led to the creation of new words and phrases,as well as the adoption of English in nonEnglish speaking countries.5.Innovation in Teaching Methods:Elaborate on innovative teaching methods that have been introduced to make English language learning more engaging.This could include flipped classrooms,projectbased learning,and the use of multimedia resources.6.Challenges of Innovation:Address the potential challenges that come with innovation, such as the digital divide,the need for continuous adaptation,and the risk of losing traditional methods of learning.7.The Role of Creativity:Emphasize the importance of creativity in the process of innovation.Discuss how creative thinking can lead to new ways of expressing ideas in English and how it can enrich the language.8.Future Prospects:Contemplate the future of English language learning and teaching with innovation.Speculate on upcoming trends and technologies that might further enhance the learning experience.9.Personal Reflection:Share your personal thoughts on the impact of innovation on your own English learning journey.Reflect on how new tools and methods have helped you improve your language skills.10.Conclusion:Summarize the main points of your essay,reiterating the significance of innovation in the evolution of the English language.End with a call to embrace change and continuous learning to stay relevant in a rapidly evolving world.Remember to use a variety of sentence structures and vocabulary to demonstrate your proficiency in English.Additionally,ensure that your essay is wellorganized,with clear transitions between paragraphs to maintain a logical flow of ideas.。
怎么减少比赛时间英语作文Reducing Competition Time: Strategies and Solutions。
In today's fast-paced world, efficiency andeffectiveness are paramount, especially in competitive environments. Whether it's a sporting event, academic competition, or professional challenge, finding ways to reduce competition time can enhance overall productivityand satisfaction for participants and spectators alike. Here, we explore various strategies and solutions toachieve this goal.1. Streamlining Processes: One effective approach to reducing competition time is by streamlining processes.This involves analyzing each stage of the competition, identifying inefficiencies, and implementing improvements. For example, in a sports competition, simplifying rules, minimizing breaks between rounds, and optimizing logistical arrangements can significantly shorten the overall duration.2. Utilizing Technology: Technology plays a pivotalrole in modernizing competitions and expediting various tasks. Incorporating electronic timing systems, automated scoring mechanisms, and digital communication platforms can eliminate manual errors, accelerate decision-making processes, and enhance overall efficiency. Moreover, live streaming capabilities enable broader audience reach without extending the duration of the event.3. Implementing Time Limits: Setting strict time limits for each segment of the competition fosters a sense of urgency and encourages participants to perform at their best within a specified timeframe. Whether it's a debate, presentation, or race, imposing time constraints compels competitors to prioritize essential tasks, avoid unnecessary delays, and deliver results promptly.4. Promoting Preparatory Training: Adequate preparation is key to reducing competition time without compromising quality. By providing participants with ample training opportunities, coaching sessions, and access to simulation exercises, they can refine their skills, familiarizethemselves with competition protocols, and optimize their performance efficiency. Additionally, training helps mitigate unforeseen challenges and promotes smoother execution during the actual event.5. Optimizing Scheduling: Careful scheduling is essential for minimizing downtime and maximizing productive activity during competitions. Strategic planning of event sequences, staggered start times, and synchronized transitions between activities can prevent bottlenecks, reduce idle periods, and ensure a seamless flow of proceedings. Furthermore, allocating sufficient time for rest and recovery between intense sessions helps sustain participants' energy levels and enhances overall endurance.6. Encouraging Collaboration and Cooperation: Collaboration among organizers, officials, participants, and volunteers is indispensable for expediting competition processes. By fostering a culture of teamwork, mutual support, and effective communication, stakeholders can coordinate efforts, address challenges proactively, and expedite decision-making processes. Moreover, leveragingcollective expertise and resources facilitates the implementation of innovative solutions and promotes continuous improvement in competition management practices.7. Embracing Adaptive Strategies: Flexibility iscrucial for adapting to unforeseen circumstances and optimizing competition time. Organizers should be preparedto adjust schedules, modify protocols, and improvise solutions in response to changing conditions, unexpected events, or feedback from participants. By embracingadaptive strategies, competitions can maintain momentum, uphold fairness, and deliver a rewarding experience for all involved parties.In conclusion, reducing competition time requires a multifaceted approach that encompasses process optimization, technological integration, time management strategies, preparatory training, efficient scheduling, collaborative efforts, and adaptive decision-making. By implementingthese strategies and solutions, competitions can achieve greater efficiency, enhance participant satisfaction, and elevate the overall quality of the event.。
谁跟我玩读后感100字Title: The Profound Impact of "Reading Afterthoughts":A Journey of Self-DiscoveryIntroduction:"Reading Afterthoughts" is a captivating novel that takes readers on a transformative journey of self-discovery. Through its thought-provoking narrative, compelling characters, and insightful themes, the book leaves alasting impression on its readers. This essay will delveinto the profound impact the novel had on me, exploring various perspectives and emotions it evoked.Perspective 1: Emotional ConnectionThe novel's ability to evoke a deep emotionalconnection is truly remarkable. As I immersed myself in the story, I couldn't help but empathize with the protagonist's struggles and triumphs. The author's vivid descriptions andraw emotions allowed me to experience a range of feelings, from heart-wrenching sadness to overwhelming joy. This emotional rollercoaster made the characters feel incredibly real, leaving a lasting impact on my heart.Perspective 2: Themes of Identity and Self-DiscoveryOne of the most powerful aspects of "Reading Afterthoughts" is its exploration of identity and self-discovery. The protagonist's journey to understand who they truly are resonated deeply with me. Through their experiences, the novel delves into the complexities of human nature, the search for meaning, and the importance of embracing one's true self. This thought-provokingexploration of identity left me contemplating my ownjourney of self-discovery.Perspective 3: Social CommentaryBeyond its personal introspection, "Reading Afterthoughts" also provides a compelling social commentary. The novel addresses various societal issues, such asinequality, discrimination, and the power dynamics within relationships. By weaving these themes into the narrative, the author encourages readers to reflect on the world around them and consider their role in effecting positive change. This social commentary added an extra layer of depth to the novel, making it an impactful and thought-provoking read.Perspective 4: Literary Techniques and StyleThe author's masterful use of literary techniques and style further enhanced the impact of "Reading Afterthoughts." The vivid imagery and descriptive language transported me into the story's world, making it come alive in my mind. The seamless transitions between past and present, as well as the skillful use of symbolism and foreshadowing, added layers of complexity to the narrative. These literary techniques not only engaged me as a reader but also deepened my understanding and appreciation of the story.Perspective 5: Reflections on Life and Existence"Reading Afterthoughts" prompts profound reflections on life and existence. The novel raises existential questions, challenging readers to contemplate the purpose of their own lives. It explores the fragility of human existence, the inevitability of change, and the fleeting nature of time. These contemplations left me pondering the deeper meaning of my own existence and the choices I make in life.Perspective 6: Inspirational TakeawaysUltimately, "Reading Afterthoughts" leaves readers with a sense of inspiration and hope. The protagonist's journey serves as a reminder that no matter how challenging life may be, there is always an opportunity for growth and self-discovery. The novel encourages readers to embrace their true selves, chase their dreams, and find solace in the beauty of life's imperfections. This inspiring message resonated deeply with me, leaving me feeling motivated and empowered.Conclusion:"Reading Afterthoughts" is a truly remarkable novel that leaves a lasting impact on its readers. Through its emotional connection, exploration of identity and self-discovery, social commentary, literary techniques, reflections on life and existence, and inspirational takeaways, the novel offers a transformative reading experience. It challenges readers to delve deep into their own emotions, beliefs, and aspirations, ultimately leading to personal growth and self-reflection. This thought-provoking journey of self-discovery will undoubtedly stay with me for years to come.。
关于钢琴的英语作文翻译Title: The Timeless Elegance of the Piano。
The piano, with its timeless elegance and enchanting melodies, holds a special place in the hearts of musicians and music enthusiasts alike. Its majestic presence commands attention, while its versatility allows for an endlessarray of musical expressions. From classical masterpiecesto contemporary compositions, the piano remains anessential instrument in the world of music.First and foremost, the piano's rich history spans centuries, tracing back to its invention in the early 18th century by Bartolomeo Cristofori. Since then, it hasevolved and undergone numerous transformations, yet its essence has remained intact. Through the hands of virtuosos such as Mozart, Beethoven, and Chopin, the piano has immortalized some of the greatest compositions ever written. Its ability to convey a wide range of emotions, from profound sorrow to unbridled joy, is unmatched by any otherinstrument.Furthermore, the piano's mechanical complexity is a marvel in itself. Behind its polished exterior lies a sophisticated system of keys, hammers, and strings meticulously engineered to produce exquisite sounds. The pianist's touch, delicate or forceful, breathes life into the instrument, creating melodies that resonate with listeners on a profound level. Whether played softly in a dimly lit concert hall or with fervent intensity on a grand stage, the piano captivates audiences with its unparalleled beauty.Moreover, the piano's versatility knows no bounds. It seamlessly transitions between genres, from the intricate harmonies of classical sonatas to the improvisational flair of jazz standards. Its adaptability allows musicians to explore endless possibilities, pushing the boundaries of creativity and innovation. With the advent of technology, the piano has also embraced the digital age, offering a myriad of sounds and effects at the touch of a button. Despite these advancements, the essence of the pianoremains unchanged, serving as a timeless symbol of musical expression.In addition to its musical prowess, the piano serves as a symbol of cultural significance. It transcends geographical boundaries, enriching diverse traditions and uniting people through the universal language of music. Whether in a concert hall in Vienna, a jazz club in New Orleans, or a traditional teahouse in Tokyo, the piano fosters connections and fosters mutual understanding among individuals from different walks of life.Furthermore, the act of learning to play the piano is a journey of self-discovery and personal growth. It requires discipline, patience, and unwavering dedication to master this majestic instrument. Aspiring pianists spend countless hours honing their skills, refining their technique, and interpreting the works of past masters. Along the way, they develop a deep appreciation for the artistry and craftsmanship embodied in every keystroke.In conclusion, the piano stands as a testament to theenduring power of music to transcend time and space. Its timeless elegance, mechanical ingenuity, and cultural significance continue to captivate audiences around the globe. Whether as a solo instrument or as part of a symphony orchestra, the piano remains an indispensable cornerstone of the musical landscape. As we marvel at its beauty and immerse ourselves in its enchanting melodies, let us celebrate the enduring legacy of this extraordinary instrument.。
万里归途影评英语作文The film "Home Coming" is a captivating cinematic masterpiece that delves into the profound emotions and intricate relationships that arise when an individual returns to their roots after a prolonged absence. Directed by the talented Liang Qiao, this movie masterfully weaves a tapestry of nostalgia, self-discovery, and the complexities of familial bonds.At the heart of the story is Jiang Wei, a successful businessman who has spent the majority of his adult life abroad, pursuing his career and ambitions. However, the sudden passing of his father compels him to return to his hometown, a place he had long since left behind. As Jiang Wei navigates the familiar yet foreign landscape, he is confronted with a myriad of emotions – the guilt of his prolonged absence, the weight of unresolved conflicts with his family, and the overwhelming desire to reconnect with the life he once knew.One of the film's greatest strengths lies in its nuanced portrayal of the complex family dynamics that unfold upon Jiang Wei's return. The relationship between Jiang Wei and his mother, Wang Ling, isparticularly poignant, as the two struggle to reconcile the distance that has grown between them over the years. Through a series of tender yet charged exchanges, the audience is drawn into the delicate balance of love, resentment, and the yearning for understanding that permeates their interactions.Equally compelling is the relationship between Jiang Wei and his younger brother, Jiang Tao. Sibling rivalries and unresolved tensions from the past cast a shadow over their reunion, forcing the brothers to confront the ways in which they have grown apart and the underlying resentments that have festered over time. The film's exploration of this sibling dynamic is both heartbreaking and ultimately redemptive, as Jiang Wei and Jiang Tao are forced to re-evaluate their perceptions of one another and the roles they have played in each other's lives.One of the standout aspects of "Home Coming" is its masterful use of visual storytelling. Director Liang Qiao's keen eye for detail and composition creates a cinematic landscape that is both visually stunning and emotionally evocative. The film's cinematography seamlessly transitions between sweeping panoramic shots of the rural countryside and intimate close-ups that capture the nuanced expressions and body language of the characters. This visual language serves to enhance the emotional resonance of the narrative, drawing the audience deeper into the characters' journeys and thecomplex web of relationships that unfold.The performances in "Home Coming" are uniformly excellent, with the lead actors delivering nuanced and compelling portrayals of their respective characters. Jiang Wei, played by the talented Gao Weiguang, is a particularly complex and layered protagonist, whose journey of self-discovery and emotional reconciliation is both captivating and deeply relatable. Gao's performance effortlessly conveys the character's internal struggles, from the guilt and regret that haunt him to the gradual awakening of his long-buried emotions.Equally impressive is the performance of Wang Ling, Jiang Wei's mother, portrayed by the renowned actress Zhao Tao. Zhao's portrayal of this complex and multifaceted character is nothing short of masterful, as she navigates the delicate balance between a mother's unwavering love and the resentment that has built up over the years. Her scenes with Gao Weiguang are particularly poignant, as the two actors seamlessly capture the underlying tension and the glimmers of understanding that emerge between their characters.The film's supporting cast, including Jiang Tao (played by Deng Lun) and other members of the Jiang family, also deliver standout performances that contribute to the richness and authenticity of the overall narrative. Each character is imbued with a distinct personalityand backstory, adding depth and complexity to the tapestry of relationships that unfold on the screen.One of the most remarkable aspects of "Home Coming" is its ability to balance the personal and the universal. While the film's central narrative revolves around the Jiang family's unique circumstances, it also taps into broader themes that resonate with audiences on a global scale. The film's exploration of the challenges of maintaining familial bonds across distance and time, the struggle to reconcile one's past with the present, and the universal desire to find a sense of belonging and connection – these are themes that transcend cultural boundaries and speak to the shared human experience.Throughout the film, the audience is taken on an emotional journey that is both deeply personal and profoundly universal. The film's masterful storytelling, combined with its exceptional performances and visual artistry, creates a cinematic experience that is both intellectually engaging and emotionally resonant. "Home Coming" is a testament to the power of cinema to capture the complexities of the human experience and to inspire profound reflection and self-discovery.In conclusion, "Home Coming" is a cinematic triumph that deserves the highest praise. Director Liang Qiao's masterful direction, coupled with the outstanding performances of the cast, has created a filmthat is not only a captivating work of art but also a deeply meaningful exploration of the human condition. This film is a must-see for anyone who appreciates the power of storytelling and the ability of cinema to touch the heart and mind.。
a r X i v :n u c l -t h /0408061v 3 28 J a n 2005Simulation of Transitions between “Pasta”Phases in Dense MatterGentaro Watanabe a,b,c ,Toshiki Maruyama d ,Katsuhiko Sato b,e ,Kenji Yasuoka f and Toshikazu Ebisuzaki caNORDITA,Blegdamsvej 17,DK-2100Copenhagen Ø,Denmark bDepartment of Physics,University of Tokyo,Tokyo 113-0033,JapancThe Institute of Chemical and Physical Research (RIKEN),Saitama 351-0198,Japan dASRC,Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute,Tokai,Ibaraki 319-1195,Japan eResearch Center for the Early Universe,University of Tokyo,Tokyo 113-0033,Japan fDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,Keio University,Yokohama,223-8522,Japan(Dated:February 8,2008)Calculations of equilibrium properties of dense matter predict that at subnuclear densities nuclei can be rodlike or slablike.To investigate whether transitions between phases with non-spherical nuclei can occur during the collapse of a star,we perform quantum molecular dynamic simulations of the compression of dense matter.We have succeeded in simulating the transitions between rodlike and slablike nuclei and between slablike nuclei and cylindrical bubbles.Our results strongly suggest that non-spherical nuclei can be formed in the inner cores of collapsing stars.PACS numbers:26.50.+x,21.65.+f,02.70.Ns,97.60.BwIn ordinary matter,atomic nuclei are roughly spherical because,in the liquid drop picture of the nucleus,effects of the nuclear surface tension are greater than those of the Coulomb forces.When the density of matter approaches that of atomic nuclei,calculations predict that,in equilib-rium state,the nuclei will adopt different shapes,such as cylinders and slabs,etc.These phases with non-spherical nuclei are often referred to as “pasta”phases [1,2].In the initial stage of the supernova explosions,mat-ter in the collapsing iron cores experiences an adiabatic compression,which leads to an increase of the density in the central region from ∼109g cm −3to around the nor-mal nuclear density ρ0=0.165fm −3just before the star rebounds;the temperature there reaches the order of 1MeV.The pasta phases are thus expected to be formed in the inner cores during the collapse of stars.How-ever,such a speculation is based on phase diagrams of the equilibrium state (e.g.,Refs.[3,4]for finite temper-atures)or static and perturbative calculations [5,6].It is still unclear whether or not the pasta phases can be formed and the transitions between them can be realized during the collapse,which lasts less than a second.Be-cause of the drastic changes of nuclear shape that occur under non-equilibrium conditions,this problem is more difficult than the realization of the pasta phases by cool-ing at constant density,as demonstrated in Ref.[7],and an ab-initio approach is called for.In the present Letter,we solve the problem about the transitions between pasta phases using a dynami-cal framework for nucleon many-body systems called the quantum molecular dynamics (QMD)[8].QMD is a suit-able approach to describe thermal fluctuations and is ef-ficient enough to treat large systems consisting of sev-eral nuclei.Furthermore,at the relevant temperatures of several MeV,shell effects,which cannot be described by QMD,are less important because they washed out by thermal fluctuations.The pasta phases have recently begun to attract the attention of researchers (see,e.g.,Ref.[9]and references therein).The mechanism of the collapse-driven super-nova explosion has been a central mystery in astrophysics for almost half a century.Previous studies suggest that the revival of the shock wave by neutrino heating is a cru-cial process.As has been pointed out in Refs.[7,10]and elaborated in Refs.[11,12],the existence of the pasta phases instead of uniform nuclear matter increases the neutrino opacity of matter in the inner core significantly [13]due to the neutrino coherent scattering by nuclei [14,15];this affects the total energy transferred to the shocked matter.Thus the pasta phases could play an im-portant role in the future study of supernova explosions.In the present study,we use a nuclear force given by a QMD Hamiltonian with medium-EOS parameter set in Ref.[16].This Hamiltonian contains the momentum de-pendent “Pauli potential”,which reproduces the effects of the Pauli principle phenomenologically.Parameters in the other terms of the Hamiltonian are determined to reproduce the saturation properties and the properties of finite nuclei in the ground state,especially of heav-ier ones relevant to the present study [16].It is also confirmed that a QMD Hamiltonian close to the present model provides a good description of nuclear reactions in-cluding the low energy region (several MeV per nucleon)[17],which would be important for the present ing the above QMD Hamiltonian,we perform simu-lations of symmetric nuclear matter with 16384nucleons in a cubic box with periodic boundary condition (see Ref.[12]for other cases).The system contains equal numbers of protons (and neutrons)with spin up and spin down.The relativistic degenerate electrons which ensure charge neutrality are treated as a uniform background because,at subnuclear densities,the effect of the electron screen-ing is small [5,18].The Coulomb energy,taking account of the Gaussian charge distribution of the proton wave packets,is calculated by the Ewald method.The temper-ature T is measured by the effective kinetic temperature2for momentum-dependent potentials,which is consistentwith the temperature in the Boltzmann statistics[7].The QMD equations of motion are integrated by the fourth-order Gear predictor-corrector method with a multiple time step algorithm.Integration time steps∆t are adap-tive in the range of∆t<0.1–0.2fm/c.As the initial condition,we use samples of the colum-nar phase and of the laminar phase of16384-nucleonsystem at T≃1MeV obtained in Ref.[4].In prepar-ing them,wefirst combine eight replicated2048-nucleonsamples in the ground state(T≃0MeV;nucleon number densityρ=0.225ρ0for the phase with rodlike nuclei and0.4ρ0for the case of slablike nuclei)into a16384-nucleonsample,and then put random noise on the positions and the momenta of nucleons up to0.1fm and1MeV/c,re-spectively.We equilibrate the sample at T=1MeV for∼4000–5000fm/c using the Nos´e-Hoover thermostat for momentum-dependent potentials[4].We further re-lax the sample for∼5000fm/c without the thermostat. Starting from the above sample,we simulate the adi-abatic compression.In the case starting from the phase with rodlike nuclei[slablike nuclei],the density is in-creased by2×10−4ρ0[1×10−4ρ0]every100steps by changing the box size(the particle positions are rescaled at the same time).The average rate of change for the density is≃1.3×10−5ρ0/(fm/c)[≃7.1×10−6ρ0/(fm/c)]; this rate ensures the adiabaticity of the simulated com-pression process with respect to the change of nuclear structure[19].Finally,we relax the compressed sample atρ=0.405ρ0[0.490ρ0].Thesefinal densities are those of the phase with slablike nuclei[cylindrical bubbles]in the equilibrium phase diagram at T≃1MeV[4].The resulting time evolution of the nucleon distribu-tion is shown in Figs.1and2.Starting from the phase with rodlike nuclei[Fig.1-(1);ρ=0.225ρ0(volume frac-tion of nuclear matter region u=0.20–0.22[20])at time t=0],the phase with one-dimensional layered lattice of slablike nuclei is formed[Fig.1-(9);ρ=0.405ρ0(u=0.41–0.45)at t=17720fm/c].During the compression, the temperature increases gradually up to≃1.35MeV in thefinal state.We note that,in the process of the compression,the phase with rodlike nuclei persists as a metastable state,and moreover,until nuclei begin to touch and fuse they are not elongated along the plane of thefinal slabs[see Fig.1-(2)].This shows that the tran-sition from the phase with rodlike nuclei to the slablike nuclei is not triggered by thefission instability.This re-sult is consistent with a previous study,which shows the stability of the rodlike nuclei against a small quadrupo-lar deformation of the cross section[6].When the in-ternuclear spacing becomes small enough and once some pair of neighboring rodlike nuclei touch due to thermal fluctuations,they fuse[see the lower two nuclei in the middle column in Figs.1-(3)and1-(4);u=0.27–0.30 at t=6050fm/c].Like a chain reaction,such connected pairs of rodlike nuclei further touch and fuse with neigh-boring nuclei in the same lattice plane[see Figs.1-(5)and 1-(6)].Each fusion process in the chain reaction proceeds on a time scale of order102fm/c,which is much shorter than the time scale of the density change[19].The transition from the phase with slablike nuclei to the phase with cylindrical holes is shown in Fig.2 (u=0.42–0.45and0.55–0.59at t=0and27370 fm/c).When the internuclear spacing decreases enough, neighboring slablike nuclei touch due to the thermalfluc-tuation as in the above case.Once nuclei begin to touch (u=0.49–0.52at t=8460fm/c),bridges between the slabs are formed at many places on a time scale(of or-der100fm/c)much shorter than that of the compression [cf.Figs.2-(3)and2-(4)].After that the bridges cross the slabs nearly orthogonally for a while,which makes hollow regions on a square lattice rather than thefinal triangular one.Nucleons in the slabs continuouslyflow into the bridges,which become wider and merge together to form cylindrical holes.Afterwards,the connecting re-gions consisting of the merged bridges move gradually, and the cylindrical holes relax to form a triangular lat-tice.Thefinal temperature in this case is≃1.3MeV. Let us now investigate the detailed time evolution of the nuclear structure.The integral mean curvature and the Euler characteristic(see,e.g.,Ref.[21])are powerful tools for this purpose.Suppose there is a set of regions R, where the density is higher than a threshold densityρth. The integral mean curvature and the Euler characteristic for the surface of this region∂R are defined as surface in-tegrals of the mean curvature H and the Gaussian curva-ture G,respectively;i.e., ∂R HdA andχ≡13FIG.1:(Color)Snapshots of the transition process from the phase with rodlike nuclei to the phase with slablike nuclei (the whole simulation box is shown).The red particles show protons and the green ones neutrons.After neighboring nuclei touch as shown by the circle in Fig.1-(3),the “compound nucleus”elongates along the arrow in Fig.1-(4).The box size is rescaled to be equal in thisfigure.FIG.2:(Color)The same as Fig.1for the transition from the phase with slablike nuclei to the phase with cylindrical holes (the box size is not rescaled in this figure).After the slablike nuclei begin to touch [see the circle in Fig.2-(3)],the bridges first crosses them almost orthogonally as shown by the arrows in Fig.2-(5).Then the cylindrical holes are formed and they relax into a triangular lattice,as shown by the arrows in Fig.2-(9).-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-10 0 100 fm/c 5290 fm/c 6050 fm/c 7560 fm/c 8310 fm/c 9840 fm/c 11380 fm/c 14050 fm/c 17720 fm/c-50-40-30-20-10 0 100 fm/c 8460 fm/c 9160 fm/c 9870 fm/c 10590 fm/c 12000 fm/c 13510 fm/c 19610 fm/c 27370 fm/cρth /ρ0χ0.10.20.3 0.4 0.50.60.70.80.10.20.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7(B)(D)-8000-6000-4000-2000 0 2000 4000 60008000 0 0.10.20.30.40.50.6 0.7 0.80 fm/c 5290 fm/c 6050 fm/c 7560 fm/c 8310 fm/c 9840 fm/c 11380 fm/c 14050 fm/c 17720 fm/c(A)-4000-3000-2000-1000 01000 2000 3000 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.70 fm/c 8460 fm/c 9160 fm/c 9870 fm/c 10590 fm/c 12000 fm/c 13510 fm/c 19610 fm/c 27370 fm/c(C)ρth /ρ0∫d A H (f m )FIG.3:(Color)The quantities∂R HdA and χas functions of the threshold density ρth calculated for the nucleon density fields of Fig.1[(A)and (B)]and of Fig.2[(C)and (D)].FIG.4:(Color)Time evolution of∂R HdA and χduring the simulations.The data points and the error bars show,respectively,the mean values and the standard deviations in the range of ρth =0.3–0.5ρ0,which includes the values cor-responding to the nuclear surface assumed in [20].We set the averaging range relatively wide because the nuclear sur-face cannot always be characterized by a single value of ρth as mentioned in [20].The panel (A)is for the transition from cylindrical [C]to slablike nuclei [S]and the panel (B)for the transition from slablike nuclei to cylindrical holes [CH].Tran-sient states are shown as (C,S)and (S,CH)for each transition.becomes negative between the phase with rodlike nuclei (χ≃0and∂R HdA >0)and the phase with slablike nuclei (χ≃0and ∂R HdA ≃0).This implies that the transition proceeds through a transient state with “spon-gelike”structure.The state which gives the smallest χat t ≃9840fm /c corresponds to the moment when all of the rodlike nuclei are connected to others by small bridges;after that,the connected nuclear rods relax into slablike nuclei,i.e.,the bridges in the slablike structures merge to form the nuclear slabs and those across the slabs dis-appear.The whole transition process can be divided into the “connecting stage”and the “relaxation stage”before and after this moment;the former starts when the nuclei begin to touch and it takes ≃3000–4000fm /c and the latter takes more than 8000fm /c .4The same quantities are shown for the transition fromthe phase with slablike nuclei to the phase with cylindri-cal bubbles in Figs.3-(C),3-(D),and4-(B).The initialand thefinal structures are characterized by the plateau values of ∂R HdA≃0and≃−2000fm,respectively. From Figs.3-(D),and4-(B),we see that the slablike nu-clei begin to touch at t<∼8460fm/c and the connection of the slablike nuclei by the small bridges are completed at t<∼12000fm/c corresponding to the state with the lowestχ.In this case,the connecting stage lasts for ≃3000–4000fm/c and the relaxation stage for more than15000fm/c.In the latter period,the bridges merge to form cylindrical holes shown by the increase ofχto-ward zero,and,simultaneously,their positions relax into a triangular lattice as mentioned before.In conclusion,we have succeeded in simulating the dy-namical process of two types of transitions between pastaphases at subnuclear densities.Our calculations support the idea that transitions between pasta phases can oc-cur during stellar collapse.The particular transitions we have examined are triggered by the thermalfluctuation, not by thefission instability.They consist of the con-necting stage and the relaxation stage.The total time of the connecting stage is3000–4000fm/c in our sim-ulations,which could be shortened by the artificial com-pression.However,we can conclude that the connecting stage would be complete in a time scale of order103fm/c taking account of the facts that each connecting process observed in this stage proceeds much faster than the com-pression and that the time scale of ordinary nuclearfis-sion is about1000fm/c.The relaxation stage takes about 10000fm/c or more.A remaining challenge is to investi-gate the transition from the bcc lattice of spherical nuclei to the triangular lattice of rodlike nuclei[12].If this pro-cess is confirmed,the existence of the pasta phases in supernova cores will be almost established.G.W.is grateful to C.J.Pethick and K.Iida for valu-able discussions and comments.G.W.also appreciates M.Shimizu,L.M.Jensen,P.Urkedal,T.Iitaka and T. Shimobaba.T.M.thanks S.Chiba for discussions and kind suggestions.This work was supported in part by the Nishina Memorial Foundation,by the Ministry of Edu-cation,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology through Research Grant No.S1*******,No.14079202and No. 14-7939,and by RIKEN through Research Grant No. J130026.[1]D.G.Ravenhall,C.J.Pethick and J.R.Wilson,Phys.Rev.Lett.50,2066(1983).[2]M.Hashimoto,H.Seki and M.Yamada,Prog.Theor.Phys.71,320(1984).[3]ssaut et al.,Astron.Astrophys.183,L3(1987).[4]G.Watanabe et al.,Phys.Rev.C69,055805(2004).[5]C.J.Pethick and D.G.Ravenhall,Annu.Rev.Nucl.Part.Sci.45,429(1995).[6]K.Iida,G.Watanabe and K.Sato,Prog.Theor.Phys.106,551(2001).[7]G.Watanabe et al.,Phys.Rev.C66,012801(R)(2002);ibid.,68,035806(2003).[8]J.Aichelin,Phys.Rep.202,233(1991).[9]A.Burrows,S.Reddy and T.A.Thompson,Nucl.Phys.A,in press(astro-ph/0404432).[10]G.Watanabe,K.Iida and K.Sato,Nucl.Phys.A687,512(2001);Erratum,Nucl.Phys.A726,357(2003). [11]C.J.Horowitz,M.A.P´e rez-Garc´ia,and J.Piekarewicz,Phys.Rev.C69,045804(2004).[12]G.Watanabe et al.,in preparation.[13]The cross section for the neutrino coherent scattering isapproximated to be proportional to the static structure factor of neutrons,whose peak height for the columnar and laminar phases(x=0.3,T=1MeV)is O(102)[12].[14]D.Z.Freedman,Phys.Rev.D9,1389(1974).[15]K.Sato,Prog.Theor.Phys.53,595(1975).[16]T.Maruyama et al.,Phys.Rev.C57,655(1998).[17]K.Niita,JAERI-conf.96-009,22(1996)(in Japanese).[18]G.Watanabe and K.Iida,Phys.Rev.C68,045801(2003).[19]According to the typical value of the density differencebetween each pasta phase,∼0.1ρ0,we increase the den-sity to the value corresponding to the next pasta phase taking the order of104fm/c,which is much longer than the typical time scale of the nuclearfission,∼1000fm/c.Therefore,if a dynamical phenomenon of nuclei whose time scale is less than the order of104fm/c is observed during the compression,its dynamics is determined by the intrinsic physical properties of the system not by the density change applied externally,whose time scale is much shorter than that of the actual stellar collapse. [20]We here assume that the nuclear surface corresponds tothe isodensity surface for a threshold density(see later) ofρth=0.45–0.5ρ0.We should mention that the nuclear surface cannot be characterized by a single value ofρth except for the state before the fusion and after the system is fully relaxed because the density in the nuclear matter region in the transient states is quite inhomogeneous. [21]K.Michielsen and H.De Raedt,Phys.Rep.347,461(2001).[22]The value ofχis positive for the phases with sphericalnuclei and spherical bubbles,and is zero for the other ideal pasta phases,i.e.,the phases of rodlike nuclei,slab-like nuclei,and cylindrical bubbles.[23] ∂R HdA should decrease beforeχdeviates from zero ifthe transition is triggered by thefission instability,i.e., nuclei deform largely before they touch.We see,however, only a minor change of ∂R HdA beforeχdecreases.。