Hemingway__the_killers__美国文学_课件

美国文学课课件_海明威_英文简介Ernest_HemingwaErnestHemingway1899-19611899-1961He started his career as a writer in a newspaper office atthe age of seventeenAfter the United States entered the First World War, hejoined a volunteer ambulance unit in the Italian armyServing at the front, he was wounded, was decorated by the Italian Government, and spent considerable time in hospitalsAfter his return to the United States, he became areporter for Canadian and American newspapers andwas soon sent back to Europe to cover such events as the Greek RevolutionIn Europe in the 1920's ,Ernest learned from avant-garde writers like GertrudeStein and Ezra Poundtheir literary sparenessand compressionHemingway in ItalyDuring the twenties, He became a member of thegroup of expatriate Americans in Paris, which hedescribed in his first novel, The Sun Also Rises 1926Hemingway used his experiences as a reporter during the civil war in Spain as the background for his mostambitious novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940Among his later works, the most outstanding is theshort novel, The Old Man and the Sea 1952, thestory of an old fisherman's journey, his long andlonely struggle with a fish and the sea, and his victory in defeat.Hemingway - himself a great sportsman - liked to portray soldiers, hunters, bullfighters - tough, attimes primitive people whose courage and honestyare set against the brutal ways of modern society,and who in this confrontation lose hope and faithHis straightforward prose, his spare dialogue, andhis predilection for understatement areparticularly effective in his short stories, some ofwhich are collected in Men Without Women 1927and The Fifth Column and the First Forty-NineStories 1938. Main worksThe Sun Also Rises 1926A Farewell to Arms 1929For Whom the Bell Tolls1940The Old Man and the Sea1952Ernest Hemingway Home, Key West, Florida恩斯特海明威 ? 美 ? 作家珍妮福 ? 那在法 ? 巴黎的合影Lost GenerationGroup of U.S. writers who came of age duringWorld War I and established their reputations inthe 1920s; more broadly, the entire post ? WorldWar I American generation. The term wascoined by Gertrude Stein in a remark to ErnestHemingway. The writers considered themselves"lost" because their inherited values could notoperate in the postwar world and they feltspiritually alienated from a country theyconsidered hopelessly provincial andemotionally barren. The term embracesHemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, John DosPassos, E.E. Cummings, Archibald MacLeish,and Hart Crane, among others. “Lost” GenerationWorld WarI seemed to have destroyedthe idea that if you acted virtuously, goodthings would happen. Many good, youngmen went to war and died, or returnedhome either physically or mentallywounded for most, both, and their faith inthe moral guideposts that had earlier giventhem hope, were no longer validtheywere "Lost."? These literary figures also criticized American culture in creative fictional storieswhich had the themes of self-exile,indulgence care-free living and spiritualalienation? For example, Fitzgerald's This Side ofParadise shows the young generation of the1920's masking their general depressionbehind the forced exuberance of the JazzAge. Another of Fitzgerald's novels, TheGreat Gatsby does the same where theillusion of happiness hides a sad lonelinessfor the main characters. Who are involved in the Lost Generation?Ernest HemingwayF. Scott FitzgeraldJohn Dos PassosGertrude SteinT. S. EliotEzra Pound Two Types of Hemingway’sCharactersOne of the foremost authors of the era between the two world wars, Hemingway in his earlyworks depicted the lives of two types of people? One type consisted of men and women deprived,by World War I, of faith in the moral values inwhich they had believed, and who lived withcynical disregard for anything but their ownemotional needs? The other type were men of simple characterand primitive emotions, such as prizefightersand bullfighters. Hemingway’s StyleHemingway's novels pioneered a new style ofwriting which many generations after tried toimitate. Hemingway did away with the floridprose of the 19th century Victorian era andreplaced it with a lean, clear prose based onaction. H also employed a technique by whichhe left out essential information of the story inthe belief that omission can sometimesstrengthen the plot of the novel. The novelsproduced by the writers of the Lost Generationgive insight to the lifestyles that people leadduring the 1920's in America, and the literaryworks of these writers were innovative for theirtime and have influenced many futuregenerations in their styles of writing.Writing StyleJournalistic, lean, simple, short sentences;hardly any adjectivesPrinciple of iceberg7/8 under for every 1/8showing?forces readers to “readbetween the lines”; also called “hard-boiled” styleCritical acclaim-Nobel Prize in 1954Writing StyleLiterary techniquesFlashbackVivid imageryUnique symbolismUnique SymbolismLightwarmth, security, order/balanceWetnessevil, disaster, impending doomLandscapesHighlandsclear, clean, peaceful,orderlyLowlandsevil, chaos,dirtThe Hemingway’s “Code”A man can be destroyed, but notnecessarily defeated Man must face all life struggles withcourage, intensity, honesty, and grace The reward is dignity Loss of hope and faith equals defeat.The Hemingway’s “Code” cont’dConcept of “nada” or “nothingness”: The outcome of life is death, with no lifeafter deaththe struggle is the only thing th at matters“we are all losers,” as the outcome of lifeis death.The Hemingway’s “Code” cont’dNotable Characters-all “manly men” whoact “naturally” as nature intended them to BullfightersBoxersSoldiersHunters FishermenHero ArchetypesTutor: Manly man who teaches the “code” Respects opponent simple and confident expert at his trade always calm Hero Archetypes cont’dTyro:Student of the “code”ConfusedWounded mentally/physically InsomniacResembles HemingwayFears “nada”/”nothingness”Hero Archetypes cont’dHeroin e “Bitch”:Tyro’s womanGreedyUnloving & unkind towards tyroSarcastic and opinionatedpromiscuous-enjoys “wounding” tyroGertrude Stein 1 95 4 年获诺贝尔文学奖海明威英勇地脱离了早期“残暴、犬儒和冷漠”的阶段 , 充满“对危险和冒险的刚毅热爱” , 且具有“对现代叙事艺术强而有力、屡创新格的掌握能力”。

Hemingway , a famous modern American novelist,won the Nobel prize for literature in 1954 because he had a good mastery of the art of modern narration .As a master of language,he formed his own special telegraphic writing style ,which has caused a great influence in the history of American and European literature.Besides,he was the first one to put up the original "Iceberg Theory".One of the classic short story "the killers" is just the style . Those his works truely described the American "lost generation" after the First World War, revealing the social collapse of the bourgrois civilization.The“Killers" used an objective narrative perspective ,the way outside the focus ,to describe the great harm the attempted murder caused to a teenager Nick . According to the story , it can be divided into three different scenes.In the first scene,the two muderers came to Henry restaurant, attempting to kill the boxer Ole Anderson when he was having his meal .One of the muderers trapped Nick and the black chef Sam in the kitchen.But after a long time ,the boxer did not appear and the muderers left depressed and unhappy.Then came the second scene.Nick anxiously ran to the Hirsch’rooming-house. To everyone’s amazement,lying on the bed , the boxer cared about nothing associated with the muder.Considering that he offendedsomeone,he knew well that escape was useless and would rathersit still waiting for the death peacefully than to stuggle forthe police for help or look for a place to hide himself. Whathe behaved astonished Nick compeletely.Every reader may thinkthat Nick will leave city without hesitation.However,he wentback Henry restaurants and told Sam and George the wholethings.What the two men responsed to the muder brought the theclimax of the story and impressed all the readers.Although the title of the novel is the killers,the mainchracter is not the muderer but the teenager Nick.The writertells us the evil background of that society though Nick’seyes and feelings,which is truly the point of the artical. The passage shaped the figures owning vivid chracter.Fromthe passage ,the conversation about Nick is easy to count .Butwe can easily tell that Nick is a kind and pure teenager . For example,‘Hey,bright boy,’Max said to Nick. ‘you go around on the other side of the counter with your boy friend.’‘What’s your idea ?’Nick asked‘You better go around ,bright boy ,’Al said.Nick went around behind the counter.‘What’s your idea ?’George asked.....‘Tell him to come in ,’‘What’s the idea?’Not familiar with the outside world ,Nick thinks all peopleare good and do not know how to deal with what happened to him.Sohe just asked ‘What’s the idea?’. Besides,it makespreparation for the performance Nick made to all the murder. As for Georage and Sam ,we can get some information from thecoversation .......‘I don’ twant anymore of that, ‘said Sam, the cook, ‘I don’t want any more of that.’Nick stood up. He had never had a towel in his mouth before .‘I don’ t like it,’said the cook, ‘I don’t like any of it at all.’‘You better not have anything to do with it at all,’Sam, the cook, said. ‘You better stay way out of it.’‘Mixing up in this ain’ t going to get you anywhere,’the cook said. ‘You stay out of it .’........From the coversaton ,we can easily come to the conclusionthat Sam is afraid of the evil and try his best to stay awayfrom the underworld .In the world ,the last thing he would dois getting involved in the muder things. When Nick choosed totell Anderson the truth ,Sam turned around right away and leavewithout any hesitation. With comparation,Nick and George’ssense of justice becomes more obvious. Maybe it is caused byhis social stage ,a black chef ,someone owning fewrights.Also ,we can judge that Geroge is a exprienced socialman who had gone though kinds of things and can stay very calmwhen something suddenly happened.For example ,he was the manwho first realized that the two strange men were going to killOle Anderson . But different from Sam ,he choosed to encourageNick to tell Anderson the truth.He behaved more like a wise andbrave man.As for the muderers,we can have a better nderstanding abouttheir chracter though the description below.“He (Al) wore a derby hat and a black overcoat buttoned across the chest. His face was small and white and he had tight lips. He wore a silk muffler and gloves”“He (Max) was about the same size as Al. Their faces were different, but they were dressed like twins. Both wore overcoats too tight for them.From the description about their appearance, killers'image began to form in readers’mind . They wore bowler hats , tautblack coat, and gloves , giving us a domineering , arrogant feeling . people have a ill intent ,scanty ,but vivid impression .‘I'll tell you,’ Max said ‘We' re going to kill a Swede. Do you know a big Swede named Ole Andreson?’‘Yes.’‘He comes here to eat every night, don' t he?’‘Sometimes he comes here.’‘He comes here at six o'clock, don' t he?’‘If he comes.’‘We know all that, bright boy,’Max said. ‘Talk about something else. Ever go to the movies?’‘Once in a while.’‘You ought to go to the movies more. The movies are fine for a bright boy like you.’‘What are you going to kill Ole Andreson for ? What did he ever do to you?’‘He never had a chance to do anything to us. He never even seen us.’‘And he' s only going to see us once,’Al said from the kitchen.‘What are you going to kill him for, then?’George asked.‘We' re killing him for a friend. Just to oblige a friend, bright boy.’‘Shut up,’said Al from the kitchen. ‘You talk too goddamn much.’‘Well, I got to keep bright boy amused. Don' t I bright boy?’‘You talk too damn much,’ Al said.In the conversation ,when it comes to talking about killing,it seems to ba a very common thing in the killers’eyes . He even persuade George to see more muder movies .From that we can see the background at the time. Murder , violence and even death is just everywhere,telling us how cruel the society is. Killers even can be pround of killing innocent people.As for Anderson,there are some detailed descriptions about him.Ole Andreson looked at the wall and did not say anything.‘I don’ t want to know what they were like.’Ole Andreson said. He looked at the wall.Ole Andreson rolled over toward the wall.‘The only thing is, ‘ he said, talking toward the wall, ‘I just can’t make up my mind to go out. I been in here all day.’He looked at the wall.Nick went out. As he shut the door he saw Ole Andreson with all his clothes on, lying on the bed looking at the wall.Though repeated words , actions,we can see that a good manwas compelled to sit still waiting for death with nothing to do ,which is so horrible. Anderson ,the boxer ,is brave and consider his dignity above everything. He would rather to die with his dignity than to struggle with panic.In fact,death is the common theme in many works of Hemingway , such as: the " Snows of Kilimanjaro ", the writer Harry on the high snow-capped mountains in Africa because of the incurable illness waits for the arrival of death ; in " Farewell to arms " , the distraught Henry waited beloved wife Catherine 's death ; in the " waiting for the day ", the little boy was misunderstanding but bravely awaiting the arrival of death.The attitude toward death is worth everyone’s deep thinking.In this novel ,there is another small finger ,Mrs.Bell.The reason for her existence is that she is a member of ordinary people . By dialogue of Mrs.Bell and Nick, the readers can understand that Andresen is an excellent person ,who was not the class of people as Al and Max .A good man in the eyes of ordinary people actually becomes the aim of the killers,from which we can realize the world is totally a mess. That is more convincing .After the analyse of content and chracter of fingers,I’dlike to talk about the writing stytle of this novel.(1)卒章显志：Hemingway always uses this in his novel structure. He does not show us the theme of the artical and what he wants to convey directly but tells stories casually. Until the end ,audiences come to realize the truth of the whole things,the feeling just like drama brings .(2)讽刺，Satire :Hemingway is good at using satire to shape the chracter of people. In the passage, ‘Standing a little further along the bar.You move a little to the left,Max,’ He was like a photograther arranging for a group picture’ it was so ridiculous that killing innocent people is just like the photographer arranging for a group picture . The satire highlights how cruel the killers are by the comparation between the happiness of photography and the sadness of killing .(3)隐喻，MetaphorThe novel is titled as the killers but there are few descriptions about the process of killing,no scene of killing people and no scared scene of killed people. As a matter offact,it uses the simple words to inform us that what the killers really killed is the young heart of Nick .In other words,it tells the lost of humannity. In the famous works ‘The Dream of Red Mansion’，“贾不假，白玉为堂金作马。