托福TPO47口语题目+文本

1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.The influence of Hernani on later French playsB.The way that Hernani challenged traditional guidelines for playsC.The influence of Shakespeare on Victor Hugo’s playsD.The changing attitudes toward Victo r Hugo’s plays in the nineteenth century2.What is the professor’s opinion of the play Hernani?A.It is too political.B.It is not very creative.C.It is not an artistic success.D.It has been unjustly ignored.3.What feature of A Midsummer Night’s Dream is NOT consistent with neoclassicalprinciples?A.It has several main characters.B.It uses sophisticated language.C.It takes place in more than one location.D.It takes place during a single night.4.Why does the professor mention clowns in plays by Shakespeare?A.To point out that Shakespeare rebelled against neoclassicismB.To reinforce the idea that neoclassical plays were sometimes comicalC.To introduce an aspect of Hernani that French critics objected toD.To illustrate a characteristic of the plays that influenced Hugo5.Why did Hugo invite his friends to the opening of Hernani?A.To include people in the audience who understand his goalsB.To introduce them to a new and different kind of playC.To try maintain a pleasant, comfortable atmosphere in the theaterD.To thank them for supporting his efforts as a playwright6.What does the professor imply about the fights that occurred after performances ofHernani?Click on 2 answers.A.They were partly due to a misunderstanding of Hugo’s opinions.B.They affected a general social conflict in France at the time.C.They occurred because of deeply held literary opinions.D.They prevented other writer from writing romantic plays.1.What does the professor mainly discuss?A.Long-distance seasonal migration of seabirdsB.Two major ways that seabirds navigateC. A seabird that flies far in search of foodD.Reasons why seabirds often live on islands2.According to the professor, what influences an albatross’s choice of an island for nesting?A.Air currents near the islandB.Availability of food on the islandC.Predators inhabiting the islandD.The number of albatross already nesting on the island3.According to the professor, what helps albatross chicks survive despite the fact that theirparents have to fly such long distances to find food?Click on 2 answers.A.Albatross raise only one chick at a time.B.Albatross forage only for foods that are exceptionally rich in nutrients.C.Albatross store large quantities of food in the nest.D.Albatross chicks are adapted to tolerate long intervals without food.4.What does the professor imply about theories that explain how albatross navigate?A.They are based on studies of seabirds in captivity.B.They are based on observation of albatross in the wild.C.They are guesses that are not based on any evidence about birds.D.They have not been confirmed by studies of albatross themselves.5.According to the professor, why do some biologists doubt that magnetite helps birdsnavigate?A.Its magnetic properties are quite weak.B.It is found in young birds that cannot fly yet.C.It is found in all albatross species.D.It is in birds that do not migrate.6.Why does the professor say this:A.To emphasize how wasteful the albatross behavior isB.To encourage students to reflect on how impressive the albatross behavior isC.To signal that she is about to introduce a new topicD.To find out whether the students have understood her explanationsLecture3 (Sports Management)1.W hat does the professor mainly discuss?A.Different types of physical training that athletes might requireB.Strategies for getting a job as the head coach of a sports teamC.Aspects of a coach’s job beyond knowledge about sportsD.Reasons why coaches should focus on winning games2.Based on the survey discussed by the professor, what are the two main areas to whichnew coaches should give more attention?Click on 2 answers.A.Increasing their knowledge of game strategiesB.Improving their organizational skillsC.Building and maintaining strong relationshipsD.Stressing the importance of athletes’ academic studies3.Why does the professor mention pregame meals?A.To emphasize the importance of good nutrient for athletesB.To suggest a good time for coaches to talk about game strategyC.To point out that coaches often spend too much time on schedulingD.To give an example of the need for coaches to be more detail oriented4.What is the professor’s opinion about coaches who focus mainly on strategies for winninggames?A.They should study these game strategies outside the university.B.They should concentrate on the sport they are most interested in.C.They are neglecting other skills that may be more important.D.They will probably become the most successful coaches.5.What does the professor imply about coaches who establish a lot of rules for teammembers?A.They have problems enforcing the rules.B.They rely on rules to avoid having to make decisions.C.They usually relax the rules as they become more familiar with their players.D.They are not popular but they are efficient.6.Why does the professor say this: ?A.To insist that the student needs to remember what he has just been toldB.To acknowledge that her suggestion is not very practicalC.To emphasize how impressed she is by the student’s achievementD.To imply that the student is not yet ready to begin coachingLecture4 (Meteorology)1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.Various kinds of windsB.Theories about recent changes in Earth’s climateC.The role of wind in regulating Earth’s climateD.The role of air in limiting the amount of the Sun’s energy that reaches Earth2.According to the lecture, what creates areas of high pressure and low pressure in theatmosphere?A.The rotation of EarthB.Wind moving from areas over water to areas over landC.Differences in temperature at different places on EarthD.Differences in concentrations of water vapor in different parts of the atmosphere3.According to the professor, what are two reasons why all areas of Earth are not heatedequally during daylight hours?Click on 2 answers.A.Some regions of Earth receive more energy from the Sun than others.B.The amount of energy emitted by the Sun varies in intensity over the course of the day.C.The Sun heats stationary air faster than it heats moving air.D.The Sun heats land faster than it heats water.4.What are two benefits of wind mentioned by the professor?Click on 2 answers.A.It transferred water across EarthB.It shifts heat from some areas of Earth to others.C.It helps maintain a constant rate of evaporation of ocean water.D.It reduces the amount of the Sun’s energy that is absorbed by the ocean.5.What does the professor imply about the heat stored in water vapor?A.The heat is rarely transported by the wind.B.The heat was drawn from the ocean during the evaporation process.C.The heat’s intensity depends on the altitude of the vapor.D.The heat loses energy over time as it is stored in the vapor.6.Why does the professor mean when he says this: ?A.He is pleased that the woman made a good observation.B.He is grateful that the woman has reminded him of a point he neglected to discuss.C.He thinks that the woman has correctly summarized what he just said.D.He thinks that the woman has provided a logical transition to his next point.。

托福听力tpo47section2对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Conversation2 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture3 (6)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture4 (13)原文 (13)题目 (15)答案 (17)译文 (18)Conversation2原文NARRATOR:Listen to a conversation between a student and his professor. FEMALE PROFESSOR:This is not what I had in mind when I assigned a film review. MALE STUDENT:It isn’t?FEMALE PROFESSOR:No,what you wrote is a synopsis,a detailed summary of the movie,but it's not a review.MALE STUDENT:It's not?I guess I'm a little confused cause isn't that what a film review does,you know,describe the film?FEMALE PROFESSOR:Sure,in part,but a good review has to do more.But this is probably not your fault.I’m starting to think that I should've explained the assignment better,because,well,I got a lot of summaries,and very few reviews.MALE STUDENT:So…it wasn't only me?FEMALE PROFESSOR:Hardly.I just assumed that everyone would know what to do…MALE STUDENT:So,um,what else is a review supposed to do?FEMALE PROFESSOR:Well,it should also analyze the film,discuss its strengths and weaknesses,maybe compare it to other movies,even mention why the reviewer did or didn't like it.MALE STUDENT:You mean it should've been more personal?FEMALE PROFESSOR:For starters.Or maybe,“subjective”is a better word than “personal.”Yes,it should’ve been more subjective.MALE STUDENT:Maybe I could rewrite it?FEMALE PROFESSOR:Well,I don't know about rewriting it.Too many people seem to have missed the point.I think I may have to forgo evaluating this one.Instead,maybe we'll just devote a class to discussing what it takes to write a good film review,or maybe…hmm…you know,I have a colleague who writes film reviews for the local paper.Maybe I could ask her to come to class and describe what she does,and then have everyone rewrite their reviews.MALE STUDENT:So…she would talk about what a film review should be like,so we'd know what to do?FEMALE PROFESSOR:Well more than that…a professional film reviewer gets to see movies sometimes before they’ve even been released…they get advance copies, usually a video or DVD,to watch at home.Or they go to a movie as soon as it opens in the theaters.MALE STUDENT:Umm…Seeing it on the big screen,in a theater,doesn't that affect the experience.FEMALE PROFESSOR:Of course.Having other people there…can affect the review too…So for the next assignment,I might ask everyone to review one of the films the film club shows every weekend at the theater on campus.There’s no admission charge,they're free to students,and…the movies are shown Friday and Saturday nights,plus Sunday afternoon,so everyone should be able to see one.Yeah,that should work.MALE STUDENT:But for this time,will we have to rewrite our reviews?FEMALE PROFESSOR:Well,let's take it one thing at a time.Let me talk to my colleague.题目1.Why does the student go to the professor's office?A.To hand in an assignment that he rewroteB.To ask for additional time to complete an assignmentC.To persuade the professor to allow him to rewrite an assignmentD.To receive feedback on an assignment that he has already submitted2.Why will the professor probably not grade the film review the student hasA.She realizes that the film she assigned was too difficult for the student to review.B.She thinks that she may not have explained the assignment very well.C.The student did not follow the professor's guidelines for choosing a film.D.The review the student submitted was only a first draft.3.According to the professor,what are two elements of a good review that the student did NOT include?[Click on2answers.]A.A detailed summary of the filmB.The student's opinion of the filmC.A comparison of the film to other filmsD.An explanation of the film's popularity4.Why does the professor decide to ask the students to review one of the films being shown by the campus film club?A.So they can experience a film in an authentic reviewing atmosphereB.So they can compare the film club's film with the original films they reviewedC.So they have a chance to rewrite their original reviewsD.So they have a chance to attend a film with a professional reviewer5.What does the professor imply when she says this:MALE STUDENT:But for this time,will we have to rewrite our reviews?FEMALE PROFESSOR:Well,let's take it one thing at a time.Let me talk to myA.She would like her colleague’s opinion about the student’s film review.B.She will ask her colleague to help the man rewrite his review.C.She does not want to read more than one film review from each student.D.She would like more information before making a decision about the assignment.答案D B BC A D译文旁白：请听一段学生和他的教授之间的对话。

托福听力tpo46section1对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Conversation1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture1 (6)原文 (6)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture2 (12)原文 (12)题目 (15)答案 (17)译文 (17)Conversation1原文NARRATOR:Listen to a conversation between a student and an employee in the student housing office.MALE STUDENT:Hi.I'm a first-year student here,I-I live in the dorms,and I…well,I like where I'm living now…it's convenient and quiet,but I'm starting to think aboutwhere I want to live next year.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Good idea.As a second-year,you'll have more freedom to choose a place that suits your needs.MALE STUDENT:Yeah,and I want to make sure that,well,that I apply in time to get what I want.And,um,a friend was telling me about these,uh—not quite sure of terminology]common interest houses on campus…?FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Yes,we have a language house,a life science house,a music house—MALE STUDENT:Yeah,the music house!That's the one I'm interested in.But,um,I’m not a music major;I do play an instrument,but I'm a history major.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Oh,that's not an issue.You see,that house isn't just for music majors.It’s for anyone who’s interested in music.MALE STUDENT:But…isn't that everyone?FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Well,maybe,but the house has a performance area and practice rooms.So people who choose to live there need to be open to the possibility that there's always going to be someone playing something—an instrument,the radio…even at odd times.You're pretty much always going to hear music there.That might bother some people.MALE STUDENT:Doesn't bother me.And I'd love to have a place to practice my saxophone without worrying about disturbing people.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Well,it does sound like it might be a good fit for you.And the house also functions as a social club.MALE STUDENT:I know they do activities,but I don't know much beyond that…FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Well,for example,every month I think it is,there’s an informal concert…any house resident can perform.And remember the big jazz festival at University Park last month?MALE STUDENT:Of course!It was amazing—the music was great!Um,I-I didn't connect it to the music house.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Not many people do.Anyway,they put on a whole range of other activities as well—someone at the house could give you more information about those.MALE STUDENT:So,how do I…uh,what's the process for getting a room there?FEMALE EMPLOYEE:You need to fill out an application form and send it to the house director.The form's on the housing department's Web site.But don't get your hopes up too high—they can only accept about thirty percent of the students who apply.MALE STUDENT:Oh wow,I had no idea…FEMALE EMPLOYEE:So,for your application…it needs to include a personal statement.You know,why you're interested in living in the house,how you might contribute to the group.There are guidelines on the form.That statement's really important because it's basically how they decide who to accept into the house题目1.Why does the student go to see the woman?A.To ask about events that the music house sponsorsB.To find out which of the common interest houses have rooms availableC.To find out if it would be possible for him to live in the music houseD.To check on the status of his application to move into the music house2.According to the woman,why might some people not want to live in the music house?A.It is rarely quiet.B.It is not conveniently located.C.All of the residents are required to participate in house activities.D.All of the residents must be enrolled in a music class.3.What does the woman imply when she mentions the jazz festival?A.It was free for residents of the music house.B.It was held at the music house.C.Music house residents were encouraged to perform at it.D.Music house residents were involved in organizing it.4.Why does the woman mention the acceptance rate of applicants for the music house?A.To warn the student that his application might not be approvedB.To suggest that the music house is not a popular place to liveC.To convince the student that his chances are better if he applies in personD.To emphasize the importance of turning in the application form early5.What information does the student need to include in his application?[Click on2 answers]A.Some ways he might contribute to the music house communityrmation about his experience as a musicianC.Reasons why he wants to live in the music houseD.A recommendation from a current resident of the music house答案C AD A AC译文旁白：听一段一个学生和一个工作人员在学生住宿办公室的对话。

托福TPO47阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO47阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

Coral ReefsAn important environment that is more or less totally restricted to the intertropical zone is the coral reef.Coral reefs are found where the ocean water temperature is not less than 21°C,where there is a firm substratum,and where the seawater is not rendered too dark by excessive amounts of river-borne sediment.They will not grow in very deep water,so a platform within 30 to 40 meters of the surface is a necessary prerequisite for their development.Their physical structure is dominated by the skeletons of corals,which are carnivorous animals living off zooplankton.However,in addition to corals there are enormous quantities of algae,some calcareous,which help to build the reefs.The size of reefs is variable.Some atolls are very large—Kwajelein in the Marshall Islands of the South Pacific is 120 kilometers long and as much as 24 kilometers across-but most are very much smaller,and rise only a few meters above the water.The 2,000 kilometer complex of reefs known as the Great Barrier Reef,which forms a gigantic natural breakwater off the northeast coast of Australia,is by far the greatest coral structure on Earth.Coral reefs have fascinated scientists for almost 200 years,and some of the most pertinent observations of them were made in the 1830s by Charles Darwin on the voyage of the Beagle.He recognized that there were three major kinds:fringing reefs,barrier reefs,and atolls;and he saw that they were related to each other in a logical and gradational sequence.A fringing reefis one that lies close to the shore of some continent or island.Its surface forms an uneven and rather rough platform around the coast,about the level of low water,and its outer edge slopes downwards into the sea.Between the fringing reef and the land there is sometimes a small channel or lagoon.When the lagoon is wide and deep and the reef lies at some distance from the shore and rises from deep water it is called a barrier reef.An atoll is a reef in the form of a ring or horseshoe with a lagoon in the center.Darwin s theory was that the succession from one coral reef type to another could be achieved by the upward growth of coral from a sinking platform,and that there would be a progression from a fringing reef,through the barrier reef stage until,with the disappearance through subsidence(sinking)of the central island,only a reef-enclosed lagoon or atoll would survive.A long time after Darwin put forward this theory,some deep boreholes were drilled in the Pacific atolls in the 1950s.The drill holes passed through more than a thousand meters of coral before reaching the rock substratum of the ocean floor,and indicated that the coral had been growing upward for tens of millions of years as Earth's crust subsided at a rate of between 15 and 51 meters per million years.Darwin s theory was therefore proved basically correct.There are some submarine islands called guyots and seamounts,in which subsidence associated with sea-floor spreading has been too speedy for coral growth to keep up.Like mangrove swamps,coral reefs are extremely important habitats.Their diversity of coral genera is greatest in the warm waters of the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific.Indeed,they have been called the marine version of the tropical rain forest,rivaling their terrestrial counterparts in both richness ofspecies and biological productivity.They also have significance because they provide coastal protection,opportunities for recreation,and are potential sources of substances like medicinal drugs.At present they are coming under a variety of threats,of which two of the most important are dredging and the effects of increased siltation brought about by accelerated erosion from neighboring land areas.托福阅读TPO47Part3阅读题目：Passage 1An important environment that is more or less totally restricted to the intertropical zone is the coral reef.Coral reefs are found where the ocean water temperature is not less than 21°C,where there is a firm substratum,and where the seawater is not rendered too dark by excessive amounts of river-borne sediment.They will not grow in very deep water,so a platform within 30 to 40 meters of the surface is a necessary prerequisite for their development.Their physical structure is dominated by the skeletons of corals,which are carnivorous animals living off zooplankton.However,in addition to corals there are enormous quantities of algae,some calcareous,which help to build the reefs.The size of reefs is variable.Some atolls are very large—Kwajelein in the Marshall Islands of the South Pacific is 120 kilometers long and as much as 24 kilometers across-but most are very much smaller,and rise only a few meters above the water.The 2,000 kilometer complex of reefs known as the Great Barrier Reef,which forms a gigantic natural breakwater off the northeast coast of Australia,is by far the greatest coral structure on Earth.1.According to paragraph 1,all of the following are needed for the growth of coral reefs?A.a solid base to grow onB.exposure to lightC.the presence of river-borne sedimentD.ocean temperatures of 21°C or higher2.the word“prerequisite”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.precaution。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO47口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO47口语Task6听力文本： Listen to part of a lecture in a history class. When early humans wanted to eat meat, they hunted wild animals. That's how humans got meat for thousands of years. But then around 10,000 years ago, humans began to domesticate animals, that is, they began to control animals, to feed them, to raise them. And the domestication of animals had a number of benefits for early humans. Let's talk about a couple of these benefits. One benefit of animal domestication was that it provided early humans with a more consistent and reliable source of meat. When early humans hunted wild animals, sometimes they were able to find and catch the animals, but other times they weren't. So wild animals were not a reliable source of meat. But with domesticated animals, meat was always available. For example, goats were one of the first animals to be domesticated. They were easily controlled and organized into herds led by a person, a shepherd. So they could accompany groups of people as they moved from place to place. And whenever the people needed meat, they could eat the goats. They were always available. Another benefit of animal domestication was that domesticated animals could supply a variety of foods other than meat. When early humans hunted wild animals, the only kind of food they got was meat. But domesticated animals were able to supply, in addition to meat, other kinds of food products. For example, let's take a look again at domesticated goats. Live goats produce milk, so early humans could collect the milk and drink it. And they could also process the milk and turn it into other kinds of food, like yogurt and cheese, which could be stored. 托福TPO47口语Task6题目： Using the example of goats from the lecture, explain the two benefits of animal domestication for early humans. 托福TPO47口语Task6满分范文： The lecture talks about two benefits of animal domestication for early humans.The first advantage was that it offered early humans with a more constant source of meat. For example, goats were tractable, so they could move from one place to another with human migration. The goats were available to eat whenever and wherever the people needed meat whereas it relied more on luck to hunt wild animals. The second merit was that domesticated animals could supply a variety of foods besides meat. For instance, early humans could gather the goat milk and make it into other kinds of food such as yogurt and cheese, which could be preserved. By contrast, wild animals could furnish nothing but meat. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO47口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

TPO 47 听力文本Conversation 1Listen to a conversation between a student and a music director.Stu: Ms. Harper?Dir: Yes, can I help you?Stu: Hi, my name is Eric Paterson, I’m a journalism student, Er, I want to ask you about the orchestra.Dir: I’m sorry, Eric. But the orchestra is only open to music majors.Stu: Really? Well, see…Dir: But the policy’s changing next year. After that, if you’ve taken three music courses, you will be able to audition. Stu: Well, e…, I have taken some music courses and I do play the double bass, so maybe that’s something to think about. But, actually, I was here about something else.Dir: Oh, sorry, it’s just I... I get that question all the time, so…Stu: That’s Ok. The thing is, I work for Magna, the school paper, and I’m reporting on last week’s concert. Now I went to it and I really enjoyed it. But now I’m looking for some background knowledge.Dir: Well, I can refer you to some of the students in the orchestra if you’d like a young musician’s point of view. Stu: Er, I guess that might be helpful, but I’m really looking for a little bit of scholarly perspective, some history of the music that was performed that evening, where it was originated, how it’s developed over time.Dir: Well, some of our musician’s kind of specialize in Appalachian music. In fact, that’s part of the reason we performed it. So you really should talk to them, too. Er… OK, so we were playing Appalachian music from communities in the Appalachian mountain regions of the United States.Stu: All right.Dir: Er…, Do you really think you can keep these all in your head?Stu: Oh, don’t worry. All I need are a few key facts. I’m sure I can keep them straight until I get back to my dorm. Dir: So the music is generally based on folk ballets and instrumental dance tunes. Er, It starts with Scottish and Irish immigrants who brought over their styles of music. It’s called Anglo-Celtic.Stu: So, people brought their musical traditions with them.Dir: Well, this Anglo-Celtic music was considered an important link to the past for these people, which you can see in the way that Appalachian singers sing ballets. They have a sort of nasal quality to them, like in Celtic ballets. In their new land, some of the lyrics were updated. You know, to refer to the new locations, and the occupations the settlers had in America, but at the same time, lots of ballets were still about the castles and royalty, lords and ladies, stuff like that, which is what they were about originally.Stu: Ok, and was that some sort of banjo I saw on stage during the performance?Dir: Yes, we are lucky that one of our students Steward Telford has a 19 century banjo, a real antique. He is able to play it in most of the traditional styles. Did you know that banjos are of African-American origin and that settlers in Appalachian adopted banjos for their folk music? They became very common in traditional Appalachian music, along with guitars and violins of course. But if you want to learn about that banjo, talk to Steward.Stu: That’s great, Ms. Harper. Thanks a lot. Now, can you recommend any sources where I could look up more about this?Dir: Sure, I have a great book. A student has it today, but you can borrow it tomorrow if you’d like.Conversation 2Listen to a conversation between a student and his professor.Pro: This is not what I had in mind when I assigned a film review.Stu: It isn’t?Pro: No. What you wrote is a synopsis, detailed summary of the movie but it’s not a review.Stu: It’s not? I guess I’m a little confused cause isn’t what a film review does, you know, to describe the film? Pro: Sure, in part. But a good review has to do more. But this is probably not your fault. I’m starting to think that I should’ve explained the assignment better because, well, I got a lot of summaries and very few reviews.Stu: So, it wasn’t only me?Pro: Hardly. I just assumed that everyone would know what to do.Stu: So, er, what else is a review supposed to do?Pro: Well it should also analyze the film, discuss its strengths and weaknesses, maybe compare to other movies, even mention why the reviewer did or didn’t like it.Stu: You mean it should have been more personal?Pro: For starters, or maybe subjective is a better word than personal. Yes, it should have been more subjective. Stu: Maybe I could rewrite it?Pro: Well, I don’t know about rewriting it. Too many people seem to have missed the point. I think I may have to forgo evaluating this one. Instead, maybe we’ll just devote a class to discussing what it takes to write a good film review or maybe, hum, you know, I have a colleague who writes film reviews for the local paper. Maybe I could ask her to come to class and describe what she does and then have everyone rewrite their reviews.Stu: So, she will talk about what a film review should be like so we’d know what to do.Pro: Well, more than that. A professional film reviewer gets to see movie sometimes before they’re even released. They get advanced copies, usually a video or DVD to watch at home or they go a movie as soon as it opens in the theatres.Stu: Em…, seeing it on a big screen in a theatre. Doesn’t that affect the experience?Pro: Of course. Having other people there can affect their review too. So, for the next assignment, I might ask everyone to review one of the films the film club shows every weekend at the theatre on campus. There is no admission charge. They are free to students, and the movies are shown on Friday and Saturday nights, plus Sunday afternoon, so everyone should be able to see one. Yeah, that should work.Stu: But for this time, will we have to rewrite our reviews?Pro: Well, let’s take it one thing at a time. Let me talk to my colleague.Lecture 1Listen to part of a lecture in a literature class.So, um, in France, you have the French Academy, which was created to uphold the standards of literary taste. Was it a very conservative organization? It tried to keep things a certain way, resist change. It dictated that French play should be neoclassic in form, you know, have 5 acts, sophisticated language, etc. But try as it might, it couldn’t stop change. French drama was changing. Though the transition from neoclassical drama to romantic drama was itself pretty, er, dramatic.Let’s look at a play by Victor Hugo, called Hernani, or the French would say Hernané. Although Hugo was a truly brilliant writer of, er, essays, poems, novels, and plays. Er, his play Hernani isn’t a great play in a novel of itself. It’s got a really confusing, convoluted storyline. Critics back then were unimpressed by it, though it’s likely that their own feelings about how play should be, neoclassical or romantic, affected their opinions about it. But it’s premier in Paris in 1830 was anything but ordinary. Hernani s opening night was probably one of the most important literary events in nineteen century France. What happened was, ok, Hugo was a romanticist, right? He was part of a growing movement of er…, young authors and artists, who were rebelling against neoclassicism, against the conventions of neoclassicism. And, and what this meant is that Hugo opposed the neoclassical unities, that Frenchtheatre had inherited from Greek drama. These unities were basically the unity of time, space and action, meaning that the entire play consisted of just one main event that was unfolding in just one specific place, usually in the course of one day. And Hugo found this to be too constraining. He looked for inspiration in, well, ok. Hugo is from the nineteen century, but he looked to Shakespeare, several centuries in the past, long before neoclassicism. For example, in Shakespeare’s play, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the play moves from indoors to outdoors, from the city to the forest, and back again. So there was a kind of mobility in the use of space, and well, in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, of course the action in that play takes place on a single summer’s night. But in Shakespeare’s other plays, in Hamlet, for example, time elapses, people travel, they go to other destinations, and the action is not limited to one plot.Hugo also opposed the neoclassical insistence on the separation of genres. For neoclassicists, a play could only be dramatic and high art, or comic, the light-hearted, and in neither case, there was still a sense of decorum, characters might make jokes, and get into silly situations, but there are still regular people, like not in disguise or anything. There is still a certain amount of restraint in a neoclassical comedy. Again, earlier works by Shakespeare provided very different models that Hugo found more appealing. Many of Shakespeare’s plays, even the tragedies, contain scenes with ridiculous outlandish characters, like clowns. So that many of the plays have both qualities, a serious dramatic side, and comedic scenes, with the clowns that break the drama.And Hugo, like other Romantics, was also opposed to the artistic rules that neoclassicists had inherited from enlightenment. The Romantics wanted a more passionate kind of theatre, and it was more rooted in the individual and the individual sensibility.Romanticism was political as well, claiming that individuals, people, could govern themselves, without the need for kings and queens. There was an ideological struggle between a lot of young people, artists, people who want to change and people who didn’t. So of course Romanticism was controversial. Now, Hernani was a play that incorporated these romantic conventions. Hugo suspected that neoclassical audiences would be hostile to this new form and the ideas that it represented. So, to protect himself, he rounded up his friends for opening night and hundreds of them came to the theatre that night. And Hugo writes about this arrival of the Romantics, these wild and bizarre characters and their outlandish costumes, which stupefied and infuriated the more conventional theatre goers. So the play that night took forever to finish because it was interrupted many times. And there were these debates in the audience, between Hugo’s friends and supporters, the Romantics, and the neoclassicists, the supporters of the old school, lots of interruptions. And afterward, what had been a debate inside the theater spilt out onto the street there and were fistfights. It was a complete free-for-all. And this went on for the next forty five nights. Every night that the play was performed, there was this excitement and controversy that was really an expression the kinds of passions that differences of statics and political opinions and tastes could give rise to.Lecture 2Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.Pro: Now usually when we talk about birds flying long distances, we are discussing seasonal migration, but there are some species that fly long distances not as part of a migration, but as part of their regular foraging for food. A great example is the albatross. Albatross are seabirds that nest on islands, and, er, forage for food out in the open sea. And, you have one species that forages in an average of a thousand miles from its nest. And I read in another study where one albatross left a chick in its nest and went out and search of food, and by the time it got back to the nest, it had flown nine thousand miles. Yes, Bob.Bob: er, but why don’t they just build their nest close to the food supply? I mean, for one thing, they must burn upa lot of energy flying back and forth, and also the parents are gonna to have to be away from the nest that much. Aren’t the chicks gonna be pretty hungry most of the time?Pro: Ok. Good question. The chicks are capable of going for long periods of time without food, which works out nicely since as you point out, they may not get to eat that often. As far as the parents go, well, um, first, they typically can’t get enough food in a single location, so they have to visit several places on the same foraging trip. And the locations of good foraging grounds tend to be very far apart. As second, they can’t always nest on an island that is closest to the best feeding ground because some of those islands have too many predators on them. Predators that would just love some little chicks to snack on. So I don’t think they have much choice, but it still works out because albatross fly using a technique called dynamic soaring, which enables them to cover very long distances while expending very little energy. If it weren’t for that, you would be right. They would probably burn up all their energy just flying back and forth. Another factor is albatross lay only one egg at a time. So when the parent returns with the food, that one chick doesn’t have to share it with a lot of other chicks. Yes, Nancy.Nancy: So you are saying that they might easily fly a thousand miles over the open ocean when they are looking for food?Pro: That’s right.Nancy: Then how do they know how to get to the food? I mean, which direction to take to get to the food, and how do they find their way back home?Pro: Good point. And the truth is we’re not sure. It’s very difficult to keep seabirds in captivity where you can study them. And it’s very difficult to study them in the wild, you know. But we think that a lot of what we’ve learned about songbirds probably applies to seabirds as well. So we are thinking that albatross could make use of two different kinds of compasses, if you… well, magnetic compass and celestial compass. The magnetic compass somehow makes use of earth’s magnetic field, much the way a standard compass does. But to prove this, we would have to find some kind of magnetic accessory organ in birds. And we are not sure that we have. We have found in birds a mineral, called magnetite, which we think might be somehow related to this, because magnetite is a natural magnet. But the problem is that we’ve also found magnetite in non-migratory birds, which suggests that it may in fact serve a completely different function, not related to navigation at all. Um, and the other compass, the celestial compass, makes use of the stars, more or less the same way humans have starkly used the stars to navigate in the open sea. So that’s the way we think albatross navigate. So anyway, you know, think about it, how about if you had to go a thousand miles every time you wanted to get a bite to eat.Stu: Yeah, and we complained about having to walk all the way across campus to get to the cafeteria.Pro: Yeah.Lecture 3Listen to part of a lecture in a sports management class.Pro: So, I want to end today with a topic that many of you’ve questioned about when you’ve come to see me during my office hours. A lot of you have told me you are specifically interested in careers as coaches. Now, it doesn’t matter what’s sports you’re interested in coaching, volleyball, basketball, swimming. There are some considerations for all new coaches to think about as they plan their careers. A recent study, a survey of high school head coaches helped identify some obstacles, some things that head coaches felt they were not prepared for as they began theircareers. They were surveyed to determine what things they would do differently if they were starting their careers over again. Based on their responses, several things emerged. The largest number of responses was in the area of relationships. 79% of the coaches indicated that if they had to do it over again, they would do things differently in this area. They said they dealt differently with assistant coaches, parents, student athletes, school administration, and pay more attention to those relationships.The second most critical area for these coaches was organization and administration. To them, this means things like better managing their budgets, and delegating responsibilities, making sure that even minor things were taken care of, like pregame meals, those sorts of things.Kenny: Excuse me, professor? I know good nutrition is important, but organizing pregame meals, isn’t really something you consider when you thinking about going at the coaching as a career.Pro: No, I guess not, Kenny. But it’s more an example of paying attention to the details, being organized. I do want to emphasize that the profession of coaching is about more than just wins and losses. In fact, wining is probably stressed too much, at its best, I’d say coaching, especially in high school and college is about teaching life skills through game strategy. Of course, coaching requires a specialized body of knowledge. If you coach tennis you need to know the rules of tennis. If you are a football coach, you need to know all about football strategies. And those are the sorts of things that you will get in your classes here at the university. But if coaches spend too much of your time on game strategy, well, you see, maybe that’s secondary, too, to the knowledge and skills you’ll need for the other roles you undertake as a coach, especially, as that survey emphasized, skills in dealing with people and administration.Kenny: But, how do you, how do you improve in those areas. I mean, I’m going be an assisting coach at a high school, beginning next month, and …Female Stu: Really? Nice going, Kenny.Pro: Yes, that’s wonderful.Kenny: Thanks. I’m excited.Pro: So, congratulations. Ok, well, to get better organized, one thing is take courses in business management, and not just the sports management courses in the physical education department, other business in finance courses. Oh, but wait a minute, you said you were starting next month? What sport will you be coaching?Kenny: Er, gymnastics, mainly.Pro: Ok, in my career, I’ve learned, well, as part of building and maintaining strong relationships in working on administrative skills, you’ve got to consider the other needs of your team, beyond the sport itself. Remember, the team members are athletes, and students. Er, and remember that if you’re enthusiastic about what you are doing, well, enthusiasm is its catching, right? You want team members to enjoy participating.Kenny: Right, but what about setting rules for your team? And is it better to be strict or not so strict?Pro: Actually, I don’t believe in having a lot of rules and coaches often do have too many. I think that can get in the way of leadership and box you in. I think people sometimes set rules just to make things easier for themselves. That way, maybe later, they just can refer to the rule and avoid making a choice. You know that kind of person I’m talkingabout, right? But, that’s not to say the team shouldn’t have any rules at all. Of course they need some, so early in the season, or when you first take a new job, establish a few basic ground rules, for what is acceptable and non-acceptable behavior.Female Stu: So, what are some good ones?Pro: Well, er, a couple of rules a coach should have are insist that players be on time, and insist that they practice hard and give their best effort. And when you do establish a rule, stick to it.Lecture 4Listen to part of a lecture in a meteorology class.Pro: Now, earth’s atmosphere is, sort of like a giant weather machine, right? It has air, and water being its key components, a machine powered by energy from the sun. So, we need to consider the role that air, or more specifically, wind plays in this machine. So wind is really nothing more than moving air, right? Now the air is heated and becomes warmer, it expands and becomes less dense. When air in a particular area is heated, you get a concentration of warm air in an area of low pressure. Now likewise, when you get a concentration of cold air, that air can be very dense, so it’s going to create an area of high pressure. If you have an area of high pressure, next to an area of low pressure, the colder high pressure air was staring moving towards the area of low pressure, right? And the warmer air will move away, rising above the cooler air, ok? Yes, Linda.Linda: So wind is actually generated by the sun?Pro: Well, earth rotation plays a role, and there are other factors, we’ll come back to all that. But principally, yes, the sun creates the temperature differential that creates the areas of high pressure and low pressure that create wind. Linda: Er, I don’t get what, how it causes a temperature differential?Pro: Right, good, this will take us to the role of wind in the climate. The key is that the sun warms up different parts of earth at different rates and to different degrees. For example, at sunrise, the land heats up faster than the ocean. That’s why you get morning sea breezes, the air over the water heats more slowly than air of land. So during the early morning, it’s cooler and denser than air over land. So it moves in toward land, a sea breeze. Er, what else? Um, the sun’s energy is more intense near the equator than it is near the poles. So you’ve got masses of warmer air over the equatorial regions and masses of cooler air over polar regions. And these masses are constantly interacting with each other, which is critically important for earth’s climate.One result of these interactions is that equatorial air masses move away from the equator, and in the process, those equatorial winds actually take heat away from the equator and transfer it to some cooler part of earth. And by redistributing this energy, the sun’s energy really, winds play a critical role in maintaining a temperature balance from the poles to the equator. Now, winds also help earth maintain its balance in another way by transporting water from one part of earth to another. Waters contained in the air in the form of vapor, mostly through evaporation, mostly from the oceans. And so when the air moves, it carries the vapor with it to some other parts of earth, where can deposit it as rain or snow or some other form of precipitation.Actually, the transfer of heat and water by wave of wind are very closely related because a primary wave that heat energy is transferred by the wind is mediated by the process of evaporation. What happens is that a certain amountof heat energy is required to convert liquid water into vapor. So when water evaporates from the ocean, it takes energy to convert that water into a gas form, into water vapor. But that heat energy, that conversion energy, doesn’t raise the temperature of the water vapor, or of the air. It’s just stored in the water vapor, then later when the water vapor converts back to liquid water, that energy is released.So, when water evaporates, energy is taken from the ocean and it’s stored in the water vapor in the air. Then the air, the wind, transports the water vapor to some other part of earth. Then the water vapor converts back into liquid water. It rains in other words. And the heat energy that was stored in the water vapor is released into the new environment, ok? So, the transfer of heat and the transfer of water are very closely related. And what’s the primary vehicle for this transfer? The wind. So wind is a critical element in the redistribution of both the sun’s energy and earth’s water.。

托福听力tpo47section1对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Conversation1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture1 (7)原文 (7)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture2 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Conversation1原文NARRATOR:Listen to a conversation between a student and a music director. MALE STUDENT:Ms.Harper?FEMALE DIRECTOR:Yes,can I help you?MALE STUDENT:Hi,my name's Eric Patterson.I'm a journalism student.Uh,I wanted to ask you about the orchestra…FEMALE DIRECTOR:I'm sorry Eric,but the orchestra is only open to music majors.MALE STUDENT:Really?Well,see—FEMALE DIRECTOR:But the policy's changing next year.After that,if you've taken three music courses,you will be able to audition.MALE STUDENT:Well,uh,I have taken some music courses,and I do play the double bass,so maybe that’s something to think about.But actually,I was here about something else.FEMALE DIRECTOR:Oh,sorry!It's just I-I get that question all the time,so…MALE STUDENT:That's OK.Thing is,I work for Magna—the school paper—and I'm reporting on last week’s concert.Now,I went to it,and I really enjoyed it,but now I’m looking for some background knowledge.FEMALE DIRECTOR:Well,I can refer you to some of the students in the orchestra,if you’d like a young musician’s point of view…MALE STUDENT:Uh,I-I guess that might be helpful…But um,I’m really looking for a little bit of scholarly perspective.Some history of the music that was performed that evening.Where it originated,how it’s developed over time…FEMALE DIRECTOR:Well,some of our musicians kind of specialize in Appalachian music;in fact,that's part of the reason we performed it.So you really should talk to them,too.um,OK,so we were playing Appalachian music…from communities in the Appalachian mountain regions of the United States.MALE STUDENT:All right…FEMALE DIRECTOR:Uh…do you really think you can keep this all in your head?MALE STUDENT:Oh.Don't worry.All I need are a few key facts.I'm sure I can keep them straight until I get back to my dorm.FEMALE DIRECTOR:So.The music is generally based on folk ballads and instrumental dance tunes.Um,it started with Scottish and Irish immigrants who brought over their styles of music.It's called Anglo-Celtic.MALE STUDENT:So,people brought their musical traditions with them.FEMALE DIRECTOR:Well,this Anglo-Celtic music was considered an important link to the past for these people,which you can see in the way that Appalachian singers sing ballads;they have sort of a nasal quality to them,like in Celtic ballads.In their new land,some of the lyrics were updated,you know,to refer to the new locations,and the occupations that settlers had in America.But at the same time,lots of ballads were still about castles,and royalty…lords and ladies…stuff like that.Which is what they were about originally.MALE STUDENT:OK,and was that some sort of banjo I saw onstage during the performance。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO47独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO47独立写作题目原文： Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is important to know about events happening around the world, even if it is unlikely that they will affect your daily e specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 托福TPO47独立写作满分范文： The world today has become increasingly vigorous and news stories develop almost every second. Some people think that it is significant to know about events happening around the world while others regard the habit of watching news from distant areas as a total waste of time. As far as I am concerned, the international news is highly valuable, to a large extent. Firstly, it is a wonderful means to broaden the minds of adults. For example, the international news reports inevitably contain a foreign culture from a certain country--from social manners to languages, from food to religious rituals. By being exposed to the exotic information, people can build up a cross-culture understanding, and their thoughts would become more flexible and adaptable, when encountering with the cultural diversity in future travelling and studying abroad. Besides, international news plays a role of catalyst for the maturity of youngsters. Actually, many teenagers in some rich countries are overindulged because they grow up in a peaceful, affluent, safe and healthy environment. More or less, they might squander money with no restraint. However, when watching the pictures and stories about Africa, like the massive starvation, epidemics, and the homelessness and death caused by civil wars, they begin to realize how happy their lives are. Then they can learn to spend money in moderation, cherish food and clothes, as well as turn into kind and charitable people with a willing of giving. Admittedly, the main reason against such news is that it has nothing to do with the daily lives of ordinary people. For example, the breaking news in other countries or continents--such as political scandals, work strikes, ups and downs of stock market exchange, is too far from the regional situations to provide practical knowledge or instructions for local residents. All they see and hear from the international news fail to reflect the truth and day-to-day changes of local community around them, or to improve their studying performance, or to teach them self-care skills for dealing with the challenges in a real world. On this level, the assertion about the international news wasting time is proper. In conclusion, I believe that there are more vantages than shortcomings of having access to the global news. Although it might be unavailing for daily lives, its benefits in developing open-minded adults and grateful youngsters can never be overpassed. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO47独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

Although the events that are happening around the world may seem to have nothing to do with us, I am still convinced that it is necessary for us to learn about them.First of all, for the sake of becoming more learned, doing so should be encouraged. In other words, It is one of the most effective ways to enable us to become more knowledgeable. Knowing things that do not have direct connections is one of the most efficient ways to enable us to become more knowledgeable. Maybe we can comprehend it from the following perspective. We go to school to gain knowledge from text books as well as from our teachers. Unfortunately, we often fail to recognize what is happening current is that something that has not been written into reading materials. For example, when we want to know the war that broke out between the USA and Iraq in the year of 1993, what we can do now is to look it up in the reading materials and we consider it a process of gaining knowledge. But, when it was really happening, if we had listened to the radio or watched the TV in time, we could have learnt a lot about it in details at that time. So, s houldn’t we consider it a way of becoming knowledgeable? In this sense, paying attention to International events equals to gaining knowledge from reality.Another point that we have to make clear is that knowing about international events is also a necessary way to deepen our understanding of the knowledge contained in reading materials. Fromthe knowledge that is compiled into books by the specialists, we only primarily know the causes and results, which means that we may not good use of those knowledge practically in our realistic daily field. Luckily, the information or events around the world can be vivid examples of some of the knowledge we acquired in the book, which can deepen the understanding of it. And in that case, those examples will automatically help us to learn the knowledge more realistic and simply.Some may hold the view that trying to know those things which are meaningless to us is a waste of time, for those things are far beyond a citizen’s reach, right? But this kind of idea is totally wrong in the contrast because you can learn a lot of potencial experience from it. For example, you can also utilize the solution of an international crisis into a common family argument. So you can always learn something from those big events.。

TPO 47综合写作阅读原文：Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.听力原文：Recent research has revealed the pterosaurs may in fact have been capable of powered flight.First, the issue of pterosaur metabolism. Some recently discovered pterosaur fossils indicate that pterosaurs had a dense, hair-like covering, somewhat similar to fur. Hair or fur covering is typical of warm-blooded animals because those animals need to maintain a high body temperature when external conditions are cold. So if the metabolism of pterosaurs was more like that of warm-blooded animals and so faster than the reading suggests, then it would have supplied them with the energy needed for powered flight.Second, the idea that large pterosaurs couldn't use powered flight because they were too heavy. We now know that pterosaurs had anatomical features that made them unusually light for their size. For example, the bones of pterosaurs were hollow instead of solid. Hollow, light-weight bones would have kept the pterosaurs weight low despite their large body frames. The pterosaurs' weight was probably low enough to allow them to keep themselves airborne by flapping their wings.Third, takeoff would indeed be a problem for pterosaurs if they took off the way birds do. But there are important differences between birds and pterosaurs. Birds only use their hind limbs, their legs, for walking on the ground. So they only have two limbs to push off from when they launch. But pterosaurs walked on all four limbs while on the ground. There are modern flying animals that walk on all four limbs. Bats, for example. And they use all four limbs to push off the ground, not just the back ones. Studies indicate that even the largest pterosaurs would have had no trouble using all four limbs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.范文：In the reading passage, the writer claims that large pterosaurs were incapable of powered flight. The speaker, however, contradicts this view for the following three reasons.First of all, the reading materials points out that ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded and were incapable of producing enough energies for flying. But the speaker refutes that pterosaurs had a dense, hair-like covering which was typical of warm-blooded animals whose metabolism was able to supply the energy required for powered flight.Second, the author states that pterosaurs were too heavy to stay aloft for any length of time. But the lecturer suggests that the bones of pterosaurs were hollow instead of solid. Therefore, although they had large body frames, the pterosaurs' weight was probably low enough to allow them to keep themselves airborne by flapping wings.Lastly, the author indicates pterosaurs lacked the big, powerful muscles in their back legs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air. Contrary to the reading passage, the speaker emphasizes that unlike birds which used just the back limbs, pterosaurs used four limbs to push off the ground.独立写作：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is important to know about events happening around the world, even if it is unlikely that they will affect your daily life. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.The world today has become increasingly vigorous and news，stories develop almost every second. Some people think that it is significant to know about events happening around the world while others regard the habit of watching news from distant areas as a total waste of time. As far as I am concerned, the international news is highly valuable, to a large extent.Firstly, it is a wonderful means to broaden the minds of adults. For example, the international news reports inevitably contain a foreign culture from a certain country--from social manners to languages, from food to religious rituals. By being exposed to the exotic information, people can build up a cross-culture understanding, and their thoughts would become more flexible and adaptable, when encountering with the cultural diversity in future travelling and studying abroad.Besides, international news plays a role of catalyst for the maturity of youngsters. Actually, many teenagers in some rich countries are overindulged because they grow up in a peaceful, affluent, safe and healthy environment. More or less, they might squander money with no restraint. However, when watching the pictures and stories about Africa, like the massive starvation, epidemics, and the homelessness and death caused by civil wars, they begin to realize how happy their lives are. Then they can learn to spend money in moderation, cherish food and clothes, as well as turn into kind and charitable people with a willing of giving.Admittedly, the main reason against such news is that it has nothing to do with the daily lives of ordinary people. For example, the breaking news in other countries or continents--such as political scandals, work strikes, ups and downs of stock market exchange, is too far from the regional situations to provide practical knowledge or instructions for local residents. All they see and hear from the international news fail to reflect the truth and day-to-day changes of local community around them, or to improve their studying performance, or to teach them self-care skills for dealing with the challenges in a real world. On this level, the assertion about the international news wasting time is proper.In conclusion, I believe that there are more advantages than shortcomings of having access to the global news. Although it might be unavailing for daily lives, its benefits in developing open-minded adults and grateful youngsters can never be overpassed.。

TPO47综合写作听力文本宋克明Recent research has revealed the pterosaurs may in fact have been capableof powered flight.First, the issue of pterosaur metabolism. Some recently discovered pterosaur fossils indicate that pterosaurs had a dense, hair-like covering, somewhat similar to fur. Hair or fur covering is typical of warm-blooded animals because those animals need to maintain a high body temperature when external conditions are cold. So if the metabolism of pterosaurs was more like that of warm-blooded animals and so faster than the reading suggests, then it would have supplied them with the energy needed for powered flight. This transcript was written bySecond, the idea that large pterosaurs couldn't use powered flight because they were too heavy. We now know that pterosaurs had anatomical features that made them unusually light for their size. For example, the bones of pterosaurs were hollow instead of solid. Hollow, light-weight bones would have kept the pterosaurs weight low despite their large body frames. The pterosaurs' weight was probably low enough to allow them tokeep themselves airborne by flapping their wings.Third, takeoff would indeed be a problem for pterosaurs if they took off the way birds do. But there are important differences between birds and pterosaurs. Birds only use their hind limbs, their legs, for walking on the ground. Sothey only have two limbs to push off from when they launch.But pterosaurs walked on all four limbs while on the ground. There are modern flying animals that walk on all four limbs. Bats, for example. And they use all four limbs to push off the ground, not just the back ones. Studies indicate that even the largest pterosaurs would have had no trouble using all four limbs to run fast enough or jump high enough tolaunch themselves into the air.。

TPO47 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is important to know about events happening around the world, even if it is unlikely that they will affect your daily life. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.思路：了解世界新闻的好处大于坏处：(1)好处：成年人更加开明;(2)好处：孩子更加懂得感恩;(3)坏处：离自己生活太远高分词汇：vigorous, inevitably, rituals, exotic, flexible, encounter, catalyst, overindulge, affluent, squander, charitable, scandals, vantage, unavailing, overpassThe world today has become increasingly vigorous and news stories develop almost every second. Some people believe that it is significant to know about events happening around the world while others regard the habit of watching news from distant areas as a total waste of time. As far as I am concerned, the international news is highly valuable, to a large extent.Firstly, it is a wonderful means to broaden the minds of adults. For example, the international news reports inevitably contain a foreign culture from a certain country--from social manners to languages, from food to religious rituals. By being exposed to the exotic information, people can build up a cross-culture understanding, and their thoughts would become more flexible and adaptable, when encountering with the cultural diversity in future travelling and studying abroad.Besides, international news plays a role of catalyst for the maturity of youngsters. Actually, many teenagers in some rich countries are overindulged because they grow up in a peaceful, affluent, safe and healthy environment. More or less, they might squander money with no restraint. However, when watching the pictures and stories about Africa, like the massive starvation, epidemics, and the homelessness and death caused by civil wars, they begin to realize how happy their lives are. Then they can learn to spend money in moderation, cherish food and clothes, as well as turn into kind and charitable people with a willing of giving.Admittedly, the main reason against such news is that it has nothing to do with the daily lives of ordinary people. For example, the breaking news in other countries or continents--such as political scandals, work strikes, ups and downs of stock market exchange, is too far from the regional situations to provide practical knowledge or instructions for local residents. All they see and hear from the international news fail to reflect the truth and day-to-day changes of local community around them, or to improve their studying performance, or to teach them self-care skills for dealing with the challenges in a real world. On this level, the assertion about the international news wasting time is proper.In conclusion, I deem that there are more vantages than shortcomings of having access to the global news. Although it might be unavailing for daily lives, its benefits in developing open-minded adults and grateful youngsters can never be overpassed.。

托福模拟试卷47(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Listening Comprehension 3. Reading Comprehension 4. SPEAKING 5. WRITINGSection One：Listening Comprehension听力原文：NarratorListen to part of a lecture in a business class. ProfessorGood morning, everyone. Today, Ur...first of all, I’d like to talk about business customs around the world. The world is becoming smaller and smaller with the development of science and technology. Are you going to attend an academic conference or are you going to do business with foreigners? The following passage gives advice on customs and protocol in a variety of different countries. Foreign cultures adhere to different business customs and protocol. For example, caffeine junkies should restrain themselves in the Middle East. Three cups of tea or coffee is usually the polite limit in offices and during social calls. However, if your host keeps going, you also may continue sipping. If you’ve had your fill, give your empty cup a quick twist, a sort of wiggle, as you hand it back. That means, “No more, thank you. “ Also, visitors to the Middle East should not be surprised if others barge right into the office in the middle of your conversation with the person you are seeing. An old Arab custom calls for keeping an open office. The British, however, consider it impolite to interrupt a visitor, even after all business has been transacted. The commercial caller is expected to be sensitive to this point, know when to stop, and initiate his or her own departure. Spanish business people connect with tangibles. Samples of products of services should be offered whenever possible. Additionally, in Spain, offices and retail establishments generally close from 1:00 p. m. to as late as 4:30 p. m. Alfonso Escalera, U. S. representative for Spanish Line shipping company, adds that black shoes, not brown, are considered proper for business occasions. The Spanish have historically favored black and ultra-dark colors. Good office manners in Indonesia require the visitor to present a business card immediately. If no card is offered, long delays may result. The mark of a thoughtful executive is to have one side in English and the other in Bahasa. In Japan, a visitor should be prepared to distribute as many as 40 business cards a day. Protocol in France calls for listing academic credentials on one’s calling cards. In Japan, certain guests at evening business gatherings will leave early. They should be allowed to leave without enthusiastic good-byes. The Japanese consider formal departures to be disruptive in such cases and disturbing to remaining guests. In Scandinavia and Finland, business guests may be asked to shed their clothes and join their hosts in a sauna. The invitation is a sign that a good working relationship has been established. In Denmark, a visitor who is invited to a business associate’s home should take flowers or some unusual delicacy. In Norway, to be totally correct, the visitor should send a gift the day after dinner; in France always send flowers before visiting a home fordinner. However, don’t send chrysanthemums; they’re for funerals. Beyond flowers and gifts, the French prefer a business visitor to sponsor a special occasion after major dealings.Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer.1. What is the talk mainly about?2. In the lecture, the professor describes customs and protocol in a variety of different countries. Indicate whether each of the following is customs and protocol in the countries. Tick the correct box for each phrase.3. What is the protocol in France concerning calling cards?4. According to the professor, what is the sign that a good working relationship has been established in Scandinavia?5. In the following, what is implied based on the professor’s description? ProfessorJapanese consider early formal departures to be disruptive in such cases and disturbing to remaining guests, they should are allowed to leave without enthusiastic good-byes.6. In the following, what is implied based on the professor’s description? ProfessorIn Denmark, a visitor who is invited to a business associate’s home should take flowers or some unusual delicacy; in France always send flowers before visiting a home for dinner, don’n send chrysanthemums; they’re for funerals.NarratorListen to part of a lecture in a business class.Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer.1．What is the talk mainly about?A．Different customs and manners around the world.B．How to do business with other people.C．The unbelievable changes in the business world.D．Advice on customs and protocol in many countries.正确答案：D解析：本题为要点题，要求考生理解分散在听力材料中的关键词汇、词组或事实，并通过综合分析来确定听力材料的要点。

Coral ReefsAn important environment that is more or less totally restricted to the intertropical zone is the coral reef. Coral reefs are found where the ocean water temperature is not less than 21 °C, where there is a firm substratum, and where the seawater is not rendered too dark by excessive amounts of river-borne sediment. They will not grow in very deep water, so a platform within 30 to 40 meters of the surface is a necessary prerequisite for their development. Their physical structure is dominated by the skeletons of corals, which are carnivorous animals living off zooplankton. However, in addition to corals there are enormous quantities of algae, some calcareous, which help to build the reefs. The size of reefs is variable. Some atolls are very large—Kwajelein in the Marshall Islands of the South Pacific is 120 kilometers long and as much as 24 kilometers across-but most are very much smaller, and rise only a few meters above the water. The 2,000 kilometer complex of reefs known as the Great Barrier Reef, which forms a gigantic natural breakwater off the northeast coast of Australia, is by far the greatest coral structure on Earth.Coral reefs have fascinated scientists for almost 200 years, and some of the most pertinent observations of them were made in the 1830s by Charles Darwin on the voyage of the Beagle. He recognized that there were three major kinds: fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and atolls; and he saw that they were related to each other in a logical and gradational sequence. A fringing reef is one that lies close to the shore of some continent or island. Its surface forms an uneven and rather rough platform around the coast, about the level of low water, and its outer edge slopes downwards into the sea. Between the fringing reef and the land there is sometimes a small channel or lagoon. When the lagoon is wide and deep and the reef lies at some distance from the shore and rises from deep water it is called a barrier reef. An atoll is a reef in the form of a ring or horseshoe with a lagoon in the center.Darwin s theory was that the succession from one coral reef type to another could be achieved by the upward growth of coral from a sinking platform, and that there would be a progression from a fringing reef, through the barrier reef stage until, with the disappearance through subsidence (sinking) of the central island, only a reef-enclosed lagoon or atoll would survive. A long time after Darwin put forward this theory, some deep boreholes were drilled in the Pacific atolls in the 1950s. The drill holes passed through more than a thousand meters of coral before reaching the rock substratum of the ocean floor, and indicated that the coral had been growing upward for tens of millions of years as Earth's crust subsided at a rate of between 15 and 51 meters per million years. Darwin s theory was therefore proved basically correct. There are some submarine islands called guyots and seamounts, in which subsidenceassociated with sea-floor spreading has been too speedy for coral growth to keep up.Like mangrove swamps, coral reefs are extremely important habitats. Their diversity of coral genera is greatest in the warm waters of the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific. Indeed, they have been called the marine version of the tropical rain forest, rivaling their terrestrial counterparts in both richness of species and biological productivity. They also have significance because they provide coastal protection, opportunities for recreation, and are potential sources of substances like medicinal drugs. At present they are coming under a variety of threats, of which two of the most important are dredging and the effects of increased siltation brought about by accelerated erosion from neighboring land areas.Passage 1An important environment that is more or less totally restricted to the intertropical zone is the coral reef. Coral reefs are found where the ocean water temperature is not less than 21 °C, where there is a firm substratum, and where the seawater is not rendered too dark by excessive amounts of river-borne sediment. They will not grow in very deep water, so a platform within 30 to 40 meters of the surface is a necessary prerequisite for their development. Their physical structure is dominated by the skeletons of corals, which are carnivorous animals living off zooplankton. However, in addition to corals there are enormous quantities of algae, some calcareous, which help to build the reefs. The size of reefs is variable. Some atolls are very large—Kwajelein in the Marshall Islands of the South Pacific is 120 kilometers long and as much as 24 kilometers across-but most are very much smaller, and rise only a few meters above the water. The 2,000 kilometer complex of reefs known as the Great Barrier Reef, which forms a gigantic natural breakwater off the northeast coast of Australia, is by far the greatest coral structure on Earth.1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are needed for the growth of coral reefs?A. a solid base to grow onB.exposure to lightC.the presence of river-borne sedimentD.ocean temperatures of 21 °C or higher2. the word “prerequisite” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.precautionB.preparationC.requirementD.achievement3. According to paragraph 1, algae are important becauseA.they help build coral reefsB.they are the dominant type of sea life living on the reefsC.they compete with coral for zooplanktonD.they are an important source of food available to corals4.The word “complex” in the passage is closest in meaning to?A.extensionB.systemC.regionD.varietyPassage 2Coral reefs have fascinated scientists for almost 200 years, and some of the most pertinent observations of them were made in the 1830s by Charles Darwin on the voyage of the Beagle. He recognized that there were three major kinds: fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and atolls; and he saw that they were related to each other in a logical and gradational sequence. A fringing reef is one that lies close to the shore of some continent or island. Its surface forms an uneven and rather rough platform around the coast, about the level of low water, and its outer edge slopes downwards into the sea. Between the fringing reef and the land there is sometimes a small channel or lagoon. When the lagoon is wide and deep and the reef lies at some distance from the shore and rises from deep water it is called a barrier reef. An atoll is a reef in the form of a ring or horseshoe with a lagoon in the center.5.According to paragraph 2, how did Charles Darwin contribute to the understanding of coral reefs?A.He identified the main types of coral reef and explained how they were related.B.He discovered the existence of coral reefs on a scientific voyage.C.He proved that reefs are mostly located very close to the shore.D.He saw the importance of reefs for the support of other marine life.6. The word “pertinent” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.extraordinaryB.relevantC.intelligentD.famous7. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT characteristics of a barrier reef?A.It is located away from the shore of the neighboring land.B.It is separated from neighboring land by a wide channel.C.It is located in deep ocean water.D.It surrounds a small, central lagoon.Passage 3Darwin s theory was that the succession from one coral reef type to another could be achieved by the upward growth of coral from a sinking platform, and that there would be a progression from a fringing reef, through the barrier reef stage until, with the disappearance through subsidence (sinking) of the central island, only a reef-enclosed lagoon or atoll would survive. A long time after Darwin put forward this theory, some deep boreholes were drilled in the Pacific atolls in the 1950s. The drill holes passed through more than a thousand meters of coral before reaching the rock substratum of the ocean floor, and indicated that the coral had been growing upward for tens of millions of years as Earth's crust subsided at a rate of between 15 and 51 meters per million years. Darwin s theory was therefore proved basically correct. There are some submarine islands called guyots and seamounts, in which subsidence associated with sea-floor spreading has been too speedy for coral growth to keep up.8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Darwin claimed that, of the three types of coral reefs, only an atoll would be able to survive on a sinkingplatform.B.Darwin recognized that coral reefs achieved success by growing upward from a sinking land platform andbecoming an atoll.C.Darwin argued that as a coral reef grew up from a sinking island, it would become a fringing reef, then abarrier reef, and finally, with the disappearance of the island, an atoll.D.Darwin’s theory helped expl ain the disappearance of a number of islands by showing how coral reef growthcaused them to sink below the ocean surface.9. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the Pacific atolls?A.They were once fringing reefs around the coasts of islands.B.They were first observed by Darwin during his voyage on the Beagle.C.They will eventually become fringing reefs.D.They are located where the ocean floor does not sink.10. Why does the passage provide the information that the drill holes in the Pacific atolls passed through more thana thousand meters of coral before reaching the rock substratum of the ocean floor?A.To emphasize that according to Darwin’s view coral can grow at great depthsB.To indicate how scientists knew the rate at which Earth’s crust had subsidedC.To support the claim that coral reefs take millions of years to formD.To present the evidence that confirmed Darwin’s account of coral reef evolutionPassage 4Like mangrove swamps, coral reefs are extremely important habitats. Their diversity of coral genera is greatest in the warm waters of the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific. Indeed, they have been called the marine version of the tropical rain forest, rivaling their terrestrial counterparts in both richness of species and biological productivity. They also have significance because they provide coastal protection, opportunities for recreation, and are potential sources of substances like medicinal drugs. At present they are coming under a variety of threats, of which two of the most important are dredging and the effects of increased siltation brought about by accelerated erosion from neighboring land areas.11. According to paragraph 4, why have coral reefs been compared to tropical rain forests?A.Both are located near the Indian and western Pacific Oceans.B.Both are home to a wide variety of species.C.Both play an important role in protecting coastal islands.D.Both are threatened by the erosion of nearby land.12. The word “potential” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.powerfulB.possibleC.valuableD.reliable13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Yet because many coral reef organisms can tolerate only a narrow range of environmental conditions, reefs are sensitive to damage from environmental changes.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.Like mangrove swamps, coral reefs are extremely important habitats. Their diversity of coral genera is greatest in the warm waters of the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific. ■ Indeed, they have been called the marine version of the tropical rain forest, rivaling their terrestrial counterparts in both richness of species and biological productivity. ■They also have significance because they provide coastal protection, opportunities for recreation, and are potential sources of substances like medicinal drugs. ■At present they are coming under a variety of threats, of which two of the most important are dredging and the effects of increased siltation brought about by accelerated erosion from neighboring land areas. ■14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Somesentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT.Coral reefs constitute an important tropical environment that provides habitat for a rich variety of ocean life.Answer ChoicesA.Coral reefs are structures made by living creatures and can grow only in specific ocean conditions.B.Although atolls can sometimes grow to large proportions, barrier reefs are by far the largest coral structures.C.Mangrove swamps are as important as coral reefs as the habitat for numerous plant and animal species.D.Coral reefs are classified as fringing, barrier, or atoll, all of which are linked in a chain of progressivedevelopment.E.Although coral reefs are important to humans in several ways, they are currently threatened by dredging andmud from erosion.F.Fringing reefs lie close to the shore of continents and islands, forming a transition zone between the land massand the sea.。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO47口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO47口语Task3阅读文本： Professor Evaluations The university requires students to complete written evaluations of their professors at the end of each course taught during the semester. But current system is private, since only the professors actually read the evaluations once the students submit them. I suggest that the university publish these evaluation online for everyone to read. Both professors and students would benefit from having these evaluation published. Professor would feel more motivated to improve their teaching if they knew that their evaluations were publicly available to all students. In addition, prospective students could read the evaluation and make more informed decisions about which classes they want to take. Sincerely, Chris Jacobs 托福TPO47口语Task3听力文本： Now listen to two students discussing the letter. Man：Did you see this? Woman：Yeah. But I don't think it'll work. Man：Why not? Woman：Well, I don't think professors would be too happy to have their teaching styles publicly criticized. Besides they might not even bother reading the online evaluations if they think there will be negative criticism in them. Man：You really think that will happen? Woman：Sure. And so the professor won't take them seriously or be influenced in any way. Nothing's going to change. Man：Okay. But at least students who might take their courses in the future will read them. Woman：That's true. But students who write the evaluations usually do it on thelast day of class. And they're all in a hurry to leave. They don't want to bother spending much time on them, so they don't say anything specific or helpful about the professor or the course. Man：I see what you mean. Woman：So this whole idea may not work at all. 托福TPO47口语Task3题目： The woman express her opinion about the proposal in the letter. Briefly summarize the proposal. Then state the woman’s opinion and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion. 托福TPO47口语Task3满分范文： It is suggested by the student that the university should reveal the online evaluations of the professors to the public because the professors would have more motivations to prepare their lessons and students would have more information about what course to take. The woman in the conversation does not agree with the proposal. First of all, professors will not be happy with being criticized in the public, so they might not look at the assessments. Secondly, these estimations are done by students who are busy with their final examinations, which provides little practical and detailed information about courses. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO47口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO47口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO47口语Task4阅读文本： Reactance People of all ages generally prefer to have as much freedom as possible in determining their behavior. When individuals feel that their actions are being unfairly limited, they often attempt to restore freedom by directly contradicting or opposing the rule of regulation that threatened their freedom. Both children and adults demonstrate behaviors that are the results of their urge to restore freedom. This reaction, termed “reactance” by psychologists, come from an individual’s desire to reestablish freedom and control of a situation. 托福TPO47口语Task4听力文本： Listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a psychology class. Think about when you were a kid. Imagine you like this one playground. You play there a lot, have lots of fun, you know. Okay. Now imagine that one day, for no apparent reason, your parents decide that they don't want you playing there anymore. You are not allowed to go there anymore. Of course you're not gonna like that one bit. It's not fair. And now that you are not allowed, you want to play there even more than before. So you sneak over there anyway. You go to this playground despite your parents' rules. Here's another example. There was a town that passed a law that banned the sale of a certain kind of soap. There was an ingredient in this soap that was harmful for the environment. So stores weren't allowed the sell the soap anymore. Keep in mind that this ingredient had no effect whatsoever on this soap's ability to clean things. None. But people found out about the upcoming restriction and got upset. They thought they should be able to buy whatever soap they wanted. It wasn't right to take this soap away. And a week before the law went into effect, what happened? People went and bought a whole lot of this particular soap, way more than they would have in another circumstance. 托福TPO47口语Task4题目： Explain how the examples in the lecture illustrate the concept of reactance. 托福TPO47口语Task4满分范文： The reading passage introduces a term called “reactance”, which is the reaction of direct opposition to unfair restrictions of behaviors in order to reestablish freedom and take control of a situation. The lecturer further illustrates this term by using the example of both children and adults. One example is that when a kid is not allowed to have fun on the playground by his parents for no apparent reason, he will have a stronger desire to go there than before, so it is more likely for him to sneak over there. Another example is that when a certain kind of soap was to be banned from sales for the subterfuge of environmental damage, an increasing number of people bought the soap the week before the law was put into effect. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO47口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

Termite IngenuityTermites, social insects which live in colonies that, in some species, contain 2 million individuals or more, are often incorrectly referred to as white ants. But they are certainly not ants. Termites, unlike ants, have gradual metarnorphosis with only three life stage: egg, nymph, and adult. Ants and the other social members of their order, certain bees and wasps, have complete metarnorphosis in four life stages; egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The worker and soldier castes of social ants, bees, and wasps consist of only females, all daughters of a single queen that mated soon after she matured and thereafter never mated again. The worker and soldier castes of termites consist of both males and females, and the queen lives permanently with a male consort.Since termites are small and soft-bodied, they easily become desiccated and must live in moist places with a high relative humidity. They do best when the relative humidity in their nest is above 96 percent and the temperature is fairly high, an optimum of about 79°F for temperate zone species and about 86°F for tropical species. Subterranean termites, the destructive species that occurs commonly throughout the eastern United States, attain these conditions by nesting in moist soil that is in contact with wood, their only food. The surrounding soil keeps the nest moist and tends to keep the temperature at a more or less favorable level. When it is cold in winter, subterranean termites move to burrows below the frost line.Some tropical termites are more ingenious engineers, constructing huge above-ground nests with built-in “air conditioning” that keeps the nest moist, at a constant temperature, and well supplied with oxygen. Among the most architecturally advanced of these termites is an African species, Macroternes natalensis. Renowned Swiss entomologist Martin Luscher described the mounds of this fungus-growing species as being as much as 16 feet tall, 16 feet in diameter at their base, and with a cement-like wall of soil mixed with termite saliva that is from 16 to 23 inches thick. The thick and dense wall of the mound insulates the interior microclimate from the variations in humidity and temperature of the outside atmosphere. Several narrow and relatively thin-walled ridges on the outside of the mound extend from near its base almost to its top.According to luscher, a medium-sized nest of Macrotermes has a population of about 2 million individuals. The metabolism of so many termites and of the fungus that they grow in their gardens as food helps keep the interior of the nest warm and supplies some moisture to the air in the nest. The termites saturate the atmosphere of the nest, bringing it to about 100 percent relative humidity,by carrying water up from the soil.But how is this well-insulated nest ventilated? Its many occupants require over 250 quarts of oxygen (more than 1,200 quarts of aire) per day. How can so much oxygen diffuse through the thick walls of the mound? Even the pores in the wall are filled with water, which almost stops the diffusion of gases. The answer lies in the construction of the nest. The interior consists of a large central core in which the fungus is grown, below it is “cellar” of empty space, above it is an “attic” of empty space, and within the r idges on the outer wall of the nest, there are many small tunnels that connect the cellar and the attic. The warm air in the fungus gardens rises through the nest up to the attic. From the attic, the air passes into the tunnels in the ridges and flows back down to the cellar. Gases, mainly oxygen coming in and carbon dioxide going out, easily diffuse into or out of the ridges, since their walls are thin and their surface area is large because they protrude far our from the wall of the mound. Thus air that flows down into the cellar through the ridges is relatively rich in oxygen, and has lost much of its carbon dioxide. It supplies the nest’s inhabitants with fresh oxygen as it rises through the fungus-growing area back up to the attic.Passage 1Termites, social insects which live in colonies that, in some species, contain 2 million individuals or more, are often incorrectly referred to as white ants. But they are certainly not ants. Termites, unlike ants, have gradual metarnorphosis with only three life stage: egg, nymph, and adult. Ants and the other social members of their order, certain bees and wasps, have complete metarnorphosis in four life stages; egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The worker and soldier castes of social ants, bees, and wasps consist of only females, all daughters of a single queen that mated soon after she matured and thereafter never mated again. The worker and soldier castes of termites consist of both males and females, and the queen lives permanently with a male consort.1.The autho r mentions “white ants” in the beginning of the passage in order toA.correct a common misunderstanding about termites’B.introduce the idea that termites only take the form of ants during certain life stagesC.argue that not all white ants are social insectsD.Illustrate the large variety of insect species that live in colonies2.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true about termites?A.They are a kind of ant, but they are unlike most ants in many ways.B.They form colonies that grow at first and then gradually decline.C.Their workers are all males, and their soldiers are all females.D.They go through a life state called the nymph stage.Passage 2Since termites are small and soft-bodied, they easily become desiccated and must live in moist places with a high relative humidity. They do best when the relative humidity in their nest is above 96 percent and the temperature is fairly high, an optimum of about 79°F for temperate zone species and about 86°F for tropical species. Subterranean termites, the destructive species that occurs commonly throughout the eastern United States, attain these conditions by nesting in moist soil that is in contact with wood, their only food. The surrounding soil keeps the nest moist and tends to keep the temperature at a more or less favorable level. When it is cold in winter, subterranean termites move to burrows below the frost line.3.According to paragraph 2, termites need to live in nests with high humidity in order toA.keep their food moistB.withstand cold temperatures in winterC.protect their bodies from drying outD.keep nest temperatures high4.The word “attain” in the passage is closet in meaning toA.achieveB.observeC.overcomeD.reflect5.The word “ingenious” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.determinedB.cleverC.ambitiousD.successfulPassage 3Some tropical termites are more ingenious engineers, constructing huge above-ground nests with built-in “air conditioning” that keeps the nest moist, at a constant temperature, and well supplied with oxygen. Among the most architecturally advanced of these termites is an African species, Macroternes natalensis. Renowned Swiss entomologist Martin Luscher described the mounds of this fungus-growing species as being as much as 16 feet tall, 16 feet in diameter at their base, and with a cement-like wall of soil mixed with termite saliva that is from 16 to 23 inches thick. The thick and dense wall of the mound insulates the interior microclimate from the variations in humidity and temperature of the outside atmosphere. Several narrow and relatively thin-walled ridges on the outside of the mound extend from near its base almost to its top.6.The word “ingenious” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.determinedB.cleverC.ambitiousD.successful7.The word “Renowned” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.SkilledB.FamousC.EarlyD.Revolutionary8.According to paragraph 3, the nests of some tropical termite species have the ability toA.insulate the microclimate in one part of the nest from the microclimate in another partB.Allow moist outside air to get inside regardless of whether it is warm or coolC.rapidly decrease the humidity inside when it gets hot outsideD.Provide the oxygen needed in the nestPassage 3 & 4Some tropical termites are more ingenious engineers, constructing huge above-ground nests with built-in “air conditioning” that keeps the nest moist, at a constant temperature, and well supplied with oxygen. Among the most architecturally advanced of these termites is an African species, Macroternes natalensis. Renowned Swiss entomologist Martin Luscher described the mounds of this fungus-growing species as being as much as 16 feet tall, 16 feet in diameter at their base, and with a cement-like wall of soil mixed with termite saliva that is from 16 to 23 inches thick. The thick and dense wall of the mound insulates the interior microclimate from the variations in humidity and temperature of the outside atmosphere. Several narrow and relatively thin-walled ridges on the outside of the mound extend from near its base almost to its top.According to luscher, a medium-sized nest of Macrotermes has a population of about 2 million individuals. The metabolism of so many termites and of the fungus that they grow in their gardens as food helps keep the interior of the nest warm and supplies some moisture to the air in the nest. The termites saturate the atmosphere of the nest, bringing it to about 100 percent relative humidity, by carrying water up from the soil.9.According to paragraphs 3 and 4, all of the following are true of the nests of Macroternes natalensis EXCEPT:A.The walls are built out of soil mixed with termite saliva.B.The nests can be as tall as they are wide at the base.C.The interior of the nest is kept as humid as possible.D.The termites use hollow, thin-walled ridges to travel from one part of the nest to another. Passage 4According to luscher, a medium-sized nest of Macrotermes has a population of about 2 million individuals. The metabolism of so many termites and of the fungus that they grow in their gardens as food helps keep the interior of the nest warm and supplies some moisture to the air in the nest. The termites saturate the atmosphere of the nest, bringing it to about 100 percent relative humidity, by carrying water up from the soil.10. According to paragraph 4, how does the fungus grown by Macrotermes natalensis affect the environment of the nest?A.It carries water up from the soil into the interior.B.It dries the air by using up moisture as it grows.C.It heats and adds humidity to the inside of the nest.D.It lessens the effects of the metabolism of so many termites.Passage 5But how is this well-insulated nest ventilated? Its many occupants require over 250 quarts of oxygen (more than 1,200 quarts of aire) per day. How can so much oxygen diffuse through the thick walls of the mound? Even the pores in the wall are filled with water, which almost stops the diffusion of gases. The answer lies in the construction of the nest. The interior consists of a large central core in which the fungus is grown, below it is “cellar” of empty sp ace, above it is an “attic” of empty space, and within the ridges on the outer wall of the nest, there are many small tunnels that connect the cellar and the attic. The warm air in the fungus gardens rises through the nest up to the attic. From the attic, the air passes into the tunnels in the ridges and flows back down to the cellar. Gases, mainly oxygen coming in and carbon dioxide going out, easily diffuse into or out of the ridges, since their walls are thin and their surface area is large because they protrude far our from the wall of the mound. Thus air that flows down into the cellar through the ridges is relatively rich in oxygen, and has lost much of its carbon dioxide. It supplies the nest’s inhabitants with fresh oxygen as it rises through the fungus-growing area back up to the attic.11.According to paragraph 5, what does the thinness of the ridge walls make possible?A.The concentration of cool air in the cellarB.The construction of exceptionally long tunnelsC.The even distribution of oxygen from attic to cellarD.The diffusion of gases into and out of the ridges12. According to paragraph 5, what happens to the air in the ridge tunnels of Macrotermes natalensis nests?A. It becomes more humid as water vapor diffuses into the tunnels.B. It loses carbon dioxide and gains oxygen.C. It reaches the interior of the nest through pores in the walls.D. It moves in the same direction as the air in the center of the nest.13.Paragraph 5 supports which of the following about the air that flows through the interior of a Macrotermes natalensis mound?A.It has a higher concentration of oxygen in the cellar than in the attic.B.It is the same temperature as the air on the outside of the mound.C.It contains over 250 quarts of oxygen which circulate continuously.D.It is most humid in the cellar and gradually loses moisture as it rises to the attic.14. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.If not through the walls or its pores, how does oxygen enter the nest at all, since the nest has a closed surface?Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.But how is this well-insulated nest ventilated? Its many occupants require over 250 quarts of oxygen (more than 1,200 quarts of aire) per day. How can so much oxygen diffuse through the thick walls of the mound? [■] Even the pores in the wall are filled with water, which almost stops the diffusion of gases. [■] The answer lies in the construction of the nest. [■] The inter ior consistsof a large central core in which the fungus is grown, below it is “cellar” of empty space, above it is an “attic” of empty space, and within the ridges on the outer wall of the nest, there are many small tunnels that connect the cellar and the attic. [■] The warm air in the fungus gardens rises through the nest up to the attic. From the attic, the air passes into the tunnels in the ridges and flows back down to the cellar. Gases, mainly oxygen coming in and carbon dioxide going out, easily diffuse into or out of the ridges, since their walls are thin and their surface area is large because they protrude far our from the wall of the mound. Thus air that flows down into the cellar through the ridges is relatively rich in oxygen, and has lost much of its c arbon dioxide. It supplies the nest’s inhabitants with fresh oxygen as it rises through the fungus-growing area back up to the attic.15.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 3 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT.Termites are social insects that live in large, often elaborately constructed nests.Answer ChoicesA. Although termites resemble ants in terms of size, metarmorphosis, and social organization, they actually belong to a different order of insects.B. Some termites build their nests under ground, while other construct above-ground structures with thick, insulating wall.C. Some termite species grow a fungus in their nests so that it will purify the air by taking in carbon dioxide and giving off oxygen.D. Termites are sensitive to dryness and to changes in temperature, so their nests are designed tominimize these factors.E. Whether they lie above ground or below ground, termite nests must include special pores that allow air to enter the nests.F. The nests of Macrotermes natalensis consist of a series of chambers and tunnels that allow for the circulation of air and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.。