Collaborating Discourse for Text Summarization
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css中国社会调查专业术语CSS(层叠样式表)是一种用于描述网页外观样式的标记语言,广泛应用于网页设计和开发中。
本文将介绍一些与中国社会调查相关的CSS专业术语,帮助读者更好地理解和运用CSS。
一、选择器(Selectors)选择器是CSS中用于定位网页元素并应用样式的一种方式。
常见的选择器有标签选择器、类选择器、ID选择器等。
在中国社会调查中,我们可以将选择器比喻为调查问卷中的问题编号,通过选择器来定位问题并应用样式。
二、属性(Properties)属性是CSS中用于定义网页元素样式的关键字。
常见的属性有颜色(color)、字体(font)、背景(background)等。
在中国社会调查中,属性可以理解为调查问卷中的问题类型,通过属性来定义问题的样式特征。
三、值(Values)值是属性的具体取值。
不同属性的取值范围和类型各不相同,例如颜色属性可以取各种颜色值(如红色、蓝色等),字体属性可以取各种字体名称(如宋体、微软雅黑等)。
在中国社会调查中,值可以理解为调查问卷中问题的选项,通过值来具体描述问题的内容。
四、盒模型(Box Model)盒模型是CSS中用于描述网页元素布局的一种模型。
它将每个元素看作一个矩形区域,包括内容区域、内边距区域、边框区域和外边距区域。
在中国社会调查中,盒模型可以类比为调查问卷中问题的布局方式,包括问题的内容、选项之间的间距、边框样式等。
五、浮动(Float)浮动是CSS中一种常用的布局方式,用于实现元素的位置调整。
通过设置元素的浮动属性,可以使元素脱离文档流,并根据浮动方向靠拢到指定位置。
在中国社会调查中,浮动可以比喻为问题选项在调查问卷中的排列方式,通过浮动来实现选项的对齐和布局。
六、层叠(Z-index)层叠是CSS中用于控制元素在垂直方向上的叠放顺序的属性。
通过设置元素的层叠值,可以改变元素在堆叠上下文中的显示顺序。
在中国社会调查中,层叠可以理解为调查问卷中问题的重要程度,通过层叠来决定问题在问卷中的显示顺序。
corpora名词解释corpora名词解释1. 什么是corpora?Corpora是文本语料库的复数形式,指的是大量经过整理的文本集合。
语料库是研究自然语言处理(NLP)和文本挖掘的重要数据源,能够用于训练机器学习模型、开发自然语言处理算法以及构建文本分析应用程序。
2. 主要的corpora类型有哪些?•网络文本语料库:收集来自互联网的大量文本,如维基百科、新闻文章、社交媒体评论等。
•专门领域语料库:针对特定领域的文本进行收集和整理,如医学文献、法律文件、金融报告等。
•平行语料库:包含两种或多种语言的相互翻译的文本,常用于机器翻译和跨语言信息检索研究。
•对比语料库:同一语言的多个版本或变体的文本集合,用于研究方言、语言变化和文化影响等。
•历史语料库:收集和保存过去时期的文本,用于研究语言演化和历史文化。
3. 一些常见的corpora示例•维基百科语料库:包含维基百科中的文章文本,可用于构建知识图谱或进行主题分析。
•斯坦福情感树库(Stanford Sentiment Treebank):包含电影评论的语料库,用于情感分析和文本分类任务。
•MNIST手写数字数据库:包含大量手写数字图像数据,常用于计算机视觉领域的图像识别任务。
•清华大学新闻语料库:包含新闻文章的语料库,可用于文本挖掘和事件分析等应用。
•英语标准语料库:收集了大量英语书籍、文章和对话的文本,是研究英语语言学和语法的重要资源。
4. 如何使用corpora进行研究和开发?•数据预处理:使用corpora进行数据清洗、标注、分词、去除停用词等预处理步骤,提高文本数据质量。
•特征提取:从corpora中提取词袋模型、tf-idf特征、词嵌入等特征表示,用于训练机器学习模型。
•模型训练:使用corpora训练文本分类、情感分析、命名实体识别等机器学习模型,为应用程序提供预测能力。
•语义解析:通过处理corpora中的文本,进行自然语言处理、语义分析和语言模型的研究,提高NLP算法效果。
Classification is a fundamental method of organizing information in various fields, including science,education,and even everyday life.In English essay writing,mastering the art of classification can help you present complex ideas in a structured and coherent manner.Here are some key points to consider when writing a classification essay in English:1.Choose a Topic:Begin by selecting a broad topic that can be divided into smaller categories.For example,if you are writing about types of literature,your broad topic could be Literature.2.Identify Categories:Break down your topic into distinct categories or classes.In the literature example,categories might include Poetry,Prose,and Drama.3.Define Each Category:Clearly define what each category encompasses.For instance, explain what constitutes poetry,prose,and drama,and how they differ from one another.4.Provide Examples:To illustrate each category,provide specific examples.For example, you might mention that Poetry includes Sonnets and Haiku,and give examples like Shakespeares sonnets or Matsuo Bashos haiku.5.Explain the Criteria for Classification:The reader should understand why you have chosen to classify the topic in the way you have.Explain the criteria or characteristics that define each category.e a Logical Structure:Organize your essay in a way that makes sense.Typically, this means starting with the most general category and moving to more specific ones,or vice versa.7.Maintain Consistency:Ensure that the categories are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive.This means that each item should fit into only one category,and all items should fit into one of the categories.8.Transition Smoothly:Use transitional phrases to guide the reader from one category to the next.Phrases like Moving on to...,In contrast to...,or Similarly,...can be helpful. 9.Conclude Effectively:Summarize the main points of your classification and,if appropriate,suggest the implications or significance of the classification.10.Revise and Edit:After writing your essay,review it for clarity,coherence,and correctness.Ensure that your classifications are logical and that your examples supportyour categories.Heres a brief example of how you might start a classification essay on the topic of Types of Music:Music is a universal language that transcends cultural and linguistic barriers.It can be classified into various genres based on elements such as rhythm,melody,and instrumentation.This essay will explore three primary categories of music:Classical, Rock,and HipHop.Each category will be defined by its unique characteristics and exemplified by notable pieces or artists.By following these guidelines,you can write a clear and effective classification essay in English that organizes information in a way that is both informative and engaging for the reader.。
自然语言处理中的共指消解实例分享自然语言处理(Natural Language Processing,简称NLP)是人工智能领域中的一个重要分支,旨在使计算机能够理解和处理人类语言。
在NLP的众多任务中,共指消解(Coreference Resolution)是一个关键而复杂的问题。
本文将分享一些共指消解的实例,探讨其挑战和解决方案。
共指消解是指在一段文本中,确定两个或多个指代相同实体的表达式之间的关系。
例如,在以下句子中,“John”和“he”指代同一个人:1. John went to the store. He bought some groceries.共指消解的目标是将“he”与“John”建立关联,以便准确理解整个文本的含义。
然而,共指消解面临许多挑战,其中包括指代消解的歧义性、上下文依赖性以及语言的多样性。
首先,指代消解的歧义性是共指消解中的一个常见问题。
在一段文本中,可能存在多个指代相同实体的表达式。
例如:2. Mary saw Tom at the park. She waved at him.在上述句子中,“Mary”和“She”都可以指代同一个人,即Mary。
为了正确消解这种歧义,需要利用上下文信息和语义推理。
其次,共指消解还受到上下文依赖性的影响。
在某些情况下,共指消解需要考虑到文本中先前出现的上下文信息。
例如:3. The dog chased the cat. It climbed up a tree.在这个例子中,“It”指代的是先前提到的“dog”,而不是“cat”。
共指消解需要对文本进行全局的语义分析,以确定正确的指代关系。
此外,语言的多样性也给共指消解带来了挑战。
不同语言之间存在着不同的指代消解规则和表达方式。
因此,共指消解算法需要具备跨语言处理的能力,并能够适应不同语言的语法和语义特点。
为了解决这些挑战,研究人员提出了各种共指消解算法。
其中一种常用的方法是基于机器学习的方法。
英文文本聚类
英文文本聚类是一种常用的自然语言处理技术,旨在将大量的英文文本数据按照它们的主题或语义相似性进行分类。
以下是英文文本聚类的基本步骤:
1. 数据预处理:这是任何文本分析项目的第一步,包括清理(删除停用词、标点符号等)、标准化(例如,将文本转换为小写)和分词(将文本分解为单独的单词或n-grams)。
2. 特征提取:这一步涉及从文本数据中提取有用的特征。
这可以通过各种方法完成,例如词袋模型、TF-IDF(词频-逆文档频率)或Word2Vec等。
3. 聚类算法:一旦有了特征向量,就可以使用各种聚类算法来对文本进行分组。
常见的聚类算法包括K-means、层次聚类、DBSCAN等。
4. 评估和解释:最后,需要评估聚类的质量,并解释每个聚类的含义。
这可以通过各种方法完成,例如轮廓系数、Davies-Bouldin指数或人类评估。
英文文本聚类的应用非常广泛,包括信息检索、社交媒体分析、情感分析、推荐系统等。
例如,在信息检索中,可以用来组织和检索相关的文档;在社交媒体分析中,可以用来识别和跟踪流行话题或趋势;在情感分析中,可以用来检测和分类文本中的情绪;在推荐系统中,可以用来为用户推荐与其兴趣相关的内容。
Reading has always been a passion of mine,and I have consistently made it a part of my daily routine.Heres how Ive maintained this habit and the benefits Ive reaped from it.Establishing a Routine:I started by setting aside a specific time each day for reading.Whether its early in the morning,during lunch breaks,or before bed,having a designated time helps to make reading a nonnegotiable part of my day.Choosing the Right Material:Selecting books that interest me is crucial.I choose a variety of genres to keep the experience fresh and engaging.This includes fiction,nonfiction,biographies,and academic texts,all of which help to expand my vocabulary and understanding of different topics.Setting Goals:I set reading goals for myself,such as finishing a certain number of pages or chapters each day.This helps to keep me motivated and provides a sense of accomplishment.Creating a Comfortable Environment:Having a comfortable and quiet space to read is essential.I ensure that my reading area is free from distractions and is a place where I can relax and focus on the text.Taking Notes:I make a habit of jotting down new words,interesting phrases,and ideas that I come across while reading.This not only helps with retention but also aids in improving my writing and speaking skills.Discussing with Others:Sharing what Ive read with friends or joining a book club has been a great way to deepen my understanding of the material and to gain different perspectives.Using Technology:I also utilize apps and online resources to enhance my reading experience.These tools can help with pronunciation,provide definitions,and offer summaries of complex texts. Incorporating Diverse Formats:In addition to physical books,I read ebooks,articles,and online publications.This flexibility allows me to read whenever and wherever I have a few spare moments.Reflecting on What Ive Learned:After finishing a book or an article,I take time to reflect on the key takeaways.This could be in the form of a short summary,a discussion with peers,or even writing a review.Overcoming Challenges:There are days when I find it hard to maintain the habit,especially when life gets busy. However,I remind myself of the benefits of reading and try to find even just a few minutes to read.Continuous Learning:I view reading as a continuous learning process.Each book is an opportunity to learn something new,whether its about a different culture,a scientific concept,or a historical event.By sticking to these practices,Ive found that reading not only improves my English language skills but also enriches my life in countless ways.Its a habit that has opened up new worlds to me and one that I will continue to nurture.。
学术英语理工教师手册Unit 1 Choosing a TopicI Teaching ObjectivesIn this unit , you will learn how to:1.choose a particular topic for your research2.formulate a research question3.write a working title for your research essay4.enhance your language skills related with reading and listening materials presented in this unit II. Teaching Procedures1.Deciding on a topicTask 1Answers may vary.Task 21 No, because they all seem like a subject rather than a topic, a subject which cannot be addressed even by a whole book, let alone by a1500-wordessay.2Each of them can be broken down into various and more specific aspects. For example, cancer can be classified into breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer and so on. Breast cancer can have such specific topics for research as causes for breast cancer, effects of breast cancer and prevention or diagnosis of breast cancer.3 Actually the topics of each field are endless. Take breast cancer for example, we can have the topics like:Why Women Suffer from Breast Cancer More Than Men?A New Way to Find Breast TumorsSome Risks of Getting Breast Cancer in Daily LifeBreast Cancer and Its Direct Biological ImpactBreast Cancer—the Symptoms & DiagnosisBreastfeeding and Breast CancerTask 31 Text 1 illustrates how hackers or unauthorized users use one way or another to get inside a computer, while Text2 describes the various electronic threats a computer may face.2 Both focus on the vulnerability of a computer.3 Text 1 analyzes the ways of computer hackers, while Text 2 describes security problems of a computer.4 Text 1: The way hackers “get inside” a computerText 2: Electronic threats a computer facesYes, I think they are interesting, important, manageable and adequate.Task 41Lecture1:Ten Commandments of Computer EthicsLecture 2:How to Deal with Computer HackersLecture 3:How I Begin to Develop Computer Applications2Answersmay vary.Task 5Answers may vary.2 Formulating a research questionTask 1Text 3Research question 1: How many types of cloud services are there and what are they? Research question 2: What is green computing?Research question 3: What are advantages of the cloud computing?Text 4Research question 1: What is the Web 3.0?Research question 2: What are advantages and disadvantages of the cloud computing? Research question 3: What security benefits can the cloud computing provide?Task 22 Topic2: Threats of Artificial IntelligenceResearch questions:1) What are the threats of artificial intelligence?2) How can human beings control those threats?3) What are the difficulties to control those threats?3 Topic3: The Potentials of NanotechnologyResearch questions:1) What are its potentials in medicine?2) What are its potentials in space exploration?3) What are its potentials in communications?4 Topic4: Global Warming and Its EffectsResearch questions:1) How does it affect the pattern of climates?2) How does it affect economic activities?3) How does it affect human behavior?Task 3Answers may vary.3 Writing a working titleTask 1Answers may vary.Task 21 Lecture 4 is about the security problems of cloud computing, while Lecture 5 is about the definition and nature of cloud computing, hence it is more elementary than Lecture 4.2 The four all focus on cloud computing. Although Lecture 4 and Text 4 address the same topic, the former is less optimistic while the latter has more confidence in the security of cloud computing. Text3 illustrates the various advantages of cloud computing.3 Lecture 4: Cloud Computing SecurityLecture 5: What Is Cloud Computing?Task 3Answers may vary.4 Enhancing your academic languageReading: Text 11.Match the words with their definitions.1g 2a 3e 4b 5c 6d 7j 8f 9h 10i2. Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.1 symbolic 2distributed 3site 4complex 5identify6fairly 7straightforward 8capability 9target 10attempt11process 12parameter 13interpretation 14technical15range 16exploit 17networking 18involve19 instance 20specification 21accompany 22predictable 23profile3. Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.ranging from(从……到)arise from some misunderstandings(来自于对……误解)leaves a lot of problems unsolved(留下很多问题没有得到解决)opens a path for(打开了通道)requires a different frame of mind(需要有新的思想)4.Translate the following sentences from Text 1 into Chinese.1) 有些人声称黑客是那些超越知识疆界而不造成危害的好人(或即使造成危害,但并非故意而为),而“骇客”才是真正的坏人。
和同学们讨论书本英语作文Great! Let's dive into a discussion about writing essays in English using books as a source of inspiration and guidance. Here's how we can approach this topic:1. Understanding the Assignment: Before we start writing,it's crucial to understand what the essay prompt is asking for. Are we supposed to write a persuasive essay, a narrative, or an argumentative piece? Let's clarify the requirements.2. Selecting a Book: Choose a book that you're passionate about and that has a clear theme or message. This could be a classic novel, a contemporary bestseller, or even a non-fiction work that explores a particular topic in depth.3. Identifying Key Themes: Discuss the main themes of the book. What are the central ideas or messages that the authoris trying to convey? How can these themes be related to broader societal issues or personal experiences?4. Developing a Thesis Statement: Based on the themes, createa clear and concise thesis statement that will guide your essay. Your thesis should be something you can argue and support with evidence from the book.5. Outlining the Essay: Before you start writing, outlineyour essay. This should include an introduction with your thesis statement, body paragraphs that explore differentaspects of your thesis with examples from the book, and a conclusion that summarizes your points.6. Writing the Introduction: Start your essay with an engaging introduction that hooks the reader and introduces your thesis statement.7. Exploring the Book's Content: In the body paragraphs, delve into the book's content. Discuss how the characters, plot, and setting contribute to the themes you've identified. Use direct quotes and make sure to cite them properly.8. Analyzing and Interpreting: Don't just summarize the book; analyze it. Offer your interpretations of what the author is trying to say and how it relates to your thesis.9. Using Evidence: Support your points with evidence from the text. This could be in the form of quotes, character actions, or thematic elements.10. Writing the Conclusion: End your essay with a strong conclusion that restates your thesis and summarizes the main points of your argument. Leave the reader with something to think about, perhaps a question or a call to action.11. Revising and Editing: After writing your first draft, take the time to revise and edit your work. Look for clarity, coherence, and correctness in grammar and spelling.12. Peer Review: Exchange essays with a classmate and provide constructive feedback. This can help you see your work from adifferent perspective and improve your final draft.Remember, writing an essay is not just about summarizing a book but about using the book as a tool to explore deeper ideas and make a persuasive argument. Happy writing!。
辩论主题的英文作文高中Title: The Importance of Critical Thinking in High School Debate。
Introduction。
In high school, participating in debates is not just about arguing for the sake of arguing. It's about honing critical thinking skills, articulating thoughts effectively, and engaging in intellectual discourse. This essay delves into why fostering critical thinking through debate is crucial in high school education.Development of Critical Thinking。
Debate encourages students to analyze complex issues, weigh evidence, and construct logical arguments. Through researching various perspectives, debaters learn tocritically evaluate information and discern valid evidence from fallacious reasoning. This process cultivatesanalytical skills essential for navigating an increasingly complex world.Enhancement of Communication Skills。