procedure about weekly report 1.58

常见专业术语:组织过程定义控制程序 process for organizational process definition 软件生命周期模型software life cycle model组织标准过程集合描述 description of organization's set of standard process.组织标准过程裁剪指南 tailoring guideline for organizational standard process过程数据库使用规范usage specification for process metrics library过程财富度量报告measurement report for process asserts项目生命周期模型选择工作单sheet for selecting project software lifecycle model组织过程焦点控制程序 process for organizational process focus EPG工作章程EPG charterEPG工作考核细则performance appraisal rules for EPG member 过程改进建议处理控制程序process for handling process improvement proposal过程定义文件配置管理规范configuration management specification for process definition document过程行动组(PAT)工作记录process action team (PAT) working record过程定义文件试验结果评定表evaluation form for pilot result of process definition document过程状态季度报告模板 process status quarterly report template过程行动计划process action plan过程推广计划process promotion plan过程试验计划process pilot plan公司年度过程评估计划 organizational process assessment annual plan 公司过程改进总体要求 General objectives for organizational process improvement会议记录meeting minutes过程改进建议和意见汇总表summary form of comments and suggestions of PI过程改进实践状态清单 status list for process improvement practice EPG工作度量epg metrics程序文件评审讨论问题记录表issue record of process document review过程改进总体计划General plan for process improvement过程改进工作度量报告 metrics report for process improvement过程豁免申请单 process exempt application过程改进任务列表 process improvement tasks list组织级培训过程控制程序organization- level training process兼职讲师管理规定part-time instructor management regulation 免修规程training waiver procedure培训课程开发规程training course development procedure外购培训管理规程outsourcing training management procedure培训效果评估规定training effectiveness evaluation procedure 培训效果跟踪表 training effectiveness tracking record员工培训计划申请表application for employee training plan员工外训学习申请表application for employee external training 免修培训申请表application for training waiver战略培训需求表demands form for strategic training需求管理控制程序requirement management process需求变更控制规程requirement change control procedure变更影响分析控制规程 Impact analysis procedure of change确定项目已定义过程规程procedure for establishing project's defined process项目协调与沟通规程project communication & negotiation procedure 风险管理控制程序risk management process风险管理指导书risk management guidebook风险管理计划risk management plan风险列表risk list商业现货软件产品选择控制程序COTS product selection process COTS软件产品评价准则COTS product evaluation criteriaCOTS软件产品评价报告COTS product evaluation report供应商合作通知单cooperation notification to supplier第三方产品评估表the 3rd party's product evaluation form商业现货采购控制程序 COTS product procurement process软件子合同管理控制程序software sub-contract management process子合同评审规程sub-contract review procedure子合同开发监管规程sub-contract development monitoring procedure子合同配置管理规程sub-contract Configuration Management procedure子合同配置监督计划模版sub-contract configuration monitoring plan template子合同QA审核规程sub-contract QA audit procedure软件子承包商评定标准 sub-contractor evaluation criteria直真软件开发子合同模板(商务) contract template (business) for ZZ's software sub-contract子合同开发过程监控报告sub-contract development monitoring report子合同开发过程监控计划sub-contract development monitoring plan子合同工作计划sub-contract working plan产品(项目)子合同申请单application form for product( project ) sub-contract候选子承包商评估报告 candidate sub-contractor evaluation report 软件子合同评审记录software sub-contract review record项目策划控制程序project planning process规模估计规程size estimation procedure工作量估计规程effort estimation procedure编制进度规程schedule generation procedure项目策划计划plan for project planningPDSP文档PDSP document项目环境列表project's environment list项目的任务WBS列表project's task WBS list产品规模估计表product size estimation form工作量估计表effort estimation form关键计算机资源表CCR list外来工作产品清单out-sourcing work product list主要工作产品清单main work product list交付工作产品清单deliverable work product list人力资源需求表HR demands form人力资源评估表HR evaluation form项目人员计划表project's HR plan项目预算工时表project's budget/ effort form项目需增加硬件、软件成本预算表Budget form for hardware & software added共利益者协调计划表stakeholder negotiation plan资料管理计划表materials management plan开发计划development plan项目培训计划project training plan项目进度表project schedule项目总体进度表abstract project schedule合同项目立项报告initiating report for contract project研发项目立项报告initiating report for R&D project项目跟踪监控程序SPTO process研发中心例会管理规定 Review meeting procedure for R&D center研发项目组例会管理规定Review meeting procedure for R&D project team项目关闭控制程序project closure process里程碑评审规程milestone review procedure软件开发计划变更规程 Software development plan revise procedure 对外承诺变更控制规程 External commitment change procedure测量与分析控制程序 measurement & analysis process度量项定义规程measurement item definition procedure测量目标选择表measurement goal selection list项目测量数据集合project's metrics set项目度量周报project's metrics weekly report测量规格说明书metrics specification度量报告metrics report项目度量计划project's measurement plan决策分析与解决方案控制程序discussion analysis and resolution processDAR运用指南DAR practice guideline决策方案评价准则desiccation resolution evaluation criteria 过程与产品质量保证控制程序process& product quality assurance process不符合问题处理规程non-compliance issue handle procedure项目过程活动评审规程 project's process activity review procedure 项目工作产品审核规程 project's work product audit procedure质量保证活动策划规程 SQA planning procedure不符合问题等级标准non-compliance issue grade standard评价工作产品任务集合 work product evaluation tasks set评价过程活动任务集合 process activity evaluation tasks set不符合问题报告表non-compliance issue report不符合问题跟踪记录表 non-compliance issue tracking record工作产品审核记录表work product audit record过程活动评审记录表process activity review record项目QA计划进度表project's QA planned schedule 外部专家审核报告external expert audit report跨项目QA报告QA report across projects项目QA报告project QA report项目QA计划project QA plan软件配置管理控制程序 software configuration management process配置管理标准configuration management standard测试阶段CI变更规程CI change procedure in testing phase产品出库规程product check-out procedure产品入库规程product check-in procedure产品发布管理规程product release management procedure产品日常备份规程product daily backup procedure配置变更分析规程configuration change impact analysis procedure配置变更管理子过程configuration change management sub-process 配置审核管理规程configuration audit management procedure产品库管理规程product library management procedure配置项状态报告CI status report功能配置审核报告模板 FCA report template物理配置审核报告模板 FCA report template基线配置审核报告模板 baseline configuration audit report template 软件送测单delivering software to testing form日常备份记录daily backup record配置项清单CI list产品发布通知product release notification产品发布报告product release report配置管理计划模版CM plan template配置管理任务列表CM tasks list配置审核问题跟踪记录表configuration audit issues tracking record文件归档申请单application form for document archiving项目SCM任务单project's SCM task list最终产品规模测量记录 final product size metrics record销售管理控制程序sales management control process售前支持控制程序pre-sales support control process售前技术支持计划pre-sales technical support plan售前技术申请pre-sales technical application产品定义过程控制程序 product definition process需求调研规程requirement investigation procedure软件需求分析控制程序 software requirement analysis process面向对象需求分析规程 O-O requirement analysis procedure需求分析方法工具指南 guideline for methods /tools of requirement analysis需求缺陷分类标准standard of requirement defect types需求规格说明Checklist checklist for requirement specification需求分析计划跟踪表requirement analysis plan and tracking record 需求不一致项跟踪记录表requirement defect tracking record 产品(产品构件)需求product ( product component) requirement产品(产品构件)需求规格说明书－By Object product ( product component) requirement specification template -by object产品(产品构件)需求规格说明书－By Feature product ( productcomponent) requirement specification template -by feature产品(产品构件)需求规格说明书－By User Class product( product component) requirement specification template -by user class产品(产品构件)需求规格说明书－By Fun Hierarchy product( product component) requirement specification template -by Fun Hierarchy软件概要设计控制程序 software preliminary design process软件详细设计控制程序 software detailed design process概要设计说明书模板一(面向对象) PD document template (OO)概要设计说明书模板PD document template软件开发计划模版SDP template数据库设计说明书模板 database design document template用户界面设计说明书user interface design document详细设计说明书模板DD document template产品实现控制程序-代码实现product realization process-coding设计问题跟踪记录表tracking record for design issuesC++编码规范C++ coding specificationJAVA编程规范JAVA coding specification产品构件实现清单product component realization list产品构件实现方法和计划product component realization method and plan产品实现控制程序-支持文档实现product realization process- supportive document realization产品集成控制程序product integration process接口管理规程interface management procedure集成产品评价规程integrated product evaluation procedure 《产品集成策略》模版 product integration strategy template《产品集成评价报告》模版product integration evaluation report template接口跟踪表interface tracking record接口不一致项列表interface non-compliance list部件测试控制程序component testing process产品集成测试控制程序 product integration testing process系统测试控制程序system testing processFIRST OFF测试控制程序FIRST OFF testing processBUG管理系统使用规范bug management system usage specification BUG确认规程Bug confirmation procedure正式评审规程formal review procedure同级评审指导书PR guidebook技术评审规程technical review procedure同级评审策划规程PR planning procedure正式评审申请表formal review application技术评审申请表technical review application评审工作分析报告review analysis report评审工作表review working form评审准备数据表review preparation metric form同级评审计划PR plan评审记录和缺陷跟踪表 review record and defect tracking record系统测试数据和测试环境设计system testing metrics and testing environment design部件测试数据和测试环境设计component testing metrics and testing environment design部件测试用例component testing use-case系统测试用例system testing use-case系统测试方案system testing scheme部件测试方案component testing scheme接受系统测试检查单 system testing checklist接受产品集成测试检查单 product integration testing checklist接受部件测试检查单 component testing checklist接受First off测试检查单 FIRST OFF testing checklistFirst off测试计划Fist Off testing plan测试计划testing plan产品集成测试计划product integration testing plan测试问题记录表testing issue record单个自由产品测试总结 independent product testing summary测试报告testing report测试总结testing summary产品集成测试报告product integration testing report代码走查规程code walk-through procedure单元测试规程unit testing procedure制定确认策划规程validation planning procedure确认规程validation procedure需求确认方法描述requirement validation methods description 产品确认方法描述product validation methods description确认计划书模板validation plan template产品验收控制程序product acceptance processFIRST OFF规程Fist off procedure产品发布规程product release procedure产品移交规程product delivery procedure系统集成控制程序system integration process系统集成项目测试验收规程acceptance procedure for system integration project testing系统集成项目维护规程 maintenance procedure for system integration project售后服务控制程序post-sales service control process客户服务请求处理表handle form for customer service application 客户服务请求解决情况统计表statistics for closure status of customer service application客户满意度调查表customer satisfaction questionnaire客户满意度统计分析报告statistics analysis report for customer satisfaction客户满意改进方案customer satisfaction improvement plan售后客户档案(原有文件) post-sales customer profile ( original documents)维护项目控制程序maintenance project control process一级维护任务单the 1st level maintenance tasks form维护项目立项报告initiating report for maintenance project 维护项目工作计划working plan for maintenance project现场服务记录on-site service record现场培训记录on-site training record维护项目总结报告summary report for maintenance project二级任务单the 2nd tasks form项目结束通知单project closure notification项目决算报告project settlement report软件维护控制程序software maintenance control process维护需求记录表maintenance demands record软件维护申请表software maintenance application软件维护记录单software maintenance formAcceptance Testing－－可接受性测试一般由用户/客户进行的确认是否可以接受一个产品的验证性测试. actual outcome－－实际结果被测对象在特定的条件下实际产生的结果.Ad Hoc Testing－－随机测试测试人员通过随机的尝试系统的功能,试图使系统中断.algorithm－－算法(1)一个定义好的有限规则集,用于在有限步骤内解决一个问题；(2)执行一个特定任务的任何操作序列.algorithm analysis－－算法分析一个软件的验证确认任务,用于保证选择的算法是正确的、合适的和稳定的,并且满足所有精确性、规模和时间方面的要求.Alpha Testing－－Alpha测试由选定的用户进行的产品早期性测试.这个测试一般在可控制的环境下进行的.analysis－－分析(1)分解到一些原子部分或基本原则,以便确定整体的特性；(2)一个推理的过程,显示一个特定的结果是假设前提的结果；(3)一个问题的方法研究,并且问题被分解为一些小的相关单元作进一步详细研究.anomaly－－异常在文档或软件操作中观察到的任何与期望违背的结果.application software－－应用软件满足特定需要的软件.architecture－－构架一个系统或组件的组织结构.ASQ－－自动化软件质量(Automated Software Quality)使用软件工具来提高软件的质量.assertion－－断言指定一个程序必须已经存在的状态的一个逻辑表达式,或者一组程序变量在程序执行期间的某个点上必须满足的条件.assertion checking－－断言检查用户在程序中嵌入的断言的检查.audit－－审计一个或一组工作产品的独立检查以评价与规格、标准、契约或其它准则的符合程度.audit trail－－审计跟踪系统审计活动的一个时间记录.Automated Testing－－自动化测试使用自动化测试工具来进行测试,这类测试一般不需要人干预,通常在GUI、性能等测试中用得较多.Backus-Naur Form－－BNF范式一种分析语言,用于形式化描述语言的语法baseline－－基线一个已经被正式评审和批准的规格或产品,它作为进一步开发的一个基础,并且必须通过正式的变更流程来变更.Basic Block－－基本块一个或多个顺序的可执行语句块,不包含任何分支语句.basis test set－－基本测试集根据代码逻辑引出来的一个测试用例集合,它保证能获得100%的分支覆盖.behavior－－行为对于一个系统的一个函数的输入和预置条件组合以及需要的反应.一个函数的所有规格包含一个或多个行为.benchmark－－标杆/指标/基准一个标准,根据该标准可以进行度量或比较.Beta Testing－－Beta测试在客户场地,由客户进行的对产品预发布版本的测试.这个测试一般是不可控的.big-bang testing－－大锤测试/一次性集成测试非渐增式集成测试的一种策略,测试的时候把所有系统的组件一次性组合成系统进行测试.Black Box Testing－－黑盒测试根据软件的规格对软件进行的测试,这类测试不考虑软件内部的运作原理,因此软件对用户来说就像一个黑盒子.bottom-up testing－－由低向上测试渐增式集成测试的一种,其策略是先测试底层的组件,然后逐步加入较高层次的组件进行测试,直到系统所有组件都加入到系统.boundary value－－边界值一个输入或输出值,它处在等价类的边界上.boundary value coverage－－边界值覆盖通过测试用例,测试组件等价类的所有边界值.boundary value testing－－边界值测试通过边界值分析方法来生成测试用例的一种测试策略.Boundary Value Analysis－－边界值分析该分析一般与等价类一起使用.经验认为软件的错误经常在输入的边界上产生,因此边界值分析就是分析软件输入边界的一种方法.branch－－分支在组件中,控制从任何语句到其它任何非直接后续语句的一个条件转换,或者是一个无条件转换.branch condition－－分支条件branch condition combination coverage－－分支条件组合覆盖在每个判定中所有分支条件结果组合被测试用例覆盖到的百分比. branch condition combination testing－－分支条件组合测试通过执行分支条件结果组合来设计测试用例的一种方法.branch condition coverage－－分支条件覆盖每个判定中分支条件结果被测试用例覆盖到的百分比.branch condition testing－－分支条件测试通过执行分支条件结果来设计测试用例的一种方法.branch coverage－－分支覆盖通过测试执行到的分支的百分比.branch outcome－－分支结果见判定结果(decision outcome)branch point－－分支点branch testing－－分支测试通过执行分支结果来设计测试用例的一种方法.Breadth Testing－－广度测试在测试中测试一个产品的所有功能,但是不测试更细节的特性.bug－－缺陷capture/playback tool－－捕获/回放工具参考capture/replay toolCapture/Replay Tool－－捕获/回放工具一种测试工具,能够捕获在测试过程中传递给软件的输入,并且能够在以后的时间中,重复这个执行的过程.这类工具一般在GUI测试中用的较多. CASE－－计算机辅助软件工程(computer aided software engineering) 用于支持软件开发的一个自动化系统.CAST－－计算机辅助测试在测试过程中使用计算机软件工具进行辅助的测试.cause-effect graph－－因果图一个图形,用来表示输入(原因)与结果之间的关系,可以被用来设计测试用例.certification－－证明一个过程,用于确定一个系统或组件与特定的需求相一致.change control－－变更控制一个用于计算机系统或系统数据修改的过程,该过程是质量保证程序的一个关键子集,需要被明确的描述.code audit－－代码审计由一个人、组或工具对源代码进行的一个独立的评审,以验证其与设计规格、程序标准的一致性.正确性和有效性也会被评价.Code Coverage－－代码覆盖率一种分析方法,用于确定在一个测试套执行后,软件的哪些部分被执行到了,哪些部分没有被执行到.Code Inspection－－代码检视一个正式的同行评审手段,在该评审中,作者的同行根据检查表对程序的逻辑进行提问,并检查其与编码规范的一致性.Code Walkthrough－－代码走读一个非正式的同行评审手段,在该评审中,代码被使用一些简单的测试用例进行人工执行,程序变量的状态被手工分析,以分析程序的逻辑和假设. code-based testing－－基于代码的测试根据从实现中引出的目标设计测试用例.coding standards－－编程规范一些编程方面需要遵循的标准,包括命名方式、排版格式等内容. Compatibility Testing－－兼容性测试测试软件是否和系统的其它与之交互的元素之间兼容,如：浏览器、操作系统、硬件等.complete path testing－－完全路径测试completeness－－完整性实体的所有必须部分必须被包含的属性.complexity－－复杂性系统或组件难于理解或验证的程度.Component－－组件一个最小的软件单元,有着独立的规格Component Testing－－组件测试computation data use－－计算数据使用一个不在条件中的数据使用. computer system security－－计算机系统安全性计算机软件和硬件对偶然的或故意的访问、使用、修改或破坏的一种保护机制.condition－－条件一个不包含布尔操作的布尔表达式,例如：Acondition coverage－－条件覆盖通过测试执行到的条件的百分比.condition outcome－－条件结果条件为真为假的评价.configuration control－－配置控制配置管理的一个方面,包括评价、协调、批准、和实现配置项的变更. configuration management－－配置管理一套技术和管理方面的原则用于确定和文档化一个配置项的功能和物理属性、控制对这些属性的变更、记录和报告变更处理和实现的状态、以及验证与指定需求的一致性.conformance criterion－－一致性标准判断组件在一个特定输入值上的行为是否符合规格的一种方法. Conformance Testing－－一致性测试测试一个系统的实现是否和其基于的规格相一致的测试.consistency－－一致性在系统或组件的各组成部分和文档之间没有矛盾,一致的程度. consistency checker－－一致性检查器一个软件工具,用于测试设计规格中需求的一致性和完整性.control flow－－控制流程序执行中所有可能的事件顺序的一个抽象表示.control flow graph－－控制流图通过一个组件的可能替换控制流路径的一个图形表示.conversion testing－－转换测试用于测试已有系统的数据是否能够转换到替代系统上的一种测试. corrective maintenance－－故障检修用于纠正硬件或软件中故障的维护.correctness－－正确性软件遵从其规格的程度.correctness－－正确性软件在其规格、设计和编码中没有故障的程度.软件、文档和其它项满足需求的程度.软件、文档和其它项满足用户明显的和隐含的需求的程度. coverage－－覆盖率用于确定测试所执行到的覆盖项的百分比.coverage item－－覆盖项作为测试基础的一个入口或属性：如语句、分支、条件等.crash－－崩溃计算机系统或组件突然并完全的丧失功能.criticality－－关键性需求、模块、错误、故障、失效或其它项对一个系统的操作或开发影响的程度.criticality analysis－－关键性分析需求的一种分析,它根据需求的风险情况给每个需求项分配一个关键级别. cyclomatic complexity－－循环复杂度一个程序中独立路径的数量.data corruption－－数据污染违背数据一致性的情况.data definition－－数据定义一个可执行语句,在该语句上一个变量被赋予了一个值.data definition C-use coverage－－数据定义C-use覆盖在组件中被测试执行到的数据定义C-use使用对的百分比.data definition C-use pair－－数据定义C-use使用对一个数据定义和一个计算数据使用,数据使用的值是数据定义的值.data definition P-use coverage－－数据定义P-use覆盖在组件中被测试执行到的数据定义P-use使用对的百分比.data definition P-use pair－－数据定义P-use使用对一个数据定义和一个条件数据使用,数据使用的值是数据定义的值.data definition-use coverage－－数据定义使用覆盖在组件中被测试执行到的数据定义使用对的百分比.data definition-use pair－－数据定义使用对一个数据定义和一个数据使用,数据使用的值是数据定义的值.data definition-use testing－－数据定义使用测试以执行数据定义使用对为目标进行测试用例设计的一种技术.data dictionary－－数据字典(1)一个软件系统中使用的所有数据项名称,以及这些项相关属性的集合.(2)数据流、数据元素、文件、数据基础、和相关处理的一个集合. data flow analysis－－数据流分析一个软件验证和确认过程,用于保证输入和输出数据和它们的格式是被适当定义的,并且数据流是正确的.data flow coverage－－数据流覆盖测试覆盖率的度量是根据变量在代码中的使用情况.data flow diagram－－数据流图把数据源、数据接受、数据存储和数据处理作为节点描述的一个图形,数据之间的逻辑体现为节点之间的边.data flow testing－－数据流测试根据代码中变量的使用情况进行的测试.data integrity－－数据完整性一个数据集合完全、正确和一致的程度.data use－－数据使用一个可执行的语句,在该语句中,变量的值被访问.data validation－－数据确认用于确认数据不正确、不完整和不合理的过程.dead code－－死代码在程序操作过程中永远不可能被执行到的代码.Debugging－－调试发现和去除软件失效根源的过程.decision－－判定一个程序控制点,在该控制点上,控制流有两个或多个可替换路由. Decision condition－－判定条件判定内的一个条件.decision coverage－－判定覆盖在组件中被测试执行到的判定结果的百分比.decision outcome－－判定结果一个判定的结果,决定控制流走哪条路径.decision table－－判定表一个表格,用于显示条件和条件导致动作的集合.Depth Testing－－深度测试执行一个产品的一个特性的所有细节,但不测试所有特性.比较广度测试. design of experiments－－实验设计一种计划实验的方法,这样适合分析的数据可以被收集.design-based testing－－基于设计的测试根据软件的构架或详细设计引出测试用例的一种方法.desk checking－－桌面检查通过手工模拟软件执行的方式进行测试的一种方式.diagnostic－－诊断检测和隔离故障或失效的过程.dirty testing－－肮脏测试参考负面测试(negative testing)disaster recovery－－灾难恢复一个灾难的恢复和重建过程或能力.documentation testing－－文档测试测试关注于文档的正确性.domain－－域值被选择的一个集合.domain testing－－域测试参考等价划分测试(equivalence partition testing)dynamic analysis－－动态分析根据执行的行为评价一个系统或组件的过程.Dynamic Testing－－动态测试通过执行软件的手段来测试软件.embedded software－－嵌入式软件软件运行在特定硬件设备中,不能独立于硬件存在.这类系统一般要求实时性较高.emulator－－仿真一个模仿另一个系统的系统或设备,它接受相同的输入并产生相同的输出. End-to-End testing－－端到端测试在一个模拟现实使用的场景下测试一个完整的应用环境,例如和数据库交互,使用网络通信等.entity relationship diagram－－实体关系图描述现实世界中实体及它们关系的图形.entry point－－入口点一个组件的第一个可执行语句.Equivalence Class－－等价类组件输入或输出域的一个部分,在该部分中,组件的行为从组件的规格上来看认为是相同的.equivalence partition coverage－－等价划分覆盖在组件中被测试执行到的等价类的百分比.equivalence partition testing－－等价划分测试根据等价类设计测试用例的一种技术.Equivalence Partitioning－－等价划分组件的一个测试用例设计技术,该技术从组件的等价类中选取典型的点进行测试.error－－错误IEEE的定义是：一个人为产生不正确结果的行为.error guessing－－错误猜测根据测试人员以往的经验猜测可能出现问题的地方来进行用例设计的一种技术.error seeding－－错误播种/错误插值故意插入一些已知故障(fault)到一个系统中去的过程,目的是为了根据错。

外企日常工作中常用的英语术语和缩写语办公室职员（Office Clerk）加入公司的整个过程为例，引出在跨国公司(MNC-Multi-National Company) 工作中，日常人们喜欢经常使用的术语（Terminology）和缩写语（Abbreviation）。

[找工作Job Searching]我立志大学毕业后加入一家跨国公司。

我制作了精美的个人简历（Resume, cv）。

我参加了校园招聘（Campus Recruitment）。

我关注报纸招聘广告（Recruiting Ads）。

我也经常浏览招聘网站（Recruiting Website）。

我还参加人才招聘会（Job Fair）。

[参加面试Be invited for Interview] 我选择了几家中意的公司，投出了简历。

终于接到了人力资源部（Human Resources Department）邀请面试的通知。

经过几轮面试（Interview）和笔试（Written Test）我终于接到了XXXX 公司的聘用书（Offer Letter）。

这是一家独资/合资企业（Wholly Foreign-Owned Company/Joint-Venture）。

[ 录用条件Employment Terms] 我隶属XX 部门（Department ）。

我的职位（Position）是XXXX。

我的工作职责（Job Responsibilities）是XXXX。

我的直接上司（Direct Supervisor）是XXX。

我的起点工资（Starting Salary）是XXXX。

我的入职日期（Join-Date）是XXXX。

我的试用期（Probation）是3 个月。

首期劳动合同（Labor Contract/Employment Contract）的期限（Term）是3 年。

[第一天上班First day of join] 我乘坐公司班车（Shuttle Bus/Commuting Bus）来到公司。

二副面试问题及参考答案二副面试前主要应准备关于职责范围内的问题，如图海图（电子海图）、如何修正海图、地理 常识、海事专业出版社及船上图书馆的管理、制定航路计划、船上药品管理、装卸货值班、正常海 上值班、垃圾处理、其他所负责的设备的维护和保养等问题。

当然，也可能会问及《国际安全管理 规则》（ISM）以及《公司安全管理体系》方面的知识和问题。

就目前中国船员整体状况而言，二 副职位的船员英文水平和业务水平越来越好。

对于没有外派经历的二副，建议抓紧时间补习英文， 特别是专业英文。

下面收集了一部分问题，可供参考。

1. Can you tell me about your education background and working experience?(Omitted) Please refer to the same questions for the master.2. Can you tell me about your last vessel? (Omitted) Please refer to the answers to the same questions to the master or chief officer.3. What are your responsibilities as a Second Officer?The Second Officer is the navigational officer and sometimes also medical officer on board. Besides, the Second Officer shall assist the Chief Officer. His duties may include the following:(1) Navigation watch keeping (from 1200 to 1600, and from 0000 to 0400);(2) Chart and navigational publication corrections;(3) Passage plan making;(4) Usually working as the designated communications officer;(5) Maintenance of communication equipment, instruments and spare parts on board the ship;(6) Care of all the basic navigation equipment and instruments, including magnetic compasses, gyrocompasses, gyro repeaters, rime changes, depth sounders and course recorder.(7) Maintenance of inventories of the stationery(8)Medical duties, and other duties designated by the Master or Chief Officer.(9) Some other work designated by master or Chief Officer.二副应该能用自己的语言流利地说出自己的职责。

组织病理质量保证管理程序(Anatomical pathology quality assurance policy manual)1.目的(Purpose)规范病理解剖实验室人员的日常工作及质量控制, 保证病理解剖实验室人员按照CAP的CHECKLIST要求为病人提供高质量的诊断服务。

2.范围（Scope）病理解剖实验室所有工作人员(主要包括病理医生，住院医生、病理技术员和进修医生等)。

3.组织病理科内会诊（Intradepartmental consultation of anatomical pathology）为保证病理诊断的服务质量，病理医生在处理复杂，罕见和疑难病例时必须与其他病理医生和/或病理专家会诊。

负责签发报告的病理医生应以适当的形式将会诊意见反映在最终的病理报告中（如“该报告由xxx医生会诊或与会诊医生共同签发报告）。

这样的过程要贯穿于日常签发报告的过程中。

会诊病例要记录于“会诊病例质量保证登记表（QA table of routine consultation form）”中。

4.病理报告（Pathology report）每个病例医生要对最终签发的病理报告负责并确保病理报告的所有信息的正确。

其中包括最终的病理诊断，大体及镜下描述，辅助检查，病人的标识，病人的其他信息，标本的信息（如标本的收集和接收日期）等。

5.病理切片的质量控制（Histology quality control）每天HE染色前必须用准备好的切片预染后，由当日值班病理医生、技术主管或授权人员进行评估确认染色正常后才能进行当天标本的染色并填写“日常HE切片试染记录表（Daily H&E stain expstain log）”，如发现问题，需找出原因，采取改正措施(correction plan)并填写纠错报告表（Corrective action form），每个病理医生每天要评估所阅览的病理切片的质量并填写“日常病理切片质量控制评估表（Daily H&E quality control form）。

外企日常工作中常用的英语术语和缩写语外企日常工作中常用的英语术语和缩写语办公室职员（Office Clerk）加入公司的整个过程为例，引出在跨国公司(MNC-Multi-National Company) 工作中，日常人们喜欢经常使用的术语（Terminology）和缩写语（Abbreviation）。

[找工作Job Searching]我立志大学毕业后加入一家跨国公司。

我制作了精美的个人简历（Resume, cv）。

我参加了校园招聘（Campus Recruitment）。

我关注报纸招聘广告（Recruiting Ads）。

我也经常浏览招聘网站（Recruiting Website）。

我还参加人才招聘会（Job Fair）。

[参加面试Be invited for Interview] 我选择了几家中意的公司，投出了简历。

终于接到了人力资我选择了几家中意的公司，投出了简历。

终于接到了人力资）邀请面试的通知。

经过几轮面试（Interview）和笔试源部（Human Resources Department）邀请面试的通知。

经过几轮面试（（Written Test） 我终于接到了XXXX公司的聘用书（Offer Letter）。

这是一家独资/合资企业（Wholly Foreign-Owned Company/Joint-Venture）。

[录用条件Employment Terms] 我隶属XX部门（Department）。

我的职位（Position）是XXXX。

我的工作职责（Job Responsibilities）是XXXX。

我的直接上司（Direct Supervisor）是XXX。

我的起点工资（Starting Salary）是XXXX。

我的入职日期（Join-Date）是XXXX。

我的试用期（Probation）是3个月。

首期劳动合同（Labor Contract/Employment Contract）的期限（Term）是3年。

Seek opportunities from diverse Clients that use our core business Gain a thorough appreciation of the Client and what work they wantdoneRevenue in theFunnel Revenue Outsidethe Funnel Cost to Win theClient BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTSEEK TO UNDERSTANDCLIENT Have a Next StepPlan Have a Pre-callPlan Identify Client Drivers and ROI Develop a proposal to meetthe Client requirementsSUBMIT A PROPOSALMeet Sales Revenue Targets 1 Understand Client: ∙Concept ∙Budget ∙Tenderrequirement 2 Does it meet our company requirements and terms? 3 Have we got the resources? 4 Can we meet the schedule? 5 What can Project Office commit to?1 Determine Client ROI using ProjectFinancials form FRM-001 2 Is it company core business? 3 Whatcommercial risk if we do the Client project? Use Project Risk Assessment form FRM-002Go through in detail with the Client what will be provided by our companyCLIENT REVIEW50% Win / LossRatio Sales > 90% of Gross Profit Predicted Project Profit Report Plan how to design, procure and install the Client project for maximum profitPROJECT OFFICE Project Brief < 3 days; Project Plan< 10 days 1 Develop and provide: ∙Project Plan ∙Budget∙Resources loads 2 Determine impact on existing business,including finance 3 Reassessestimate and set project KPIs 4 Riskassessment: ∙Compliance ∙Commercial 5 Director review and approval1 Review Contract2 Negotiations with Client3 Confirm prices4 Accept orderDo the project on-time, on-profit, OHS and environmental incident-free,PROJECT EXECUTION Submit Weekly Report prior Weekly Meeting Submit Project S-Curve with WeeklyReport Provide Critical Path Tracking See Equipment Design, Supply, Manufacture and Installation ProcessPROJECT ENGINEERING Project Manager organises: ∙Design∙Procurement ∙Labour resources ∙Site access ∙Projectmanagement controls per work instruction WIN-001Submit Deposit Invoice < 3 days after Project Start See Control Engineering and Software ProcessProject Sign-off byClient Formal Client acceptance ofproject deliverablesCLIENT ACCEPTANCEFormal Client Feedback at ProjectCompletion By Project Office: 1 Is Client satisfied? 2 How could we have done better?3 Conduct a Client feedback event with comments in Client Project Report FRM-0034 Confirm all payments due have been invoicedInvestigate project performance for its commercial and implementationlessonsPROJECT REVIEW Review Report within a Month of Final Invoice Actual Profit > 90% of PredictedProfit Gain a service contract from theClientCLIENT SERVICE CONTRACTService Contract with > 20% of Clients 1 Profit 2 Rework 3 Zero safety and environmental incidents 4 What could have been done better? Use Lessons Learnt form FRM-004 5 Learn from the Client 6 Improve our processes to prevent identified problemsProvide:∙Process control ∙Breakdown cover∙Warrantee coverLEVEL 1 CORPORATE PROCESSP e r f o r m a n c e M e a s u r e sP r o c e d u r e / F o r m s / W o r k I n s t r u c t i o n s1 Identify prospective Clients2 Determine how can we help them?MARKETING MANAGER MARKETING MANAGER SALES MANAGER GENERAL MANAGER GENERAL MANAGER PROJECT MANAGER PROJECT MANAGER PROJECT MANAGER SALES MANAGER O w n e r。

ADMINISTRATOR’S WEEKLY REPORT# 2014-42October 13th through 19th, 2014CALLS FOR SERVICE%This Week 2014 YTD ChangeFire 3 342 10.7%Aid 162 6610 5.5%Other 45 1802 16.6%Total 210 8754 7.8%Last Week:Command Staff held their monthly meeting on Tuesday, October 14th at Headquarters Station 31.On Tuesday, October 14th, Senior Staff held their weekly meeting at Headquarters Station 31.The Civil Service Commission held their monthly meeting on Tuesday, October 14th at Auburn City Hall.The Finance Committee and Board of Governance held their monthly meetings at Headquarters Station 31 on Tuesday, October 14th.DC Swearingen attended the King County Fire Chiefs meeting on Wednesday, October 15th in Seattle.Administrator Robertson attended a fundraising event for the Ronald McDonald House Charities on Wednesday, October 15th at the McDonalds – North Auburn.DC Gerber attended the National Weather Service briefing on winter weather on Thursday, October 16th in Renton.On Thursday, October 16th, Administrator Robertson attended the Valley Communications Center (VCC) Operating Board meeting and Zone 3 Chiefs meeting at VCC.This Week:Representatives of the VRFA and Local 1352 continue negotiations on the Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) for the Clerical Unit employees. The current CBA expires December 31, 2014.Senior Staff will attend the monthly Auburn Area Chamber of Commerce meeting on Tuesday, October 21st at Emerald DownsOn Tuesday, October 21st, Senior Staff will hold their weekly meeting at Headquarters Station 31.The Board of Governance will hold a Special Meeting on Tuesday, October 21st at Headquarters Station 31, for the purpose of reviewing the preliminary 2015 budgets.On Thursday, October 23rd, the monthly Labor Management meeting will be held at Headquarters Station 31.Administrator Robertson will attend a fundraising dinner for New Connections, a non-profit aimed at recidivism reduction in South King County, on Friday, October 24th in Kent.911 Requests for Services / Customer Service:•Fire: (Auburn) On Monday, October 13th at 6:44 p.m., firefighters were dispatched to a commercial vehicle fire. A thick black column of smoke was noticeable from several blocks away and firefighters arrived to find three semi-trucks fully involved in fire. It required three fire engines with large amounts of water to bring the fire under control.•Aid Call: (Lakeland Hills) On Tuesday, October 14th at 10:40 a.m., firefighters and King County Medic One assisted an adult female experiencing breathing difficulties. The patient was transported to MultiCare Auburn Medical Center (MAMC) by private ambulance.•Aid Call: (Lea Hill) On Wednesday, October 15th at 6:50 p.m., firefighters responded to an elderly female who had fallen. The patient was evaluated and transported to MAMC by private ambulance.•Hazardous Material Spill: (Pacific) On Thursday, October 16th at 3:57 p.m., firefighters responded to a hazardous material spill. Firefighters arrived to find an unknown type of product in large quantity with a small spill. AHazardous Material team from Kent Regional Fire Authority was called in to investigate further. The Hazardous Materials team deemed the leak stable and isolated it to the unit of origin until a clean-up team could respond.•Fire Alarm: (Lea Hill) On Friday, October 17th at 3:25 p.m., firefighters responded to a fire alarm in an apartment complex. A smoke detector was activated due to juveniles smoking in the hallway.•Aid Call: (Auburn) On Saturday, October 18th at 11:50 a.m., firefighters assisted an adult female that had fallen. The patient was evaluated by VRFA personnel, and then transported in stable condition to Valley Medical Center by a private ambulance for further evaluation.•River Rescue: (Auburn) On Sunday, October 19th at 11:04 a.m., firefighters responded to a person in distress in the Green River.Firefighters found a male on the opposite side of the river. The male had slipped into the river’s swift current while fishing and was unable to make it back to shore. VRFA swift water technicians deployed a boat and safely rescued the male victim. He was not injured.Training Division Activities:This Week 2014 YTD 2013 YTDTraining Hours156.2 12,280 12,272Training Activities Completed:•4nd Quarter Defibrillation•King County Zone-3 Training Officers Meeting• 4 Recruits are attending (Week-10) WA State Recruit Academy 2014-03 •Officers are completing the Blue Card 50 hour online training course•Regional Zone-3 Rescue Task Force Training – Gibson Hall•One 2nd Class Firefighter Test•Paramedic Delivered Rhythm Recognition ClassTraining Activities Projected:•4th Quarter Defibrillation•Regional Zone-3 Rescue Task Force Training - Gibson Hall• 4 Recruits are attending (Week-11) WA State Recruit Academy 2014-03 •Officers are completing the Blue Card 50 hour online training course•One 1st Class Firefighter JATC Re-Test•Annual Flu ShotsFire Marshal’s Office:Certified Fire Inspectors completed 24 business safety inspections this week.Deputy Fire Marshals met with King County Fire Protection Association members to discuss Emergency Radio Communications. DFMs also completed EMS training and a webinar on Hazardous Materials.DFM Upton completed the following training:•Cardiac Rhythm Recognition•Emergency Responder Radio Coverage & the Fire Code•Flammable & Combustible Liquid WebinarFollow-up: Discussions with The Seasons regarding recent theft of fire extinguishers throughout complex (40+ which have been replaced) and confusion related to recent automatic fire alarm caused by food left on stove. Individual apartments are not monitored by main fire alarm panel but smoke was introduced into hallway when occupants opened door. Panel only identifies smoke detector activated in hall. Crews also requesting master key for all apartments but The Seasons does not core their apartment doors with a master scheme.Public EducationPIEO staff continued signing up scout groups for the upcoming Scout Night at the Fire Station event.PIEO staff ordered giveaways and completed the permit process to create temporary crosswalk to shuttle scouts across the street to Station 34 on Scout Night.A press release was issued for Scout Night.PIEO staff scheduled a Fire Stoppers intervention for an 11 year-old boy.Fire Investigation:There was 1VRFA incident requiring the services of the SKFITF Fire Investigators this week.Several large commercial vehicles were completely destroyed by fire, and some damage to the fencing along the truck yard. Damage is estimated to be approximately $64,000. The cause of the fire is currently undetermined and is still under investigation.Planning and LogisticsP&L received five apparatus and two facility and small tool maintenance requests.BC Day and Captain Carolan attended an all-day training consortium planning workshop.P&L staff participated in the October 16th earthquake drill.。

German Institutefor Economic ResearchWeekly ReportWomen hold only 7.8% of the supervisory board posts in the 200 biggest companies (Top 200) in Germany – outside finance -, and three of four (76.0%) are worker´s representation delegates. More than one third of these companies do not have a woman on the supervisory board at all. The share of women on management boards is even smaller. In the 100 biggest companies (Top 100) there is only one woman on a management board. There are only eleven in the Top 200, a share of a good one percent. These figures show that the aim of equality of opportunity for men and women in top influential posts in large firms is still a long way off.Among European countries Norway is in the lead with women accounting for just under one third of the seats on the decision-making bodies of the 50 biggest compa-nies traded on the stock exchange. The other Scandinavian countries are also above the average, as are the East European EU member states. Germany is in the middle with 11%. According to information from the European Commission Germany is at the lower end of the scale of countries in the share of women in more broadly defined management posts, with around one quarter. Even countries with a relatively low percentage of women in employment, like Spain and Italy, have clearly higher shares of women on this level of the hierarchy than Germany, with just under one third each.DIW Berlin has made a quantitative study of the share of women in management positions (supervisory board/administrative board and management board/manage-ment posts) in the 100 and 200 biggest companies outside the financial sector by turnover.1 The main function of the supervisory board is to supervise the management of the company and to appoint the board of managing directors. Important business plans and decisions also often have to be approved by the supervisory board. The task of the management board is to direct the company’s operations and represent it. In larger companies the management board consists of a chair person and several members, e.g. the heads of the various production divisions. So a seat on either of these decision-making organs is of immense importance.This report is based on Holst, E. and Stahn, A.-K. In: Wochenbericht des DIW Berlin, Nr. 7/2007. The research was car-ried out between July and December 2006 on companies excluding banks and insurance. The selection of the Top 200 companies for the research was based on “Die großen 500. Deutschlands Top-Unternehmen, 2006”. Of the 100 (200) biggest companies 13 (30) gave no information on the composition of their supervisory board. 97 (195) companies could be included in the analysis of management boards. The figures given in this report only cover the companies which provided information. A similar study was carried out for the financial sector, cf. for the results in details, Holst, E. and Stahn, A.-K.: ‘Too Few Women in Top Posts in the Big Banks and Insurance Companies’. In: Weekly Report, no. 7, and Holst, E. and Stahn, A.-K.: ‘Zu wenige Frauen in Spitzenpositionen der großen Banken und Versicherungen’. In: Wochenbericht des DIW Berlin, Nr. 26/2007.Top Posts in Big Companies Firmly in Male HandsElke Holst *************Anne-Katrin StahnJEL Classification: Keywords :Women, Supervisory boards, Management PositionsNo. 6/2007Volume 3October 29, 2007Women mostly delegated to supervisory boards under the codetermination regulationsIn the 100 biggest companies in Germany by turno-ver the share of women with supervisory board posts is currently 8.5%. Only one third of the companies have a share of at least 10%, and only five reach a share of 25% and more (table 1). Only two women head a supervisory board or are partners: Maria-Elisabeth Schaeffler in INA Schaeffler Holding and Bettina Würth of the Würth-Gruppe. These wo-men occupy a special position in that they are both shareholders. So not a single woman has reached the position of chairwoman of a supervisory board in one of the 100 biggest companies in Germany without the appropriate financial background. Most women on supervisory boards (73.0%) were delegated from worker´s representations. Without these seats, that are secured by codetermination rights, the number of companies in the Top 100 without a woman on the supervisory board would, purely arithmetically, rise from the present 22 toTable 1The 00 Biggest Companies by Turnover in Germany according to Share of Women on the Supervisory Board/Administrative BoardCompany Ranking byturnoverTotal number ofseats on boardOf which: WomenOf which: worker‘srepresentationdelegatesShare of seats heldby women in %Share of worker‘srepresentationdelegates in seats heldby women in %INA Holding Schaeffler KG7121050.00 IBM Deutschland GmbH99165331.360 Fresenius AG70123225.066.7 Deutsche Post World Net AG8205525.0100 Karstadt Warenhaus AG98205525.0100 AVA Allgemeine Handelsgesellschaftder Verbraucher AG100184422.2100 E.ON Ruhrgas AG36194121.125 Oetker-Gruppe7951020.00 TUI AG29204k.A.20.0k.A. Deutsche Telekom AG4204320.075 Metro AG5204420.0100 KARSTADT QUELLE AG33204420.0100 Henkel KGaA49163118.833.3 SAP AG66163118.833.3 Infineon Technologies AG72163118.833.3 adidas AG78112218.2100 TOTAL Deutschland GmbH3861116.7100 Tech Data Germany AG5561116.7100 SPAR Handels-AG82122216.7100 Merck KGaA94122216.7100 Thüga-Gruppe47122k.A.16.7k.A. RWE AG9203015.00 Shell Deutschland Oil GmbH17203115.033.3 Lufthansa Air Plus Servicekarten GmbH5871k.A.14.3k.A. REWE-Handelsgruppe10162112.550 Franz Haniel & Cie. GmbH22162212.5100 Würth-Gruppe8591011.10 Wintershall AG9591111.1100 VALEO GmbH5391k.A.11.1k.A. EWE AG86192110.550 E.ON AG6202210.0100 BASF AG14202210.0100 Otto Versand GmbH & Co35202210.0100 Companies with at least 10% ofsupervisory board seats held by women(33 companies)x484855417.665.5Companies with fewer than 10% ofsupervisory board seats held by women(32 companies)x5793424 5.970.6Companies without a woman on thesupervisory board (22 companies)x331x x x x All companies x139420413214.664.759.2 The companies that do not, at time of the study, have a woman on the supervisory board include the biggest company in Germany, Daimler Chrysler AG, Thyssen Krupp AG (No. 12 on the size ranking list) and Audi AG (No. 21).The share of women on supervisory boards rises with the size of the company (table 2). It is highest among the Top 10 at 11.8%, only 8.5% in the Top 100 and only 7% in the Top 101-200. It must be borne in mind here that the share of women sent by worker´s representations in the Top 101-200 com-panies is higher than in the Top 100 (80.9% com-pared with 73.0%). However, that does not mean that women in companies lower down the ranking list have a better chance of a supervisory board seat. Almost every second company in the Top 101-200 list does not have a woman on the supervisory board, whereas in the Top 100 list this “only” applies to every fourth company.Very few women on management boards The inequality between the women and men is even more stark on top management level, on the ma-nagement board and in general management. Of the total of 533 management boards seats in the 100 Cf. Holst, E.: Führungskräfte im international Vergleich: Frauen in Auf-sichtsräten in Deutschland meist von Arbeitnehmervertretungen ent-sandt. Wochenbericht des DIW Berlin, No. 35/2005.biggest companies only a single one is occupied by a woman.3 That gives women a share of 0.2%. The number of women on management boards does rise to eleven in the Top 200, but even that only gives women a share of 1.2%. Altogether only nine companies in the Top 200 have a woman on the management board.The aim of equality for men and women in top in-fluential positions is, as these figures dramatically show, still a long way off.Margret Suckale is on the management board of Deutsche Bahn AG, a former state enterprise; she is also head of the personnel department, which is not a very influential position. At the end of November 2006 another attempt was made to give the post of personnel director, with a seat on the management board, to a woman. The supervisory board of Telekom AG and Verdi wanted to appoint Regine Büttner. Faced with heated criticism - among other things her suitability for the post was called in question - she withdrew her candidature at the beginning of De-cember 2006. Karl-Gerhard Eick is now the personnel director with a seat on the management board. See Louven, S.: Schwindende Gefolgschaft. In: Handelsblatt, 11.12.2006, /news/Unterneh-men/Firmen-Rankings/default-201312.aspx.DIW Berlin also examined the 30 DAX companies. Here, too, the ma-nagement board seats are exclusively held by men. But the share of wo-men on supervisory boards is 12%, above the average for the 100 com-panies with the biggest turnover. That is largely because the seven banks and insurance companies included in the DAX have an average share of women on the supervisory board of 17%.Table 2Number and Share of Women on Supervisory Boards/Administrative Boardsand Management Boards/Management in the 00 Biggest Companiesby Turnover in Germany according to Ranking GroupsTop10Top100Top101–200Top200 Supervisory Board/Administrative Board (SB/AB)Number of companies108783170 Number of companies with at least one woman on the SB/AB96545110Share of women in total number of seats on SB/AB in %11.88.57.07.8 Number of women2311978197Of which: worker‘s representation delegates177855133Share of worker‘s representation delegates in total number of women onSBs/ABs in %73.965.570.557.4 Number of women chairing an SB/AB0213Share of women in total number chairing SBs/ABs in %0 2.3 1.2 1.8 Number of companies without a woman on the SB/AB1223860Share of companies without a woman on the SB/AV in all companies in %10.025.645.835.3 Management Board/Management (MB/M, Top 200, altogether 533seats)Number of companies with at least one woman on the MB/M 20189Share of companies with at least one woman on the MB/M in %0 1.08.3 4.6 Number of women on the MB/M011011Share of women in all members of the MB/M in %00.2 2.4 1.2Only companies providing information are includedCompanies with at least one woman on the management board: Deutsche Bahn AG (Margret Suckale). Hewlett-Packard GmbH (Regine Stachelhaus).Fujitsu-Siemens Computers Deutschland GmbH (Barbara Schädler). Schering AG (Karin Dorrepaal). DB Regio AG (Dr. Bettina Volkens). DB Netz AG(Dagmar Haase). Actebis Holding GmbH (Bärbel Schmidt). Roche Diagnostics GmbH (Silvia Ayyoubi and Tiffany Olson). dm-Drogeriemarkt GmbH & Co.KG (Petra Schäfer and Gerlinde Sulzmaier).Sources: Information from companies on the Internet; research between July and December 2006; calculations by DIW Berlin DIW Berlin 2007The international comparison – Norway in the leadA survey by the European Commission on the com-position of the top decision-making organs in the 50 biggest traded companies in 30 European countries in 2006 showed Norway in the lead with women accounting for one third of these positions (figure 1). The other Scandinavian countries and the East Euro-pean EU member states were also above the average; Germany was in the middle field with 11%.The high share of women in Norway5 is partly due to the legislation in force there, which prescribes a minimum of 0% women or men on supervisory boards.6 Not every company to which the law ap-plies has so far been able to reach the 0% target for their share of women. Nevertheless, it is clear that statutory regulations are worthwhile; in 200 the share of women was still only 18%.Spain has followed Norway’s example and in a law on equality of opportunity for men and women passed in 2006 (Ley de Igualdad) required the share of women on the supervisory boards of the biggest companies to be raised to 0% within eight years.7 So as a country that is near the bottom of the list of European countries for the share of women in the top decision-making organs of companies Spain is facing big challenges.Women in management posts – Germany below the European averageThe share of women holding more broadly defined management posts (ISCO Codes 12 and 13) in 2005 was around 30% in Europe (a comparison of 25 countries, figure 2). With 26% Germany was be-low the average.8 Even Spain and Italy have higherNorway is also in the lead for share of women on supervisory boards in 2006 on a comparison of the 300 biggest joint stock companies in Eu-rope (FTSEurofirst300); it is followed by Sweden, Finland and Denmark. Germany is in the middle field. See Egon Zehnder International: Women on European Boards: Scandinavia Extends its Lead, /knowledge/content/articles/index.php?article=2426. However, the law only covers state enterprises and about 500 privately owned public limited companies, which only make up a small part of the more than 160,000 companies in Norway. See European Professional Women’s Network: Women on Boards: The Inside Story of Norway’s 40% Target, /tht_wob/articles/story_on_norway. html. See also Holst, E.: Führungskräfte, loc. cit.Morales, P.A., Diaz, A.R.: Fostering Caring Masculinities (FOCUS). Span-ish National Report, Girona/Spain, August 2006; Spanish Embassy in Germany: The Equality Law, -spanischebotschaft.de/multime-dia/pdf/LEY_DE_IGUALDAD.pdf, 23 June 2006. In 2005 Norway’s positive example encouraged a number of other countries to take similar initiatives, see Zechner, A.K.: Frauen per Gesetz in die Verwaltung von Ak-tiengesellschaften? - Aktuelle Maßnahmen zur Stärkung der Präsenz von weiblichen Vorstands- und Aufsichtsratsmigliedern, in: Aufsichtsrat ak-tuell 3/2005, 10-12; and Frauenquoten in Aufsichtsräten, GenderKom-petenzZentrum 2005, /w/files/gkopzpdf/ frauenquoten_in_aufsichtsraeten/pdf.See Holst, E., Schrooten, M.: Führungspositionen: Frauen geringer ent-shares of women in management posts with 32% each. The situation is also clearly better in the East European EU states and France (38%) and in the United Kingdom (3 %). Latvia ( %) and Lithuania ( 3%) are in the lead, while no figures are available for Norway.French women most frequent in top international positionsIn keeping with the low share of women in top posts in companies in Germany there is not a German woman among the 50 most important women ma-lohnt and nach wie vor seltener vertreten. Wochenbericht des DIW Berlin, No. 25/2006.Figure 1The Share of Women in the Top Decision-Making Organs of the 0 Biggest Companies Traded on the Stock Markets in European CountriesIn %Biggest by market capitalisation (i.e. number of shares issued multipli-ed by the share price) and quoted on the national stock exchange. Source: European Commission, Data Bank on Women and Men in Decision-Making, 2006 DIW Berlin 20070510********NorwaySwedenBulgariaLatviaSloveniaFinlandLithuaniaEstoniaHungaryRomaniaDenmarkGreat BritainGermanyAll EU statesPolandSlovakiaCzech RepublicGreeceFranceCyprusNetherlandsPortugalTurkeyAustriaBelgiumIcelandIrelandSpainMaltaItalyLuxemburgnagers worldwide.9 However, there are nine French women, seven British, two Turkish and one Pakista-ni woman. A lack of big German companies cannot be the reason for the lack of German women on top management level. According to a list drawn up by the Handelsblatt10 there are 27 companies from Germany among the 50 largest European private sector companies by turnover, but only four from France.ConclusionSupervisory boards and management boards in Germany are still firmly in male hands. Germany is rather at the lower end of the scale of the share of women in management positions by European comparison. The voluntary agreement reached in 2001 between the German business federations and the Federal Government to promote equality of op-portunity for men and women in companies has not, so far, brought the desired result of reducing the gap between the shares of men and women in top positions in big companies or in management posts generally.11By European comparison Norway is in the lead with women accounting for a share of about one third of the top posts in the private sector. Norway has introduced a regulation that 0% of the seats on supervisory boards must be filled by women. Despite, or perhaps precisely because there are few women in top posts in Spain it followed Norway’s example and introduced the same ratio in its law on equality of opportunity in 2006.Cf. : FORTUNE 50 Most Powerful Women in Business, /magazines/fortune/mostpowerfulwomen/2006/inter-national/, 11.01.20070Handelsblatt: Die 50 grössten Privatunternehmen, .Vereinbarung zwischen der Bundesregierung und den Spitzenver-bänden der deutschen Wirtschaft zur Förderung der Chancengleichheit von Frauen und Männern in der Privatwirtschaft, 2.7.2001, www.bmfsfj. de/Politikbereiche/gleichstellung,did=6408.html.Figure 2The Share of Women in Management Posts in European CountriesIn %Managers and heads of division in big companies and directors of small firms (ISCO Codes 12 and 13).Source: European Commission, Data Bank on Women and Men in Decision-Making, 2006DIW Berlin 2007 051015202530354045LatviaLithuaniaFranceEstoniaBulgariaPortugalHungaryGreat BritainBelgiumSloveniaItalyPolandSpainRomaniaSlovakiaAverageFinlandIrelandSwedenCzech RepublicAustriaGermanyGreeceNetherlandsLuxemburgDenmarkDIW BerlinMohrenstraße 5810117 BerlinTel. +49-30-897 89-0Fax +49-30-897 89-200ISSN 1860-3343Price: Euro 10.–www.diw.de/english/produkte/ publikationen/weeklyreportAll articles are protected by copyright.。