生物化学和分子生物学英语术语*第一章蛋白质的结构与功能protein 蛋白质amino acid 氨基酸peptide bond 肽键isoelectric point 等电点peptide 肽oligopeptide 寡肽polypeptide 多肽residue 氨基酸残基amino terminal 氨基末端（N-端）carboxyl terminal 羧基末端（C-端）peptide unit 肽单元α-helix α-螺旋β-pleated sheet β-折叠β-turn β-转角random coil 无规卷曲motif 模体primary structure 一级结构secondary structure 二级结构tertiary structure 三级结构quaternary structure 四级结构domain 结构域molecular chaperone 分子伴侣protein family 蛋白质家族homologous protein 同源蛋白质cooperativity 协同效应positive cooperativity 正协同效应negative cooperativity 负协同效应allosteric effect 别构效应prion protein, PrP 朊病毒蛋白denaturation 变性renaturation 复性dialysis 透析*第二章核酸的结构与功能nucleic acid 核酸deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA 脱氧核糖核酸ribonucleic acid, RNA 核糖核酸nucleotide(,nt) 核苷酸deoxyribonucleotide 脱氧核糖核苷酸ribonucleotide 核糖核苷酸purine 嘌呤pyrimidine 嘧啶Adenine, A 腺嘌呤Guanine, G 鸟嘌呤Uracil, U 尿嘧啶Thymine, T 胸腺嘧啶Cytosine, C 胞嘧啶β-N-glycosidic bond β-N糖苷键phosphodiester bond 磷酸二酯键base sequence 碱基序列base pair, bp 碱基对kilobase pair, kbp 千碱基对anti-parallel 反向平行right-handed helix 右手螺旋major groove 大沟minor groove 小沟complementary base pair 互补碱基对complementary strand 互补链base stacking interaction 碱基堆积力telomere 端粒superhelix/supercoil 超螺旋结构chromatin 染色质chromosome 染色体nucleosome 核小体histone 组蛋白messenger RNA, mRNA 信使RNA open reading frame, ORF 开放(阅)读框codon 密码子transfer RNA, tRNA 转运RNArare base 稀有碱基stem-loop structures 茎环结构anticodon 反密码子ribosomal RNA, rRNA 核糖体RNA ribosome 核糖体non-coding RNA, ncRNA 非编码RNA DNA denaturation DNA变性hyperchromic effect DNA的增色效应renaturation 复性annealing 退火heteroduplex 杂化双链nucleic acid hybridization 核酸杂交deoxyribonuclease, DNase DNA酶ribonuclease, RNase RNA酶*第三章酶enzyme 酶monomeric enzyme 单体酶oligomeric enzyme 寡聚酶multienzyme complex 多酶复合物multienzyme system 多酶体系multifunctional enzyme 多功能酶tandem enzyme 串联酶simple enzyme 单纯酶conjugated enzyme 缀合酶(结合酶) coenzyme 辅酶prosthetic group 辅基metalloenzyme 金属酶metal activated enzyme 金属激活酶active center 活性中心essential group 必需基团binding group 结合基团catalytic group 催化基团isoenzyme/isozyme 同工酶activation energy 活化能turnover number 转换数specificity 特异性/专一性absolute specificity 绝对专一性relative specificity 相对专一性proximity effect 邻近效应orientation arrangement 定向排列desolvation 脱溶剂化surface effect 表面效应general acid-base catalysis 酸-碱催化作用nucleophilic catalysis 亲核催化covalent catalysis 共价催化electrophilic catalysis亲电催化maximum velocity 最大反应速率Michaelis constant, K m米氏常数turnover number 转换数optimum temperature 最适温度optimum pH 最适pHinhibitor 抑制剂irreversible inhibition 不可逆性抑制reversible inhibition 可逆性抑制competitive inhibition 竞争性抑制non-competitive inhibition 非竞争性抑制uncompetitive inhibition 反竞争性抑制apparent K m表观K mactivator 激活剂allosteric regulation 别（变）构调节allosteric enzyme 别构酶allosteric site 别构部位allosteric effector 别构效应剂covalent modification 共价调节zymogen 酶原*第五章维生素与无机盐vitamin 维生素lipid-soluble vitamin 脂溶性维生素water-soluble vitamin 水溶性维生素trace element 微量元素macroelement 常量元素*第六章糖代谢carbohydrates 糖（碳水化合物）Na+-dependent glucose transporter, SGLT Na+依赖型葡萄糖转运体glucose transporter, GLUT 依赖葡糖转运蛋白glycolysis 糖酵解lactic acid fermentation 乳酸发酵ethanol fermentation 乙醇发酵aerobic oxidation 有氧氧化anaerobic oxidation 无氧氧化hexokinase 己糖激酶glucokinase 葡糖激酶6-phosphofructokinase-1, PFK-1 磷酸果糖激酶-1 substrate-level phosphorylation 底物水平磷酸化phosphoenolpyruvate, PEP磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸pyruvate kinase 丙酮酸激酶fructose-2,6-biphosphate, F-2,6-BP 果糖-2，6-BP citric acid cycle 柠檬酸循环tricarboxylic acid cycle 三羧酸循环oxaloacetate 草酰乙酸citric acid 柠檬酸succinic acid 琥珀酸Pasteur effect 巴斯德效应pentose phosphate pathway 磷酸戊糖途径glycogen 糖原glycogenesis 糖原合成primer 糖原引物glycogenin 糖原蛋白branching enzyme 分支酶glycogenosis 糖原分解gluconeogenesis 糖异生blood sugar 血糖insulin 胰岛素glucagon 胰高血糖素glucose tolerance 葡萄糖耐量第七章脂质代谢lipids 脂质lipoid 类脂triglyceride, TG 甘油三酯fatty acid 脂肪酸phospholipid 磷脂ceramide 神经酰胺cholesterol 胆固醇glycerol 甘油acyl CoA 脂酰CoAchylomicron, CM 乳糜颗粒acetyl CoA 乙酰CoApalmitic acid 软脂酸citrate pyruvate cycle 柠檬酸-丙酮酸循环acetyl CoA carboxylase 乙酰CoA羧化酶fat mobilization 脂肪动员β-oxidation β-氧化carnitine acyl transferaseⅠ肉碱脂酰转移酶ketone bodies 酮体acetoacetate 乙酰乙酸β-hydroxy-butyrate β-羟丁酸acetone 丙酮3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl CoA 羟甲基戊二酸单酰CoAphosphatidyl choline, PC 磷脂酰胆碱phosphatidyl ethanolamine, PE 磷脂酰乙醇胺HMG-CoA reductase HMG-CoA还原酶squalene 鲨烯bile acid 胆汁酸lipoprotein 脂蛋白very low density lipoprotein, VLDL 极低密度脂蛋白low density lipoprotein, LDL 低密度脂蛋白high density lipoprotein 高密度脂蛋白apolipoprotein, Apo 载脂蛋白第八章生物氧化biological oxidation 生物氧化oxidative respiratory chain 氧化呼吸链electron transfer chain 电子传递链nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD+烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸flavoprotein 黄素蛋白flavin mononucleotide, FMN 黄素单核苷酸coenzyme Q, CoQ, Q 泛醌；辅酶Q cytochrome, Cyt 细胞色素substrate level phosphorylation 底物水平磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化ATP synthase ATP合酶adenylate kinase 腺苷酸激酶creatine phosphate, CP 磷酸肌酸第九章氨基酸代谢nitrogen balance 氮平衡nutritionally essential amino acid 营养必需氨基酸non-essential amino acid 非必需氨基酸nutrition value 营养价值pepsin 胃蛋白酶pepsinogen 胃蛋白酶原autocatalysis 自身激活作用endopeptidase 内肽酶exopeptidase 外肽酶γ-glutamyl cycle γ-谷氨酰基循环putrefaction 腐败作用half time, t1/2半寿期ubiquitination 泛素化aminoacid metabolic pool 氨基酸代谢库transamination 转氨基作用transaminase 转氨酶alanine transaminase, ALT 丙氨酸转氨酶aspartate transaminase, AST 天冬氨酸转氨酶transdeamination 转氨脱氨作用α-keto acid α-酮酸glucogenic amino acid 生糖氨基酸ketogenic amino acid 生酮氨基酸glucogenic and ketogenic amino acid 生糖兼生酮氨基酸alanine-glucose cycle 丙氨酸-葡萄糖循环ornithine cycle 鸟氨酸循环urea cycle 尿素循环N-acetyl glutamic acid, AGA N-乙酰谷氨酸one carbon unit 一碳单位tetrahydrofolic acid, FH4 四氢叶酸S-adenosyl methionine, SAM S-腺苷甲硫氨酸methionine cycle 甲硫氨酸循环creatine 肌酸creatine phosphate 磷酸肌酸creatinine 肌酐第十章核苷酸代谢de novo synthesis 从头合成途径salvage pathway 补救合成途径phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate, PRPP 磷酸核糖焦磷酸adenine phosphoribosyl transferase, APRT 腺苷酸磷酸核糖转移酶hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase, HGPRT 次黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶uridine monophosphate, UMP 尿嘧啶核苷酸第十一章非营养物质代谢biotransformation 生物转化作用oxidation 氧化reduction 还原hydrolysis 水解conjugation 结合反应ethanol 乙醇bile 胆汁bile acid 胆汁酸heme 血红素hemoglobin 血红蛋白oxidative stress 氧化应激jaundice 黄疸第十二章物质代谢的整合与调节oxaloacetate, OAA 草酰乙酸adenylate deaminase 腺苷酸脱氨酶substrate cycle 底物循环key enzyme 关键酶multi-enzyme system 多酶体系feedback inhibition 反馈抑制covalent modification 共价修饰ubiquitin 泛素第十九章细胞信号转导的分子机制cell communication 细胞通讯signal transduction 信号转导ligand 配体receptor 受体cross-talking 交叉调控signal transduction network 信号转导网络signal transducer 信号转导分子second messenger 第二信使adenylate cyclase, AC 腺苷酸环化酶protein kinase G, PKG 蛋白激酶Gprotein phosphatase, PP 蛋白磷酸酶guanine nucleotide-binding protein, G protein 鸟苷酸结合蛋白，G 蛋白**被生物体直接用于合成蛋白质的20种氨基酸1.非极性脂肪族氨基酸甘氨酸Glycine, Gly丙氨酸Alanine, Ala缬氨酸Valine, Val亮氨酸Leucine, Leu异亮氨酸Isoleucine, Ile脯氨酸Proline, Pro2.极性中性氨基酸丝氨酸Serine, Ser半胱氨酸Cysteine, Cys甲硫氨酸Methionine, Met天冬酰胺Asparagine, Asn谷氨酰胺Glutamine, Gln苏氨酸Threonine, Thr3.含芳香环的氨基酸苯丙氨酸Phenylalanine, Phe酪氨酸Tyrosine, Tyr色氨酸Tryptophan, Trp4.酸性氨基酸天冬氨酸Aspartic acid, Asp谷氨酸Glutamic acid, Glu5.碱性氨基酸精氨酸Arginine, Arg赖氨酸Lysine. Lys组氨酸Histidine, His。
