Precise Interprocedural Dataflow Analysis via Graph Reachability

机器学习数据预处理流程英文回答：Machine Learning Data Preprocessing Pipeline.Machine learning data preprocessing is a crucial step in the machine learning workflow that involves transforming raw data into a format suitable for effective modeltraining and evaluation. The preprocessing techniques applied vary depending on the nature of the data and the specific machine learning algorithm used. Here's a general overview of the data preprocessing pipeline:1. Data Acquisition:The initial step involves gathering data from various sources, such as databases, web scraping, or manual collection. Ensuring data quality and relevance isessential at this stage.2. Data Cleaning:Data cleaning aims to remove inconsistencies, missing values, and duplicate data points. Missing values can be imputed using appropriate techniques like mean, median, or k-nearest neighbors, while duplicate entries can be eliminated to ensure data integrity.3. Data Transformation:Data transformation involves converting the data into a suitable format for the machine learning algorithm. This includes feature scaling, which normalizes the values of different features to improve comparability, and one-hot encoding, which converts categorical variables into binary vectors.4. Feature Engineering:Feature engineering is an important step where new features are created or existing features are modified to improve the model's performance. Feature selectiontechniques, such as correlation analysis or mutual information, can be used to identify relevant features.5. Feature Scaling:Feature scaling ensures that all features are on the same scale, making it easier for the machine learning algorithm to interpret and handle. Common scaling methods include min-max normalization, mean normalization, and standard scaling.6. Data Normalization:Data normalization aims to transform data values to a common range, usually between 0 and 1. This improves the comparability of features and enhances the efficiency of machine learning algorithms.7. Data Labeling:For supervised learning tasks, data labeling involves assigning class labels to each data point. This allows themachine learning algorithm to learn the relationship between features and target variables.8. Data Splitting:The dataset is divided into three subsets: training set, validation set, and test set. The training set is used to train the model, the validation set is used to tune hyperparameters and prevent overfitting, and the test setis used to evaluate the final model's performance.9. Data Resampling:Data resampling techniques, such as oversampling and undersampling, are used to address class imbalance issues, where one class has significantly more data points than others. This helps improve model performance and prevents bias.10. Data Validation:Data validation involves verifying the quality andcorrectness of the preprocessed data. This includes checking for data consistency, completeness, and adherence to the expected format.中文回答：机器学习数据预处理流程。

FlyerSAP T esting ServicesMeet Y our SAP Quality Challenges with OpenT ext SAP T esting ServicesExecutive SummarySAP matters. Users expect it to be robust, per-form, and function reliably. So you must improve the platform to match those expectations. The ever-increasing pace of change requires faster testing while ensuring current performance and existing functionality is not impacted.OpenT ext Professional Services offer a range of testing services to help your organization meet your SAP application delivery chal-lenges. The multiple test automation frame-works within our SAP testing services help you deliver high-quality changes to your SAP platform. We power our testing services with industry-proven OpenT ext Application Delivery Management (ADM) tools such as:■Application Lifecycle Management (ALM) ■Business Process T esting (BPT)■UFT One (UFT)■LoadRunner■Service VirtualizationUsing these tools and our considerable ex-pertise, OpenT ext Professional Services can rapidly complement your current SAP testing capability, or accelerate your efforts to new heights.SAP T esting Service TypesBecause every SAP platform is customized, every customer has different testing require­ments. Our SAP testing services can be adapted to match your SAP test requirements and engagement model. We provide:■Functional T est Automation for SAP:A project­based, fixed­scope service using OpenT ext ALM, BPT, UFT and Service Virtualization platforms for system, integration or end-to-endSAP functional testing. ■Performance T esting for SAP: Use ourLoadRunner toolset to identify the causeof performance issues in your SAPplatform using fixed­scope, fixed costload and performance testing.■T est Automation Frameworks for SAP:Let us build an SAP T est Frameworksuited to your SAP platform, and deliverusage and maintenance coaching.■T esting-as-a-Service (TaaS) for SAP:Created for those needing a moreextensive, predictable, but elastic testingservice, this engagement model includesfixed price testing deliverables andscalable, mixed-shore delivery.Functional T est Automationfor SAP ServicesThe OpenText Functional Test AutomationService for SAP is an opportunity to engagewith OpenT extProfessional Services experts;to discover how functional test automation canbuild, test, and execute a library of components,scripts, and test cases for their SAP platform.Activities generally include:■Expert consultations: We work withyour test/QA leads and SAP subjectmatter experts to review test requirementsand current test cases to determinethe most effective test automationscenarios.■Collaborative test plan: This covers thedetail that will deliver the required testingscope.■Automation: Potentially, new manual andautomated test cases, and the automationof older test cases.■T est cases: Manual and automated,executed to an agreed number test plan.■Documented feedback: OpenT ext will logany defects, and provide test executionresults and a comprehensive report.■Multi-methodology approach: We useeither traditional, iterative or agile methods.■Asset retention: Customers keep allengagement assets, and we coach userson using this capabilityWe have proved our practices, methodologies,approaches, standards, and templates in thefield of SAP platform quality and testing overmany years, across hundreds of projects. Wehave delivered our customers an acceleratedcapability to execute their SAP testing and en-joy new value from investments in OpenT extALM, BPT, UFT One and SV software.Performance T esting for SAPOpenText Performance Testing Servicesfor SAP is based on our industry-leadingLoadRunner software and measures applica-tion performance to reduce the risk of poorSAP platform performance in production. Theservice uses the LoadRunner SAP protocol tocreate iterative, automated test scripts, basedon customer­defined business processes ortest cases, to execute performance tests andprovide a summary of the run results.These results help you determine whether yourSAP platform changes are ready for productionor need further configuration and optimization.OpenT ext Performance T esting Services forSAP deliver validation services remotely forinternal, or Internet-accessible SAP servicesThis service includes:■An individual SAP performance testingprogram, including analysis, requirementscapture, and test plan creation.FlyerSAP T esting ServicesAutomated Scripts Virtualized ServicesFigure 1. A OpenT ext Performance test framework for SAP example■Performance test script creation and scenarios using OpenT ext LoadRunner technology, including any web generated load, and SiteScope profiles.■T est scenario execution, arranged iteratively for different performance test types.■Reports and log defects based on test results, and consultation with customer stakeholders.T est Frameworks for SAPWe deliver a rapidly implemented platform and SAP testing assets to help fill any knowledge or capacity shortfall, and the expertise to utilize the implemented test framework. We include these deliverables and activities:■Automation framework solution design, based on our ALM, BPT, UFT, LR and SV software, and third party integrations.■Ready-deployed software and integration solution.■Any testing script import or adaptation into the automation framework or test case automation to an agreed scope.■Mentoring for your team—you will be ready to begin using the framework solution. T esting-as-a-Service for SAPCustomer requirements for apps testing vary,and each customer is different. T esting­as­a­Service (TaaS) uses a fixed price, term­basedconsumption approach reducing the total costof quality, while increasing it.What Is T aaS?It is an elastic testing delivery model thatenables customers to scale their testing, withpredictable costs, based on fixed­priced test-ing deliverables.TaaS supports traditional, agile or hybrid ap-proaches to delivery and can work alongsideoutsourced delivery. We offer TaaS across allphases of testing, and for specific capabilitiessuch as functional, performance, security andmobile testing.How Is T aaS Priced?OpenT ext uses testing units, a relative mea-surement framework. Purchase units in min-imum monthly packs by ‘testing type’; theseassigned to your testing catalog services, asagreed through a OpenT ext term agreement.Consume them according to demand for SAPfor your preferred term and scope (see Figure 2).SAP T est Governance & PlanningValidate the prereqs, validate environments, build test plans, validate test dataSAP T est Execution & Optimization AssistExecute tests, results analysis & report, provide recommendations276641604820 Figure 2. Catalog Services & T est Unit examples for SAP T aaSFigure 3. OpenT ext Professional Services approach to T esting-as-a-ServiceWhat Does T aaS Include?Each T aaS service includes access to certified, platform-independent and highly productive OpenText testing professionals, enterprise testing methods, practices, and accelerators.How Does T aaS Work?Our TaaS model operates with the following basic tenets:■Managed test supply to ensure consistent, customer-focused engagement.■T esting on demand from a catalog with predictable costs.■Customers are empowered to manage their testing budgets.■Scaled up or down as required.■Full transparency—labor, expenses and other costs included.Why Choose T aaS?T aaS suits customers wanting to focus on their business and leverage our quality and testing expertise. T aaS lowers the cost of testing, im-proves time to-market, and minimizes risk by delivering testing services through a flexible, outcome-based delivery model.Why Choose OpenT extas Y our T aaS Partner?■Strong focus on outcomes with accountability■SLAs on quality and other business outcomes ■We bear any staff training and ramp upcosts■Governance using Internal dashboardsand KPIs■Flexible service packages with specificscope and SLAs■Decades of experience and IPThe OpenT ext ProfessionalServices DifferenceOpenT ext provides unmatched capabilities witha comprehensive set of consulting and imple-mentation services and unique intellectualproperty that help you drive innovation throughstreamlined and efficient software delivery:■Proven OpenT ext software solutionimplementation expertise.■More than 20 years of experience helpinglarge, complex, global organizations realizevalue from their OpenT ext softwareinvestments.■Rich intellectual property and unparalleledreach into product engineering.■Education and support servicesto ensure adoption.Learn MoreFind more information about our ProfessionalServices’ capabilities:OpenT ext Professional ServicesConnect with Us。

SequenceManagerLogix Controller-based Batch and Sequencing SolutionA Scalable Batch Solution for Process Control ApplicationsA modern batch system must account for the growing need for architecture flexibility, true distribution of control, and scalability. SequenceManager software provides batch sequencing in the Logix family of controllers by adding powerful new capability closer to the process and opening new possibilities for skids, off network systems, and single unit control. SequenceManager allows you to configure operations in Studio 5000 Logix Designer®, run sequence in FactoryTalk® View SE, and to capture and display batch results.SequenceManager directs PhaseManager™ programs inside a Logix-based controller in an ordered sequence to implement process-oriented tasks for single unit or multiple independent unit operations. Using industry standard ISA-88 methodology, SequenceManager enables powerful and flexible sequencing capabilities that allow for the optimal control of sequential processes.With SequenceManager, you can deliver fast and reliable sequence execution while reducing infrastructure costs for standalone units and complete skid-based system functionality.Key BenefitsSequenceManager™ software significantly reduces engineering time for system integrators and process equipment builders while providing key controller-based batch management capabilities for end users. Key benefits include:• Enables distributed sequence execution • Fast and excellent reliability of sequence execution native to controller • Efficient sequence development and monitoring in core product • Integrated control and HMI solution for intuitive operation • Reduced infrastructure costs for small systems • Provides data necessary for sequence reportingDistributed Batch Management Based on Proven TechnologyBuilt Upon Rockwell AutomationIntegrated ArchitectureSequenceManager was built using the standard control and visualization capabilities found in Rockwell Automation® Integrated Architecture® software. SequenceManager is a new capability that is builtinto Logix firmware that uses visualization through FactoryTalk® View SE to create an integrated sequencing solution. Combined with event and reporting tools, SequenceManager software is a complete batch solution for single unit and skid-based process applications.Scalable Controller-based Solution SequenceManager allows flexible design for skid-based equipment to be developed, tested and delivered asa fully functioning standalone solution but, if needed, seamlessly integrated into a larger control system. This strategy provides the end user with the option to integrate equipment without imposing design constraints on the OEM delivering the skid. Additionally, it enables the end user to deliver equipment as a standalone system without the constraint to scale to a larger process solution in the future. This batch solution offers scalability to help prevent costly redesign and engineering.Flexibility to Meet Process Needs SequenceManager enables you to expand your process control on skid based equipment that performs repetitive tasks and decision-making abilities. By using the ISA-88 methodology, SequenceManager allows for control design that can be adopted to fit the needs of the process industries without the constraints of custom application code. Built-in state model handling provides for fast and easy configuration while maintainingcontrol of the process.Editor and ViewerAs a brand new program type in Studio 5000 Logix Designer®, SequenceManager™ software gives the user the power and flexibility necessary to create dynamic recipes to maximize the effectiveness of the process control system.Without limitations on steps and parameters, and the ability to run parallel phases, to branch, and to loop back and rerun steps, SequenceManager removes the barriers in achieving effective batch within the controller.Sequence ExecutionProcedural sequences are executed through nativefunctions in the controller. With an integrated ISA-88 state model, the control and states of phases can be assured. Standard batch functionality, such as manual control and active step changes, are included to give the operational flexibility that is needed to respond toabnormal process conditions.Allowing for an Intuitive Batch ApplicationResponsive batch interactions between the controller and equipment, along with intuitive operator interfaces, provide the core of a truly distributed batching strategy that drives ISA-88 procedural models.Allen-Bradley, FactoryTalk Batch, FactoryTalk® View SE, Integrated Architecture, Listen.Think.Solve., PhaseManager, PlantPAx, Rockwell Automation, Rockwell Software, SequenceManager, and Studio 5000 Logix Designer are trademarks of Rockwell Automation, Inc. Trademarks not belonging to Rockwell Automation are property of their respective companies.Operator ViewerFactoryTalk® View SE and ActiveX controls monitor and interact with a running procedural sequence through the HMI. Advance ActiveX controls provide an intuitive interface for controlling sequences and changingparameters from the operational environment. Improved capabilities allow the user to perform manual step changes and acquire control easily.Reporting and AnalyticsSequenceManager data generates events that are used to produce batch reports and procedural analysis. A separate event client transfers the event data from the Logixcontroller to a historical database. SequenceManager uses the same data structure and reports as FactoryTalk Batch, which provides a consistent and intuitive batch reporting tool among Rockwell Automation® Batch Solutions.Additional InformationVisit us at /processPublication PROCES-PP001A-EN-E – June 2016Copyright © 2016 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in USA.。

==================================名词解释======================================Operating system: operating system is a program that manages the computer hardware. The operating system is the one program running at all times on the computer (usually called the kernel), with all else being systems programs and application programs.操作系统：操作系统一个管理计算机硬件的程序，他一直运行着，管理着各种系统资源Multiprogramming: Multiprogramming is one of the most important aspects of operating systems. Multiprogramming increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs (code and data) so that the CPU always has one to execute.多程序设计：是操作系统中最重要的部分之一，通过组织工作提高CPU利用率，保证了CPU始终在运行中。

batch system: A batch system is one in which jobs are bundled together with the instructions necessary to allow them to be processed without intervention.批处理系统：将许多工作和指令捆绑在一起运行，使得它们不必等待插入，以此提高系统效率。

感知设备时序处理-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述概述感知设备时序处理是指通过对感知设备产生的数据进行时间上的处理和分析，从而获得更加准确、可靠的信息和决策支持的过程。

随着物联网和人工智能技术的快速发展，感知设备在各个领域中的应用越来越广泛，通过对感知设备所采集的数据进行时序处理，能够更好地理解和利用这些数据，为决策和应用提供有力的支持。

时序处理是指对时间序列数据的处理和分析。

感知设备所产生的数据通常具有时间属性，比如温度传感器每隔一段时间会采集一次温度数据，加速度传感器每隔固定时间会记录一次加速度值等。

这些时间序列数据中包含了丰富的信息，通过对其进行时序处理，可以发现其中的规律、趋势和异常等。

例如，对于传感器采集的温度数据，我们可以进行周期性分析，找出温度的季节性变化规律；对于加速度数据，我们可以进行峰值检测，找出可能存在的震动或碰撞事件。

感知设备时序处理的关键是如何对数据进行高效、准确的处理和分析。

在实际应用中，感知设备通常会产生大量的数据，需要借助计算机等高性能计算设备来进行处理。

常见的时序处理方法包括滤波、数据插值、采样率转换、数据压缩等。

滤波可以去除噪声和干扰，提高数据的质量；数据插值可以填补数据缺失或不完整的部分，保证数据的连续性；采样率转换可以调整数据的时间间隔，适应不同的应用需求；数据压缩可以减少存储和传输所需的空间和带宽。

感知设备时序处理具有广泛的应用前景。

在智能交通系统中，通过对车辆传感器数据进行时序处理，可以实时监测交通流量和拥堵情况，提供实时的交通态势信息；在工业生产中，通过对机器传感器数据进行时序处理，可以进行设备状态监测和故障预测，提高生产效率和设备利用率；在医疗健康领域，通过对健康监测设备数据进行时序处理，可以实现个性化的健康管理和疾病预防。

综上所述，感知设备时序处理作为一种重要的数据处理和分析技术，为我们深入理解感知设备数据的内在规律和特性提供了有力的工具和方法。

APQP产品质量先期策划:491.计划和确定项目Plan and defineprogram 13=6+701. 顾客的声音Voice of the customer(VOC)02. 业务计划和营销策略Business plan and marketing strategy(VOB)03. 产品/过程标杆数据Product/process benchmark data(VOP)04. 产品/过程假设Product/process assumptions(VOP)05. 产品可靠性研究Product reliability studies06. 顾客输入Customer inputs07. 设计目标Design goals08. 可靠性和质量目标Reliability and quality goals09. 初始材料清单 Preliminary bill of material10. 初始过程流程图: Preliminary Process flow chart11. 初始产品和过程特殊特特性清单: Preliminary identification of special product and process characteristics12. 产品保证计划Product assurance plan13. 管理者支持Management support2.产品设计和开发Product designand development 1301. 设计失效模式及后果分析: Design failure mode and effects analysis02. 可制造性和装配设计: Design for manufacturability andassembly(DFM/A)03.设计验证: Design verification(DV)04. 设计评审: Design reviews(DR)05. 样件制造控制计划: Prototype build- control plan06. 工程图样Engineering Drawings07. 工程规范Engineering Specifications08. 材料规范Material Specifications09. 图样和规范的更改Drawing and specification changes10. 新设备、工装和设施要求New equipment, tooling and facilities requirements11.产品和过程特殊特性: Special product and process characteristics12. 量具/试验设备要求Gages/testing equipment requirements13. 小组可行性承诺和管理者支持Team feasibility commitment and management support3.过程设计和开发Process designand development 1101. 包装标准和规范Packaging standards and specifications02. 产品/过程质量体系评审Product/Process Quality system reivew03. 过程流程图: Process flow chart04. 工厂平面布置图Floor plan layout05. 特性矩阵图 Characteristics Matrix06. 过程失效模式及后果分析: Process failure mode and effects analysis07. 试生产控制计划: Pre-launch control plan08. 过程指导书：Process instructions09. 测量系统分析计划: Measurement systems analysis plan10. 初始过程能力研究计划Preliminary process capability study plan11. 管理者支持Management support4.产品和过程确认Product andprocess validation 801. 试生产Significant Production Plan02. 测量系统分析: Measurment systmes analysis03. 初始过程能力研究: Preliminary process capability study04. 生产零件批准: Production part approval05. 生产确认试验: Production validation testing06. 包装评估: Packaging evaluation07. 生产控制计划: Production control plan08. 质量策划认定和管理者支持: quality planning sign-off and management support5.反馈评定和纠正措施Feedback,assessment and correctiveaction: 401. 减少变差Reduced variation02. 增进顾客满意Improved customer satisfaction03.增进交付和服务Improved delivery and service04. 习得经验/最佳实践的有效应用Effective use of lessons learned/best practicsePPAP01.设计记录Design record02.工程变更文件Authorized engineering change documents03.顾客工程批准Customer engineering approval04.DFMEA05.过程流程图: Process flow diagram06. PFMEA07. 控制计划: CP08. 测量系统分析研究: MSA studies09. 全尺寸测量结果Dimensional results10. 材料/性能试验结果的记录Records of material/ performance test results11. 初始过程研究Initial process studies12. 合格实验室的文件要求Qualified laboratory documentation13. 外观批准报告Appearance approval report AAR14. 生产件样品Sample production parts15. 标准样品Master sample16. 检查辅具Checking aids17. 顾客的特殊要求Customer-specific requirements18. 零件提交保证书Part submission warrant PSW。

第1篇一、基础知识1. 什么是GIS？请简述GIS的主要功能。

解析：GIS（地理信息系统）是一种将地理空间数据与属性数据相结合，用于捕捉、存储、分析、管理和展示地理空间信息的系统。

GIS的主要功能包括数据采集、数据存储、数据处理、数据分析和数据可视化。

2. 请解释以下概念：矢量数据、栅格数据、拓扑关系。

解析：- 矢量数据：以点、线、面等几何对象表示地理空间实体，适用于表示清晰的边界和形状，如道路、河流、行政区划等。

- 栅格数据：以网格的形式表示地理空间信息，每个网格单元包含一个或多个属性值，适用于表示连续的地理现象，如遥感影像、地形高程等。

- 拓扑关系：描述地理空间实体之间的相互关系，如相邻、包含、连接等，用于提高空间数据的查询和分析效率。

3. 请简述ArcGIS软件的主要组件。

解析：ArcGIS软件主要包括以下组件：- ArcGIS Desktop：用于数据采集、编辑、分析、管理和可视化。

- ArcGIS Server：用于发布GIS服务和应用程序。

- ArcGIS Online：提供云基础上的GIS服务、应用程序和地图。

- ArcGIS API for Developers：用于开发GIS应用程序。

二、ArcGIS Desktop操作1. 如何创建一个新的地图文档？解析：在ArcGIS Desktop中，可以通过以下步骤创建一个新的地图文档：- 打开ArcGIS Desktop。

- 选择“文件”菜单中的“新建”选项。

- 选择“地图”类型，然后点击“确定”。

- 在弹出的“新建地图”对话框中，输入地图文档的名称，选择保存位置，然后点击“保存”。

2. 如何添加图层到地图文档中？解析：在ArcGIS Desktop中，可以通过以下步骤添加图层到地图文档中：- 打开地图文档。

- 在“内容”窗口中，右键点击“图层”或“组”，选择“添加数据”。

- 在弹出的“添加数据”对话框中，选择数据源，如文件、数据库或网络，然后选择要添加的图层，点击“添加”。

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................2Certification Details ....................................................................................................................................2Certification Benefits . (3)What IT Certification Offers What Oracle Certification OffersOracle Certification Innovation with Digital BadgingExam Preparation .......................................................................................................................................5Exam Topics (6)Oracle Database Administration I | 1Z0-082Oracle Database Administration II | 1Z0-083Sample Questions (13)Oracle Database Administration I | 1Z0-082Oracle Database Administration II | 1Z0-083Exam Registration Process .........................................................................................................................18Exam Score ................................................................................................................................................18Oracle Certification Program Candidate Agreement ...................................................................................19Oracle Certification Program Guidelines .. (19)Oracle Database Administration I & Oracle Database Administration IICertification Overview and Sample QuestionsOracle DatabaseIntroductionPreparing to earn the Oracle Database Administration 2019 Certified Professional certification helps candidates gain the skills and knowledge to install, patch and upgrade Oracle Database and Oracle Grid Infrastructure for a standalone server, create and manage a backup and recovery strategy using Recovery Manager (RMAN), use RMAN for Database duplication and transportation, diagnose failures using RMAN, and manage all aspects of Multitenant container databases, pluggable databases and application containers including creation, cloning, security, transportation and backup and recovery. The Administration I exam and recommended training focus on fundamental Database Administration topics such as understanding the database architecture, managing database instances, managing users, roles and privileges, and managing storage that lay the foundation for a Database Administrator entry-level job role. Additionally, the Admin I exam assumes knowledge of SQL.The Administration II exam and associated recommended training presents advanced topics such as multi-tenancy, backup and recovery, deploying, patching, and upgrading.Certification BenefitsWhat Oracle Certification OffersBy becoming a certified Oracle Database Administrator Professional , you demonstrate the full skill set needed to perform day to day administration of the Oracle Database.Preparing to take the Oracle Database certification exam broadens your knowledge and skills by exposing you to a wide array of important database features, functions and tasks. Oracle Database certification preparation teaches you how to perform complex, hands-on activities through labs, study and practice.Additionally, Oracle certification exams validate your capabilities using real-world, scenario-based questions that assess and challenge your ability to think and perform.What IT Certification OffersRecognitionof having required skillsExperienced a Greater Demandfor Their SkillsReceived Positive Impact onProfessional Imagethrough new skillsOpportunitiesSaid Certification was a Key Factor in Recent Raiseby peers and managementConfidence and RespectJanuary 2018 issue of Certification Magazine’s annual salary survey The kind of longevity suggests that earning and maintaining a certification can keep you moving for-ward in your career, perhaps indefinitely.73%65%71%January 2019 issue of Certification Magazine’s annual salary survey January 2019 issue of Certification Magazine’s annual salary surveyCertification that Signifies Y our Readiness to Perform Earned badges represent recognized skills and capabilitiesDisplay Y our Oracle Certification BadgeY ou‘ve earned it. Get the recognition you deserve.Modern Representation of Skills Tied to Real Time Job Markets View from your profile and apply to jobs that are matched to your skills; based on location, title, employers or salary rangeDisplay Y our AchievementA secure way to display and share your certification achievement • Industry Recognized • Credible • Role Based• Product Focused Across Database, Applications, Cloud, Systems, Middleware and Java• Globally one of the top 10 certifica-tion programs availableOracle Certification Innovation with Digital Badging Use Your Badge to Apply for JobsBenefitsOracle Certification Signifies a Candidate’s Readiness to Perform2019 Oracle Certified Professional Oracle Database AdministratorBoost Y our Professional ImageLearn MoreExam PreparationBy passing these exams, a certified individual proves fluency in and solid understanding of the skills required to be an Oracle Database Administrator.Recommendations to successfully prepare for Oracle Database Administration I | 1Z0-082 and Oracle Database Administration II | 1Z0-083 exams are:Attend Recommended Oracle T rainingThe courses below are currently available and are terrific tools to help you prepare not only for your exams, but also for your job as an Oracle Database Administrator.The new Oracle Database Administration Learning Subscription also helps you prepare for these exams with 24/7 access to continually updated training and hands-on labs and integrated certification.Recommended for 1Z0-082• O racle Database: Administration Workshop • Oracle Database: Introduction to SQL Recommended for 1Z0-083• O racle Database: Deploy, Patch and Upgrade Workshop• O racle Database: Backup and Recovery Workshop • O racle Database: Managing Multitenant Architecture• Oracle Database Administration: Workshop • O racle Database 19c: New Features for Administrators• O racle Database 18c: New Features forAdministrators (for 10g and 11g OCAs and OCPs)• O racle Database 12c R2: New Features for 12c R1 Administrators (12c R1 OCAs and OCPs)• O racle Database 11g: New Features for Administrators (for 10g OCAs and OCPs)The following topics are covered in the Oracle Database: Administration Workshop course.The following topics are covered in theOracle Database: Introduction to SQL course.The following topics are covered in the Oracle Database: Managing Multitenant Architecture Ed 1 course.The following topics are covered in the Oracle Database: Backup and Recovery Workshop course.The following topics are covered in the Oracle Database: Deploy, Patch and Upgrade Workshop course.The following topics are covered in the Oracle Database 19c: New Features for Administrators course.The following topics are covered in the Oracle Database: Administration Workshop course1. Which two statements are true about the Oracle Database server architecture?A. An Oracle Database server process represents the state of a user’s login to an instance.B. An Oracle Database server process is always associated with a session.C. Each server process has its own User Global Area (UGA).D. A connection represents the state of a user’s login to an instance.E. The entire data dictionary is always cached in the large pool.2. W hich two statements are true about the Oracle Database server during and immediatelyafter SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE?A. New connection requests made to the database instance are refused.B. Uncommitted transactions are rolled back automatically.C. All existing connections to the database instance remain connected until all transactions eitherroll back or commit.D. Uncommitted transactions are allowed to continue to the next COMMIT.E. All existing transactions are aborted immediately.3. Which three statements are true about Oracle database block space management?A. A row can be migrated to a block in a different extent than the extent containing the originalblock.B. An insert statement can result in a migrated row.C. An update statement cannot cause chained rows to occur.D. A row can be migrated to a block in the same extent as the extent containing the originalblock.E. An insert statement can result in a chained row.1 2. 3.4. A n Oracle Database server session has an uncommitted transaction in progress whichupdated 5000 rows in one table.In which two situations does the transaction complete, thereby committing the updates?A. When a DDL statement is executed successfully by same user in a different session.B. When a DDL statement is executed successfully by the user in the same session.C. When a DML statement is executed successfully by same user in a different session.D. When a DML statement is executed successfully by the user in the same session.E. When a DBA issues a successful SHUTDOWN NORMAL statement and the sessionterminates normally.5.Which two statements are true about indexes and their administration in an Oracle database?A. An index can be scanned to satisfy a query without the indexed table being accessed.B. A non-unique index can be converted to a unique index using a Data Definition Language(DDL) command.C. A descending index is a type of bitmapped index.D. An invisible index is maintained when a Data Manipulation Language (DML) command is per-formed on its underlying table.E. An index is always created by scanning the key columns from the underlying table.6. Which two statements are true about sequences in a single instance Oracle database?A. Sequences that start with 1 and increment by 1 can never have gaps.B. A sequence can issue the same number more than once.C. Sequence numbers that are allocated require a COMMIT statement to make the allocationpermanent.D. A sequence can provide numeric values for more than one column or table.E. The data dictionary is always updated each time a sequence number is allocated.4. 5. 6.7. E xamine the description of the SALES table:Name Null? Type---------------------------- -------- --------------PRODUCT_ID NOT NULL NUMBER(10)CUSTOMER_ID NOT NULL NUMBER(10)TIME_ID NOT NULL DATECHANNEL_ID NOT NULL NUMBER(5)PROMO_ID NOT NULL NUMBER(5)QUANTITY_SOLD NOT NULL NUMBER(10,2)PRICE NUMBER(10,2)AMOUNT_SOLD NOT NULL NUMBER(10,2)The SALES table has 55,000 rows.Examine this statement:CREATE TABLE mysales (prod_id, cust_id, quantity_sold, price)ASSELECT product_id, customer_id, quantity_sold, priceFROM salesWHERE 1 = 2;Which two statements are true?A. MYSALES is created with no rows.B. MYSALES will have no constraints defined regardless of which constraints might be de-fined on SALES.C. MYSALES has NOT NULL constraints on any selected columns which had that constraintin the SALES table.D. MYSALES is created with 2 rows.E. MYSALES is created with 1 row.71. Which three are true about an application container?A. It always contains multiple applications.B. Two or more application PDBs in the same application container can share access to tables.C. It can have new application PDBs created by copying PDB$SEED.D. T wo or more application PDBs in the same application container can be given exclusive accessto some tables.E. It always has a new application PDBs created by copying PDB$SEED.F. It always contains a single application.2. RMAN has just been connected to a target database and the recovery catalog database.In which two cases would an automatic partial resynchronization occur between this target database’s control file and the RMAN recovery catalog?A. When any control file metadata for data file backups or image copies is now older thanCONTROL_FILE_RECORD_KEEP_TIME.B. When a new data file is added to a tablespace in a registered target database.C. When a backup of the current SPFILE is created.D. When the target is first registered.E. When any control file metadata for archive log backups or image copies is now older thanCONTROL_FILE_RECORD_KEEP_TIME.3. Which two are true about Oracle Grid Infrastructure for a Standalone Server?A. Oracle Restart can be used without using ASM for databases.B. Oracle Restart can attempt to restart a failed ASM instance automatically.C. It must be installed before Oracle Database software is installed.D. It must be installed after Oracle Database software is installed.E. It allows ASM binaries to be installed without installing Oracle Restart.F. It allows Oracle Restart binaries to be installed without installing ASM.1 2. 3.4. W hich two are true about creating container databases (CDBs) and pluggable databases (PDBs) inOracle 19c and later releases?A. A CDB can be duplicated using the Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) in silent mode.B. A CDB can be duplicated using Recovery Manager (RMAN) with no configuration requiredbefore starting the duplication.C. A PDB snapshot must be a full copy of a source PDB.D. A PDB snapshot can be a sparse copy of a source PDB.E. A CDB can be duplicated only by using the Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA).5. Which two are true about the Oracle Optimizer?A. It requires system statistics when generating SQL execution plans.B. It always generates an index access operation when a statement filters on an indexed columnwith an equality operator.C. It ignores stale object statistics in the Data Dictionary.D. It can automatically re-optimize execution plans that were detected to be sub-optimal whenexecuting.E. It can re-write a statement internally in order to generate a more optimal plan.4. 5.Exam Registration ProcessOracle exams are delivered through the independent company Pearson VUE. Create a Pearson VUE loginOracle Certification Program Candidate AgreementIn order to take your Oracle certification, you will need to agree to the Oracle Certification Program Candidate Agreement. Please review this document by going here.Oracle Certification Program GuidelinesLearn more about Oracle Certification policies here.This certification overview and sample questions were created in June 2019. The content is subject to change,please always check the web site for the most recent information regarding certifications and related exams: /certification。

QUALITY MANAGEMENT PROCESS FOR TEST PROCEDURE GENERATIONARINC REPORT 625-1PUBLISHED: OCTOBER 15, 1999AN DOCUMENTPrepared byAIRLINES ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING COMMITTEEPublished byAERONAUTICAL RADIO, INC.2551 RIVA ROAD, ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND 21401Copyright© 1999 byAERONAUTICAL RADIO, INC.2551 Riva RoadAnnapolis, Maryland 21401-7465 USAARINC REPORT 625-1©QUALITY MANAGEMENT PROCESS FOR TEST PROCEDURE GENERATIONPublished: October 15, 1999Prepared by the Airlines Electronic Engineering CommitteeReport 625Adopted by the Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee:January 22, 1996 Report 625Adopted by the Industry: February 25, 1996Summary of Document SupplementsSupplement Adoption Date PublishedReport 625-1September 15, 1999October 15, 1999FOREWORDActivities of AERONAUTICAL RADIO, INC. (ARINC)and thePurpose of ARINC Reports and SpecificationsAeronautical Radio, Inc. is a corporation in which the United States scheduled airlines are the principal stockholders. Other stockholders include a variety of other air transport companies, aircraft manufacturers and non-U.S. airlines.Activities of ARINC include the operation of an extensive system of domestic and overseas aeronautical land radio stations, the fulfillment of systems requirements to accomplish ground and airborne compatibility, the allocation and assignment of frequencies to meet those needs, the coordination incident to standard airborne compatibility, the allocation and assignment of frequencies to meet those needs, the coordination incident to standard airborne communications and electronics systems and the exchange of technical information. ARINC sponsors the Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee (AEEC), composed of airline technical personnel. The AEEC formulates standards for electronic equipment and systems for the airlines. The establishment of Equipment Characteristics is a principal function of this Committee.It is desirable to reference certain general ARINC Specifications or Report which are applicable to more than one type of equipment. These general Specifications and Reports may be considered as supplementary to the Equipment Characteristics in which they are referenced. They are intended to set forth the desires of the airlines pertaining to components and general design, construction and test criteria, in order to insure satisfactory operation and the necessary interchangeability in airline service. The release of a Specification or Equipment Characteristics should not be construed to obligate ARINC or any airline insofar as the purchase of any components or equipment is concerned.An ARINC Report ( Specification or Characteristic) has a twofold purpose, which is:(1)To indicate to the prospective manufacturers of airline electronic equipment theconsidered opinion of the airline technical people, coordinated on an industry basis,concerning requisites of new equipment, and(2)To channel new equipment designs in a direction which can result in the maximumpossible standardization of those physical and electrical characteristics which influenceinterchangeability of equipment without seriously hampering engineering initiative.ii1.0INTRODUCTION1 1.1Overview1 1.2Background1 1.3Goals21.4Related Documents22.0ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES3 2.1Introduction3 2.2Airframe Manufacturer3 2.3LRU Manufacturer3 2.3.1TSDP Development Plan3 2.3.2Test Strategy and LRU Testability3 2.3.3Source Documentation3 2.3.4Scope of Return to Service Testing4 2.3.5Configuration Management4 2.3.6Source Documentation Updates4 2.3.7Problem Reporting System4 2.3.8Source Documentation Analysis4 2.4TPS Developer5 2.4.1TPS Development Plan5 2.4.1.1Design and Implementation5 2.4.1.2Verification and Validation5 2.4.1.3TPS Delivery6 2.4.2Quality Assurance Plan6 2.4.2.1Quality Records6 2.4.3Configuration Management Plan6 2.4.4TPS Sustaining Process6 2.5TPS User7 2.5.1Maintain TPS Integrity7 2.5.2Problem Reporting7 2.5.3TPS Conformance Checking7 2.5.4Acceptance of TPS7 2.5.5Configuration Control73.0TECHNICAL SUPPORT AND DATA PACKAGE8 3.1Introduction8 3.2LRU Manufacturer Supplied Data, Software, and Services8 3.2.1Data8 3.2.2Software9 3.2.3Services9 3.3Other Items (Outside TSDP)9 3.4Technical Support and Data Package Quality Attributes103.5The TSDP Checklist104.0TEST SPECIFICATION ATTRIBUTES11 4.1Introduction11 4.2General Requirements11 4.2.1Format11 4.2.2General Organization and Content11 4.2.2.1Configuration Preamble11 4.2.2.2Technical Preamble11 4.2.2.3Detailed Test Specification11 4.2.2.4Other Data11 4.2.3Content Requirements11 4.3Configuration Preamble Data11 4.3.1TS Configuration/Revision Information11 4.3.2Table of Contents11 4.3.3UUT Description12 4.3.4References12 4.4Technical Preamble12 4.4.1Test Strategy/General Information12 4.4.2Detailed UUT Performance Characteristics12 4.4.3Test Equipment Resource Requirements12 4.4.4Special Tool Requirements13 4.4.5Environmental Requirements13 4.4.6Test Vocabulary13 4.4.7Other Requirements13 4.4.8Non-Volatile Memory Requirements13 4.4.9Predefined Functions and Procedures13 4.5Detailed Test Specification13 4.5.1Detailed Test Information13iii4.5.2Detailed Test Requirement Criteria14 4.5.2.1Coverage14 4.5.2.2Purpose14 4.5.2.3Test Approach14 4.5.2.4Initial Conditions14 4.5.2.5Test Requirements14 4.6Test Specification Quality Attributes14 4.7Shop Verification of Test Specification14 4.8The TS Checklist155.0TPS QUALITY FACTORS AND ATTRIBUTES16 5.1Introduction16 5.2Correctness16 5.2.1Traceability Checklist16 5.2.2Safety Checklist16 5.2.3UUT/TUA/ATE Damage Protection16 5.2.4Consistency Checklist17 5.2.5Completeness Checklist17 5.2.6Functionality17 5.3Reliability18 5.3.1Robustness Checklist18 5.3.2Accuracy Checklist18 5.3.3Simplicity Checklist19 5.4Efficiency19 5.4.1Execution Time Checklist19 5.5Usability19 5.5.1Man-Machine Interface Checklist19 5.6Maintainability20 5.6.1Self-Descriptiveness Checklist20 5.6.2TUA Repairability Checklist216.0RECOMMENDED PROGRAMMING PRACTICE22 6.1Introduction22 6.1.1Purpose22 6.1.2Goals22 6.1.3Programming Practice Overview22 6.1.4Relationship Between TS and TPS22 6.2Test Program Development22 6.2.1The Benefits of a Standard Test Program Structure22 6.2.2Description of Operator Interface Procedures22 6.2.3Signal Oriented Procedures22 6.3Design Guidelines22 6.3.1Test Objectives22 6.3.2Preparation of Test Program Development23 6.3.3Proper Test Sequence23 6.3.4Test Program Maintainability23 6.3.4.1Configuration Control23 6.3.4.2Use of Commentary23 6.3.4.3Meaningful Labels23 6.3.4.4Test Organization23 6.3.4.5Data Conversion to Physical Units24 6.3.5Complete and Partial Test24 6.3.6Use of Entry Points24 6.3.7Diagnostics24 6.4Operator Interface24 6.4.1Operator Messages24 6.4.2PASS/FAIL Messages25 6.4.3Test Results Presentation Guideline25 6.4.4Long Test Executive Time257.0TPS CONFORMATION CHECKING PROCESS26 7.1Introduction26 7.2Framework26 7.2.1Error Correction26 7.3TPS Conformance Checking Segments26 7.3.1Phase I Conformance Check26 7.3.1.1Documentation Check26 7.3.1.2Resource Compliance26 7.3.1.3TPS Test Compliance27 7.3.1.4Safety Considerations27 7.3.1.5Deviations27iv7.3.1.6Implementation Details28 7.3.1.7Additional Tests28 7.3.2Phase II Conformance Check28 7.4Life Cycle Issues28 7.5Proof of Conformance28 7.5.1Conformance Checklist28 7.5.2Conformance Certificate29ATTACHMENTS1-1Glossary31-34 1-2TPS Process and Information Flow Diagram351-3Concurrent TPS Process and Information Flow Diagram361-4Data Package Requirements for Third Party ATE Development37-40 2Intentionally Left Blank413-1Technical Support and Data Package Checklist424-1Test Specification Quality Checklist43-49 5-1TPS Quality Checklist50-53 6-1Recommended Structure of TPS547-1Conformance Certificate557-2TPS Conformance Checklist56APPENDICESA Examples of Test Specification57-83B Example Test Specification Checklist84-91vARINC REPORT 625 - Page 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1 OverviewThe purpose of this document is to provide a standard approach for quality management of Test Procedure Generation within the commercial air transport industry.This document defines the data, software, and services required to support development and maintenance of quality test solutions for aircraft components. These data, software, and services comprise the Technical Support and Data Package (TSDP). This document also provides a standard approach for defining a uniform quality management methodology for designing a Test Program Set (TPS) and a standard TPS Conformance Checking Process. A conformance certificate is defined that should be used as an industry standard.Refer to the glossary in Attachment 1-1 for definitions of terms.This document applies to Return-To-Service (RTS) testing and related processes including:ŸRoles and ResponsibilitiesŸTSDP ContentsŸTSDP Quality AttributesŸTPS Quality Factors and AttributesŸTPS ConformanceT he process as shown in Attachment 1-2 is divided into several phases. It shows the idealized flow of TPS development and update as an industrial process. There are standards and procedures defined to control the individual process elements of both a phase-dependent and phase -independent nature. These are shown on top of the TPS Process and Information Flow Diagram.A ll phases of the process are accompanied by quality assurance activities and associated quality records to generate a system of inherent control and monitoring. Quality records should be implemented in a suitable format to facilitate control in an unambiguous, complete, verifiable and consistent manner.A ttachment 1-3, the Concurrent TPS Process and Information Flow Diagram, is another representation of those processes identified in Attachment 1-2. This illustrates the phase dependent nature of a number of the processes when TPS development must be accomplished in conjunction with an airplane development program. In most instances, timely development of the desired TPS will depend on the successful implementation of the concurrent processes depicted.T he top block, labeled as Airframe Manufacturer, is representative of the airplane development process showing the various phases, from the initial definition, through the prototype, ground test, flight test, final development and delivery.T he LRU manufacturer block shows that the TPS development process is conducted multiple times as the design of the LRU evolves during the airframe development.T he TPS User and TPS Developer blocks shows how the original delivery and subsequent updates to the LRU data are used to support specific phases of the test procedure development effort. This figure represents multiple development efforts that may occur simultaneously.T he key to successful implementation of these concurrent processes is continuous flow of data between each party's processes, starting with the initial release of timely, but necessarily incomplete data, and finishing with a complete TSDP.A lthough this document is written with a heavy emphasis towards avionics and avionics ATE, the principals for a quality TPS and specification are applicable to all aircraft components that often need to be maintained beyond the life of the original test equipment, and also to manual tests.1.2 BackgroundTARINC 625 was to provide automatic test information in component maintenance manuals (CMMs) as test specifications written in ATLAS.A test specification, by definition, is a UUT-oriented, test-system-independent test description. It is not a test procedure. It is essential for a successful TPS quality management process to be based on the same test specifications that were used to develop the shop-verified test procedures contained in the CMMs.T esting of modern state-of-the-art avionics is often dependent on the utilization of built-in tests, external test data files, diagnostics/exercisers and other non-ATLAS test routines. Experience has shown that these essential parts of testing information were often missing and not even referenced in the ATLAS or CMMs.P rior to ARINC 625, there were no common guidelines for a quality management process for test procedure generation. This caused a severe quality problem for the aircraft manufacturer, equipment manufacturer, TPS developer, and finally, the airline user. In addition, it increased TPS cycle costs for all parties involved.C OMMENTARYT he automatic test documentation standard required for the CMM test procedures was ATLAS 616/626.The information provided with the ATLAS test specification was generally considered to be sufficient (by the LRU manufacturer and others) for an implementation on alternate test equipment hardware (ATEs). This simple, basic concept is shown in Attachment 1-4 Figure 1.A lternatives to the ATLAS (e.g. “plain English testspecification”) often were not available from, or provided by, LRU manufacturers. Experience has shown that ATLAS procedures or specifications alone cannot represent the complete set ofARINC REPORT 625 - Page 21.0 INTRODUCTION (cont’d)1.2 Background (cont’d)C OMMENTARY (cont’d)i nformation needed as the source documentation fortest procedure rehost.T hese inadequacies resulted in ever-increasing demands on airframe and LRU manufacturer’s for additional data to support both TPS development and the increasing burden of TPS certification. This increasing demand is depicted in Attachment 1-4 Figures 2 through 4.B ased on airline experience, the quality of testspecifications and test information in the CMMs has proven to be, in many cases, insufficient to support test procedure rehost for the following reasons:ŸTest specifications sometimes contained vague test objectives and guidelines and were full oferrors and not mature.ŸSome LRU manufacturers would not supply an internal test specification when ATLAS was notavailable.ŸManufacturing test requirements were sometimes too different from Return-To-Service(RTS) requirements.ŸDissimilar test concepts made communication and understanding difficult.ŸExternal data files were sometimes not available or documented and were not always referencedin the ATLAS test specification or the CMM.ŸATLAS test specifications were not available in time; updates are too late.ŸThe LRU manufacturers found the cost of producing ATLAS excessive.ŸATLAS development was often subcontracted by LRU manufacturers to TPS developers but notsufficiently controlled, verified, and validated.ŸATLAS test specifications were not fully transportable because necessary implementationinformation was missing.ŸAirlines often found the cost of implementing and maintaining ATLAS-based TPSs excessive.1.3 GoalsTest procedure quality is complex and multi-dimensional. The goal of this report is to provide guidelines and standard procedures for both the TSDP and TPS development.These guidelines and procedures are expected to serve as a standard approach for defining a uniform quality management methodology. This report was developed by an industry wide committee with the objective of encouraging conformity at all stages of the LRU life cycle.The application of these guidelines and procedures will improve the overall quality of LRU maintenance and also have the potential to considerably reduce the TPS life cycle cost for all parties involved.COMMENTARYWhile the importance of overall test solution quality management is recognized, this document will emphasize design and documentation quality issues.It will not discuss workmanship quality issues such as soldering or wiring layout.The current standards for documentation, procedures, development, verification, and validation vary throughout industry. Quality problems are typically caused by poor documentation, different methodologies, philosophies, and insufficient communication. The intent of this report is to improve the communication and understanding between airframe manufacturers, LRU manufacturers, TPS suppliers, and airlines. To demonstrate that testing performed by all parties conforms to the same specifications, common rules for development and implementation of alternate tests, and associated quality assurance procedures should be followed.It is expected that all parties involved in testing will benefit from common standards and philosophies.Test procedure quality improvement can only be realized in an industry environment of cooperation regarding test concepts of airframe manufacturers, equipment manufacturers, and airlines.1.4 Related DocumentsATA Specification 100, “Specification for Manufacturers' Technical Data”ATA World Airlines & Suppliers GuideIEEE Standard 100, “Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronic Terms”ARINC Specification 616, “Avionics Subset of ATLAS Language”ARINC Specification 626, “Standard ATLAS for Modular Test”ARINC REPORT 625 - Page 3 2.0 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES2.1 IntroductionThe roles and responsibilities as listed in this section do not necessarily coincide with organizational entities. For example, an airline may be both a TPS developer and a TPS user, while airframe manufacturers may serve in all four roles for those LRUs they build themselves.2.2 Airframe ManufacturerThe airframe manufacturer should ensure the LRU manufacturers selected conform to the guidelines of this document. This includes a contractually-defined, supplier provided and airframe manufacturer-approved TSDP Development Plan.The airframe manufacturer should ensure that LRU manufacturers prepare and follow a TSDP Development Plan during the entire LRU lifecycle by the following methods:ŸDocumentation reviewsŸAudits as neededŸProgress report reviewsŸOther communications as necessary (phone, fax, e-mail, visits, etc.).T he intent of the above is to ensure that the airframe manufacturer and the LRU manufacturer work together to produce and deliver a complete, fully supported, TSDP to a customer airline on time.C OMMENTARYA irline experience has shown that firm requirementsfor the level of detail and quality of documentation to be delivered by LRU manufacturers to airlines and TPS developers should be established very early in the aircraft development program, i.e. airframe manufacturers should include relevant clauses in their contracts with the LRU manufacturers. If this opportunity is missed, additional information requested by airlines and TPS developers later in the program is often considered as proprietary data. The information then is either not available or is charged for by the LRU manufacturer. Additionally, the airframe manufacturer should improve vendor monitoring to make sure that contract terms are honored.2.3 LRU ManufacturerT he LRU manufacturer is responsible for the testability of the LRU, test strategies, and for implementing the TSDP Development Plan. The LRU manufacturer should define and document their policy and objectives for, and commitment to, the quality of LRU test data required for TSDP and TPS generation. The LRU manufacturer should ensure that this policy is understood, implemented, and maintained at all levels in their organization.2.3.1 TSDP Development PlanT he TSDP Development Plan should include the following:ŸSufficient resource allocation (facilities, personnel, equipment)ŸReasonable milestones and schedules for releaseŸDefinition of source documentation (data, software, services)Ÿ A quality assurance processŸ A configuration management processŸ A periodic report of progress being made, any projected schedule slips and recovery plan.ŸTSDP sustaining process2.3.2 Test Strategy and LRU TestabilityT he test strategy design should be an integral part of the overall design/development process of the LRU. This ensures that the test specifications and procedures used at the manufacturer for production are not too different from what is needed as source documentation for the later TPS development. This facilitates cost-effective information transfer for the equipment manufacturer and better understanding in case problems may arise during TPS development.T esting technology should be a basic part of the LRU design process. It should include consideration of traditional design for testability techniques, boundary scan, BITE, etc. Design techniques which promote testability should be developed along with the ability to predict and demonstrate testability quantitatively.L RUs that include BITE should be tested in a manner that efficiently utilizes these testing aids, i.e. test sequences should be structured according to the BITE information for more effective troubleshooting. Wherever possible, the manufacturer should design the test strategy such that the return-to-service test is a subset of the procedures developed for the factory acceptance test.2.3.3 Source DocumentationTaccurate, and unambiguous documentation sufficient to implement the LRU return-to-service test. A detailed list of items and attributes needed in the source documentation is contained in Section 3. Emphasis should be placed on the content of the test source documentation rather than the format.T his documentation should be supplied in time for the TPS developer to finish the TPS prior to first LRU delivery to the customer airline. In the special case of a brand new LRU design, or the even more special case of a new aircraft type, the LRU manufacturer should provide preliminary information to the TPS developer. These relationships are illustrated in Attachment 1-3,ARINC REPORT 625 - Page 42.0 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES (cont’d)2.3.3 Source Documentation (cont’d)C oncurrent TPS Process and Information Flow Diagram.C OMMENTARYT he LRU manufacturer, through the contents of the source documentation, establishes the TPS quality potential. A job done poorly on the source documentation will tend to have a negative impact on the cost and quality of the subsequent TPS. It is critical that the source documentation be of the highest possible quality to assure a high quality TPS.For this reason, the LRU manufacturer is responsible for the configuration management of the source documentation. In addition, the LRU manufacturer should have a test problem reporting system to provide TPS developers a forum for data problem resolution.T he LRU manufacturer will ensure that the source documentation is shop-verified and will provide a completed checklist as defined by Section 3.5.C OMMENTARYT he source documentation quality is the most critical issue in the TPS life cycle, since most of the shortfalls of the source documentation are carried through the whole development process and can later be found in the TPS product. Generally, it is very expensive to cure problems late in the development that have been present since the very beginning.S ource documentation quality has been poor and should be improved. When the LRU manufacturer does not supply necessary source data, it must be developed through reverse engineering that is both difficult and expensive.S ome of the information needed for TPS development is often withheld. The rationale for this varies. Some LRU manufacturers believe they are not obligated to spend more effort than their contractual obligations demand. Others are reluctant to provide information because they prefer to promote their own dedicated test equipment.2.3.4 Scope of Return to Service TestingT he purpose of the return-to-service test is limited to determining whether the hardware is working correctly and whether the correct version of software is installed and not corrupted. For modern avionics, the scope for return-to-service tests (RTS) should be limited to hardware testing and software integrity checks. Furthermore, certain manufacturing tests, such as dielectric tests or environmental stress screening tests, should not be part of subsequent return to service testing.I n the interest of minimum testing times, the return-to-service test should not include any steps whose purpose is to verify the LRU design; that should be done only once, prior to LRU certification. Each test requirement should be carefully scrutinized. If a test is needed for design verification rather than for return to service testing, it should be omitted.D epending on the targeted level of maintenance to be provided, extra test steps may be needed to identify the faulty component in an LRU that fails the go/nogo test. These fault isolation steps should be optional and not part of the go/nogo test path. The test specification should be designed to detect any fault capable of being propagated to an output.C OMMENTARYT he terminology for return-to-service testing ranges from “Recertification Test,” “Serviceability Test,” to “Acceptance Test.” There might be even more names for the same thing.S imilar equipment from different LRU manufacturers is sometimes treated with different philosophies and test methods (e.g. different environmental test requirements for engine controls). This should be minimized by making sure that no tests are performed that do not have a specific bearing on the serviceability of the LRU such as weight. Additionally, specify the widest acceptable environmental conditions.2.3.5 Configuration ManagementT he LRU manufacturer should have a configuration management system that controls the source documentation.2.3.6 Source Documentation UpdatesT he LRU manufacturer should ensure that if change occurs in the source documentation that impacts existing TPSs, then this TPS change must be reflected within the TSDP and CMM. Revised source documentation elements should be available on request (to the airline).C OMMENTARYC hanges to source documentation generally are notavailable on time due to the long revision cycle of CMMs. Traceability is often lost without a clear reference to the new test specification or documentation of the changes in the service bulletin.2.3.7 Problem Reporting SystemT he LRU manufacturer should maintain a test problem reporting system that enables users of the source documentation to report problems and request corrective action.2.3.8 Source Documentation AccuracyT he LRU manufacturer is responsible for the technical content and accuracy of the TSDP. Detailed requirements are shown in Section 3 and a checklist is provided in Attachment 3-1. A copy of the checklist should be provided to the TPS developer.C OMMENTARYI t is understood that testing information providedprior to formal certification of the LRU being tested may not be in final form and subject to substantial change. This precertification information is provided with the understanding that the supplier is not obligated for the stability and completeness of the information. It is further understood this information will not be distributed without a direct request from an airline customer.2.4TPS DeveloperT PS developers should define and document their policy and objectives for, and commitment to, TPS quality. TPS developers should ensure that this policy is understood, implemented, and maintained at all levels in their organizations.T he TPS developer is responsible to provide to the user the following:ŸTPS Development PlanŸQuality Assurance PlanŸConfiguration Management PlanŸTPS Sustaining ProcessThe TPS developer should establish and maintain a documented quality system, which should cover quality assurance and configuration management aspects, and should be an integrated process throughout the TPS life cycle, thus ensuring that quality is being built into the TPS product. The prevention of problems should be emphasized rather than the correction of problems after they occur.The TPS developer should ensure the effective implementation of a documented quality system, including procedures for documentation, quality plans, internal quality system audits, configuration management, and problem reporting. Test problem reports should be traceable to the TPS configuration management system and to the TSDP, if applicable.LRU manufacturers providing initial TPSs to the airframe manufacturer and airline customers should produce the test solution based on the LRU manufacturer’s internal quality standards. The LRU manufacturer’s quality system is governed by airframe manufacturer’s quality system requirements. Third party TPS developers typically are not governed by airframe manufacturers quality systems. The roles and responsibilities for the TPS developer outlined in this section refer to third party TPS developers.The TPS developer should offer appropriate training to assure efficient and correct use of the TPS.2.4.1 TPS Development PlanThe TPS developer should begin with a clear understanding of the requirements of the TPS user. The development plan should include at least the following activities:•TPS design•TPS implementation•TPS verification•TPS validation•TPS delivery2.4.1.1 Design and ImplementationDue to the complexity of TPSs, all steps of design and implementation should be performed in a disciplined manner in order to be able to build quality into the product. Feedback from past design experiences is important to improve quality of the new design. The design definition should also recognize the subsequent processes during the TPS life cycle, e.g., TPS maintainability and usability. Guidelines are contained in Section 6.TUA design should strive for minimum complexity. Active circuits should be avoided if at all possible. Usability details such as handles properly located with respect to the center of gravity, proper cable strain relief, ease of maintenance access, etc, should not be overlooked.2.4.1.2 Verification and ValidationVerification and Validation are the processes by which the TPS developer verifies the TPS works correctly. Verification concerns the process of examining the result of each one of the development phases (TPS design, TPS implementation, etc.) to determine conformity with the stated requirements for that activity.Validation is the act of demonstrating that a TPS is capable of fulfilling the requirements for which it has been designed. The minimum requirements are those defined by the Test Specification (TS) but also may include any additional requirements imposed by the TPS User or TPS Developer. The validation process should use a formal procedure and should produce documented test results.COMMENTARYIf possible, validation should involve multiple LRUs tested on multiple ATE stations. (This is normally not possible unless the TPS developer is also the LRU manufacturer and has access to multiple LRU assemblies and multiple test stations.) The procedure and the results should be available to the TPS user, unless otherwise specified in the TPS purchase contract.In some cases, testing an unreleased TPS using a cooperative airline has been shown to strengthen the quality of that TPS.。