考研英语考级模拟试题1及答案

考研英语模拟测试题及答案Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on Answer Sheet 1.(10 points)Generally speaking, a British is widely regarded as a quiet, shy and conservative person who is 1 only among those with whom he is acquainted. When a stranger is at present, he often seems nervous, 2 embarrassed. You have to take a commuter train any morning or evening to 3 the truth of this. Serious-looking businessmen and women sit reading their newspapers or dozing in a corner. Hardly anybody talks, since to do so would be considered quite offensive.4 , there is an unwritten but clearly understood code of behavior which,5 broken, makes the offender immediately the object of6 .It has been known as a fact that the British has a 7 for the discussion of their weather and that, if given a chance, he will talk about it 8 . Some people argue that it is because the British weather seldom 9 forecast and hence becomes a source of interest and 10 to everyone. This may be so. 11 a British cannot have much 12 in the weathermen, who, after promising fine, sunny weather for the following day, are often proved wrong 13 a cloud over the Atlantic brings rainy weather to all districts! The man in the street seems to be as accurate-or as inaccurate-as the weathermen in his 14 .Foreigners may be surprised at the number of references 15 weather that the British make to each other in the course of asingle day. Very often conversational greetings are 16 by comments on the weather. "Nice day, isn't it?" "Beautiful!" may well be heard instead of "Good morning, how are you?" 17 the foreigner may consider this exaggerated and comic, it is worthwhile pointing out that it could be used to his advantage.18 he wants to start a conversation with a British but is 19 to know where to begin, he could do well to mention the state of the weather. It is a safe subject which will 20 an answer from even the most reserved of the British.1. [A] relaxed [B] frustrated [C] amused [D] exhausted2. [A] yet [B] otherwise [C] even [D] so3. [A] experience [B] witness [C] watch [D] undergo4. [A] Deliberately [B] Consequently [C] Frequently [D] Apparently5. [A] unless [B] once [C] while [D] as6. [A] suspicion [B] opposition [C] criticism [D] praise7. [A] emotion [B] fancy [C] likeliness [D] judgment8. [A] at length [B] to a great extent [C] from his heart [D] by all means9. [A] follows [B] predicts [C] defies [D] supports10. [A] dedication [B] compassion [C] contemplation [D] speculation11. [A] Still [B] Also [C] Certainly [D] Fundamentally12. [A] faith [B] reliance [C] honor [D] credit13. [A] if [B] once [C] when [D] whereas14. [A] propositions [B] predictions [C] approval [D] defiance15. [A] about [B] on [C] in [D] to16. [A] started [B] conducted [C] replaced [D] proposed17. [A] Since [B] Although [C] However [D] Only if18. [A] Even if [B] Because [C] If [D] For19. [A] at a loss [B] at last [C] in groups [D] on the occasion20. [A] stimulate [B] constitute [C] furnish [D] provokeSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on Answer Sheet 1. (40 points)Text 1Readers of our Christmas issue were invited to nominate the wisest fool of the past 50 years. They responded magnificently, though often predictably. But this was not a popularity contest, or an unpopularity one. Except Jack Kennedy, every eligible president of the United States was nominated, along with every important political leader of the rest of the world. Alan Greenspan was a popular choice, but surprisingly few businessmen were proposed. Donald Trump, Kenneth Lay, Steve Jobs, Sir Richard Branson and Lord Conrad Black were those most often mentioned. Even fewer women were nominated, though Diana, Princess of Wales, was a strong contender.Piers Allen of Malta nominated Ronald Reagan, explaining, "A joke-cracking, afternoon-napping, intellectual lightweight whose memory could, in times of crisis, always be relied upon, but only to fail. Although foolish enough to announce, live on radio, that he would be bombing Russia in five minutes and take advice from his wife's astrologer (占星家), he was also wise enough to have survived union leadership and two terms as governor of California to reach the presidency of the United States and end the cold war favourably for the West. Any other wise fools making it to the White House will be hard pressed tofill his cowboy boots. "Richard Spencer (address not supplied) chose Yasser Arafat, whose foolishness was in "never missing an opportunity to miss an opportunity". "While appearing to his people as a strong leader who could stand up to the Israelis, Arafat was unable to (or simply chose not to) seize the historical moment and forge a compromise solution that would benefit the lot of the Palestinians. Had he been wise enough to make a deal with Israel when the going was good, he likely would have been buried as a bona fide (真正的) world leader in a sovereign state of Palestine. "Denis Papathanasiou of Hoboken, New Jersey, nominated Lawrence Peter "Yogi" Berra, baseball player for the New York Yankees (1946-63). "Mr Berra hardly qualifies as an intellectual: he is famous for such remarks as 'You don't look so hot yourself' (in response to a comment that he looked cool in his summer suit), 'What? You mean right now? (when asked for the time of day), and 'I take a two-hour nap, from one o'clock to four. ' On second glance, however, his utterances depict a certain honest Zen-like(类似禅宗) wisdom: If you don't know where you're going, you'll wind up somewhere else? It was hard to have a conversation with anyone-there were so many people talking. Those qualities have inspired a miniature popular cult (崇拜) of books and seminars. Not bad for a humble baseball player of modest education. "Mr Papathanasiou takes first prize.21. Dennis Papathasiou's comment suggests .[A] Lawrence Berra is no doubt a confused character.[B] It is hard to have a conversation with Lawrence Berra.[C] It is wrong to underestimate a person of modesteducation.[D] The baseball player is philosophical about life.22. What is NOT true of Ronald Reagan?[A] He was a trade union leader before assuming the governorship of California.[B] He threatened to bomb the Soviet Union on the advise of an astrologer.[C] He projected an image of tough guy when he was the U.S. president.[D] His memory could only be relied on in times of crisis.23. The possible reason to drop the U.S. presidents from the contest is that .[A] The magazine deliberately disregarded popularity in the contest[B] most of the readers endorsed Dennis Papathanasiou's choice[C] The editors decided that they were not strong contenders[D] The purpose of the contest was to outwit the readers24. Richard Spencer's comment implies that the Palestinian leader .[A] should have declared the formation of a Palestinian state[B] failed to identify a historical opportunity when it arose[C] failed to live up to his image as a strong leader[D] should have been flexible in his approach to dealing with the Israelis25. The word "humble" (Line 9, Para. 4) denotes .[A] self-importance in bearing [B] modesty in behavior[C] a free of care character [D] easy-goingness in manners。

考研英语（知识运用）模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Use of EnglishSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)One country that is certain of the effect of films on tourism is Australia. The Tourist Office of Queensland say that “Crocodile Dundee” ,【C1】______Paul Hogan, made Australia the popular【C2】______it is today. In the three years after “Crocodile Dundee” was【C3】______, visitor numbers doubled.【C4】______what makes people want to visit the place where a movie was filmed? In many cases the reason is【C5】______the film makes audiences【C6】______of the existence of a place.【C7】______the James Bond movie “The Man with the Golden Gun” was filmed in Phuket, Thailand, most Westerners had never heard of it. Today it is a major destination. Leonardo di Caprio’s film “The Beach” has【C8】______tourism in another part of Thailand. The film is about the discovery of the most idyllic beach in the world. As a result the Thai authorities are【C9】______a tourist boom in the film’s【C10】______, Koh Phi Phi. Some people are influenced by a movie’s【C11】______as much as its location, especially if it is a romance. “Four Weddings and a Funeral” has【C12】______that The Crown hotel in Amersham has been busy ever【C13】______the movie was first shown. In fact the bedroom where the【C14】______played by Hugh Grant and Andie McDowell spend their first night together is【C15】______for years ahead. “We’ve【C16】______the number of marriage proposals that have been made there,”say the hotel【C17】______. It is not just the tourist boards who are happy【C18】______the influence of films on a destination. Residents of a rather run down area of London have seen house prices almost double【C19】______Julia Robert’s romance with Hugh Grant in “Notting Hill”. Filmstars, such as Madonna, who had previously thought of Notting Hill as a good place for a party, have now bought【C20】______there. Perhaps they hope to revive their romances.1．【C1】A．actingB．playingC．performingD．starring正确答案：D解析：本题考核的知识点是：动词辨析。

考研英语模拟试题一及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding "yes!" 1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter.In a recent study 5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs 6 the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold ,and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 . "Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that's usually 14 with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty."Some experts 17 the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called "the bonding hormone" 18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain , and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology. 1． [A] Unlike [C] Despite [B] Besides[D]Throughout 2． [A] connected [B]restricted [C] equal [D] inferior3． [A] choice [B] view[C] lesson [D] host4． [A] recall [B] forget[C] avoid [D] keep5． [A] collecting [B] involving[C] guiding [D] affecting6． [A] of [B] in[C] at [D] on7． [A] devoted [B] exposed[C] lost [D] attracted8． [A] across [B] along[C] down [D] out9．[A] calculated[B] denied[C] doubted[D] imagined 10． [A] served [B] required[C] restored [D] explained11． [A] Even [B] Still[C] Rather [D] Thus12． [A] defeats [B] symptoms[C] tests [D] errors13． [A] minimized [B] highlighted[C] controlled [D] increased14． [A] equipped [B] associated[C] presented [D] compared15． [A] assess [B] moderate[C] generate [D] record16． [A] in the face of [B] in theform of [C] in the way of [D] in thename 17． [A] transfer [B] commit[C] attribute [D] return18． [A] because [B] unless[C] though [D] until19． [A] emerges [B] vanishes[C] remains [D] decreases20． [A] experiences [B] combines[C] justifies [D]influences Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1First two hours , now three hours-this is how far in advance authorities arerecommending people show up to catch a domestic flight , at least at some major U.S.airports with increasingly massive security lines.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return forincreased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downedover the Mediterranean Sea ,provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines publicsupport for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret checkthat undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons---both fake and real-pastairport security nearly every time they tried .Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving Chicago's O'HareInternational .It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become-but the lines are obvious.Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel , so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock. Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.21.the crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to[A]stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.[B]highlight the necessity of upgrading major US airports.[C]explain Americans' tolerance of current security checks.[D]emphasis the importance of privacy protection.22.which of the following contributions to long waits at major airport?[A]New restrictions on carry-on bags.[B]The declining efficiency of the TSA.[C]An increase in the number of travelers.[D]Frequent unexpected secret checks.23.The word "expedited" (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to[A]faster.[B]quieter.[C]wider.[D]cheaper.24.One problem with the PreCheck program is[A]A dramatic reduction of its scale.[B]Its wrongly-directed implementation.[C]The government's reluctance to back it.[D]An unreasonable price for enrollment.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Less Screening for More Safety[B]PreCheck-a Belated Solution[C]Getting Stuck in Security Lines[D]Underused PreCheck LanesText 2"The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers," wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii's last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos.At issue is the TMT's planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko , that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world's most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea's fragile ecosystemsor its holiness to the island's inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and ourtrue ancestral homes.The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope's visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.26.Queen Liliuokalani's remark in Paragraph 1 indicates[A]its conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.[B]the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.[C]the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.[D]her appreciation of star watchers' feats in her time.27.Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to[A]its geographical features[B]its protective surroundings.[C]its religious implications.[D]its existing infrastructure.28.The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because[A]it may risk ruining their intellectual life.[B]it reminds them of a humiliating history.[C]their culture will lose a chance of revival.[D]they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.29.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today's astronomy[A]is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.[B]helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.[C]may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.[D]will eventually soften Hawaiians' hostility.30.The author's attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of[A]severe criticism.[B]passive acceptance.[C]slight hesitancy.[D]full approval.Text 3Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country's GDP measures "everything except that which makes life worthwhile." With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK's GDP has been the envy ofthe Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country's economic prospects?A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.While all of these countries face their own challenges , there are a number of consistent themes . Yes , there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash , but in key indicators in areas such as health and education , major economies have continued to decline . Yet this isn't the case with all countries . Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society , income equality and the environment.This is a lesson that rich countries can learn : When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country's success, the world looks very different .So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations , as a measure , it is no longer enough . It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes - all things that contribute to a person's sense of well-being.The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth . But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress .31.Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he[A]praised the UK for its GDP.[B]identified GDP with happiness .[C]misinterpreted the role of GDP .[D]had a low opinion of GDP .32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that[A]the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern .[B]GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK .[C]the UK will contribute less to the world economy .[D]policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP . 33.Which of the following is true about the recent annual study[A]It is sponsored by 163 countries .[B]It excludes GDP as an indicator.[C]Its criteria are questionable .[D]Its results are enlightening .34.In the last two paragraphs , the author suggests that[A]the UK is preparing for an economic boom .[B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline .[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP .[D]it requires caution to handle economic issues .35.Which of the following is the best title for the text ?[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being , a UK Lesson[B]GDP Figures, a Window on Global Economic Health[C]Rebort F.Kennedy, a Terminator of GDP[D]Brexit, the UK's Gateway to Well-beingText 4In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.The high court's decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell's trial failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his "official acts," or the former governor's decisions on "specific" and "unsettled" issues related to his duties.Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is "distasteful" and "nasty." But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an "official act".The court's ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery." The basic compact underlying representative government," wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court," assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns."But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader's source of wealth.Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society-that all are equal in treatment by government-is undermined. Good governance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.The court's ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.36.The undermined sentence (Para.1) most probably shows that the court[A]avoided defining the extent of McDonnell's duties.[B]made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.[C]was contemptuous of McDonnell's conduct.[D]refused to comment on McDonnell's ethics.37.According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves[A]leaking secrets intentionally.[B]sizable gains in the form of gifts.[C]concrete returns for gift-givers.[D]breaking contracts officially.38.The court's ruling is based on the assumption that public officials are[A]justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.[B]qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.[C]allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.[D]exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.39.Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to[A]awaken the conscience of officials.[B]guarantee fair play in official access.[C]allow for certain kinds of lobbying.[D]inspire hopes in average people.40.The author's attitude toward the court's ruling is[A]sarcastic.[B]tolerant.[C]skeptical.[D]supportivePart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from thelist A-G to filling them into the numbered box. Paragraphs B and D have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]The first published sketch, "A Dinner at Poplar Walk" brought tears to Dickens's eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on hissketches ,which appeared under the pen name "Boz" in The Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.[B]The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens's fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure.[C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by theten-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour's pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to theartist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837, and was first published in book form in 1837.[D]Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer. Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.[E]Soon after his father's release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter's eye for transcribing the life around him especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.[F]Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England's southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British navy pay office -a respectable position, but wish little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dicken's mother supposedly came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dicken's birth, his mother's father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family's increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as "the young gentleman." His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father's imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dicken's greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.[G]After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, e traces an orphan's progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dichens' as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.D → 41. → 42. → 43. → 44. → B →45.答案】41.[F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth42.[E] Soon after his father's release from prison43.[A]The first published sketch44.[C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared45.[G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker worldPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.(46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation ofthe United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that,(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish ,Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to &10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are noeffective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study issignificant:(50) It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.【答案】(46) 但是即使当下英语使用者的人群还在进一步扩大，有迹象表明：在可预见的未来，英语可能会逐渐失去其全球主导地位。

2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一)模拟测试Section I: Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Text:In todays interconnected world, the role of technology in shaping our daily lives has become increasingly prominent. With the advent of smart devices and the Internet of Things (IoT), we are now able to perform tasks with unprecedented efficiency and convenience. However, the benefits of this technological revolution come with their own set of challenges, particularly when it comes to privacy and security.- Privacy concerns have risen sharply in recent years, as more and more personal data is collected and stored online. This data, ranging from browsing history to financial information, is a goldmine for hackers and cybercriminals. 1 the potential risks, individuals and organizations alike must take proactive measures to protect themselves.- One way to combat these threats is through the use ofstrong passwords and two-factor authentication. Yet, these methods alone are 2 insufficient. Regular software updates, which often include security patches, are equally important. Neglecting these updates can leave devices vulnerable to attacks.- Moreover, awareness and education play a crucial role in enhancing cybersecurity. Many cyber attacks are successful because users are not aware of the 3 tactics employed by cybercriminals. By educating users on how to recognize phishing emails, malicious websites, and other forms of cyber threats, we can significantly reduce the risk of successful attacks.- Another aspect of cybersecurity is the need for 4 policies and regulations. Governments and international organizations must work together to develop and enforce strict guidelines that protect the privacy and security of individuals online. This includes ensuring that data is collected, stored, and processed in a manner that is both ethical and legal.- Finally, collaboration between the public and private sectors is essential in the fight against cybercrime. By sharing information and resources, both sectors can more effectively 5 emerging threats and respond to incidents. This includesincident response teams, threat intelligence sharing, and joint training exercises.In conclusion, cybersecurity is a complex and ever-evolving field that requires a multi-faceted approach. By combining strong passwords, regular updates, awareness and education, robust policies, and public-private collaboration, we can build a safer and more secure digital world.Questions:1. A) DespiteB) Despite ofC) In spiteD) In spite ofAnswer: D) In spite ofExplanation: In spite of is a prepositional phrase used to introduce a contrast, meaning although or even though. It correctly completes the sentence by acknowledging the potential risks despite their existence.2. A) inherentlyB) increasinglyC) predominantlyD) undoubtedlyAnswer: A) inherentlyExplanation: Inherently means something is an essential or fundamental part of something else. Here, it suggests that strong passwords and two-factor authentication, while important, are not enough on their own to provide complete security.3. A) sophisticatedB) straightforwardC) outdatedD) rudimentaryAnswer: A) sophisticatedExplanation: Sophisticated refers to something that is complex, advanced, or highly developed. It correctly describes the tactics employed by cybercriminals, which are often complex and difficult to detect.4. A) ambiguousB) comprehensiveC) vagueD) simplisticAnswer: B) comprehensiveExplanation: Comprehensive means including all or nearly all elements or aspects of something. Here, it refers to theneed for policies and regulations that cover all aspects of cybersecurity, ensuring that individuals privacy and security are adequately protected.5. A) anticipateB) endureC) eliminateD) exacerbateAnswer: A) anticipateExplanation: Anticipate means to foresee or expect something to happen. In this context, it correctly describes the need for both the public and private sectors to work together to predict and prepare for emerging cyber threats.。

考研英语模拟试题一及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding "yes!" 1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter.In a recent study 5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs 6 the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold ,and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 ."Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that's usually 14 with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty."Some experts 17 the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called "the bonding hormone" 18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain , and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.1．[A] Unlike [B] Besides[C] Despite [D] Throughout2．[A] connected [B] restricted[C] equal [D] inferior3．[A] choice [B] view[C] lesson [D] host4．[A] recall [B] forget[C] avoid [D] keep5．[A] collecting [B] involving[C] guiding [D] affecting6．[A] of [B] in[C] at [D] on7．[A] devoted [B] exposed[C] lost [D] attracted8．[A] across [B] along[C] down [D] out9．[A] calculated [B] denied[C] doubted [D] imagined10．[A] served [B] required[C] restored [D] explained11．[A] Even [B] Still[C] Rather [D] Thus12．[A] defeats [B] symptoms[C] tests [D] errors13．[A] minimized [B] highlighted[C] controlled [D] increased14．[A] equipped [B] associated[C] presented [D] compared15．[A] assess [B] moderate[C] generate [D] record16．[A] in the face of [B] in the form of[C] in the way of [D] in the name of17．[A] transfer [B] commit[C] attribute [D] return18．[A] because [B] unless[C] though [D] until19．[A] emerges [B] vanishes[C] remains [D] decreases20．[A] experiences [B] combines[C] justifies [D]influencesSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1First two hours , now three hours-this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight , at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea ,provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons---both fake and real-past airport security nearly every time they tried .Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving Chicago's O'Hare International .It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become-but the lines are obvious.Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel , so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is thatairports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock. Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.21. the crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to[A] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.[B] highlight the necessity of upgrading major US airports.[C] explain Americans' tolerance of current security checks.[D] emphasis the importance of privacy protection.22. which of the following contributions to long waits at major airport?[A] New restrictions on carry-on bags.[B] The declining efficiency of the TSA.[C] An increase in the number of travelers.[D] Frequent unexpected secret checks.23.The word "expedited" (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to[A] faster.[B] quieter.[C] wider.[D] cheaper.24. One problem with the PreCheck program is[A] A dramatic reduction of its scale.[B] Its wrongly-directed implementation.[C] The government's reluctance to back it.[D] An unreasonable price for enrollment.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Less Screening for More Safety[B] PreCheck-a Belated Solution[C] Getting Stuck in Security Lines[D] Underused PreCheck LanesText 2"The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers," wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii's last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos.At issue is the TMT's planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko , that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world's most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea's fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island's inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMTsite was chosen to minimize the telescope's visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.26. Queen Liliuokalani's remark in Paragraph 1 indicates[A] its conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.[C] the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.[D] her appreciation of star watchers' feats in her time.27.Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to[A] its geographical features[B] its protective surroundings.[C] its religious implications.[D] its existing infrastructure.28.The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because[A] it may risk ruining their intellectual life.[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.[C] their culture will lose a chance of revival.[D] they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.29.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today's astronomy[A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.[B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.[D] will eventually soften Hawaiians' hostility.30.The author's attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of[A] severe criticism.[B] passive acceptance.[C] slight hesitancy.[D] full approval.Text 3Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country's GDP measures "everything except that which makes life worthwhile." With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK's GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country's economic prospects?A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.While all of these countries face their own challenges , there are a number of consistent themes . Yes , there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash , but in key indicators in areas such as health and education , major economies have continued to decline . Yet this isn't the case with all countries . Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society , income equality and the environment.This is a lesson that rich countries can learn : When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country's success, the world looks very different .So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations , as a measure , it is no longer enough . It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes - all things that contribute to a person's sense of well-being.The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth . But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress .31.Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he[A]praised the UK for its GDP.[B]identified GDP with happiness .[C]misinterpreted the role of GDP .[D]had a low opinion of GDP .32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that[A]the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern .[B]GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK .[C]the UK will contribute less to the world economy .[D]policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP .33.Which of the following is true about the recent annual study ?[A]It is sponsored by 163 countries .[B]It excludes GDP as an indicator.[C]Its criteria are questionable .[D]Its results are enlightening .34.In the last two paragraphs , the author suggests that[A]the UK is preparing for an economic boom .[B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline .[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP .[D]it requires caution to handle economic issues .35.Which of the following is the best title for the text ?[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being , a UK Lesson[B]GDP Figures, a Window on Global Economic Health[C]Rebort F.Kennedy, a Terminator of GDP[D]Brexit, the UK's Gateway to Well-beingText 4In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.The high court's decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell's trial failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his "official acts," or the former governor's decisions on "specific" and "unsettled" issues related to his duties.Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is "distasteful" and "nasty." But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an "official act".The court's ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery." The basic compact underlying representative government," wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court," assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns."But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader's source of wealth.Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society-that all are equal in treatment by government-is undermined. Good governance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.The court's ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.36. The undermined sentence (Para.1) most probably shows that the court[A] avoided defining the extent of McDonnell's duties.[B] made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.[C] was contemptuous of McDonnell's conduct.[D] refused to comment on McDonnell's ethics.37. According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves[A] leaking secrets intentionally.[B] sizable gains in the form of gifts.[C] concrete returns for gift-givers.[D] breaking contracts officially.38. The court's ruling is based on the assumption that public officials are[A] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.[B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.[C] allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.[D] exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.39. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to[A] awaken the conscience of officials.[B] guarantee fair play in official access.[C] allow for certain kinds of lobbying.[D] inspire hopes in average people.40. The author's attitude toward the court's ruling is[A] sarcastic.[B] tolerant.[C] skeptical.[D] supportivePart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered box. Paragraphs B and D have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]The first published sketch, "A Dinner at Poplar Walk" brought tears to Dickens's eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on his sketches ,which appeared under the pen name "Boz" in The Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.[B]The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens's fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure.[C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the ten-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour's pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837, and was first published in book form in 1837.[D]Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer. Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.[E]Soon after his father's release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter's eye for transcribing the life around him especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.[F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England's southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British navy pay office -a respectable position, but wish little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dicken's mother supposedly came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dicken's birth, his mother's father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family's increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as "the young gentleman." His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father's imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dicken's greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.[G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, e traces an orphan's progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dichens' as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.D →41. →42. →43. →44. →B →45.【答案】41. [F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth42. [E] Soon after his father's release from prison43. [A]The first published sketch44. [C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared45. [G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker worldPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.(46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that,(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish ,Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to &10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:(50) It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.【答案】(46) 但是即使当下英语使用者的人群还在进一步扩大，有迹象表明：在可预见的未来，英语可能会逐渐失去其全球主导地位。

考研英语（一）模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. WritingSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)Ernest Hemingway was one of the most important American writers in the history of contemporary American literature. He was the【1】spokesperson for the Lost Generation and also the sixth American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature (1954). His writing style and personal life【2】a【3】influence on American writers of his time. Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in a doctor’s family in Oak Park, in the【4】of Chicago. The novel【5】established Hemingway’s【6】was The Sun Also Rises (1926). The story described a group of【7】Americans and Britons living in France. That is to 【8】, it described the life of the members of the【9】Lost Generation after World War I. Hemingway’s second major novel was A Farewell to Arms (1929), a love story【10】in wartime Italy. That novel was【11】by Death in the Afternoon (1932) and Green Hills of Africa (1935). His two【12】of short stories Men without Women (1927) and Winner Take Nothing (1933) established his fame【13】the master of short stories. In the late 1930’s, Hemingway began to express【14】about social problems. His novel To Have and Have Not (1937)【15】economic and political injustices. The novel For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)【16】the conflict of the Spanish Civil War. In 1952, Hemingway published em>The Old Man and the Sea, for【17】he won the 1953 Pulitzer Prize. In 1954, Hemingway was【18】the Nobel Prize of Literature. Later, being【19】and ill, he shot【20】on July 2, 1961.1．A．outstandingB．monotonousC．awkwardD．modest正确答案：A解析：本题考查点是逆向推断。

考研英语一模拟试题及答案解析（1）(1~20/共20题)完形填空Humans are unique in the extent to which they can reflect on themselves and others. Humans are a-ble to __1__ , to think in abstract terms, to reflect on the future. A meaningless, __2__ world is an insecure world. We do not like extensive insecurity. When it __3__ to human behavior we infer meaning and __4__ to make the behavior understandable. What all this means is that people develop quasi theories of human behavior, that is, theories that are not developed in an objective, scientific __5__ When doing so, people believe they know __6__ humans do the things they do.Lets consider an example. In the United States people have been __7__ with the increasing amount of crime for several years. The extent of crime bothers us; we ourselves could be __8__ But what also bothers us is that people behave in such ways. Why can such things happen We develop quasi theories. We __9__ concerned about the high crime rate, but we now believe we __10__ it; our criminal justice system is __11__ ; people have grown selfish and inconsiderate as our moral values __12__ from the influence of liberal ideas; too many people are __13__ drugs. These explanations suggest possible solutions. __14__ the courts; put more people in jail as __15__ to other law breakers. There is hope that the problem of crime can be solved if only we __16__ these solutions. Again, the world is no longer meaningless nor __17__ so threatening.These quasi theories __18__ serve a very important function for us. But how accurate are they How __19__ will the suggested solutions be These questions must be answered __20__ how people normally go about developing or attaining their quasi theories of human behavior.第1题A.understandB.reasonC.meditateD.reckon第2题A.unanimousB.unimaginableC.disorganizedD.unpredictable第3题esB.getsC.goesD.amounts第4题A.initiativesB.illustrationC.conclusionsD.motives第5题A.meansB.mediumD.approach第6题A.whetherB.howC.whenD.why第7题A.concernedB.worriedC.disturbedD.involved第8题A.preysB.victimsC.casualtiesD.sacrifices第9题A.retainB.maintainC.remainD.refrain第10题A.knowB.understandprehendD.grasp第11题A.deficientB.precautiousC.destructiveD.inadequate 第12题A.weakenB.shrinkC.circumscribeD.evade第13题A.withB.againstC.forD.on第14题A.StrengthenC.IntensifyD.Consolidate第15题A.examplesB.modelsC.casesD.samples第16题A.see toB.work outC.act one up with第17题A.quiteB.ratherC.veryD.much第18题A.moreoverB.otherwiseC.neverthelessD.therefore第19题A.effectiveB.efficientC.proficientD.sufficient第20题A.with respect toB.as a result ofC.on behalf ofD.in line with下一题(21~25/共20题)Section ⅡReadingPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Populations tend to grow at an exponential rate. This means that they progressively double. As an example of this type of growth rate, take one penny and double it every day for one month. After the first week, you would have only 64 cents, but after the fourth week you would have over a million dollars.This helps explain why the population has come on all of a sudden. It took from the beginningof human life to the year 1830 for the population of the earth to reach one billion. That represents a time span of at least two million years. Then it took from 1830 to 1930 for world population to reach 2 billion. The next billion was added by 1960, only thirty years, and in 1975 world population reached 4 billion, which is another billion people in only Fifteen years.World population is increasing at a rate of 9,000 per hour, 220,000 per day, 80 million per year. This is not only due to higher birth rates, but to lower death rates as well. The number of births has not declined at the same rate as the number of deaths.Some countries, such as Columbia, Thailand, Morocco, Costa Rica, and the Philippines, are doubling their populations about every twenty-one years, with a growth rate of 3.3 percent a year or more. The United States is doubling its population about every eighty-seven years, with a rate of 0.8 percent per year. Every time a population doubles, the country involved needs twice as much of everything, including hospitals, schools, resources, food and medicines to care for its people. It is easy to see that this is very difficult to achieve for the more rapidly growing countries.第21题This passage chiefly discusses ______.A.the growth of world populationB.one type of the exponential rateC.the population problem of more rapidly growing countriesD.the possible ways of dealing with the rapid population growth第22题According to the passage, what helps to explain why the population problem has come on all of a suddenA.The penny which doubles itself every day for one month.B.The time span of at least two million years in human history.C.An illustration of the exponential growth rate given by the author.D.The large amount of money you would luckily make after the fourth week.第23题It took ______ for the world to increase its population from 1 billion to 4 billion.A.100 yearsB.145 yearsC.1975 yearsD.Over two million years第24题Which of the following statements is NOT trueA.World population is increasing at a rate of 150 per minute.B.Lower death rates also contribute to world population growth.C.The population of Columbia has been doubling every year for 21 years.D.The United States is usually doubling its population about every 87 years.第25题When a population doubles, the country involved needs twice as much of everything, including ______.A.hospitals and medicinesB.schools and studentsC.food and manpower resourcesD.all of the above上一题下一题(26~30/共20题)Section ⅡReadingPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)With 22 years on the job, Jackie Bracey could be considered a career employee of the Internal Revenue Service. But she defies any stereotype of an over-eager agent running down a reluctant taxpayer. Instead, she spends her time defending people who owe the government money. Ms. Bracey, based in Greensboro N. C., is a taxpayer advocate, a created by Congress in 1998 as part of the kinder, gentler theme adopted by the tax collection agency. Bracey and advocates at 73 Other offices nationwide, backed by 2,100 field workers and staff, go to bat for taxpayers who are in financial straits because of something the agency has done or is about to do.Though it may seem contrary to the IRS, the advocate service not only helps taxpayers, but identifies procedural problems. The main goal, though, is for the ombudsman to step into a dispute a taxpayer is having with the IRS when it appears that something the IRS is doing, or planning, would create an undue hardship on the taxpayer. This can range from speeding up resolution of a dispute that has dragged on too long, to demanding that the IRS halt a collection action that the taxpayer can show he or sh e “is suffering or is about to suffer a significant hardship.”Taxpayer ombudsmen have been around in one form or another since 1979, says Nina Olson, the national taxpayer advocate. But they were given much more power in 1998 when Congress decided that the workers would no longer report to regional directors but to her office. While this gave them a great deal more authority, outside watchdogs say more can be done. “There is a long way to go to get an agency that feels independent and emboldened to work for taxpayers”, says Joe Seep, a vice president of the Washington-based tax-advocacy group.The taxpayers union also has complained that Congress and the Bush administration don’t seem to be taking the advocates seriously enough. Each year, the IRS group reports to Congress on the top problems that advocates see. Many of these are systemic problems that can gum up the works for both taxpayer and collector, such as a December notice from Ms. Olson that the IRS should have just one definition of a dependent child, rather than the three definitions currently used. While taxpayer advocates can help smooth things out in many cases, they cannot ignore laws.If taxpayers haven’t made legitimate claims for credits, there’s nothing the advocate can do to reverse that course. And Olson says that while taxpayers are free to use her service, they should keep in mind that it does not replace the normal appeals process and should be the last place a citizen calls upon for help, not the first. “We’re really there for.when the processes fall down,” she says. Every state has at least one taxpayer-advocate service office.第26题According to the text, the main task of tax advocates isA.to chase and collect tax from reluctant taxpayers.B.to cooperate with field workers and support staff.。

考研英语模拟试题及答案Part I Listening Comprehension (30 points)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A) At a bookstore.B) At a library.C) At a lecture.D) At a post office.M: Excuse me, do you have the latest edition of "The Economist"?F: Yes, it's right over here on the new releases shelf.2. A) She is going to the doctor's.B) She is going to the dentist's.C) She is going to the hairdresser's.D) She is going to the supermarket.M: What time are you planning to leave?F: As soon as I finish this chapter, I'll head to the dentist.3. A) He is a teacher.B) He is a student.C) He is a librarian.D) He is a writer.M: I'm working on a paper for my history class.F: Well, you're in the right place. The library has a vast collection of resources.4-8. (Similar format)...Conversation 1M: I heard you're going to take the GRE next month. Are you feeling prepared?F: Yes, I am. I've been attending a prep course and doing a lot of practice tests.Questions:9. A) He is curious about her preparation.B) He is offering to help her study.C) He is asking about the exam date.D) He is surprised she is taking the exam.10. A) She is confident about her preparation.B) She is worried about the cost of the course.C) She is considering dropping out of the course.D) She is unsure about the test format.Conversation 2...Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Passage 1[Recording will describe a historical event or a scientific discovery.]11-13. (Questions based on the passage)Passage 2[Recording will describe a current social issue or a cultural phenomenon.]14-16. (Questions based on the passage)Passage 3[Recording will describe a personal story or a biographical sketch.]17-19. (Questions based on the passage)Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a longconversation or a lecture. You will hear the conversation or lecture only once. After you hear the conversation or lecture, you will read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.20-25. (Questions based on the long conversation or lecture)Part II Reading Comprehension (60 points)Section ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions that follow each text by choosing the best answer from the four options (A, B, C, and D). After reading the text, you will find questions based on the content, main idea, and details of the text.Text 1[A short passage about an environmental issue.]26. What is the main cause of the environmental issue discussed in the text?A) Industrial pollution.B) Deforestation.C) Climate change.D) Agricultural runoff.27. What is the primary solution proposed by the author?A) Stricter regulations on factories.B) Reforestation efforts.C) International cooperation.D) Public awareness campaigns.Text 2[A short passage about a technological innovation.]28-31. (Questions based on the text)Text 3[A short passage about a historical figure.]32-35. (Questions based on the text)Text 4[A short passage about an economic theory.]36-39. (Questions based on the text)Section BDirections: The following texts are of a more complex nature. After reading each text, answer the questions that follow.You may choose the best answer from the four options (A, B, C, and D).Text 5[A more complex passage about a social issue.]40. What is the author's opinion on the social issue?A) It is a pressing concern that requires immediate action.。

2021年考研《英语一》模拟试题及答案（卷一）Prof.Lee’s book will show you( )can be used in other contexts.A that you have observedB that how you have observedC how that you have observedD how what you have observed答案：DHaving no money but( )to know,he simply said he would go without dinner.A not to want anyoneB not wanting anyoneC wanted no oneD to want no one答案：BWe desire that the tour leader( )us immediately of any change in plans.A informB informsC informedD has informed答案：A( )Adam Smith’s"The Wealth of Nations"that Jim Green wasfascinated by economic theory.A After readingB It was readingC It was after readingD Having read答案：CHow many of us( ),say,a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?A attendedB attendingC to attendD have attended答案：CHumble( )it may be,there is no place like home.A althoughB asC howD that答案：BBefore the Spring Festival,the leaders of the village made house‐to ‐house survey,( )in each family about their needs and problems.A to inquireB to be inquiringC inquiringD inquired答案：CThe picture( )my school days to my mind.A recalledB remindedC rememberedD recollected答案：AUnder the( )confronting them it was impossible to continue the strike any longer.A surroundingsB settingsC circumstancesD environments答案：CThe two oil companies( )to cut costs.A mixedB mingledC mergedD messed答案：CFarming demands( )forecasts of the weather.A preciseB correctC accurateD exact答案：CPlease( )me on that subject.A enlightenB acquaintC informD instruct答案：AHe( )having been frightened.A acknowledgedB confessedC recognizedD admitted答案：AWith all its advantages,the computer is by no means without its( ).A boundariesB limitationsC confinementsD restraints答案：BDriving through snowstorm on icy roads for long distances is a most nerve-racking experience. It is a paradox that the snow，coming __1__ gently，blowing gleefully in a high wind，all the while __2__ down a treacherous carpet，freezes the windows，__3__ the view. The might of automated man is__4__ . The horses，the powerful electrical systems，the deep-tread tires，all go __5__ nothing. One minute the road feels __6__，and the next the driver is sliding over it，light as a__7__，in a panic，wondering what the heavy trailer trucks coming up__8__the rear are going to do. The trucks are like __9__ when you have to pass them，not at sixty or seventy __10__ you do when the road is dry，but at twenty-five and thirty. __11__ their engines sound unnaturally loud. Snow，slush and__12__ of ice spray from beneath the wheels，obscure the windshield，and rattle __13__your car. Beneath the wheels there is plenty of __14__ for you to slide and get mashed to a pulp. Inch __15__ inch you move up，past the rear wheels，the center wheels，the cab，the front wheels，all__16__too slowly by. Straight ahead you continue，__17__ to cut over sharply would send you into a slip，__18__in front of the vehicle. At last，there is__19__enough，and you creep back over，in front of the truck now，but__20__the sound of its engine stillthundering in your ears.1. [A] up [B] off [C] down [D] on2. [A] lies [B] lays [C] settles [D] sends3. [A] blocks [B] strikes [C] puffs [D] cancels4. [A] muted [B] discovered [C] doubled [D] undervalued5. [A] for [B] with [C] into [D] from6. [A] comfortable [B] weak [C] risky [D] firm7. [A] loaf [B] feather [C] leaf [D] fog8. [A] beneath [B] from [C] under [D] beyond9. [A] dwarfs [B] giants [C] patients [D] princesses10. [A] what [B] since [C] as [D] that11. [A] So [B] But [C] Or [D] Then12. [A] flakes [B] flocks [C] chips [D] cakes13. [A] onto [B] against [C] off [D] along14. [A] snow [B] earth [C] room [D] ice15. [A] by [B] after [C] for [D] with16. [A] climbing [B] crawling [C] winding [D] sliding17. [A] meanwhile [B] unless [C] whereas [D] for18. [A] sheer [B] mostly [C] rarely [D] right19. [A] might [B] distance [C] air [D] power20. [A] with [B] like [C] inside [D] upon答案1.C2.B3.A4.A5.A6.D7.B8.C9.B 10.C11.D 12.C 13.C 14.C 15.A 16.D 17.D 18.D 19.B 20.AHealth implies more than physical fitness. It also implies mental and emotional well-being. An angry, frustrated, emotionally 21 person in good physical condition is not 22 healthy. Mental health, therefore, has much to do 23 how a person copes with the world as s/he exists. Many of the factors that 24 physical health also affect mental and emotional well-being.Having a good self-image means that people have positive 25 pictures and good, positive feelings about themselves, about what they are capable 26 , and about the roles they play. People with good self-images like themselves, and they are 27 like others. Having a good self-image is based 28 a realistic, as well as positive, or optimistic 29 of one’s own worth and value and capabilities.Stress is an unavoidable, necessary, and potentially healthful 30 of our society. People of all ages 31 stress. Children begin to 32 stress during prenatal development and during childbirth. Examples of stress-inducing 33 in the life of a young person are death of a pet, pressure to 34 academically, the divorce of parents, or joining a new youth group. The different ways in which individuals 35 to stress may bring healthful or unhealthy results. One person experiencing a great deal of stress may function exceptionally well 36 another may be unableto function at all. If stressful situations are continually encountered, the individual’s physical, social, and mental health are eventually affected.Satisfying social relations are vital to 37 mental and emotional health. It is believed that in order to 38 , develop, and maintain effective and fulfilling social relationships people must 39 the ability to know and trust each other, understand each other, influence, and help each other. They must also be capable of 40 conflicts in a constructive way.1. [A] unstable [B] unsure [C] imprecise [D] impractical2. [A] normally [B] generally [C] virtually [D] necessarily3. [A] on [B] at [C] to [D] with4. [A] signify [B] influence [C] predict [D] mark5. [A] intellectual [B] sensual [C] spiritual [D] mental6. [A] to be doing [B] with doing [C] to do [D] of doing7. [A] able better to [B] able to better [C] better to able [D] better able to8. [A] on [B] from [C] at [D] about9. [A] assessment [B] decision [C] determination [D] assistance10. [A] ideality [B] realization [C] realism [D] reality11. [A] occur [B] engage [C] confront [D] encounter12. [A] tolerate [B] sustain [C] experience [D] undertake13. [A] evidence [B] accidents [C] adventures [D] events14. [A] acquire [B] achieve [C] obtain [D] fulfill15. [A] respond [B] return [C] retort [D] reply16. [A] why [B] when [C] while [D] where17. [A] sound [B] all-round [C] entire [D] whole18. [A] illuminate [B] enunciate [C] enumerate [D] initiate19. [A] access [B] assess [C] process [D] possess20. [A] resolving [B] saluting [C] dissolving [D] solving参考答案：1-10ADDBD DDAADDCDBA CADDAWho talks more,women or men?The seemingly contradictory evidence is( )by the difference what I call public and private speaking.More men feel comfortable doing“public speaking,”while more women feel comfortable doing“private”speaking.Another way of capturing these differences is by using the terms report-talk and rapport-talk.A compromisedB reckonedC reinforcedD reconciled答案：DWhen television first began to expand,very few of the people who had becom commentators were able to be equally effective on television.Some of the experienced when they were trying to( )technical.A turnB adaptC alterD modify答案：BHaving failed in the mathematics examination,Tom feels very( ).A oppressedB suppressedC depressedD compressed答案：C( )energy must be released in one form or another,for example,an earthquake.A GatheredB CollectedC AccumulatedD Assembled答案：CThere can be no question about the value of a safety program.From a financial standpoint alone,safety pays off.The fewer the injury( ),the better the workman’s insurance rate.This may mean the difference between operating at a profit or at a loss.A claimsB reportsC declarationsD proclamations答案：AThe United States Department of Agriculture and the food industry( )sales statistics and keep accurate records.This information tells us what people are eating and their changes in attitudes and tastes.A gatherB accumulateC compileD compare答案：CAnother important factor is the technical efficiency of a country’s people.Old countries that have numerous( )craftsmen are better placed to produce wealth than countries whose workers are largely unskille D.Furthermore,wealth also produces wealth.A skillfulB skilledC capableD shrewd答案：BThe migratory birds use the same nests year after year,( )new material each time.A and will addB to addC which are addedD adding答案：D( ),a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.A Other things to be equalB Were other things equalC To be equal to other thingsD Other things being equal答案：DOne of the properties of light is( )traveling in wave form as it goes from one place to another.A itB it’sC itsD their答案：CIf I correct someone,I'll do it with as much good humor and self‐restraint as if I were the one( ).A to correctB correctingC having correctedD being corrected答案：DMy family( )very interested in playing bowls,which( )very much in fashion now.A is...isB are...areC is...areD are...is答案：DAny nation that interferes in the internal affairs of another nation should be universally( ).A blamedB reproachedC scoldedD condemned答案：DHumble( )it may be,there is no place like home.A althoughB asC howD that答案：BBefore the Spring Festival,the leaders of the village made house‐to ‐house survey,( )in each family about their needs and problems.A to inquireB to be inquiringC inquiringD inquired答案：CThe picture( )my school days to my mind.A recalledB remindedC rememberedD recollected答案：AUnder the( )confronting them it was impossible to continue the strike any longer.A surroundingsB settingsC circumstancesD environments答案：CThe black clouds( )rain. A.indicated B.hinted C.suggestedA AB BC CD D答案：AThe two oil companies( )to cut costs.A mixedB mingledC mergedD messed答案：CFarming demands( )forecasts of the weather.A preciseB correctC accurateD exact答案：CPlease( )me on that subject.A enlightenB acquaintC informD instruct答案：AHe( )having been frightened.A acknowledgedB confessedC recognizedD admitted答案：AWith all its advantages,the computer is by no means without its( ).A boundariesB limitationsC confinementsD restraints答案：BMy camera can be( )to take pictures in cloudy or sunny conditions.A adaptedB adjustedC adoptedD remedied答案：BThe new hotel built a few months ago is large enough to( )over two hundred people.A containB holdC provideD accommodate答案：DA( )translation is not always the closest to the original meaning.A literalB liberalC literateD literary答案：A1.My camera can be( )to take pictures in cloudy or sunny conditions.A adaptedB adjustedC adoptedD remedied答案：B2.The new hotel built a few months ago is large enough to( )over two hundred people.A containB holdC provideD accommodate答案：D3.A( )translation is not always the closest to the original meaning.A literalB liberalC literateD literary答案：A4.Do you like this( )of coffee?A trademarkB signC markD brand答案：B5.When television first began to expand,very few of the people who had becom commentators were able to be equally effective on television.Some of the experienced when they were trying to( )technical.A turnB adaptC alterD modify答案：B6.Having failed in the mathematics examination,Tom feels very( ).A oppressedB suppressedC depressedD compressed答案：C7.( )energy must be released in one form or another,for example,an earthquake.A GatheredB CollectedC AccumulatedD Assembled答案：C8.There can be no question about the value of a safety program.From a financial standpoint alone,safety pays off.The fewer the injury( ),the better the workman’s insurance rate.This may mean the difference between operating at a profit or at a loss.A claimsB reportsC declarationsD proclamations答案：A9.The description of what happens in learning process is sometimes too( ).A complex to understandB difficult to be understoodC complicated to understandD complicated enough to understand答案：A10.With prices( )so much,it’s hard for the company to plan a budget.A fluctuatingB wavingC swingingD vibrating答案：A11.This is a picture of my house.In the( )you can see the mountains.A residenceB settingC environmentD sightseeing答案：B12.If your knowledge can be in some way( )with my experiences,we are sure to succeed.A joinedB unitedC connectedD combined答案：D13.With the introduction of( )technology,information flows faster than it ever did.A involvedB complicatedC sophisticatedD complex答案：A14.The first man who cooked his food,instead of eating if raw,lived so long ago that we have no idea who he was or where he live D.We do know,however,that for thousands of years,food was always eaten cold and( ).A rawB crudeC dryD fresh答案：AThe plain occupies the west,south and central parts of the continent,though considerable variations are to be found over so( )an area.A expensiveB expansiveC extensiveD intensive正确答案：CWhen two people feel the same about each other,their feelings are( ).A visibleB commonC jointD mutual正确答案：DThe homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population.Furthermore homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly_____.A standB copeC approveD retain正确答案：BTheories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in( )to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status,or as a rejection of middle‐class values.A returnB replyC referenceD response正确答案：DSuch changes show that selection and evolution can be controlled,to a certain( ),by man.In fact,changes are continually taking place in all livingthings,and new varieties are constantly developing.A advantageB purposeC effectD extent正确答案：DThe time for the general offensive was approaching.The commander’s order soon came( )all civilians should evacuate the village.A whenB beforeC asD that正确答案：DShe opened the packet and emptied its( )into saucepan.A contentsB contentC consentD contend正确答案：AMercury’s( )is so much greater than the Earth’s that it completes more than four revolutions around the Sun in the time it takes the Earth to complete one.A velocityB orbitC weightD diameter正确答案：AThe( )of the speech contest is made up of four professors and a famous broadcaster.A committeeB boardC panelD leadership正确答案：CI had to stand in a( )for hours to get tickets for the film.A rowB processionC tailD queue正确答案：DMaking friends is extremely important to teenagers,and many shy students need the admission of some kind of organization with a supportive adult( )visible in the background.A particularlyB barelyC definitelyD rarely正确答案：BThe government will( )a reform in the educational system.A initiateB initialC initiativeD intimate正确答案：ACCTV programs are( )by satellite to the remotest areas in the country.A transferredB transportedC transformedD transmitted正确答案：DThe Chinese Women Volleyball Team won five( )world champions.A successiveB consecutiveC excessiveD immense正确答案：AEvery government that refuses to meet the needs of its people must accept the( ).A consequencesB endingsC resultsD outcome正确答案：AThe energy( )by the chain reaction is transformed into heat.A conveyedB releasedC transferredD delivered正确答案：BWhen I try to understand( )that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect,it seems to me that there are two causes.A why it doesB what it doesC what it isD why it is正确答案：CDon’t pour hot water into the glass or it will( ).A splitB crackC breakD burst正确答案：BThe article appeared in the fourth( )of the magazine.A editionB issueC versionD print正确答案：BThe tension( )as the guest of honor was about to announce the winner.A mountedB ascendedC climbedD raised正确答案：BOur house is the most( )one in the street;it’s painted red.A prominentB distinguishedC outstandingD well‐known正确答案：AMany theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories __1__ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior __2__ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through __3__ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in __4__ totheir failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, __5__ as a rejection of middle-class values. Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, __6__ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes __7__ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are __8__ to criticism. Changes in the social structure may indirectly __9__ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that __10__ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment __11__ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in __12__ lead more youths into criminal behavior. Families have also __13__ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; __14__, children are likely to have less supervision at home __15__ was common in the traditional family __16__. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __17__ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased __18__ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing __19__ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, __20__ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established1.[A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] cementing2.[A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because3.[A] interactions [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation4.[A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response5.[A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else6.[A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding7.[A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with8.[A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject9.[A] affect [B] reduce [C] chock [D] reflect10.[A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount11.[A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length12.[A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence13.[A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced14.[A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously15.[A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as16.[A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage17.[A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible18.[A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability19.[A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity20.[A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposing参考答案：1-5. [C]. [D]. [A]. [D]. [A] 6-10. [B]. [C]. [D]. [A]. [B]11-15. [A]. [C]. [D]. [B]. [A] 16-20. [B]. [B]. [D]. [A]. [C]Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, andphysical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious __1__ to how they can be best __2__ such changes. Growing bodies need movement and __3__, but not just in ways that emphasize competition. __4__ they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the __5__ that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are __6__ by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be __7__ to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, __8__, publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, __9__ student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide __10__ opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful __11__ dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the __12__ of some kind of organization with a supportive adult __13__ visible in the background. In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have __14__ attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized __15__ participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to __16__ else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants __17__. This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. __18__ they can help students acquire a sense ofcommitment by __19__ for roles that are within their __20__ and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.1.[A] thought [B] idea [C] opinion [D] advice2.[A] strengthen [B] accommodate [C] stimulate [D] enhance3.[A] care [B] nutrition [C] exercise [D] leisure4.[A] If [B] Although [C] Whereas [D] Because5.[A] assistance [B] guidance [C] confidence [D] tolerance6.[A] claimed [B] admired [C] ignored [D] surpassed7.[A] improper [B] risky [C] fair [D] wise8.[A] in effect [B] as a result [C] for example [D] in a sense9.[A] displaying [B] describing [C] creating [D] exchanging10.[A] durable [B] excessive [C] surplus [D] multiple11.[A] groups [B] individual [C] personnel [D] corporation12.[A] consent [B] insurance [C] admission [D] security13.[A] particularly [B] barely [C] definitely [D] rarely14.[A] similar [B] long [C] different [D] short15.[A] if only [B] now that [C] so that [D] even if16.[A] everything [B] anything [C] nothing [D] something17.[A] off [B] down [C] out [D] alone18.[A] On the contrary [B] On the average [C] On the whole [D] On the other hand19.[A] making [B] standing [C] planning [D] taking20.[A] capability [B] responsibility [C] proficiency [D] efficiency参考答案：1-5. [A]. [B]. [C] [D]. [C] 6-10. [B]. [D]. [C]. [A]. [D]11-15. [A]. [D]. [B]. [D]. [C] 16-20. [D]. [B]. [A]. [C]. [A]Reading to oneself is a modern activity which was almost unknown to the scholars of the classical and 1 worlds, while during the fifteenth century the term “reading”2 meant reading aloud. Only during the nineteenth century did silent reading become commonplace. One should be wary, however, of 3 that silent reading came about simply because reading aloud is a(n) 4 to others. Examination of factors related to the 5 development of silent reading reveals that it became the usual mode of reading for most adult reading tasks mainly because the tasks themselves changed in 6 .The last century saw a steady gradual increase in 7 , and thus in the number of readers. As readers increased, the number of potential listeners 8 , and thus there was some 9 in the need to read aloud. As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common, so came the flourishing of reading as a 10 activity in such public places as libraries, railway carriages and offices, where reading aloud would 11 distraction to other readers.Towards the end of the century there was still 12 argument over whether books should be used for information or treated 13 , and overwhether the reading of material such as newspapers was in some way 14 weakening. Indeed this argument remains with us still in education. 15 , its virtues, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was 16 by the printed mass media on the one hand and by books and periodicals for a 17 readership on the other.By the end of the century students were being recommended to adopt attitudes to books and to use skills in reading them which were inappropriate, 18 not impossible, for the oral reader. The social, cultural, and technological changes in the century had greatly 19 what the term “reading”20 .1.[A] contemporary[B] modern[C] medieval [D] western2.[A] undoubtedly[B] really[C] absolutely[D] accordingly3.[A] imagining[B] consuming[C] resuming[D] assuming4.[A] interruption[B] distraction[C] bother[D] pressure5.[A] historical[B] historic[C] history[D] historian6.[A] quality[B] character[C] personality[D] distinctiveness7.[A] literate[B] illiterate[C] literacy[D] literature8.[A] receded[B] declined[C] increased[D] expanded9.[A] limitation[B] necessity[C] reduction[D] shrink10.[A] private[B] overt[C] public[D] secret11.[A] cause[B] effect[C] produce[D] realize12.[A] considerable[B] considerate[C] moderate[D] immoderate13.[A] respectively[B] honorably[C] respectfully[D] relatively14.[A] largely[B] intelligently[C] mentally[D] physically15.[A] However[B]Whatever[C] Whichever[D] Wherever16.[A] replaced[B] taken[C] followed[D] distinguished17.[A] specific[B] special[C] specified[D] specialized18.[A] and[B] if[C] but[D] or19.[A] translated[B] differed[C] shifted[D] altered20.[A] inferred[B] advised[C] induced[D] implied参考答案：1-10CADBA BCBCA11-20AACCB ADBDD。

考研英语一模考试卷及详解SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.（10points）Science has now proved humans can’t help talking about themselves.It just feels too good.In a new study,Harvard University researchers conducted a series of experiments to1how much people liked talking about themselves and why.In one study,they scanned people’s brains2those people either revealed personal information about themselves or3the opinions of others.In another experiment, researchers tested whether people preferred to answer questions about themselves, other people or4facts—participants got differing levels of monetary compensation5on the question they chose.No matter the test,the researchers found the results pointed the same way:humans get a biochemical excitement from6.That’s7we spend almost40%of conversation talking about ourselves,says the study—our brain chemistry8us to do it.In the first experiment,researchers found that sharing personal information led to9in the reward areas of the brain —the same ones that are10in response to rewards like food.Talking about other people did not11the circuits as much.In the second experiment,people were willing to1217%of their earnings in order to answer questions about themselves. The researchers also noted that people13enjoyed self-disclosure if they knew other people were listening.When people were given a choice to share their responses with others or to keep them14,they sacrificed25%of their potential earnings in order to15the personal information.Previously,humans’16for talking about themselves was thought to be caused by a desire for17with others,a way to open up to people and get them to trust us18in hopes of setting the foundation for friendship.19this appears to be the first study to20that people talk about themselves mainly because they like the way it feels.1.[A]assess[B]value[C]emphasize[D]sustain2.[A]and[B]while[C]whereas[D]since3.[A]collected[B]followed[C]judged[D]changed4.[A]indifferent[B]unconcerned[C]neutral[D]detached5.[A]depending[B]relying[C]reacting[D]deciding6.[A]self-talk[B]self-disclosure[C]self-confidence[D]self-evaluation7.[A]How[B]where[C]why[D]what8.[A]allows[B]drives[C]urges[D]lures9.[A]impairment[B]abnormality[C]activity[D]motivation10.[A]included[B]engaged[C]participated[D]absorbed11.[A]create[B]introduce[C]summon[D]trigger12.[A]give up[B]give away[C]give out[D]give in13.[A]barely[B]particularly[C]rarely[D]seldom考研英语一模考试卷及详解14.[A]private[B]individual[C]safe[D]accurate15.[A]conceal[B]broadcast[C]register[D]protect16.[A]pursuit[B]prejudice[C]Preference[D]demand17.[A]competition[B]intimacy[C]comparison[D]imitation18.[A]in return[B]in reply[C]in reference[D]in turn19.[A]Hence[B]However[C]Although[D]But20.[A]suppose[B]require[C]mention[D]suggestSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A，B，C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（40points）Text1The World Wide Web was invented—initially,with the intention of making it easier for scientists to share their results—and everything changed.Now,any scientist worth his grant has a website,and that site will often let the casual visitor download copies of its owner’s work.And,though it has taken a while,some publishers have decided they do mind about this—indeed one,Elsevier,based in the Netherlands, has been fighting back.It is using the Digital Millennium Copyright Act(DMCA),an American law that lets copyright holders demand the removal of anything posted online without their permission,to require individual scientists to eliminate from their websites papers published in its journals.Elsevier seems to have the law on its side.Like journalists writing for a newspaper, academics submitting an article to a journal usually sign contracts which transfer copyright to the publisher.But,though the firm may be right legally,culturally it is on trickier ground,given the ubiquity of current practice.As Thomas Hickerson, the University of Calgary’s chief librarian,puts it,"requesting such removals…seems at odds with the nature of an academic enterprise,in which the sharing of research information is an essential element."The short-term response from scientists and their employers seems to be that if Elsevier persists,and other publishers join in,they will try to find legal workarounds.As the University of California,Irvine,which was on the receiving end of some of the takedown notices,points out in advice to its staff,it is usually only the final version of an article,as it appears in a journal,that is covered by publisher’s copyright.There is nothing to stop scientists making earlier versions available.Many universities run repositories in which such drafts can be deposited for anyone to read.In an article posted shortly after the row started,Elsevier itself pointed out that such earlier versions can be shared freely.In the longer run,however,cracking down in this way risks having the perverse effect, from the publishers’point of view,of accelerating the rise of"open access" publishing,in which papers are made available online at no cost to the reader,and which therefore sidesteps at least some of the administrative headaches oftraditional journal publishing.Many advocates of open access make a moral case for it,too,arguing that freely available research is a public good—and that much of it is paid for by taxpayers in the first place.Ross Mounce,a paleontologist at the University of Bath,in England,and an advocate of open access,is enthusiastic about what has happened."This",he says,referring to the row,"has been great for open-access advocates.Lots of people who were completely apathetic before are starting to realize the importance of how we distribute scientific research."21.Elsevier has the legal right to remove papers from its authors’website because_____.[A]research has to be published exclusively.[B]the DMCA applies to multinational businesses.[C]copyright has already been signed over to it.[D]the window allowing free download has been closed.22.Thomas Hickers on would most likely agree that_____.[A]Elsevier should demand the removals.[B]research should be distributed freely.[C]academic publishers should be protected.[D]libraries are entitled to free papers.23.It can be inferred from Paragraph3that_____.[A]it is legal for a scientist to use a draft of are search paper.[B]universities are ready to go against publishers in court.[C]Elsevier grants the use of copies of its papers to teaching.[D]other publishers are expected to follow suit soon enough.24.The author believes that"open access"publishing may_____.[A]solve academic publishers’problems.[B]thrive due to Elsevier’s course of action.[C]accelerate the rate of scientific discoveries.[D]help expose science to the general public.25.Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?[A]It is immoral for Elsevier to hinder the circulation of its papers.[B]Most college professors are passionate advocates of open access.[C]Government-funded research can be seen as public property.[D]The open access movement is losing popularity due to the row.Text2A poll of Nature’s readers suggests that feelings about metrics are mixed.Many researchers say that,in principle,they welcome the use of quantitative performance metrics because of the potential for clarity and objectivity.Yet they also worry that the hiring,promotion and tenure committees that control their fate will ignore考研英语一模考试卷及详解crucial but hard-to-quantify aspects of scientific performance such as mentor ship and collaboration building,and instead focus exclusively on a handful of easy-to-measure numbers related mostly to their publication and citation rates. Academic administrators contacted by Nature suggest that this fear may be exaggerated.Most institutions seem to take a gratifyingly nuanced approach to hiring and tenure decisions,relying less on numbers and more on wide-ranging,qualitative assessments of a candidate’s performance made by experts in the relevant field. Yet such enlightenednuancing cannot be taken for granted.Numbers can be surprisingly seductive,and evaluation committees need to guard against letting a superficial precision undermine their time-consuming assessment of a scientist’s full body of work.This is particularly true in countries such as Britain,where metrics-heavy national assessments of universities can trickle down,so that individuals feel more rewarded for quantity than for quality--and change theirbehavior to match.New measures of scientific impact are being developed all the time,in part driven by government agencies looking to quantify the results they are getting for their investment.Such innovation is to be encouraged.But researchers must be mindful of how and why the metrics they are making are being used.There needs to be much discussion between specialists such as social scientists,economists and scientometricians to ensure that metrics development goes hand-in-hand with a discussion of what the metrics are for,and how they are affecting people.Only then can good suggestions be made about how to improve the system.Academic administrators,conversely,need to understand what the various metrics can and cannot tell them.Many measures—including the classic"impact factor"that attempts to describe a journal’s influence—were not designed to assess individual scientists.Yet people still sometimes try to apply them in that way.Given that scientometricians continue to devise metrics of ever-increasing sophistication, universities and scientific societies need to help decision-makers keep abreast.Setting a good example is the European Summer School for Scientometrics, a program that is being inaugurated in Berlin.It promises a science-based approach to tutoring on the merits and pitfalls of various metrics.Institutions must also ensure that they give their researchers a clear and complete picture of how assessments are made.This can be awkward—but transparency is essential:no matter how earnestly evaluation committees say that they are assessing the full body of a scientist’s work,not being open about the criteria breeds the impression that a fixed number of publications is a strict requirement,that teaching is undervalued and that service to the community is worthless.Such impressions do more than breed discontent--they alter the way that scientists behave.To promote good science,those doors must be opened wide.26.What will relieve researchers of their worries according to the passage?[A]Quantitative metrics system will be soon abolished.[B]Qualitative performance is more valued by committees.[C]Synthetic assessment is now adopted by institutions.[D]Quantitative versus qualitative debate will disappear.27.The author refers to Britain in the third paragraph as______.[A]a warning of possible threats therein.[B]a qualitative example for others to follow.[C]a disproof of quantitative evaluation.[D]a support to enlightenment institutions.28.What is essential to perfect the evaluation system according to the author?[A]Full discussions among experts over metrics.[B]Fair criteria of institutions to devise metrics.[C]Clear knowledge of the purpose of new metrics.[D]Definitive definition by scientists of metrics.29.In Paragraph5,the author shows his concern of______.[A]the confusion of scientists about evaluation criteria.[B]the ineffectiveness of evaluation measures applied.[C]the ignorance of decision-makers to metrics influence.[D]the incompetence of the assessment committee.30.What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A]Most researchers are not aware of assessment criteria.[B]Superficial evaluation could lead to misconceptions.[C]Community service is highly admired by the academia.[D]Current assessment system distorts scientists’behavior.Text3A cluster of state-owned power plants in north-western Greece have been spewing smoke and toxic ash over nearby villages for decades.The plants are fueled by lignite, a dirty brown coal extracted from open-pit mines that scar the local countryside. Studies have shown that mining communities suffer above-average rates of lung disease and cancer,yet jobs in other sectors are scarce in a region with chronically high unemployment.Changes may be on the way.Kyriakos Mitsotakis,the new centre-right prime minister, has promised to shut down all of Greece’s14lignite-fired power stations by2024. Fleets of wind turbines and solar panels will be rolled out across rehabilitated mining areas.Mr Mitsotakis is anxious to boost Greece’s green credentials:at present its annual carbon-equivalent emissions are a third higher than those of Portugal,a similar-sized EU member state.Despite being blessed by abundant sunshine and strong winds that blow year-round across the Aegean sea,Greece is still a clean-energy laggard.That is mostly due to PPC,the state electricity utility,which has stuck to lignite to save money, rather than switching to natural gas and renewables.In2017some70%of homes and businesses consumed electricity that was produced at PPC’s lignite-fired power stations.This year the figure may fall to50%:small private suppliers that run natural-gas-fired plants have picked up customers fleeing PPC after Mr Mitsotakis’考研英语一模考试卷及详解s government raised its electricity prices.The prime minister has set himself a remarkably ambitious target:renewable sources are to cover35%of Greece’s energy needs by2030.That would mean tripling current wind and solar output,at a cost of around 40bn.Consultants predict a bonanza for foreign investors:Chinese,American,Spanish and Italian companies already own Greek wind and solar installations and are acquiring licences to build more. Oddly,they will face strong opposition from Greece’s increasingly active environmental movement.It takes up to seven years for a licence for a wind park to be granted;many applications are rejected by specialist judges at the council of state,Greece’s highest legal body.Apostolos Pantelis,a hill-walker,is campaigning against plans to build wind parks on mountain ridges in the remote Agrafa region,a refuge for rare griffon vultures, brown bears and wolves.Greece’s environment is"too fragile"to sustain such big projects,he says.New roads would erode the mountainsides and noisy,200m-high turbines would scare away its wildlife.He says that"people used to think wind energy would be beneficial for tourism.But it just ruins the view."31.The Greece government is going to______in north-western Greece.[A]shut down lignite power plants[B]solve the problem of unemployment[C]lower the rate of lung disease[D]revitalize the mining communities32.Which of the following is true of PPC?[A]It uses lignite in that Greece lacks clean energy.[B]It will turn to wind and solar energy soon.[C]It owns14lignite-fired power stations.[D]It dominated power supply in Greece.33.The prime minister’s energy reform may benefit______.[A]foreign investors[B]lignite miners[C]power plants[D]hill-walkers34.Mr.Apostolos Pantelis objects to wind-park plans because he______.[A]strongly advocates opposing environmental movement[B]wants to preserve the landscape and wildlife in Agafra[C]regards wind parks as bonanza for foreign investors[D]believes it is time-consuming to realize the plans35.Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]The Abuse of Lignite[B]Environment or Tourism[C]Greening Greece[D]More Wind ParksText4The Obama administration released new pollution rules on oil and natural gas production Tuesday to predictable howls from industry.The danger,though,is that the rules won’t do enough to achieve the United States’climate goals.The fracking boom has opened vast deposits of American oil and natural gas for extraction,and that’s been a good thing.The industry has created jobs and cut fuel imports.Natural gas,now cheap,has substituted for dirty coal in electricity production.When burned,natural gas produces significantly fewer greenhouse emissions than coal.But there’s a major problem:Methane,the primary constituent in natural gas,is an extremely potent greenhouse agent when it escapes from wells or pipelines without being burned.Even relatively small amounts of leakage can wipe away the climate benefits of switching to natural gas.That’s why President Obama set a goal of reducing methane leakage by40percent to45percent by2025.The Environmental Protection Agency took a step toward that goal on Tuesday.The agency rolled out rules requiring the oil and gas industry to take more care not to leak methane from new or significantly altered wells,compressors,pneumaticpumps and other potential sources.Environmental groups have long argued that these sorts of upgrades are among the cheapest ways to cut greenhouse emissions.The EPA,meanwhile,points out that the rules should also prevent unhealthful air pollution around oil and gas facilities. The industry counters that companies have already cut methane leakage even as oil and gas production have shot up,pointing out it has an economic incentive to keep its product from leaking.That’s true,up to a point,but these companies don’t have to account for the climate impacts of that leakage so their incentive may be less than what society’s interests would dictate.Until the country has an effective price on carbon that would force companies to account for their greenhouse impact, this line of argument will not be convincing.Also released Tuesday was a report underscoring the need to act on methane emissions, and soon.The study,published in the journal Environmental Science&Technology, found that previous EPA estimates of leakage rates from natural gas collection and processing facilities were far too low.It is findings such as these that have convinced environmental groups that the Obama administration must set comprehensive rules that would be much more ambitious than those announced Tuesday,covering existing infrastructure,not just new or significantly rebuilt facilities.If,after serious study,the EPA is confident that the government will reach its methane goal without a broader crackdown,so much the better.But federal and state regulators shouldn’t hesitate to go further if that promise won’t be realized.36.It can be inferred from Paragraphs2and3that_____.[A]the primary compound in natural gas is the main culprit of greenhouse[B]methane leakage may neutralize the climate benefits of natural gas use[C]anti-leak technologies should be introduced to cutmethane emissions考研英语一模考试卷及详解[D]fracking contributes to over-extraction of American oil and natural gas37.The EPA urged the oil and gas companies to_____.[A]reinforce their facilities supervision[B]renew their production equipment[C]eliminate potential exploding dangers[D]enhance their storage methodspanies reluctantly cut methane leakage because_____.[A]they are juggling emission reduction with production growth.[B]the material rewards they get doesn’t offset their expenses.[C]they have no vested interest in complying with anti-leakage policies.[D]they don’t get the punishment they deserve for the pollution.39.It can be learned from the passage that the oil and natural gas industry_____.[A]is an emerging job creator.[B]isn’t bound by the existing rules.[C]is in a paradoxical situation.[D]take exception to the new rules.40.Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A]The Limits of Obama’s New Rules on Pollution.[B]New Methane Rules Don’t Cover Existing Pollution.[C]Obama Takes Unprecedented Steps to Cut Methane Pollution.[D]New U.S.Climate Rules Target Methane Leaks.Part BDirections：In the following text，some sentences have been removed.For questions41-45，choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices，which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（10points）PHYSICAL ACTIVITY CAN help optimize the body’s defenses against infection.And in the age of novel coronavirus,to many people,that’s more important than ever.Taking the right approach to most effectively exercise in the name of immune health is key. 41______The regularity of your exercise routine may be the most important factor in ensuring the immune benefits of activity,says Jim Beitzel,clinical athletic trainer and clinical coordinator for the Northwestern Medicine Athletic Training&Sports Performance Clinic in Warrenville,Illinois.For most adults,60minutes of exercise five days per week is the immunity sweet spot,he says.However,if you’re new to working out,start small with perhaps10or20minutes of low-to moderate-intensity exercise per day,and increase your activity level over the course of weeks or months as you feel comfortable.As long as you stay consistent,every little bit will help.42______A2020paper in Exercise Immunology Reviews confirms that increasing exercise intensity does not suppress immunity or increase the risk of infection. High-intensity exercise,generally considered to be anything that increases your heart rate to more than85%of its max(220minus your age),can be part of any exercise routine that’s aimed at improving you immune health,Beitzel says.Options include running,cycling and rowing sprints as well as fast-paced plyometric strength training.43______Instead,illness following high-intensity exercise is typically related to inadequate recovery,according to the authors of the Exercise Immunology Reviews paper.As exercise intensity,frequency and duration increase,so does the amount of rest your body needs to recover from the stressors of exercise and grow back stronger,explains exercise physiologist Mike T.Nelson,based in Minneapolis.What’s more,non-exercise-related stressors—such as financial worries,sleepless nights and existing illness—occur in large doses,so increasing your recovery efforts is important to recovering from exercise and reducing the risk of overstressing your systems,including your immune one,Nelson says.44______It’s OK to enjoy one style of training more than the other,but for optimal immunity (and overall health),integrate both into your weekly routine,Beitzel says.Federal guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend engaging in75to150minutes of aerobic activity(the lower the intensity,the more time advised)per week and total-body strengthening activities at least two days per week. Examples of aerobic activity include jogging,swimming and cycling.Strength training can include bodyweight exercises(such as squats and pushups)as well as exercises such as rows and shoulder presses that use free weights,resistance bands or other equipment.45______Whether you’re exercising in your living room or in a park,you can benefit your immune system.But there may be additional benefits of breaking a sweat outdoors. Being outside increases the body’s levels of immune-system-supporting vitamin D, according to Parikh.Plus,taking your exercise outdoors may strengthen the immune system by activating the body’s parasympathetic"rest and digest"system,according to2015research published in Frontiers in Psychology.This system works in opposition with your sympathetic"fight or flight"system to reduce physiological stress levels and lower inflammation that can inhibit healthy immunity.A.Make sure to recover.B.Focus on consistency.C.Enjoy one style of training.D.Don’t be afraid of intensity.E.Get outside.F.Optimize the body’s defenses.G.Do both cardio and strength training.考研英语一模考试卷及详解Part CDirections：Read the following text carefully and then translate underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.（10points）Before entering on the question of the relation of morality to our exiting social environment,it will be advisable to inquire what we mean by moral progress,and what evidence there is that any such progress has occurred in recent times,or even within the period of well-established history.(46)By morals we mean right conduct,not only in our immediate social relations, but also in our dealings with our fellow citizens and with the whole human race.It is based upon the possession of clear ideals as to what actions are right and what are wrong and the determination of our conduct by a constant reference to those ideals.(47)The beliefs was once prevalent,and is still held by many persons,that a knowledge of right and wrong is inherent or instinctive in everyone,and that the immoral person may be justly punished for such wrong doing as he commits.But that this cannot be wholly,if at all,true is shown by the fact that in different societies and at different periods the standard of right and wrong changes considerably.That which at one time and place is held to be right and proper is,at another time or place,considered to be not only wrong,but one of the greatest of crimes.We are obliged to conclude,therefore,that what is commonly termed morality is not wholly due to any inherent perception of what is right or wrong conduct,but that it is to some extent and often very largely a matter of convention,varying at different times and places in accordance with the degree and kind of social development which has been attained often under different conditions of existence.The actual morality of a community is largely a product of the environment, but it is local and temporary,not permanently affecting the character.(48)To bring together the evidence in support of this view,to distinguish between what is permanent and inherited and what is superficial and not inherited,and to trace out some of the consequences as regards what we term"morality"is the purpose of the present volume.Though much of what we term morality has no absolute sanction in human nature,yet it is to some extent,and perhaps very largely,based upon it.(49)It will be well, therefore,to consider briefly the nature and probable origin of what we term "character"—in individuals,in societies,and especially in those more ancient and more fundamental divisions of mankind which we term"races".Character may be defined as the integration of mental faculties and emotions which constitute personal or national individuality.It is very strongly inherited,yet it is probably subject to more inherent variation than is the form and structure of the body.(50)The combinations of its constituent elements are so numerous as, in common language,to be termed infinite;and this gives to each person a very distinct individuality,as manifested in speech,in emotional expression,and in action.SectionⅢWritingPart A51.Directions：Suppose you were invited by Professor William to work as an assistant in his new program,but you had a plan for writing a paper.Write an email to him to refuse his invitation,make an apology,and recommend your roommate to him.You should write about100words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e"Li Ming"instead.(10points)Part B52.Directions：Write an essay of160—200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)。

考研《英语（一）》模拟试卷（一）一、完形填空（Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and markA,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)）1【共享题干题】Even plans can run a fever，especially when they are under attack by insects or disease.But 1______ humans，plants can have their temperature 2______ from 3000 feet away-straight up.A decade ago，3______ the infrared scanning technology developed for military purpose and other satellites，physicist Stephen Paley 4______ a quick way to take the temperature of crops to 5______ which ones are under stress.The goal was to let farmers 6______ target pesticide spraying 7______ rain poison on a whole field，which 8______ include plants that don"t have the pest problem.Even better，Paley"s Remote Scanning Services Company could detect crop problem before they became 9______ to the eye.10______ on a plane flown at 3，000 feet at night，an infrared scanner measured the heat emitted by crops.The data were 11______ into a color-coded map showing 12______ plants wer e running“fevers”.Farmers could then spot spray，using 50 to 70 percent less pesticide than they 13______ would.The bad news is that Paley"s company closed down in 1984，after only three years.Farmers 14______the new technology and long-term backers were hard to 15______.But with the renewed concern about pesticides on produce，and refinements in infrared scanning，Paley hopes to16______ into operation.Agriculture experts have no doubt about the technology works.“This technique can be 17______ to 75 percent of agricultural land in the United States，”says George Oerther of Texas A&M.Ray Jackson，who recently retired from the Department of Agriculture，thinks 18______ infrared crop scanning could be adopted by the end of the decade.But 19______ Paley finds the financial backing which he failed to 20______ 10 years ago.1.1【单选题】But 1______ humansA.aboveB.excludeC.besidesD.unlike参考答案：D参考解析：此题属于语意理解题。

考研英语模拟试题及答案一、阅读理解（共40分）1. 根据文章内容，以下哪项是作者的主要观点？A. 教育是社会进步的关键B. 技术发展改变了教育方式C. 经济因素对教育有重要影响D. 社会公平是教育改革的目标答案：B2. 文章中提到的“digital divide”指的是什么？A. 数字设备的价格差异B. 信息技术的普及不均C. 网络连接的地域差异D. 教育内容的数字化程度答案：B3. 根据第三段，以下哪项是提高教育质量的关键因素？A. 增加教育投资B. 引入先进的教学技术C. 提供平等的教育机会D. 制定合理的教育政策答案：C4. 文章中提到的“lifelong learning”概念，主要强调了什么？A. 学习是个人发展的重要部分B. 教育应该贯穿人的一生C. 学习应该以考试为中心D. 学习是职业发展的必要条件答案：B5. 作者认为，以下哪项是教育改革的最终目标？A. 提高国民的整体素质B. 促进社会经济的发展C. 缩小不同群体之间的差距D. 增强国家的国际竞争力答案：A二、完形填空（共20分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

The Internet has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. It has also changed the way we learn. Nowadays, students can 6 education online, which is more convenient and flexible than traditional classroom learning.6. A. receiveB. achieveC. obtainD. acquire答案：AIn addition, the Internet provides a wealth of resources thatcan 7 learners to expand their knowledge base and improve their skills.7. A. enableB. requireC. compelD. force答案：AHowever, not all students have equal access to these online resources due to the 8 known as the "digital divide."8. A. phenomenonB. conceptC. ideaD. notion答案：ATo bridge this gap, it is essential to 9 more efforts to provide equal opportunities for education to everyone.9. A. exertB. applyC. utilizeD. implement答案：BLifelong learning has become a necessity in today's rapidlychanging world, and the Internet plays a crucial role in 10 this goal achievable.10. A. makingB. takingC. gettingD. having答案：A三、翻译（共20分）将以下句子从中文翻译成英文。

考研英语（⼀）模拟试题⼀考研英语（⼀）模拟试题⼀Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Black death that drove Newton from his college and into a momentous discovery, 1 England in 1665. Astronomical records of the time show that 2 was a year of intense sunspot activity, and studies of annual tree 3 , which are wider when the sun is disturbed, 4 that the terrible plague of 1348 was 5 accompanied by an active sun.This sounds incredible, 6 we now have evidence that the sun has a direct effect on some of our body 7 . Over 120 000 tests were made on people in a Black Sea 8 to measure the number of lymphocytes in their blood. These small cells normally 9 between 20 and 25 percent of man's white blood cells, but in years of great solar activity this 10 decreases. There was a big drop during the sunspot years of 1986 and 1987, and number of people 11 from diseases caused by a lymphocyte deficiency 12 doubled during the tremendous solar explosion of February 1986.Many of the body's 13 seem to be influenced by sun-induced changes in the earth's magnetic 14 . If this is so, one 15 to find that the nervous system, which depends on electrical stimuli, would be the most 16 . A study of 5 580 coal-mine accidents 17 the Ruhr river shows that most occurred on the day following solar activity. Studies of traffic accidents in Russia and in Germany show that these increase, by as much as four 18 the average, on days after the 19 of a solar flare. This suggests that accidents may be 20 a disturbance deeper than a simple decrease in reaction time. These results make it clear that man in, among other things,a remarkably sensitive living sundial.1. [A] blanketed [B] swept [C] covered [D] spread2. [A] this [B] such [C] so [D] either3. [A] rings [B] cycles [C] circles [D] rounds4. [A] survey [B] reveal [C] predict [D] release5. [A] still [B] even [C] then [D] also6. [A] but [B] because [C] unless [D] when7. [A] chemistry [B] construction [C] physiology [D] constitution8. [A] retreat [B] reserve [C] resort [D] refuge9. [A] put in [B] take over [C] make up [D] set off10. [A] number [B] figure [C] share [D] proportion11. [A] suffered [B] suffer [C] suffering [D] to suffer12. [A] unexpectedly [B] actually [C] disappointedly [D] practically13. [A] performances [B] operations [C] functions [D] workings14. [A] environment [B] field [C] layer [D] shell15. [A] would expect [B] expects [C] expect [D] expected16. [A] affected [B] respected [C] protected [D] connected17. [A] beside [B] at [C] by [D] on18. [A] times above [B] time [C] times in [D]times19. [A] formation [B] explosion [C] eruption [D]propulsion20. [A] due to [B] apt for [C] all but [D] prior toSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Over the last decade, demand for the most common cosmetic surgery procedures, like breast enlargements and nose jobs, has increased by more than 400 percent. According to Dr. Dai Davies, of the Plastic Surgery Partnership in Hammersmith, the majority of cosmetic surgery patients are not chasing physical perfection. Rather, they are driven to fantastic lengths to improve their appearance by a desire to look normal. "What we all crave is to look normal, and normal is what is prescribed by the advertising media and other external pressures. They give us look like that.In America, the debate is no longer about whether surgery is normal; rather, it centers on what age people should be before going under the knife. New York surgeon Dr. Gerard Imber recommends "maintenance" work for people in their thirties. "The idea of waiting until one needs a heroic transformation is silly," he says. "By then, you've wasted 20 great years of your life and allowed things to get out of hand." Dr. Imber draws the line at operating on people who are under 18, however, "It seems that someone we don't consider old enough to order a drink shouldn't be considering plastic surgery."In the UK cosmetic surgery has long been seen as the exclusive domain of the very rich and famous. But the proportionate cost of treatment has fallen substantially, bringing all but the most advanced laser technology within the reach of most people. Dr. Davies, who claims to "cater for the average person", agrees. He says: "I treat a few of the rich and famous and an awful lot of secretaries. Of course, ￡3, 000 for an operation is a lot of money. But it is also an investment for life which costs about half the price of a good family holiday."Dr. Davies suspects that the increasing sophistication of the fat injecting and removal techniques that allow patients to be treated with a local anaesthetic in an afternoon has also helped promote the popularity of cosmetic surgery. Yet, as one woman who recently paid ￡2,500for liposuction to remove fat from her thighs admitted, the slope to becoming a cosmetic surgery Veteran is a deceptively gentle one. "I had my legs done because they'd been bugging me for years. But going into the clinic was so low key and effective it whetted my appetite. Now I don't think there's any operation that I would rule out having if I could afford it."21. According to the text, the reason for cosmetic surgery is to[A] be physically healthy.[B] look more normal.[C] satisfy appetite.[D] be accepted by media.22. According to the third paragraph, Dr. Davies implies that[A] cosmetic surgery, though costly, is worth having.[B] cosmetic surgery is too expensive.[C] cosmetic surgery is necessary even for the average person.[D] cosmetic surgery is mainly for the rich and famous.23. The statement "draws the line at operating on people" (para. 2) is closest in meaning to[A] removing wrinkles from the face.[B] helping people make up.[C] enjoying operating.[D] refusing to operate.24. It can be inferred from the text that[A] it is wise to have cosmetic surgery under 18.[B] cosmetic surgery is now much easier.[C] people tend to abuse cosmetic surgery.[D] the earlier people have cosmetic surgery, the better they will be.25. The text is mainly about[A] the advantage of having cosmetic surgery.[B] what kind of people should have cosmetic surgery.[C] the reason why cosmetic surgery is so popular.[D] the disadvantage of having cosmetic surgery.Text 2In nature as in culture, diversity can be a difficult concept. Understanding it is one thing, accepting it another, especially when diversity means not only acknowledging a pre-existing mixture of difference--the very ampleness of the world--but also accommodating an adjustment to the existing state of things. A case in point is the reintroduction of gray wolves in Yellowstone national Park. Thirty-three wolves were released in 1995, and their number has now reached 97. Population expansion is one measure of the wolf program's success, but a better one is the wolves' impact on the natural diversity of the park.Typically, a pack of the Yellowstone wolves kills a big deer very few days. But over the remains the wolves abandon, a wonderful new diversity has emerged. Since their arrival, wolves have killed many of the park's coyotes (丛林郎), a smaller kind of wolf. The reduction in coyotes has caused an increase in rodents such as mice, rabbits and squirrels, which also benefits a wide range of predators. Even the coyotes that live at the margins of wolf country have prospered, thanks to the leftovers the wolves leave behind. So do grizzly bears, which feed on wolf-kilted deer before beginning hibernation or winter sleep.What has interested scientists is the swiftness, the dynamism, of this shift in diversity. There has been, however, no matching dynamism in the opinion of humans who oppose the wolf reintroduction. That was made plain by a Federal district judge's recent order to "remove" the wolves, the result or a legal process that is the offspring of inflexibility. Several livestock groups, including the Wyoming Farm Bureau, had filed a suit that urged, in slightly cleverer terms, the old proposition, no wolves, no problems. Several environmental groups had flied a separate lawsuit--unconnected to the Yellowstone wolves--protesting the dropping of legal protection forwolves that were recolonizing Idaho. The two suits were unfortunately merged.Though Judge William Downes stayed his own decision, pending appeal, his judgment is a sad encouragement to the mistaken defensiveness of most ranchers or cattle farmers. It is also a misunderstanding of the purpose of the environmentalists' suit. His decision needs to be swiftly and decisively overturned on appeal. It is no exaggeration to say that since the return of the wolves, Yellowstone has witnessed an economy of diversity from which human culture--including the culture of ranching---can directly profit, if only it chooses to do so.26. Since the arrival of 33 wolves in the Yellowstone National Park,[A] a dynamic biological chain has started to function[B] animals kept in the park have had enough food[C] some animals that are not wanted have been vanishing[D] the attraction of the park is greatly increased27. The author thinks it unfortunate that the judge should[A] make efforts to accept suits with regard to old issues.[B] make use of legal means to protect his own interests.[C] mix up two irrelevant suits and make wolves the victims.[D] support the protest against canceling legal protections for wolves.28. The author believes that Judge William Downes was obviously on the side of[A] the Yellowstone Park[B] livestock groups[C] environmental groups[D] federal laws29. Commenting on the Yellowstone Park wolf program, the author[A] urges the district judge to reverse his recent order.[B] criticizes the attitude of environmental groups.[C] calls on the people to protect wolves everywhere[D] speaks for the interests of most cattle farmers.30. According to the author, the protection of wolves will[A] bring about an economic boom to the surrounding farms and ranches[B] cause bigger losses of livestock to the Park's neighboring farms[C] lead to a number of controversies in the society[D] prove to be beneficial to all parties concernedText 3Vinton Cerf, known as the father of the Internet, said on Wednesday that the Web was outgrowing the planet Earth and the time had come to take the information superhighway to outer space."The Internet is growing quickly, and we still have a lot of work to do to cover the planet," Cerf told the first day of the annual conference of the Internet Society in Geneva where more than 1,500 cyberspace fans have gathered to seek answers to questions about the tangled web of the Internet.Cerf believed that it would soon be possible to send real-time science data on the Internet from a space mission orbiting another planet such as Mars. "There is now an effort under way to design and build an interplanetary Internet. The space research community is coming closer and closer andmerging. We think that we will see interplanetary Internet networks that look very much like the ones we use today. We will need interplanetary gateways and there will be protocols to transmit data between these gateways," Cerf said.Francois Fluckiger, a scientist attending the conference from the European Particle Physics Laboratory near Geneva, was not entirely convinced, saying: "We need dreams like this. But I don't know any Martian whom I'd like to communicate with through the Internet."Cerf has been working with NASA's Pasadena Jet Propulsion Laboratory--the people behind the recent Mars expedition--to design what he calls an "interplanetary Internet protocol." He believes that astronauts will want to use the Internet, although special problems remain with interference and delay."This is quite real. The effort is becoming extraordinarily concrete over the next few months because the next Mars mission is in planning stages now," Cerf told the conference."If we use domain names like Earth or Mars...jet propulsion laboratory people would be coming together with people from the Internet community." He added."The idea is to take the interplanetary Internet design and make it a part of the infrastructure of the Mars mission."He later told a news conference that designing this system now would prepare mankind for future technological advances. "The whole idea is to create an architecture so the design woks anywhere. I don't know where we're going to have to put it but my guess is that we'll be going out there some time," Cerf said."If you think 100 years from now, it is entirely possible that what will be purely research 50 years from now will become commercial 100 years from now. The Internet was the same-----it started as pure research but now it is commercialized."31. Which of the following is the main point of the text?[A] The development of the internet.[B] The possibility of space research.[C] Universal information superhighway.[D] The technological advances of Mars mission.32. From the text, we learn that Vinton Cerf is[A] seeking answers to questions about the internet web.[B] working on interplanetary internet with collaborations of NASA.[C] trying to commercialize the interplanetary internet.[D] exploring the possibility of establishing internet network on Mars.33. We know from the text that Mars mission is[A] one of NASA's internet projects:[B] an expedition to Mars.[C] the infrastructure of the interplanetary internet.[D] to create an architecture on Mars..34. According to Cerf, the purpose to design interplanetary internet is to[A] send real-time science data.[B] communicate with astronauts.[C] lay foundation for future technological advances.[D] commercialize it.35. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] the dream to build interplanetary internet can be fulfilled in the future.[B] interplanetary internet will commercialized in 100 years.[C] the research of internet took 50 years.[D] it will take a long time to build interplanetary internet.Text 4Material culture refers to the touchable, material "things"--Physical objects that can be seen, held, felt, used--that a culture produces. Examining a culture's tools and technology can tell us about the group's history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music-culture. The most vivid body of "thing" in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments on the symphony orchestra.Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as a whole.Music is deep-rooted in the cultural background that fosters it. We now pay more and more attention to traditional or ethnic features in folk music and are willing to preserve the fold music as we do with many traditional cultural heritage. Musicians all over the world are busy with recording classic music in their country for the sake of their unique culture. As always, people's aspiration will always focus on their individuality rather than universal features that are shared by all cultures alike.One more important part of music's material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media--radio, record player, tape recorder, and television, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the "information-revolution", a twentieth-century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modem nations; they have affected music cultures all over the globe.36. Which of the following does not belong to material culture?[A] Instruments.[B] Music.[C] Paintings. [D]Sheet music.37. The word "phonograph" (line 6, Paragraph 1) most probably means[A] record player.[BI radio.[C] musical technique.[D] music culture.38. The main idea of the first paragraph is[A] the importance of cultural tools and technology.[B] the cultural influence of the development of civilization.[C] the focus of the study of the material culture of music.[D] the significance of the research into the musical instruments.39. Which of the following is not an advantage of printed music?[A] Reading of music notation has a great impact on musicians.[B] People may draw inspiration from it.[C] the music culture will be influenced by it in the end.[D] Songs tend to be standardized by it.40. From the third paragraph, we may infer that[A] traditional cultural heritage is worthy of preservation.[B] the universal features shared by all cultures aren't worthy of notice.[C]musicians pay more attention to the preservation of traditional music[D] the more developed a culture, the more valuable the music it has fostered.Part BDirections: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41--45, choose the most suitable one from the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices that do not fit in any of the gaps: Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)HUMANS like to regard themselves as exceptional. Other animals do not have complex, syntactical languages. Nor do most of them appear to enjoy the same level of consciousness that people do. And many philosophers believe humans are theonly species which understands that others have their own personal thoughts. That understanding is known in the trade as having a "theory of mind", and it is considered the gateway to such cherished human qualities as empathy and deception. 41)In the Proceedings of the Royal Society, Bernd Heinrich and Thomas Bugnyar of the University of Vermont, in Burlington, describe a series of experiments they have carried out on ravens. They wanted to see how these birds, which are known to be (at least by avian standards) both clever and sociable, would respond to human gaze.42)To test whether ravens could follow gaze, Dr Heinrich and Dr Bugnyar used six six-month-old hand-reared ravens, and one four-year-old. The birds were sat, one at a time, on a perch on one side of a room divided by a barrier. An experimenter sat about a metre in front of the barrier. The experimenter moved his head and eyes in a particular direction and gazed for 30 seconds before looking away. Sometimes he gazed up, sometimes to the part of the room where the bird sat, and sometimes to the part of the room hidden behind the barrier. The experiment was videotaped.43) . In the latter case, the curious birds either jumped down from the perch and walked around the barrier to have a look or leapt on top of it and peeredover. There was never anything there, but they were determined to see for themselves.A suggestive result, but not, perhaps, a conclusive one. 44)In this case, the observation was pleasantly unexpected. Dr Bugnyar was conducting an experiment designed to see what ravens learn from each other while foraging. While doing so he noticed strange interactions between two males, Hugin, a subordinate bird, and Munin, a dominant one.45) . The subordinate male was far better at this task than the dominant. However, he never managed to gulp down more than a few pieces of the reward before the dominant raven, Munin, was hustling him on his way. Clearly (and not unexpectedly) ravens are able to learn about food sources from one another. They are also able to bully each other to gain access to that food.But then something unexpected happened. Hugin, the subordinate, tried a new strategy. As soon as Munin bullied him, he headed over to a set of empty containers, prised the lids off them enthusiastically, and pretended to eat. Munin followed, whereupon Hugin returned to the loaded containers and ate his fill.[A] Response to gaze is reckoned to be a good measure of the development of theory of mind inhuman children. By about 18 months of age most children are able to follow the gaze of another person, and infer things about the gazer from it. Failure to develop this trick is an early symptom of autism, a syndrome whose main underlying feature is an inability to understand that other people have minds, too.[B] However, the second study, carried out by Dr Bugnyar when he was working at the Universityof Austria, and published last month in Animal Cognition, suggests that ravens may have mastered the art of deception too.[C] As it happened, Munin was no dummy either. He soon grew wise to the tactic, and would not beled astray. He even stooped to trying to find the food rewards on his own! This made Hugin furious. "He got very angry", says Dr Bugnyar, "and started throwing things around." Perhaps ravens have something else in common with people--a hatred of being found out.[D] Biologists have learned to treat such assertions with caution. In particular, they have foundevidence of theories of mind in a range of mammals, from gorillas to goats. But two recent studies suggest that even mammalian studies may be looking at the question too narrowly. Birds, it seems, can have theories of mind, too.[E] Dr Heinrich and Dr Bugnyar found that all the birds were able to follow the gaze of theexperimenters, even beyond the barrier.[F] At first Dr Bugnyar could not believe what he was seeing. He was anxious about sharing hisobservation, for fear that no one would believe him. But Hugin, he is convinced, was clearly misleading Munin.[G] The task was to work out which colour-coded film containers held some bits of cheese, thenprise the containers open and eat the contents.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points).....As a neutral nation, Switzerland escaped much of the horrors of World War II. (46) While Europe was being ravaged by Hitler's Nazi war machine, the Swiss went about their business living as normal a life as they could amid what would be remembered as the worst war in history.But neutrality in a world war is a myth. Although guns and tanks may not roll across the hills of a "neutral nation", other aspects of war are conducted there just the same. During World War II, Switzerland was used as a base by many Allied spies. (47) International Jewish organizations operated out of Swiss cities, and many Swiss citizens and companies worked for the allies, providing them with information and materials.But just as Switzerland helped support the Allied war effort, so did the Nazis benefit from their association with their "neutral" neighbor. Recently classified documents from US archives reveal that the Nazis stored millions of dollars' worth of gold in Swiss banks. One particular document, given to Allied negotiators after the war, estimates that almost $ 400 million worth of gold--nearly two billion dollars at today's prices--was sent to Switzerland between 1939 and 1945.(48) For decades, Jewish groups have been trying to force Swiss bankers to open their files to public scrutiny, but with limited success. (49) Just over 30 years ago, the Swiss government did take some action by instructing the country's banks to return any unasserted accounts belonging to foreigners who had been "prosecuted for racial, religious or political reasons". The banks responded by releasing about $ 5 million of which about $ 2 million was given to deserving Jewish causes.(50) But for investigators, these paltry sums of money did not come close to accounting for the millions they believe the Nazis had deposited in Swiss banks. Jewish groups continued to demand that proper searching investigations be carried out. Section III WritingPart A51. Directions: Suppose you are in charge of a library in a city. You received a few letters complaining the crowded condition of your library. Write a letter to one of the complainers which includes the following points:1) acknowledge the complaints,2) suggest alternatives to avoid the crowdedness,3) express your appreciation for the comment.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.You do not need to write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions: Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay of 160--200 words. Your essay should meet the following requirements:1) interpret the meaning of the cartoon;2) give your comments on the phenomenon.(20 points)考研英语（⼀）模拟试题参考答案Section I Use of EnglishBAABD；AACCD；CBCBA；ADDCA Section II Reading ComprehensionPart A:Text 1: BADBC; Text2: ACBAD;Text3: CBBCA; Text4: BADDAPart B: D，A，E，B，GPart C:1. 当欧洲惨遭希特勒战争机器蹂躏的时候，瑞⼠⼈则忙着⾃⼰的事，在历史记忆⾥最为残酷的战争中尽其所能地过着正常的⽣活。

模拟试题[1]Simulated Test[PREVIOUS] [NEXT]Part I Structure and VocabularySection ADirections: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A,B,C andD)Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWERHEET.(5 points)1. Mr.Jones, I am really pleased ____ you. And I hope we will be able to see each otherin not long time.A) to meetB) to have metC) at meetingD) having met2. The two astronauts _____ someday hope it is to fly the craft into earth orbit werefighttesting.A) thatB) whomC) whoseD) who3. The meeting _____ in October, but the plan has been put off again and again.A) was to have been heldB) ought to have heldC) was to be heldD) must have been held4. It's true that the old road is less direct and a bit bumpy. We won't take the new one____ because we feel as safe on it.A) howeverB) thoughC) neverthelessD) whatsoever5. Every device _____ in the spacecraft must be designed and made with great care so as tobe sure that nothing goes wrong in operation.A) to be fittedB) fittedC) fittingD) to have been fitted6. There are many kinds of synthetic materials, ____ plastics are the most common.A) between whichB) of whichC) in whichD) among which7. I don't believe you are going to have the matter looked into today, _____ ?A) are youB) do youC) aren't youD) don't you8. ____ that a society like the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to childrenis still needed in a civilized country.A) How does it comeB) How it comesC) How did it come aboutD) How did it come9. When we encounter more difficulties, we should be more spirited, and we should be morecourageous ____ .A) the more danger we are inB) the more in danger we areC) we are in more dangerD) we are in danger more10. While the total number of farmers engaged in the agriculture production is barely half____ it used to be in 1959, the size of the average farm has tripled.A) thatB) whatC) whichD) howSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A,B,C and D)Identifythe part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.(5 points)11. I often wonder(A) what(B) my life would be like if I didn't go(C) to the beach thatafter noon when I was 14(D).12. After teaching(A) in Renmin University's MBAcenter for five years, I come(B) to realize that even if(C)political and economic barriers are overcome(D) a major hurdle remains-culture!.13. Since the United States and Canada academic exchanges(A) in 1979, colleges sand universities inAmerica have responded with(B) great enthusiasm, as(C) has(D) their counterparts from the PRC.14. Many young consumers do not have(A) steady incomes, so(B) they might have difficulty to borrow(C)money from an agency in business to make loans(D).15. I cannot come to your dinner party tonight. I was(A) really glad to(B), but I have(C)a precious engagement(D).16. Panic increased the(A) number of casualties as people jumped into the frozen(B) wateror fought to be(C) among the few to board(D) the lifeboats.17. He often advised Tom not to(A) smoke more cigarettes than is(B) good for(C) his health, but all his effortsended in vain(D).18. Change purse, cosmetics, and whatever(A) a woman thinks has(B) to carry, I hide in(C) several paper bagsin a see-through(D) shopping bag.19. There is always resistance to the idea that(A) it is because the birth rate fell earlierin western and nothwestern Europe than elsewhere(B), rather than because(C) if any change in the death rate, which(D) a nation has grown so old.20. ril be much obliged(A) if you will be(B) so kind enough(C) as to make suggestions as _to(D) how we may improve our work.Section CDirections: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A,B,C andD)Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on the ANSWERHEET.(10 points)21. To acquire education is principal way of gaining status in a culture that generallystresses achievement, skillfulness, and upward ____ .A) mobilityB) motivationC) ambitionD) promotion22. In order to convince the director to agree on their plan, they ____ a number of reportswhich supported their argument.A) brought outB) brought forthC) call forthD) put forward23. These young people have much to be dissastisfied with, and they sometimes do ___ , buton the whole they study hard, knowing the problems the states is facing.A) grumbleB) frustrateC) frownD) perplex24. Members of the party all appreciate Jackson's wanting to help them ____ theirdifficulties.A) come overB) tide overC) take overD) smooth over25. I have offered a prediction that the reforms run a very high risk of being ____ by ageneral collapse of confidence in the ruble.A) set backB) let downC) hold backD) run down26. This apartment could ____ a family of ten in a minimal space by using sofas ，anddual-purpose furniture ，all built －in.A) resideB) possessC) embraceD) accommodate27. All experts agree that the most important consideration with diet drugs is carefully ___________________the risks and benefits.A) weighingB) valuingC) evaluatingD) distinguisting28. If English is not our first language you can often be puzzled by ways of expression that the native speakersof English does not even have to ____________________ .A) think outB) think aboutC) think overD) think for29. The bond of true affection had pulled us six very different men from six very different countries acrossAntarctica ；we proved in the end that we weren't very different ______________________________ .A) for allB) as usualC) after allD) in particular30. No longer are contributions to computer technology confined to any one country. ____is this more true than in Europe.A) HardlyB) LittleC) SeldomD) Nowhere31. That summer I drove west with a friend ，and we ____ a little money doing odd jobs andas much as possible visited his relatives.A) picked upB) stepped upC) put asideD) set aside32. The body apparently resents being dosed with unusual amounts of a vitamin or mineral and its first is toexcrete them.A) reactionB) impulseC) responseD) instinct33. It is true that there are still abundant reserves of metals which have not yet been _________________ ，but it is necessary to take steps to ensure that alternative materiasls are substituted whenever possible.A) utilizedB) mobilizedC) acquiredD) cultivated34. Researchers ____ that genes maydetermine the strength of the immune system ，which couldhelp explain how an infectious disease could have a hereditary link.A) speculateB) estimateC) evaluateD) anticipate35. She had on the dress that I used to admire more than anything else in her possession a light blue one prettilywith lace.A) ornamentedB) trimmedC) furnishedD) decorated36. In a sense , tennis and Taijiquan are similar in that they both require your full attentionand if done _____ , take your mind off daily problems and preoccupations.A) successfullyB) consecutivelyC) conscientiouslyD) compulsorily37. Such apartments as she saw were either disgustingly dirty or ____ dear,or both.A) exceedinglyB) substantiallyC) unaccountablyD) excessively38. Deprived of the financial means to remain independent , Thomas Edison was compelled to____ employment as a night telephone operator.A) obtainB) chaseC) exploreD) seek39. Under her administration , claim the critics , ____________ high —rise construction has destroyedthe character of the city's downtown , darkening its streets and driving business.A) rapidB) rampantC) speedyD) random40. When the tank can carrying poisonous gas ran off the rails , the firemen tried to _____the village from all traffic.A) dismissB) insulateC) isolateD) expelPart n Cloze TestDirections: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices labelledA,B,C and D) Choose the best one and put your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Throughout history, gold has been a precious material, eagerly sought and cherished. Itwas probably the first metal to be 41 because it is beautiful and imperishable, and becausebeautiful objects can be made from it even with 42 tools. However, the amount of gold known toancient peoples probably 43 not muchmore than the amount produced each year by the world's largest gold mine in South Africa.The intrinsic value of gold has always been known, even before gold was used in coinage.It 44 the only universally recognized standard of value in international monetary 45 .Most of the world's 46 gold is absorbed by governments and central banks to provide backing for paper 47 ,but the amount of gold used in the arts and in industry is 48」n 49 to its use for jewelry,decorative finishes,and dentistry, its special properties have 50 many applications in modern science and technology.B)discovered C)purchased B)primitive C)sophisticated B)summed C)am oun ted 49. A)comparis on B)compe nsati on C)sta ndardizati on D)additi on50. A)draw n from B)derivedfrom C)led to D)resorted to Part 山 Reading ComprehensionDirections: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A,B,C and D)Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWERHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.Passage 1The full influence of mechanization began shortly after 1850, when a variety of machinescame rapidly into use. The introduction of these machines frequently created rebellions by workers who were fearful that the machines would rob them of their work. Patrick Bell, in Scotland, and Cyrus McCormick, in United States, produced threshing machines. Ingrnious improvements were made in plows to compensate for different soil types. Stream power came into use in 1860s on large farms. Hay rakes, hay-loaders, and various special harvesting mechines were produced. Milking machines appeared. The internal-combustion engine run by gasline became the chief power source for the farm.In time, the number of certain farm machines that came into use skyrocketed and changed the nuture offarming. Between 1940 and 1960, for example, 12 million horses and mules gave way to 5 million tractors. Tractors offer many features that are attractive to farmers. There are, for example, numerous attachments: cultivators that can penetrate the soil to varying depths, rotary hoes that chop needs; spray devices that can spray pesticides in bands 100 feet across, and many others.A piece of equipment has now been invented or adapted for virtually every laborious hand or animaloperation on the farm. In the United States, for example, cotton, tobacco, hay, and grain are planted, treated for pests and diseases, fertilized, cultivated and harvested by machine. Large devices shake fruit and nut from trees, grain and blend feed, and dry grain and hay. Equipment is now available to put just the right amount of fertilizer in just the right place, to spray an exact row width, and to count out, space, and plant just the right number of seeds for a row.Mechanization is not used in agriculture in many parts of Latin America, Africa.Agriculture innovation is accepted fastest where agriculture is already profitable and progressive. Somemechanization has reached the level of plantation agriculture ub parts of the tropics, but even today much of that land us laboriously worked by people leading draft animals pulling primitive plows.The problems of mechanization some areas are not only cultural in nature. For examples, tropical soils andcrops differ markedly from those in temperate areas that the machines are designed for, so adaptations have to be made. But the greatest obstacle to machanization is the fear in underdeveloped countried that the workers who are41. A)mi ned 42. A)delica teD)ma nu factured D)i ngenious D)totalled 44. A)remai ns 45. A)excha nge B)is rema ined C)rema ins as B)exhibiti on C)expediti on D)rema insof D)excursi on B)refi ned C)resolved D)reclaimed 47. A)productio n B)curre ncy 48. A)stabilizi ng B)decreasC)replaceme nt D)distributi on C)i ncreas ing D)recoveri ng(40 points )displaced by machines would not find work elsewhere. Introducing mechanization into such areas requires careful planning.51. The first paragraph uses several examples to convey the ideas that ____ .A) the introduction of machines into agricultural work created rebellions on the part of the farmersB) the use of internal-combustion engine as a shief power source for the farm produced great influenceC) the mechanization of agricultural work after 1850 gradually robbed many farmers of their workD) ingenious improvements were made in farming machines in the 1860s to yield production52. In the first sentence of the second paragraph ，the word“skyrocketed ”most probably meansA) became variousB) was updatedC) increased rapidlyD) remained the same53. In the tropical areas ，_____ .A) mechanization is not yet used in agricultureB) agriculture is accepted fastestC) a lot of farm work is still done in the old wayD) mechanization is avoided to save primitive forest54. By saying that “the problems of mechanizing some areas are not only cultural in natu re ，the author means _____ .A) mechanization is not yet introduced in some areas for economic reasonsB) human and animal labour in some areas are less expensiveC) culture is not a factor in obstacling the introduction of mechanizationD) different kinds of mechanized farming tools are used in different culturesPassage 2Advertising is a form of selling. For thousands of years there have been individuals who have tried to persuade ohers to buy the food they have produced or the goods they have made or the services they can perform.But the mass production of goods resulting from the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century made person-to-person selling less effucuent than it previously was for most products.The mass distribution of goods that followed the development of rail and highway systems made person-to-person selling too slow and expensive for almost all companies. At the same time, however, a growth in mass communication occurred first in newspapers and magzines, than radio and television that made mass selling possible. Advertising, then, is merely selling or selemanship functioningin the paid space or time of various mass communication media.The objective of any advertisement is to convince people that it is in their best intereststo take an action the advertiser is recommending. The action may be to purchase a product, goto a showroom to try the product, use a service, vote for political candidate, make a contribution, or even to join the army. Like any personal salesperson, the advertisement tries to persuade.The decision is the prospect's.While advertising brings the economies of mass selling to the manufacturer, it producesbenefits for the consumer ass well. Some of those economies are passed along to the purchaserso that the cost of a product sold primarily through advertising is usually far less than onesold through personal salespeople advertising brings people immediate news about products thathave just come on the market. Finally, advertising pays for the programs on commercial television and radio and for about two thirds of the cost publishing magzines and newspapers.55. Person to person sale failed to meet the need ___________ .A) when the Industrial Revolution startedB) when goods began to be produced in great quantitiesC) because trains replaced men in carrying goods aroundD) as attention was shifted from distribution to production56. From the last sentence of the second paragraph we learn ____ .A) advertising is no different from person-to-person selling in substanceB) advertising extends sales promotion to a larger areaC) advertising has greatly improved the production of goodsD) it is very expansive to advertises a new product57. By saying that “the decision is the prospect's ”，the author means ______ .A) advertisement often persuades people to buy what they don't really wantB) advertisement can never really influence people's ability to decideC) whether to buy an advertised product is up to the would-be customerD) the effect of an advertisement on the public is difficult to determine58. The last paragraph is mainly about ____ .A) the cost of advertising a productB) the effect of advertisement on people's livesC) the benefits advertisement bringsD) various media for advertising productsPassage 3Historians may well look back on the 1980s in the United States as a time of rising affluence side by sidewith rising poverty. The growth in affluence is attributable to an increase in professional and technical jobs, along with more two career couples whose combined incomes provide a “comfortable living ”.Yetsimultaneously, the nation's poverty rate rose between 1973 and 1983 from 11.1 percent of the population to 15.2,or by well over a third. Although thepoverty rate declined somewhat after 1983, it was still held at 13.5 percent in 1987, comprising a population of 32.5 million Americans.The definition of poverty is a matter of debate. In 1795, a group of English magistrates decided that a minimum income should be “the cost of a gallon loaf of bread, multiplied by three, plus an allowance for each dependent ” .Today the Census Bureau defines the threshold of poverty in the United States as the minimum amount of money that families need to purchase a nutritionally adequate diet, assuming they use one third of their income for food. Using this definition,roughly half the American population was poor in the aftermath of the Great Depression of the 1930s. By 1950, the proportion of the poor had fallen to 30 percent and by 1964, to 20 percent.With the adoption of the Johnson administration's antipoverty programs, the poverty rate dropped to 12 percent in 1969.But since then, it has stopped falling. Liberals contend that the poverty line is too low because it fails to take intoaccount changes in the standard of living.Conservatives say that it is too high because the poor receive other forms of public assistance, including food stamps, public housing subsidies, and health care.59. In which of the following years did the poor people constitute the largest proportionof the American population?A) 1973B) 1987C) 1969D) 198360. It can be inferred that poverty_____ .A) is defined very concretely in every periodB) is difficult to define in specific termsC) is defined in material termsD) is defined according to the standard of each decade61. Those who consider the poverty line high points out that ____ .A) the poor people enjoy other benefitsB) the society as a whole is not well offC) the poor people may conceal their real incomeD) the poor people need less money to support themselves62. In the eighties, the Americans as a whole ____ .A) became richerB) became poorerC) lived a poorer life than in the seventiesD) needed more jobs to support their familiesPassage 4The more womenand minorities make their way into the ranks of management, the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid.The newcomers also tendto see office matters with a fresh eye, in the process sometimes coming up with critical analyses of the forces that shape everyone's expenience in the organization.Consider the novel views of Harvey Coleman of Atlanta on the subjest of getting ahead.Coleman is black. He spent 11 years with IBM, half of them working in management development, and now serves as a consultant to the likes of AT & T, Coca Cola, Prudential, and Merch. Coleman says that based on what he's seen at big companies, he weighs the different elements that make for long term career success as follows: performance counts a mere 10%; image,30%; and exposure, a full 60%. Coleman concludes that excellent job performance is so common these days that while doing your work well may win you pay increases,it won't secure you the big promotion.He finds that advancement more often depends on how many people know you and your work, and how high up they are.Ridiculous beliefs? Not to many people, especially many women and members of minority races who, like Coleman, feel that the scales have dropped from their eyes. “Women and blacksin organizations work under false beliefs, ” say s Kaleel Jamison, a New York based management consultant who helps corporations deal with these issues. “ They think that if you work hard,you'll get ahead that soneone in authority will reach down and give you a promotion. ” She added, “Most women and blac ks are so fightened that people will think they've gotten ahead because of their sex or color that they play down their visibility. ” Her advice to those folks: learn theways that white males have traditionally used to find their way into the spotlight.63. According to the passage ，“things formerly judged to be best left unsaid ”( Para.1 )probably refers to “ ________ ”.A) the opinions which contradict the established beliefsB) criticisms that shape everyone's experienceC) the tendencies that help the newcomers to see office matters with a fresh eyeD) the ideas which usually come up with new ways of management in the organization64. To achieve success in your career , the most important factor , according to the passage ,is to _____ .A) work as a consultant to your superiorsB) project a favorable image to the people around youC) let your superiors know how good you areD) perform well your tasks given by your superiors65. The reason why women and blacks play down their visibility is that they ____ .A) know that someone in authority will reach down and give them a promotionB) don't want people to think that their promotions were due to sex or colorC) don't want to give people the impression that they work under false beliefsD) believe they can get promoted by reason of their sex or color66. The best title for this passage would be ____ .A) The Importance of Being VisibleB) Role of Women and Minorities in ManagementC) Job Performance and AdvancementD) Sex and Career SuccessPassage 5I came to live here where I am now between Wounded Knee Creek and Grass Creek. Others came too, and we made there little gray houses of logs that you see, and they are square. It is a bad way to live, for there can be no power in a square.You have noticed that everything an Indian does is in a circle, and that is because the Power of the World always works in circles, and everything tries to be round. In the old days when we were a strong and happy people, all our power came to us from the sacred hoop of the nation, and so long as the hoop was unbroken, the people flourished.The flowering tree was the living center of the hoop, and the circle of the four quarters nourished it .The east gave peace and light, the south gave warmth, the west gave rain, and the north with its cold and mighty wind gave strength and endurance. This knowledge came to us from the outer world with our religion.Everything the Power of the World does is done in a circle. The sky is round, and I have heard that the earth is round like a ball, and so are all the stars. The wind, in its greatest power, whirls. Birds make their nests in circles, for theirs is the same religion as ours. The sun comes forth and goes down again in a circle. The moon does the same, and both are round. Even the seasons form a great circle in their changing, and always come back again towhere they were. The life of a man is a circle from childhood to childhood, and so it is in everything where power moves. Our tepees were round like the nests of birds, and these were always set in a circle, the nation's hoop, a nest of many nests,where the Great Spirit meant for us to hatch our children.But the Wasichus have put us in these square boxes. Our power is gone and we are dying, for the power is not in us any more. You can look at our boys and see how it is with us. When we were living by the power of the circle in the way we should, boys were men at twelve or thirteen years of age. But now it takes them very much longer to mature.67. From the passage, we can see that the Indians ____ .A) don't have modern facilities in their homesB) are content to live where they areC) are strongly dissatisfied with their present statusD) are demanding better housing conditions68. To the narrator, roundness stands for ____ .A) a future better lifeB) the past glorious lifeC) the past achievements of the IndiansD) nature around the Indians69. In the third sentence of paragraph 2,the “four quarters ”refers to _______ .A) the four corners of the Indians' housesB) the four elements that are believed to make up everythingC) the four seasonsD) the four directionsPart IV English Chinese TranslationRead the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.(15 points)There's a lot of information technology packed between the leather cheeks of your wallet cheque cards ,credit cards , travel cards , phone cards. (71) The world of finance in particular has come up with numerousdevices that have made their way into our back pocket — to make it easier to spend , but , just as important , to keep track .The number of financial transactions in the UK has risen enormously in recent years.Excluding small daily cash deals, there are now more than 1000 transactions per person annually.(72) And for every one a record must be made of the sum, the parties involved and the purpose.73) Plastic money is big business : there are more than 420 million Visa cards alone on ____________the planet,worth something in the region of &700 billion,and the total of plastic transactions is expected to reach &4.8 billion in Britain by the end of the century.Common to all cards is that they are made of PVC (plastic ) and have ferro — magnetic strip on the back — thesamestuff as video tape.On most strips , information (such as the current account number ) is encoded by laser on two or three tracks. (74) What is never recorded on the strip is the PIN ________ (personal identification number )— the holder's secret password for withdrawing money.75) When a card is placed in an ATM a motorized reader scans the magnetic strip , requests the user'sPIN , checks the balance and , all being well , dispenses the cash. If the user enters three wrong PINs , the card is retained and recorded stolen.As today's technology goes , the magnetic strip that allows all this to happen is pretty primitive : OKfortravel cards and season tickets , but not a reliable anti — securitymeasure 」tcan be read by simple scanning machines that can be bought over the counterat electronic stores. With the introduction of smart cards and electronic money, security will cease to be a problem — at least for a while — and all other cards willbe irrelevant.The wallet of the futuremay be slimmer , but the data in it will be denser than ever. Part V Writing (15 points)Directions :A) Title: On TV ViewingB) You should write an essay on the outline below in no less than 150 words.C) Your essay should be written on Answer Sheet IIOutlines :70. In the first sentence of paragraph 4,A)the Indian's enemies B)the white men C)the Great Spirit D) the Power of the World“Wasichus ” probably refers to ____。

Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.( 10 points )In the past few decades, remarkable findings have been made in ethology, the study of animal social behavior. Earlier scientists had 1 that nonhuman social life was almost totally instinctive or fixed by genetics. Much more careful observation has shown that 2 variation occurs among the social ties of most species, showing that learning is a part of social life. That is, the 3 are not solely fixed by the genes.4，the learning that occurs is often at an early age in a process that is called imprinting. Imprinting is clearly 5 instinctive, but it is not quite like the learning of humans; it is something in between the two. An illustration best 6 the nature of imprinting. Once, biologists thought that ducklings followed the mother duck because of instincts. Now we know that, shortly 7 they hatch, ducklings fix 8 any object about the size of a duck and will henceforth follow it. So ducklings may follow a basketball or a briefcase if these are 9 for the mother duck at the time when imprinting occurs. Thus, social ties can be considerably 10, even ones that have a considerable base 11 by genetics.Even among the social insects something like imprinting 12 influence social behavior. For example, biologists once thought bees communicated with others purely 13 instinct. But, in examining a "dance" that bees do to indicate the distance and direction of a pollen source, observers found that bees raised in isolation could not communicate effectively. At a higher level, the genetic base seems to be much more for an all purpose learning rather than the more specific responses of imprinting. Chimpanzees, for instance, generally 14 very good mother but Jane Goodall reports that some chimps carry the infant upside down or 15 fail to nurture the young. She believes that these females were the youngest or the 16 child of a mother. In such circumstances, they did not have the opportunity to observe how their own mother 17 for her young. Certainly adolescent chimps who are still with their mothers when other young are born take much interest in the rearing of their young brother or sister. They have an excellent opportunity to learn, and the social ties that are created between mother and young 18 Goodall to describe the social unit as a family. The mother offspring tie is beyond 19;there is some evidence to 20 that ties also continue between siblings of the same sex, that is "brother brother" and "sister sister".1 A assumedB adoptedC believedD surmised2 A considerateB consideratedC considerableD considering3 A statuesB statusesC statutesD statures4 A What s moreB HenceC ButD However5 A notB onl yC butD solely6 A clarifiesB classifiesC definesD outlines7 A thanB beforeC whenD after8 A onB withC inD within9 A appropriatedB substitutedC assignedD distributed10 A variedB deviatedC differedD altered11 A fashionedB modifiedC inf luencedD affected12 A mayB shouldC mustD can13 A byB out ofC fromD through14 A proveB makeC turnD create15 A otherwiseB stillC yetD even16 A oneB soleC singleD only17 A lookedB attendedC caredD provided18 A guideB causeC directD lead19 A limitationB imaginationC doubtD expectation20 A adviseB hintC implyD suggestSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D Mark you r answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)Text 1New figures from France,Germany and Italy-the three biggest economies in the 12 country Eurozone -suggest the continent's economic woes may have been exaggerated.In France, evidence emerged that consumer spending remained solid in July and August,rising 1.4%and 0.6%respectively.Forecasters had generally expected the July figure to show a 0.1% slippage,with August unchanged.But the figures were flattered slightly by a down grade to the June figure,to 0.7% from1.5%.With manufacturing in the doldrums across Europe and the US,consumer spending has been increasingly seen as the best hope of stopping the global economic slowdown from turning into a recession.The French government said the news proved that the economy was holding up to the strain of the slowdown.Meanwhile in Germany,new regional price figures went someway towards calming fears about inflation in Europe's largest economy-a key reason for the European Central Bank's reluctance to cut interest 15 states said consumer prices were broadly stable,with inflation falling year on year.The information backed economists' expectations that inflation for the country as a whole is set to fall back to a yearly rate of 2.1%,compared to a yearly rate of 2.6% in August,closing in on the Euro wide target of 2%.The drop is partly due to last year's spike in oil prices dropping out of the year on year calculation.The icing on the cake was news that Italy's job market has remained buoyant.The country's July unemployment rate dropped to 9.4% from 9.6% the month before,its lowest level in more than eight years.And a business confidence survey from quasi governmental research group ISAE told of a general pick up in demand in the six weeks to early September.But the news was tempered by an announcement by Alitalia,the country's biggest airline,that it will have to get rid of 2，500 staff to cope with the expected contraction as well as selling 12 aeroplanes. And industrial group Confindustria warned that the attacks on US targetsmeant growth will be about 1.9% this year,well short of the government's 2.4% target. And it said the budget deficit will probably be about 1.5%,nearly twice the 0.8% Italy's government has promised its European Union partners.21 We know from the first paragraph that.A new figures from the three European countries show the prediction of forecasters is exactly rightB European economy gets on better than forecasters have predictedC all of the forecasters expect the fully figure to show a reductionD in threeE uropean countries the consumer spending continues to rise22 The term"in the doldrums"in Paragraph 2 refers to .A in the process of risingB experiencing a sharp turningC in the recessionD rising rapidly23 Which of the following statements i s true according to the text?.A The reason for the ECB's unwilling to cut interest rates is inflation was actually expected to fall in GermanyB In Germany consumer prices were fallingC Last year's oil prices dropping out of the year on year ca lculation directly leads to the drop of inflationD The European Central Bank is willing to cut interest rate24 ln this passage,the word"buoyant" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to the word.A depressingB gloomyC activeD calm25 lndustria l group Confindustria warned that.A the attacks on US targets lead to the comparatively lower growthB the growth had been well short of the government's targetC the budget deficit must be about 1.5%D the budget deficit will probably be grea t different from the country's promiseText 2Survey results indicate that smoking and alcohol and marijuana use increased among residents of Manhattan during the 5～8 weeks after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center which took place on September 11, 2001. Almost one third of the nearly 1,000 persons interviewed reported an increased use of alcohol, marijuana, or cigarettes following the September 11th attacks. The largest increase was in alcohol use. About one fourth of the respondents said they were drinking more alcohol in the weeks after September 11; about 10% reported an increase in smoking, and 3.2% said they had increased their use of marijuana.The investigators found survey participants by randomly dialing New York City phone numbers and screened potential respondents for Manhattan residents living in areas close to the World Trade Center. Interviews were conducted with 988 individuals between October 16 and November 15, 2001. Participants were asked about their cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and marijuana use habits before and after September 11. During the week prior to September 11, 2001, 22.6% of the participants reported smoking cigarettes, 59.1% drinking alcohol, and 4.4% using marijuana. After September 11th, 23.4% reported smoking cigarettes, 64.4% drinking alcohol, and 5.7% smoking marijuana. Among those who smoked, almost 10% reported smoking at least an extra pack of cigarettes a week and among those who drank alcohol, more than 20% reported imbibing at least one extra drink a day.The researchers found that people who reported an increase in substance abuse were more likely to suffer from post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and from depression. People who reported an increase in cigarette smoking or marijuana use were also more likely to have both PTSD and depression, while those who reported an increase in alcohol use were more likely to have depression only. Persons who were living closer to the World Trade Center were more likely to increase their cigarette smoking, but other factors such as being displaced from home, losing possessions during the attacks, or being involved in the rescue efforts were not consistently associated with increased substance use. Symptoms of panic attack were associated with anincrease in the use of all substances.Increase in substance abuse did not differ significantly between men and women or among racial or ethnic groups. Demographic factors such as age, marital status, and income seemed to play a more critical role in determining if the events of September 11th led to an increase in substance use.26. The survey results suggest that the largest increase in substance use was .A alcoholB marijuanaC cigarettesD cocaine27. The survey participants were .A randomly selected Uni t ed States citizensB randomly selected New York City citizensC randomly selected Manhattan residents who live close to the World Trade CenterD randomly selected American citizens who witnessed the terrorist attack28. The author is trying to show that .A use of substances may vary from time to timeB abuse of certain substances is harmful for healthC the attack of september 11th has left incurable harm to people s mental healthD terrorist attack increase anxiety and sens e of insecurity among residents29. What can be said about substance abuse after September 11?A People who reported an increase in alcohol use were more likely to have PTSD.B People who were living closer to World Trade Center were most likely to increase cigarette smoking.C Displacement from home and involvement in rescue efforts were consistently associated with increased substance use.D Symptoms of panic attach were unrelated with increased use of substances.30. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A Demographic information such as gender, race and marital status was not collected.B Gender and race do not have much effect on the amount of substance abuse.C Age and marital status do not make any difference on substance abuse.D Income is a better predictor of substance abuse than age.Text 3The entrepreneur, according to French economist J.B. Say, "is a person who shifts economic resources out of an area of lower and into an area of higher productivity and yield."But Say s definition does not tell us who this entrepreneur is. Some define the entrepreneur simply as one who starts his or her own new and small business. For our purposes, we will define the entrepreneur as a person who takes the necessary risks to organize and manage a business and receives the financial profits and nonmonetary rewards.The man who opens a small pizza restaurant is in business, but is he an entrepreneur? He took a risk and did something, but did he shift resources or start the business? If the answer is yes, then he is considered an entrepreneur. Ray Kroc is an example of an entrepreneur because he founded and established McDonald s. His hamburgers were not a new idea, but he applied new techniques, resource allocations, and organizational methods in his venture. Ray Kroc upgraded the productivity and yield from the resources applied to create his fast food chain. This is what entrepreneurs do; this is what entrepreneurship means.Many of the sharp, black and white contrasts between the entrepreneur and theprofessional have faced to a gray color. Formerly, professionals such as doctors, lawyers, dentists, and accountants were not supposed to be entrepreneurial, aggressive, or market oriented. They were "above" the market driven world. Entrepreneurs, on the other hand, were the mavericks of society. They were risk takers who aggressively sought to make something happen. Long hours were about all the two worlds had in common. However, increased competition, saturated markets, and a more price conscious public have changed the world of the professionals. Today they need to market their skills, talents, and competencies; Lawyers advertise their services. Doctors specialize in one form of surgery. Accounting firms join with other businesses(e.g., consulting and law) to serve clients.Entrepreneurs exhibit many different behaviors; searching for a specific personality pattern is very difficult. Some entrepreneurs are quiet, introverted, and analytical. On the other hand, some are brash, extroverted, and very emotional. many of them share some qualities. Viewing change as the norm, entrepreneurs usually search for it, respond to it, and treat it as an opportunity. An entrepreneur such as Ray Kroc of McDonald s is able to take resources and shift them to meet a need. Making the decision to shift resources works better if a person is creative, experienced, and confident.31.According to the first paragraph, who can be regarded as an entrepreneur?A.The CEO of a big company.B.The owner of a profitable restaurant.C.A man who started a new kind of business but eventually failed after 5 years because of some financial problems.D.A successful salesman.32.Which of the followings are necessary for an entrepreneur?①a resource shifter②one who starts a new business③non professional④money gaining⑤a risk takerA.①②③B.①②④⑤C.①②⑤D.①②③④⑤33.From the text, we learn that .A.an entrepreneur should be very extrovertedB.an entrepreneur should be quick to seize opportunitiesC.change is not norm in an entrepreneur s eyesD.the French economist J.B. Say is the first person who gave the definition of "entrepreneur"34.The purpose of the author in writing the passage is to .plete the definition of entrepreneurB.tell the readers what is entrepreneur and the main characteristics of entrepreneursC.show what kind of people can become entrepreneursD.illustrate why Ray Kroc can become an entrepreneur35.What will most possibly follow the text?A.An example of how an entrepreneur operates.B.Another theory about entrepreneurship.C.The bad effects of entrepreneurs.D.The good effects of entrepreneurs.Text 4Modern technology and science have produced a wealth of new materials and new ways of using old materials.For the artist this means wider opportunities.There is no doubt that the limitations of materials and nature of tools both restrict and shape a man's work.Observe how the development of plastics and light metals along with new methods of welding has changed the direction of sculpture.Transparent plastic materials allow one to look through an object,to see its various sides superimposed on each other(as in Cubism or in an X ray).Today,welding is as prevalent as casting was in the past.This new method encourages open designs,where surrounding and intervening space becomes as important as form itself.More ambiguous than other scientific inventions familiar to modern artists,but no less influential,are the psychoanalytic studies of Freud and his followers,discoveries that have infiltrated recent art,especially Surrealism.The Surrealists,in their struggle to escape the monotony and frustrations of everyday life,claimed that dreams were the only hope.Turning to the irrational world of their unconscious,they banished all time barriers and moral judgements to combine disconnected dream experiences from the past,present and intervening psychological states.The Surrealists were concerned with overlapping emotions more than with overlapping forms.Their paintings often become segmented capsules of associative experiences.For them,obsessive and often unrelated images replaced the direct emotional message of expressionism.They did not need to smash paint and canvas;they went beyond this to smash the whole continuity of logical thought.There is little doubt that contemporary art has taken much from contemporary life.In a period when science has made revolutionary strides,artists in their studios have not been unaware of scientists in their laboratories.But this has rarely been a one w ay street.Painters and sculptors,though admittedly influenced by modern science,have also molded and changed our world.If break up has been a vital part of their expression,it has not always been a symbol of destruction.Quite the contrary:it has been used to examine more fully,to penetrate more deeply,to analyze more thoroughly,to enlarge,isolate and make more familiar certain aspects of life that earlier we were apt to neglect.In addition,it sometimes provides rich multiple experiences so organized as not merely to reflect our world,but in fact to interpret it.36.According to the passage,it is true that.A artistic creations seem to be the reproductions of modern technologyB artistic creations have made great strides scientificallyC artistic creations appear to be incapable of ignoring material a dvancesD artistic creations are the reflection of the material world37.The welding techniques.A can cause a lot of changes in sculpture artsB permit details of an object to be seen clearlyC can superimpose multiple sides of sculpto r's designsD can make artists adaptable to be surroundings38.We can learn from the text that Freud's studies.A are more ambiguous than any other scientific inventionB have influenced other scientific inventionsC cause SurrealismD have infiltrated Surrealism39.Which of the following is true about Surrealists?A They diminished all time barriers and moral judgements to combine disconnecteddream experiences.B They tried to express their subconscious world.C They could transform real existence into incoherent dreams.D They wanted to substitute direct expressions for fragmented images.40.The sentence "But this has rarely been a one way street."in the last paragraph means that.A contemporary art has be en nourished by modern scienceB modern science has been nourished by artC artists can become scientists and scientists can become artistsD the impacts of modern art and science are actually mutualPart BDirections:In the following article,some sentences have been removed .For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points) Aremote Patagonian town that's just beginning to prosper by guiding tourists through the virgin forests nearby is being shaken by the realization that it's sitting on a gold mine. Literally.41)___________________________________________________________________Esquel's plight is winning attention from international conservation and environmental groups such as Greenpeace. 42)__________________________About 3.2 million acres already are under contract for mineral exploration in poor and sparsely settled Chubut Province, where Esquel is, near the southern tip of South America.43)______________________________________Meridian's project, about 5 miles outside Esquel at a higher elevation, is about 20 miles from a national park that preserves rate trees known as alerces, a southern relative of California's giant sequoia. Some of them have been growing serenely in the temperate rain forest for more than 3,000 years.The greatest fear is that cyanide, which is used to leach gold from ore, will drain downhill and poison Esquel's and possibly the park's water supplies. The mine will use 180 tons of the deadly chemical each month. Although many townspeople and some geologists disagree, the company says any excess cyanide would drain away from Esquel."We won't allow them to tear things up and leave us with the toxic aftermath," said Felix Aguilar, 28, as he piloted a boatload of tourists through a lake in the Alerces National Park."We take care of things here, so that the entire world can hear and see nature in its pure state. The world must help us prevent this."44)__________________________________________________________________________A young English botanist named Charles Darwin, the author of the theory of evolution, was the first European to see alerces, with trunks that had a circumference of 130 feet. He gave the tree its generic name, Fitzroya cupressoides, for the captain of his ship, Robert Fitzroy.Argentina, pressed by the United States, Canada, the World Bank and other global lenders, rewrote its mining laws in the 1990s to encourage foreign investment.45)________________________________________Argentina took in more than＄1 billion over the past decade by granting explorationcontracts for precious metals to more than 70 foreign and domestic companies. If the country were to turn away a major investor, the message to its mining sector would be chilling.［A］Whether Meridian Gold Corp. gets its open pit gold mine outside Esquel could determine the fate of mining in Patagonia, a pristine region spanning southern Argentina and Chile.［B］Forest ecologist Paul Alaback, a University of Montana professor who studies the alerces, said Argentine authorities could gain from Alaska's successful nature based tourism.［C］More than 3,000 worried Esquel residents recently took to the streets in protests aimed at assuring that their neat community of 28,000 becomes a ecotourism center, not a gold rush town.［D］American Douglas Tomkins,the founder of the Esprit clothing line and a prominent global conservationist, has bought more than 800,000 wilderness acres in Chile to preserve alerces and protect what's left of the temperate rain forest. Ted Turner, the communications magnate, also has bought land in Argentine Patagonia with an eye to conservation.［E］Residents also complain that Argentina hasn't given nature based tourism a chance.［F］Mining companies received incentives such as 30 years without new taxes and duty free imports of earth moving equipment.［G］In Argentina, the town has become a national symbol in the debate over exploitation vs. preservation of the country's vast natural resources.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)For better or worse,multiple marriages aren't just for actress Elizabeth Taylor (renowned for her eight marriages) anymore.More Americans than ever are tying the knot (getting married) for the third time or more.Lynn Y. Naugle Haspel,a 53 year old family therapist in New Orleans,says that people's personal needs and desires simply changes as their life evolves."What functions well in the first part of our lives may not function well in the second or third parts of our lives,"she explains.She didn't start her career as a therapist until her children from her first marriage went to school.That marriage lasted 21 years,her second marriage five years.Two years ago,she wed for a third time,and she describes this union as an "extremely easy marriage".Today,at an estimated one of seven weddings,the bride,the groom or both are making that trip down the aisle for at least the third time.That's twice as many as a generation ago,according to the US National Centre for Health Statistics.46)In part,the surge in multiple marriages is a side effect of the 1970s divorce boom that has supplied an ever expanding pool of divorced singles.Even the simple fact that people are living longer has opened the door to marrying more often.No fault divorce laws (meaning no one is blamed for the failure of the marriage),and cultural changes have also meant there's less peer pressure than in past generations to stay in a joyless or abusive marriage.47)While a single divorce didn't block either Ronald Reagan or Bob Dole from seeking the most highly scrutinized job in America - the US presidency - modern society still raises an eyebrow at more than one matrimonial mistake.Indeed,there are signs that attitudes are changing.Even the language is softening.Clinical papers in social science journals no longer probe for "neurosis" or mental depressive disorderamong the "divorce prone". More and more marriages are said to "end," not "fail," and one author has coined the term "encore marriages"."It's coming out of the closet or becoming more accepted," says Glenda Riley,a Ball State University professor who wrote a book on the history of divorce in the US.48)"There's still embarrassment on the personal level,while there is growing acceptance on the public level" for three or more marriages in a lifetime.49)Some experts say that the trend toward multiple marriages shows an erosion in Americans' capacity for commitment."We live in the age of light.We have light cream cheese,light beer,light mayonnaise,"says Wayne Sotile,a psychologist and marriage counselor in Winston Salem,North Carolina.But,he adds,"There's no such thing as light,long term,intimate,romantic marriage.You've got to commit yourself to those thi n gs."There's no guarantee,of course,that the third time is the best.50)To the contrary,second and third marriages run an equal or greater risk of divorce than first marriages,which today are given 4 out of 10 odds of failing,and they tend to end more q uickly.Divorce statistics show that failed second marriages typically end two years sooner than first marriages,lasting six years on average rather than eight.That leaves some doubly divorced people open for a third try at a relatively young age.Section ⅢWritingPart A51.Direction:You've just come back from a tour in JiuZhaiGou, and you're writing to your friend Mary.1)tell her that you've been back at the very day2)share your travelling experience with her3）invite her to a tour in ZhangJiajie in the coming yearYou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Jane" instead. You do not need to wirte the address.(10 points) Part B52.Direction:study the following picture carefully and write an essay of about 200 words.In the essay you should1)interpret the picture's meaning2)give your comments on the phenomenon3)give your suggestions to solve the problem答案Section ⅠUse of English1 A assumed根据题意，"早期的科学家，假定非人类动物的社会生活几乎完全是天生的，或是由遗传决定的",assume多用于未证实的假定；adopt 意为"采用，接受"；believe 意为"相信"；surmise 意为"猜测，推测"，相当于"guess"。

考研英语模拟题及答案SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points )Among the devastating consequences of AIDS has 1 its epidemic spread in the developing world. The disease has caused 2 suffering, debilitation, loss of life and disruption of family, social and economic 3. Because of the considerable expense and logistical difficulty in providing antiviral drugs to populations 4 with the human immunodeficiency virus 5 the world, the biomedical community is looking towards vaccines to help solve this compelling problem.The search for an AIDS vaccine began more than 15 years ago with great 6 and high expectations. With the 7 of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the cause of AIDS, it seemed that a 8 would follow closely behind. But despite a large concerted effort, the problem has proven more difficult than 9, and progress has not 10 the 11 hopes. Here I review the 12 scientific obstacles confronting the development of an effective HIV vaccine, and I consider 13 strategies to overcome these obstacles.It is instructive to consider the circumstances that have 14 to past successes in vaccine development. The smallpox vaccine is 15 the most successful inventions in the history of 16. Why, 200 years ago, without the benefit of modern biotechnology, did the smallpox vaccine succeed so readily while an AIDS vaccine 17 elusive? The answer lies in an experiment of nature that provided, to an astute observer, a clear direction for smallpox vaccine development. In this classic story of 18 discovery, Edward Jennet noticed that milk maids who had previously contracted cowpox were 19 to smallpox infection. This observation was the critical event leading to the finding that the cowpox virus cross-reacted immunologically with the smallpox virus and could 20 be used to protect against smallpox.1. A. on B. with C. been D. about2. A. unpredicted B. uncontrollable C. unimaginable D. unprecedented3. A. stability B. instability C. permanency D. soundness4. A. harmed B. infected C. infectious D. infectable5. A. everywhere B. throughout C. devastating D. occupying6. A. difficulty B. concern C. optimism D. pessimism7. A. confirmation B. identification C. information D. precaution8. A. cure B. capsule C. medication D. vaccine9. A. ever B. anticipated C. possible D. necessary10. A. surpassed B. out-balanced C. matched D. rivaled11. A. origin B. initial C. great D. modest12. A. majority B. primary C. principal D. premier13. A. potential B. initiative C. practicalD. existing14. A. lead B. caused C. contributed D. cooperated15. A. by far B. till now C. among D. considered16. A. vaccine B. medicine C. smallpox D. AIDS17. A. slowly B. fails C. remains D. counts18. A. accidental B. importanc C. scientific D. vaccine19. A. vulnerable B. resistant C. opposing D. defendant20. A. safely B. therefore C. as well D. possiblySection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark you answers on ANSWER SHEETⅠ.(40 points)Text 1On an average of six times a day, a doctor in Holland practices "active" euthanasia: intentionally administering a lethal drug to a terminally ill patient who has asked to be relieved of suffering. Twenty times a day, life-prolonging treatment is withheld or withdrawn when there is no hope that it can effect an ultimate cure. "Active" euthanasia remains a crime on the Dutch statute books punishable by 12 years in prison. But a series of court cases over the past 15 years has made it clear that a competent physician who carries it out will not be prosecuted.Euthanasia, often called "mercy killing", is a crime everywhere in Western Europe. But more and more doctors and nurses in Britain, West Germany, Holland and elsewhere readily admit to practicing it, most often in the "passive" form of withholding or withdrawing treatment. The long simmering euthanasia issue has lately boiled over into a sometimes fierce public debate, with both sides claiming the mantle of ultimate righteousness. Those opposed to the practice see themselves up-holding sacred principles of respect for life, while those in favor raise the banner of humane treatment. After years on the defensive, the advocates now seem to be gaining ground. Recent polls in Britain show that 72 percent of British subjects favor euthanasia in some circumstances. An astonishing 76 percent of respondents to a poll taken late last year in France said they would like the law changed to decriminalize mercy killings.Reasons for the latest surge of interest in euthanasia are not hard to find. Europeans, like Americans, are now living longer. The average European male now lives to the age of 72, women to almost 80. As Derek Humphrey, a leading British advocate of "rational euthanasia" says, "lingering chronic diseases have replaced critical illnesses as the primary cause of death."And so the euthanasists have begun to press their case with greater force. They argue that every human being should have the right to "die with dignity", by which they usually mean the right to escape the horrors of a painful or degrading hospitalization. Most advocates of voluntary euthanasia has argued that the right to die should be accorded only to the terminally and incurably ill, but the movement also includes a small minority who believe in euthanasia for anyone who rationally decides to take his own life.That right is unlikely to get legal recognition any time in the near future. Even in the Netherlands, the proposals now before Parliament would restrict euthanasia to a small number of cases and would surround even those with elaborate safeguards.21.According to Paragraph 1, which of the following is not true?A. "Active"euthanasia is regarded as a crime by Dutch law.B.The doctor who carried out euthanasia will be charged.C.An unqualified doctor carrying out euthanasia will be accused.D. "Active"euthanasia executives will be sentenced to 12 years imprisonment.22.Euthanasia is often called "mercy killing", which implies that .A.people should show sympathy for a terminally ill patientB.some doctors murder patients shielding themselves from mercyC.humane treatment to dying patients should be requiredD.the dying patients are suffering from the pain and they don’t want to live on23.Most advocates of voluntary euthanasia hold the opinion that .A.only terminally ill patients can have euthanasiaB.if anyone who rationally decides to end his life, he can have euthanasiaC.people should respect for lifeD.no matter what punishment they get, they’ll carry out euthanasia to patients24.The author’s attitudes towards euthanasia is .A.positiveB.negativeC.objectiveD.uncertain25.In Paragraph 2, "boiled over" means .A.burst(into)B.make the water hot enough to boilC.cause great angerD.fight one anotherText 2Bank of America, holding company for the San Francisco-based Bank of America, was once unchallenged as the nation’s biggest banking organization. At its peak, it had more branches in California, 1,100 than the U.S. Postal Service. It was also a highly profitable enterprise. But since 1980, Bank of America’s earnings have been down or flat. From March 1985 to March 1986, for example, earnings per share dropped 50.8 percent. Samuel H. Armacost, president and CEO, has confessed that he doesn’t expect a turnaround soon.Some of Bank of America’s old magic seems to have rubbed off on New York’s Citibank, perennial rival for top banking honors. Thanks to aggressive growth policies, Citicorp’s assets topped Bank of America’s for the first time in 1983 and by a healthy margin. Citibank has also been generating profits at a fast clip, enabling it to spend lavishly on campaigns to enter new markets-notably Bank of America’s turf in California.The bad times Bank of America is currently facing are partly the result of the good times the bank enjoyed earlier. Based ina large and populous state and operating in a regulated environment, Bank of America thrived. Before deregulation, banks could not compete by offering savers a higher return, so they competed with convenience. With a branch at every crossroads, Bank of America was able to attract 40 percent of the California deposit market a source of high earnings when the legal maximum payable to depositors was much lower than the interest on loans.The progressive deregulation of banking forced Bank of America to fight for its customers by offering them competitive rates. But how could this mammoth bureaucracy, with its expensive overhead, offer rates as attractive as its loaner competitors? Pruning the establishment was foremost in the minds of Bank of America policymakers. But cutbacks have proceeded slowly. Although the bank is planning to consolidate by offering full services only in key branches, so far only about 40 branches have been closed. Cutbacks through attrition have reduced the work force from 83,000 to fewer than 73,000; wholesale layoffs, it seems, would not fit the tradition of the organization. And they would intensify the morale problems that already threaten the institution.26 According to the passage, New York’s Citibank .A.is a dark horse in the field of bankingB.has been growing in a moderate wayC.has been making efforts to conquer the markets of Bank of AmericaD.has more branches than Bank of America now27 Which of the following is NOT the reason for which Bank of America thrived?A.It’s turf California was a state with a large number of population.B.The economic environment that was controlled by the government.C.Its deposit rate was higher than that of other banks.D.Its large amount of branches.28 The phrase "mammoth bureaucracy" in Paragraph 4 refers to .A.its expensive overheadB.its large amount of branchesC.its long historyD.corruption of its leaders29 Now the most important factor for a bank to win in competition seems to be .A.higher deposit rateB.flexibility of capitalC.high banking honorsD.support of the government30 Which of the following conclusions can’t be drawn from the passage?A.The U.S. Postal Service had less than 1,100 branches in California a few decades before.B.The profit of the Bank of America has been reducing since the 1980s.C.The prospect of the Bank of America is not quite promising.D.Moral problem is also a factor that leads to the decline of the Bank of America.Text 3Volcanic fire and glacial ice are natural enemies. Eruptions at glaciated volcanoes typically destroy ice fields, as they did in 1980 when 70 of Mount Saint Helens ice cover was demolished. During long dormant intervals, glaciers gain the upper hand cutting deeply into volcanic cones and eventually reducing them to rubble. Only rarely do these competing forces of heat and cold operate in perfect balance to create a phenomenon such as the steam caves at Mount Rainier National Park.Located inside Rainier’s two ice-filled summit craters, these caves form a labyrinth of tunnels and vaulted chambers about one and one-half miles in total length. Their creation depends on an unusual combination of factors that nature almost never brings together in one place. The cave-making recipe calls for a steady emission of volcanic gas and heat, a heavy annual snowfall at an elevation high enough to keep it from melting during the summer, and a bowl-shaped crater to hold the snow.Snow accumulating yearly in Rainier’s summit craters is compacted and compressed into a dense form of ice called firm, a substance midway between ordinary ice and the denser crystalline ice that makes up glaciers. Heat rising from numerous openings (called fumaroles) along the inner crater walls melts out chambers between the rocky walls and the overlying ice pack. Circulating currents of warm air then melt additional openings in the firm ice, eventually connecting the individual chambers and, in the larger of Rainier’s the crater’s, forming a continuous passageway the extends two-thirds of the Way around the crater’s interior.To maintain the cave system, the elements of fire under ice must remain in equilibrium, enough snow must fill the crater each year to replace that melted from below. If too much volcanic heat is discharged, the crater’s ice pack will melt away entirely and the caves will vanish along with the snows of yesteryear. If too little heat is produced, the ice, replenished annually by winter snowstorms, will expand, pushing against the enclosing crater walls and smothering the present caverns in solid firm ice.31.With what topic is the passage mainly concerned?A.The importance of snowfall for Mount Rainier.B.The steam caves of Mount Rainier’s.C.How ice covers are destroyed.D.The eruption of Mount Saint Helens in 1980.32.According to the passage, long periods of volcanic inactivity can lead to a volcanic cone’s .A.strong eruptionB.sudden growthC.destructionD.unpredictability33.The second paragraph mentions all of the following as necessary elements in the creation of steam caves EXCEPT .A.a glacierB.a craterC.heatD.snow34.According to the passage, heat from Mount Rainier’s summit craters rises from .A.crystalline iceB.firmsC.chambersD.fumaroles35.In the last line, "smothering" means .A.eliminateB.enlargedC.preventedD.hollowedText 4Languages will continue to diverge. Even if English were to become the universal language, it would still take many different forms.Indeed the same could happen to English as has happened to Chinese: a language of intellectuals which doesn’t vary hugely alongside a large number of variants used by local peoples.We will continue to teach other languages in some form, and not just for reasons of practicality. Learning a language is good for your mental health; it forces you to understand another cultural and intellectual system. So I hope British education will develop a more rational approach to the foreign languages available to students in line with their political importance. Because so many people believe it’s no longer important to know another language, I fear that time devoted to language teaching in schools may well continue to decline. But you can argue that learning another language well is more taxing than, say, learning to play chess well—it involves sensitivity to a set of complicated rules, and also to context.Technology will certainly make a difference to the use of foreign languages. Computers may, for instance, alleviate the drudgery that a vast translation represents. But no one who has seen a computer translation will think it can substitute for knowledge of the different languages. A machine will always be behind the times. Still more important is the fact that no computer will ever get at the associations beyond the words associations that may not be expressed but which carry much of the meaning. In languages like Arabic that context is very important. Languages come with heavy cultural baggage too—in French or German if you missed the cultural references behind a word you’re very likely to be missing the meaning. It will be very hard to teach all that to a computer.All the predictions are that English will be spoken by a declining proportion of the world’s population in the 21st century. I don’t think foreign languages will really become less important, but they might be perceived to be—and that would in the end be a very bad thing.36.From the first paragraph we can infer that .A English is the universal languageB Chinese would become the universal languageC Languages always take kinds of formsD English has no variants, but Chinese does37.Which of the following is true?A If a language is not good for practicality, we can drop it.B We can understand another cultural and intellectual system by learning language.C Time devoted to language teaching has never declined.D We should spend more time in learning language than playing chess.38.Why can’t a computer translation substitute for knowledge of different languages? Because .A computers can alleviate much drudgeryB computer is always behind the timesC computer can’t get the inner meaning of wordsD computer has no sensation39.What does the author mean by "that would in the end be a very bad thing"?A Less and less people will use English.B Foreign languages will become less important.C Foreign languages will be perceived less important.D We must realize the importance of foreign languages.40.Which is the best title of the passage?A Learning Foreign Languages.B Language Continuing to Diverge.C The Limitation of Technology in Learning Foreign Language.D The Inner Meaning of Words.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Even some ardent conservationists acknowledge that the diversity of life on Earth cannot be fully sustained as human populations expand use more resources nudge the climate and move weedlike pests and predators from place to place.Given that some losses are inevitable, the debate among many experts has shifted to an uncomfortable subject—what level of loss is acceptable. The discussion is taking place at both the local and global levels. 41)______________________________. And as global biodiversity diminishes, is it a valid fallback strategy to bank organisms and genes in zoos, DNA banks or the like, or does this simply justify more habitat destruction?42)_________________________________________. Some conservation groups have strenuously avoided or even attacked such calculations and strategies. They say there is no safe diminution of habitat as long as human understanding of ecology is as sketchy as it is a fallback strategy is unthinkable. Furthermore banking nature in a deep freeze or database of gene sequences cannot capture context. 43)_____________________. On the other side of the debate those considering what the smallest viable habitats are or how to expand archives as an insurance policy say that recent trends have proved that old conservation strategies are no longer sufficient. 44)_____________________________.Twenty four years ago Dr. Thomas E. Lovejoy and other biologists began a remarkable experiment on the fast eroding fringe of rain forest near the Brazilian city of Manaus. They established 11 forest tracts ranging from 2.5 to 250 acres each surrounded by an isolating sea of pasture similar to what is advancing around most other tropical forests. Among the many findings an analysis published last week on birds in the lower layers of greenery found that it would take a fragment measuring at least 2 500 acres—10 times as large as the biggest one in the experiment—to prevent a decline of 50 percent in those bird varieties in just 15 years or so.45)____________________________________________________________.[A]For instance even if a vanished bird was someday reconstituted from its genes wouldit warble with the same fluency as its ancestors?[B] "we’re better off trying to preserve the diversity of what we have rather than trying to regenerate it in the future."[C]The San Diego Zoo has its parallel Frozen Zoo an archive of thousands of DNA samples and cell lines from a host of species.[D]Is nature on ice a sufficient substitute for the real thing?[E]How small can a fragment of an ecosystem be and still function in all its richness,and thus be considered preserved?[F]In the understated language of science the new study in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences concludes "This is unfortunate when one considers that for some species rich areas of the planet a large proportion of remaining forest is in fragments smaller than 2500 acres."[G]A few decades ago the issue seemed fairly uncomplicated identify biological "hot spots" or species of concern and establish as many reserves as possible. But the picture has grown murky.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)46)To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is prong, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error.If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself.47)Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you don’t is a fatal mistake, to which we are all prone. I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles, because I have been told that they do; but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs, I should not commit myself until I had seen one enjoying this unappetizing diet. Aristotle, however, was less cautious. Ancient and medieval authors knew all about unicorns and salamanders; not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because he had never seen one of them.Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. If, like most of mankind, you have occasional convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias.48)If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way.Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic, because in arithmetic there is knowledge, but in theology there is only opinion.49)So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants.A good way of riding yourself of certain kinds of dogmatism is to become aware of opinions held in social circles different from your own. When I was young, I lived much outside my own country in France, Germany, Italy, and the United States. I found this very profitable in diminishing the intensity of insular prejudice.For those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different bias. This has one advantage, and only one, as compared with actual conversation with opponents; this one advantage is that the method is not subject to the same limitations of time and space. Mahatma Gandhi deplored railways and steamboats and machinery; he would have liked to undo the whole of the industrial revolution. You may never have an opportunity of actually meeting any one who holds this opinion, because in Western countries most people take the advantages of modern technique for granted. But if you want to make sure that you are right in agreeing with the prevailing opinion, you will find it a good plan to test the arguments that occur to you by considering what Gandhi might have said in refutation of them.50)I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue, and, short of this, I have frequently found myself growing less dogmatic and cocksure through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent.Section ⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Suppose you are a teacher who is going to give a lecture to freshmen on how to enjoy university life. You need to write a note before giving the lecture. The note should include:1)arrange your time properly2)keep harmony with roommates and classmates3)take an active part in societiesYou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Part B52.Directions:study the following picture carefully and write an essay to1)describe the picture2)give your comments on the phenomenon3)suggest counter-measures答案SectionⅠUse of English1. C.beenhas been表现在完成。

2021年考研《英语一》模拟试题及答案（卷一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points) As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.”3 seemingly innocent ,this loss of mental focus can potentially have a (n) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 anddeveloped the first “brain training program”designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1. [A] where [B] when [C] that [D] why2. [A] improves [B] fades [C] recovers [D] collapses3. [A] If [B] Unless [C] Once [D] While4. [A] uneven [B] limited [C] damaging [D] obscure5. [A] wellbeing [B] environment [C] relationship [D] outlook6. [A] turns [B] finds [C] points [D] figures7. [A] roundabouts [B] responses [C] workouts [D] associations8. [A] genre [B] functions [C] circumstances [D] criterion9. [A] channel [B] condition [C] sequence [D] process10. [A] persist [B] believe [C] excel [D] feature11. [A] Therefore [B] Moreover [C] Otherwise [D] However12. [A] according to [B] regardless of [C] apart from [D] instead of13. [A] back [B] further [C] aside [D] around14. [A] sharpness [B] stability [C] framework [D] flexibility15. [A] forces [B] reminds [C] hurries [D] allows16. [A] hold [B] track [C] order [D] pace17. [A] to [B] with [C] for [D] on18. [A] irregularly [B] habitually [C] constantly [D] unusually19. [A] carry [B] put [C] build [D] take20. [A] risky [B] effective [C] idle [D] familiarSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In order to “change lives for the better”and reduce “dependency”George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search”scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.”he claimed.“We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster.”Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms”to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidizes laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”—protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency—permanent dependency if you can get it —supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years ofever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase “jobseeker’s allowance”is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker”who had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,”conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at £71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.21.George Osborne’s scheme was intended to .[A] provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits[B] encourage jobseekers’active engagement in job seeking[C] motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily[D] guarantee jobseekers’legitimate right to benefits22.The phrase, “to sign on”(Line 3, Para.2) most probably means .[A] to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre[B] to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance[C] to register for an allowance from the government[D] to attend a governmental job-training program23.What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A] A desire to secure a better life for all.[B] An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C] An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D] A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24.According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel .[A] uneasy[B] enraged[C] insulted[D] guilty25.To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A] The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’laziness.[B] Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.[C] The jobseekers’allowance has met their actual needs.[D] Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.Text 2All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pileinto law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or non-profit work, and that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-likeownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.26.A lot of students take up law as their profession due to .[A] the growing demand from clients[B] the increasing pressure of inflation[C] the prospect of working in big firms[D] the attraction of financial rewards27.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?[A] Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B] Admissions approval from the bar association.[C] Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.[D] Receiving training by professional associations.28.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from .[A] lawyers’and clients’strong resistance[B] the rigid bodies governing the profession[C] the stem exam for would-be lawyers[D] non-professionals’sharp criticism29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive”partly because it .[A] bans outsiders’involvement in the profession[B] keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares[C] aggravates the ethical situation in the trade[D] prevents lawyers from gaining due profits30.In this text, the author mainly discusses .[A] flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes[B] the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America[C] a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it[D] the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal educationText 3The US $ 3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awardsfor researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobles, The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must stillbe living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobles were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31.The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as .[A] a symbol of the entrepreneurs’wealth[B] a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes[C] an example of bankers’investments[D] a handsome reward for researchers32.The critics think that the new awards will most benefit .[A] the profit-oriented scientists[B] the founders of the new awards[C] the achievement-based system[D] peer-review-led research33.The discovery of the Higgs boson is atypical case which involves .[A] controversies over the recipients’status[B] the joint effort of modern researchers[C] legitimate concerns over the new prizes[D] the demonstration of research findings34.According to Paragraph 4,which of the following is true of the Nobles?[A] Their endurance has done justice to them.[B] Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.[C] They are the most representative honor.[D] History has never cast doubt on them.35.The author believes that the now awards are .[A] acceptable despite the criticism[B] harmful to the culture of research[C] subject to undesirable changes[D] unworthy of public attentionText 4“The Heart of the Matter,”the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably,however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others”to “maintain national excellence inhumanities and social scientific scholarship and education.”In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission’s 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The reportalso advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately, despite 2½years in the making, “The Heart of the Matter”never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive,”or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.36. According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?[A] Critical[B] Appreciative[C] Contemptuous[D] Tolerant37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to .[A] retain people’s interest in liberal education[B] define the government’s role in education[C] keep a leading position in liberal education[D] safeguard individuals’rights to education38. According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests .[A] an exclusive study of American history[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects[C] the application of emerging technologies[D] funding for the study of foreign languages39. The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are .[A] supportive of free markets[B] cautious about intellectual investigation[C] conservative about public policy[D] biased against classical liberal ideas40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter”[B] Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”[C] The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education[D] Progressive Policy vs. Liberal EducationPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs And E have been correctly placed Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece, the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the1970s.[B] In another case, American archaeologists RenéMillion and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlementsin the world. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copan collapsed.[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buriedfeatures, such as ancient buildings or fields.[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamen existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evan combed antique dealers’stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans’s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knossós) on the island of Crete, in 1900.[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations,illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.41. →A →42. →E →43. →44. →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music. (46)It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music isabrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. (47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics.(48)Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society. (49)Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greekideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Erotica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. (50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.Section ⅢWritingPart ADirections:Write a letter of about 100 words to the president of your university,suggesting how to improve stu-dents’physical condition.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)Section I Use of English1.A2.B3.D4.C5.A6.A7.C8.B9.D 10.C11.D 12.A 13.B 14.A 15.D 16.B 17.D 18.C 19.C 20.BSection II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1 21.B 22.C 23.D 24.A 25.DText 2 26.D 27.C 28.B 29.A 30.CText 3 31.D 32.B 33.B 34.A 35.AText 4 36.A 37C 38.C 39.D 40.BPart B41.C 42.F 43.G 44.D 45.BPart C46. 这就是为什么当我们尝试用语言来描述音乐时，我们能做的只是清楚地表达对音乐的反应，却不能领会音乐的精髓。