2018北京市高考英语试题及答案解析

2018年高考英语真题卷（北京卷）一、单项填空1.（2018•北京）—Hi, I'm Peter. Are you new here? I haven't seen you around?—Hello, Peter. I'm Bob. I just _________ on Monday.A. startB. have startedC. startedD. had started2.（2018•北京）_________ we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.A.AlthoughB.WhileC.IfD.Until3.（2018•北京）_________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.A. TravelB. TravelingC. Having traveledD. Traveled4.（2018•北京）Susan had quit her well-paid job and _________ as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.A. is workingB. was workingC. has workedD. had worked5.（2018•北京）She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit.A. whichB. whoC. asD. that6.（2018•北京）During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together _________a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.A. shareB. to shareC. having sharedD. shared7.（2018•北京）China's high-speed railways _________ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.A. are growingB. have grownC. will growD. had grown8.（2018•北京）In any unsafe situation, simply _________ the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.A.pressB.to pressC.pressingD.pressed9.（2018•北京）A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _________ in the mountains for two days.A. are trappingB. have been trappedC. were trappingD. had been trapped10.（2018•北京）Ordinary soap, _________ correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.A. usedB. to useC. usingD. use11.（2018•北京）Without his support, we wouldn't be _________ we are now.A. howB. whenC. whereD. why12.（2018•北京）In today's information age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems fora company.A.needB.shouldC.canD.must13.（2018•北京）They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers.A. droveB. would driveC. were to driveD. had driven14.（2018•北京）—Good morning, Mr. Lee's office.—Good morning. I'd like to make an appointment _________ next Wednesday afternoon.A. forB. onC. inD. at15.（2018•北京）This is _________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.A. howB. whichC. thatD. what二、完形填空16.（2018•北京）完形填空The Homeless HeroFor many, finding an unattended wallet filled with £400 in cash would be a source（来源）of temptation（诱惑）. But the 1 would no doubt be greater if you were living on the streets with little food and money. All of this makes the actions of the homeless Tom Smith 2 more remarkable.After spotting a 3 on the front seat inside a parked car with its window down, he stood guard in the rain for about two hours waiting for the 4 to return.After hours in the cold and wet, he 5 inside and pulled the wallet out hoping to find some ID so he could contact（联系）the driver, only to 6 it contained £400 in notes, with another £50 in spare change beside it.He then took the wallet to a nearby police station after 7 a note behind to let the owner know it was safe. When the car's owner John Anderson and his colleague Carol Lawrence returned to the car—which was itself worth £35, 000—in Glasgow city centre, they were 8 to find two policemen standing next to it. The policemen told them what Mr. Smith did and that the wallet was 9 .The pair were later able to thank Mr. Smith for his 10 .Mr. Anderson said：＂I couldn't believe that the guy never took a penny. To think he is sleeping on the streets tonight 11 he could have stolen the money and paid for a place to stay in. This guy has nothing and 12 he didn't take the wallet for himself；he thought about others 13 . It's unbelievable. It just proves there are 14 guys out there.＂Mr. Smith's act 15 much of the public's attention. He also won praise from social media users after Mr. Anderson 16 about the act of kindness on Facebook.Now Mr. Anderson has set up an online campaign to 17 money for Mr. Smith and other homeless people in the area, which by yesterday had received ￡8,000. ＂I think the faith that everyone has shown 18 him has touched him. People have been approaching him in the street; he's had job 19 and all sorts,＂Mr. Anderson commented.For Mr. Smith, this is a possible life-changing 20 . The story once again tells us that one good turn deserves another.1. A. hope B. aim C. urge D. effort2. A. still B. even C. ever D. once3. A. wallet B. bag C. box D. parcel4. A. partner B. colleague C. owner D. policeman5. A. turned B. hid C. stepped D. reached6. A. discover B. collect C. check D. believe7. A. taking B. leaving C. reading D. writing8. A. satisfied B. excited C. amused D. shocked9. A. safe B. missing C. found D. seen10. A. service B. support C. kindness D. encouragement11. A. when B. if C. where D. because12. A. rather B. yet C. already D. just13. A. too B. though C. again D. instead14. A. honest B. polite C. rich D. generous15. A. gave B. paid C. cast D. drew16. A. learned B. posted C. cared D. heard17. A. borrow B. raise C. save D. earn18. A. of B. at C. for D. in19. A. details B. changes C. offers D. applications20. A. lesson B. adventure C. chance D. challenge三、阅读理解17.（2018•北京）阅读理解AMy First Marathon（马拉松）A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go ahead.I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didn't do either well. He later informed me that I was ＂not athletic＂.The idea that I was ＂not athletic＂stuck with me for years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competition or whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills!The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldn't even find the finish line. I woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself.Shortly after crossing the start line, my shoe laces(鞋带) became untied. So I stopped to readjust. Not the start I wanted!At mile 3, I passed a sign: ＂GO FOR IT, RUNNERS!＂By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.By mile 21, I was starving!As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a.m. or questioned my expenses on running.I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a ＂marathon winner＂.（1）A month before the marathon, the author ____________.A. was well trainedB. felt scaredC. made up his mind to runD. lost hope（2）Why did the author mention the P.E. class in his 7th year?A. To acknowledge the support of his teacher.B. To amuse the readers with a funny story.C. To show he was not talented in sports.D. To share a precious memory.（3）How was the author's first marathon?A. He made it.B. He quit halfway.C. He got the first prize.D. He walked to the end.（4）What does the story mainly tell us?A. A man owes his success to his family support.B. A winner is one with a great effort of will.C. Failure is the mother of success.D. One is never too old to learn.18.（2018•北京）阅读理解BFind Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation(航空) CenterIf you're looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be. The Center offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with hands-on tasks and lots of fun.More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions. They come to camp, wanting to know what it is like to be an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with real-world applications for what they're studying in the classroom.For the trainees, the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges(荣誉徽章). At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying to space with the crew from all over the world.The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge. They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit(驾驶舱) of a variety of flight simulators. Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about water- and land-survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of ＂downed＂pilot.With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task.All this fun is available for ages 9 to 18. Families can enjoy the experience together, too, with Family Camp programs for families with children as young as 7.Stay an hour or stay a week — there is something here for everyone!For more details, please visit us online at .（1）Why do people come to SAC?A. To experience adventures.B. To look for jobs in aviation.C. To get a degree in engineering.D. To learn more about medicine.（2）To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to .A. fly to spaceB. get an Aviation badge firstC. study the principles of flightD. build and fire model rockets（3）What is the most important for trainees?A. Leadership.B. Team spirit.C. Task planning.D. Survival skills.19.（2018•北京）阅读理解CPlastic-Eating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth canbreak down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms' chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms' stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms' ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. ＂Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ＂Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team's findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂（1）What can we learn about the worms in the study?A. They take plastics as their everyday food.B. They are newly evolved creatures.C. They can consume plastics.D. They wind up in landfills.（2）According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .A. identify other means of the breakdownB. find out the source of the enzymeC. confirm the research findingsD. increase the breakdown speed（3）It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .A. help to raise wormsB. help make plastic bagsC. be used to clean the oceansD. be produced in factories in future（4）What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To explain a study method on worms.B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.C. To present a way to break down plastics.D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.20.（2018•北京）阅读理解DPreparing Cities for Robot CarsThe possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services.A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortablewith the technology.Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.（1）According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________. A. help deal with transportation-related problems B. provide better services to customers C. cause damage to our environment D. make some people lose jobs（2）As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?A. Safety.B. Side effects.C. Affordability.D. Management. （3）What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A. Employed.B. Replaced.C. Shared.D. Reduced.（4）What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?A. Doubtful.B. Positive.C. Disapproving.D. Sympathetic.四、任务型阅读21.（2018•北京）任务型阅读Why Do We Get Angry?Anger seems simple when we are feeling it, but the causes of anger are various. Knowing these causes can make us examine our behavior, and correct bad habits. The main reasons we get angry are triggering（触发）events, personality traits（特征）, and our assessment of situations. ________ Triggering events for anger are so many that to describe them all would take hundreds of pages. However, here are some examples: being cut off in traffic, a deadline approaching, experiencing physical pain, and much more.________ The reason why someone is triggered by something and others are not is often due to one's personal history and psychological traits.Each person, no matter who they are, has psychological imbalances. People who have personality traits that connect with competitiveness and low upset tolerance are much more likely to get angry. ________ Also, sometimes pre-anger does not have to do with a lasting condition, but rather a temporary state before a triggering event has occurred.________Sometimes even routine occurrences become sources of pre-anger, or anger itself. Sometimes ignorance and negative (消极的) outlooks on situations can create anger.________However, anger can easily turn violent, and it is best to know the reasons for anger toappear in order to prevent its presence. With these main reasons in mind, we can evaluate our level of anger throughout the day and prevent cases of outbursts by comprehending the reasons for our feelings.A. Our attitude and viewpoint on situations can create anger within us as well.B. But some types of situations can help us to get rid of the occurrence of anger.C. Anger is rarely looked upon as a beneficial character trait, and is usually advised to reduce it.D. Anger is a particularly strong feeling and maybe people think that they have reasons to feel angry.E. Having these personality traits implies the pre-anger state, where anger is in the background of your mind.F. Understanding these reasons will control our own anger if we are willing to evaluate ourselves with a critical eye.G. Not everyone acts the same in response to events, and that is why what triggers one person may or may not trigger another.五、书面表达22.（2018•北京）假设你是红星中学高三学生李华，你的英国朋友Jim在给你的邮件中提到他对中国文化感兴趣，计划明年来北京上大学。

2018年高考英语试题(北京卷)一、单项填空一、单项填空21.——Hi, I'm Peter. Are you new here? I haven't seen you around? 21.—Hello, Peter. I'm Bob. I just _________ on Monday. B. have started C. started D. had started A. start 22. _________ we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone. A. Although B. While C. If D. Until 23. _________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience. A. Travel B. Traveling C. Having traveled D. Traveled 24. Susan had quit her well-paid job and _________ as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.  D. had worked B. was working C. has worked A. is working 25. She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit. A. which  D. that B. who C as 26. During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together _________ a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes. C. having shared D. shared A. share B. to share 27. China's high-speed railways __ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.  D. had grown A. are growing B. have grown C. will grow 28. In any unsafe situation, simply _________ the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need. A. press B. to press C. pressing D. pressed 29. A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _________ in the mountains for two days. A. are trapping B. have been trapped C. were trapping D. had been trapped 30. Ordinary soap, _________ correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively. C. using D. use A. used B. to use 31. Without his support, we wouldn't be _________ we are now. A. how B. when C. where D. why 32. In today's information age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems for a company. A. need B. should C. can D. must 33. They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers. B. would drive C. were to drive D. had drivenA. drove 34.——Good morning, Mr. Lee's office. 34.—Good morning. I'd like to make an appointment _________ next Wednesday afternoon . A. for B. on C. in D. at 35. This is _________ my father has taught me —to always face difficulties and hope for the best. A. how B. which C. that D. what 二、完形填空二、完形填空The Homeless Hero For many, finding an unattended wallet filled with £400 in cash would be a source （来源）of temptation （诱惑）. But the 36 would no doubt be greater if you were living on the streets with little food and money. All of this makes the actions of the homeless Tom Smith 37 more remarkable.  After spotting a 38 on the front seat inside a parked car with its window down, he stood guard in the rain for about two hours waiting for the 39 to return.  After hours in the cold and wet, he 40 inside and pulled the wallet out hoping to find some ID so he could contact （联系）the driver, only to 41 it contained £400 in notes, with 400 in notes, with another £50 in spare change beside it.  He then took the wallet to a nearby police station after 42 a note behind to let the owner know know it it it was was was safe. safe. safe. When When When the the the car's car's car's owner owner owner John John John Anderson Anderson Anderson and and and his his his colleague colleague colleague Carol Carol Carol Lawrence Lawrence returned to the car car——which was itself worth £35, 000000——in Glasgow city centre, they were 43 to find two policemen standing next to it. The policemen told them what Mr. Smith did and that the wallet was 44 .  The pair were later able to thank Mr. Smith for his 45 .  Mr. Mr. Anderson Anderson Anderson said said ：＂I I couldn't couldn't couldn't believe believe believe that that that the the the guy guy guy never never never took took took a a a penny. penny. penny. To To To think think think he he he is is sleeping on the streets tonight 46 he could have stolen the money and paid for a place to stay in. This guy has nothing and 47 he didn't take the wallet for himself ；he thought about others 48 . It's unbelievable. It just proves there are 49 guys out there.＂ Mr. Smith's act 50 much of the public's attention. He also won praise from social media users after Mr. Anderson 51 about the act of kindness on Facebook.  Now Mr. Anderson has set up an online campaign to 52 money for Mr. Smith and other homeless people in the area, which by yesterday had received ￡8,000. ＂I think the faith that everyone has shown 53 him has touched him. People have been approaching him in the street; he's had job 54 and all sorts,＂ Mr. Anderson commented.  For Mr. Smith, this is a possible life-changing 55 . The story once again tells us that one good turn deserves another. 36. A. hope B. aim C. urge D. effort 37. A. still B. even C. ever D. once 38. A. wallet B. bag C. box D. parcel 39. A. partner B. colleague C. owner D. policeman 40. A. turned B. hid C. stepped D. reached 41. A. discover B. collect C. check D. believe 42. A. taking B. leaving C. reading D. writing 43. A. satisfied B. excited C. amused D. shocked 44. A. safe B. missing C. found D. seen 45. A. service B. support C. kindness D. encouragement 46. A. when B. if C. where D. because 47. A. rather B. yet C. already D. just 48. A. too B. though C. again D. instead 49. A. honest B. polite C. rich D. generous 50. A. gave B. paid C. cast D. drew 51. A. learned B. posted C. cared D. heard 52. A. borrow B. raise C. save D. earn 53. A. of B. at C. for D. in 54. A. details B. changes C. offers D. applications 55. A. lesson B. adventure C. chance D. challenge 三、阅读理解三、阅读理解AMy First Marathon（马拉松） A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go ahead.  I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didn't do either well. He later informed me that I was ＂not athletic＂.  The idea that I was ＂not athletic＂stuck with me for years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competition or whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills!  The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldn't even find the finish line. I woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself.  Shortly after crossing the start line, my shoe laces(鞋带) became untied. So I stopped to readjust. Not the start I wanted!  At mile 3, I passed a sign: ＂GO FOR IT, RUNNERS!＂ By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.  By mile 21, I was starving!  As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a.m. or questioned my expenses on running.  I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.  Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a ＂marathon winner＂. （56）A month before the marathon, the author ____________. A. was well trained B. felt scared C. made up his mind to run D. lost hope （57）Why did the author mention the P.E. class in his 7th year? A. To acknowledge the support of his teacher. B. To amuse the readers with a funny story. C. To show he was not talented in sports. D. To share a precious memory. （58）How was the author's first marathon? A. He made it. B. He quit halfway. C. He got the first prize. D. He walked to the end. （59）What does the story mainly tell us? A. A man owes his success to his family support. B. A winner is one with a great effort of will. D. One is never too old to learn.C. Failure is the mother of success. B航空) CenterFind Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation( If you're looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be. The Center offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with hands-on tasks and lots of fun.  More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions. They come to camp, wanting to know what it is like to be an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with real-world applications for what they're studying in the classroom.  For the trainees, the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges(荣誉徽章). At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying to space with the crew from all over the world. The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge. They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit(驾驶舱驾驶舱) of a variety of flight simulators. Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about water- and land-survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of ＂downed＂pilot.  With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task.  All this fun is available for ages 9 to 18. Families can enjoy the experience together, too, with Family Camp programs for families with children as young as 7.  Stay an hour or stay a week — there is something here for everyone!  For more details, please visit us online at . （60）Why do people come to SAC? A. To experience adventures. B. To look for jobs in aviation. D. To learn more about medicine. C. To get a degree in engineering. （61）To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to . B. get an Aviation badge first A. fly to space D. build and fire model rockets C. study the principles of flight （62）What is the most important for trainees? D. Survival skills. C. Task planning. A. Leadership. B. Team spirit. CPlastic-Eating Worms Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.  Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 100 wax wax wax worms worms worms on on on a a a commercial commercial commercial polyethylene polyethylene polyethylene shopping shopping shopping bag bag bag for for for 12 12 12 hours, hours, hours, and and and the the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms' chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers researchers made made made some some some worms worms worms into into into paste(paste(糊状物) ) and and and applied applied applied it it it to to to plastic plastic plastic films. films. films. 14 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms' stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.  Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms' ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. ＂Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as as well, well, ＂she she explains, explains, ＂The The wax wax wax worm worm worm evolved evolved evolved a a a method method method or or or system system system to to to break break break this this bond. ＂ Jennifer Jennifer DeBruyn, DeBruyn, DeBruyn, a a a microbiologist microbiologist microbiologist at at at the the the University University University of of of Tennessee, Tennessee, Tennessee, who who who was was was not not involved involved in in in the the the study, study, says says it it it is is is not not not surprising surprising surprising that that that such such such worms worms worms can can can break break break down down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in in this one this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the c ause cause cause of the of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?  Bertocchini Bertocchini agrees agrees agrees and and and hopes hopes hopes her her her team's team's team's findings findings findings might might might one one one day day day help help help employ employ employ the the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind kind of of of industrial industrial industrial process process process —— not not simply simply ＂millions millions of of of worms worms worms thrown thrown thrown on on on top top top of of of the the plastic.＂ （63）What can we learn about the worms in the study? A. They take plastics as their everyday food. B. They are newly evolved creatures. C. They can consume plastics. D. They wind up in landfills. （64）According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to . A. identify other means of the breakdown B. find out the source of the enzyme C. confirm the research findings D. increase the breakdown speed （65）It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might . A. help to raise worms B. help make plastic bags C. be used to clean the oceans D. be produced in factories in future （66）What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To explain a study method on worms. B. To introduce the diet of a special worm. C. C. To To To present present present a a a way way way to to to break break break down down down plastics. D. plastics. D. To To propose propose propose new new new means means means to to to keep keep eco-balance. DPreparing Cities for Robot Cars The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.  While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.  Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services.  A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.  Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. （67）According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________. A.help deal with transportation-related problems B. provide better services to customers C. cause damage to our environment D. make some people lose jobs （68）As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern? A. Safety. B. Side effects. C. Affordability. D. Management. （69）What does the underlined word ＂fielded ＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Employed. B. Replaced. C. Shared. D. Reduced. （70）What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars? A. Doubtful. B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Sympathetic. 四、任务型阅读四、任务型阅读Why Do We Get Angry? Anger Anger seems seems seems simple simple simple when when when we we we are are are feeling feeling feeling it, it, it, but but but the the the causes causes causes of of of anger anger anger are are are various. various. Knowing these causes can make us examine our behavior, and correct bad habits. The main reasons we get angry are triggering （触发）events, personality traits （特征）（特征）, and our assessment of situations. ___71_____  T riggering Triggering Triggering events events events for for for anger anger anger are are are so so so many many many that that that to to to describe describe describe them them them all all all would would would take take hundreds hundreds of of of pages. pages. pages. However, However, here here are are are some some some examples: examples: examples: being being being cut cut cut off off off in in in traffic, traffic, traffic, a a deadline deadline approaching, approaching, approaching, experiencing experiencing experiencing physical physical physical pain, pain, pain, and and and much much much more.____72____ more.____72____ more.____72____ The The reason why someone is triggered by something and others are not is often due to one's personal history and psychological traits.  Each Each person, person, person, no no no matter matter matter who who who they they they are, are, are, has has has psychological psychological psychological imbalances. imbalances. imbalances. People People People who who have have personality traits that connect with competitiveness personality traits that connect with competitiveness and and low upset tolerance are low upset tolerance are much more likely to get angry. ___73_____ Also, sometimes pre-anger does not have to do with a lasting condition, but rather a temporary state before a triggering event has occurred.  ____74____Sometimes even routine occurrences become sources of pre-anger, or anger anger itself. itself. itself. Sometimes Sometimes Sometimes ignorance ignorance ignorance and and and negative negative negative ((消极的) ) outlooks outlooks outlooks on on on situations situations situations can can create anger.  ____75____However, ____75____However, anger anger can can can easily easily easily turn turn turn violent, violent, violent, and and and it it it is is is best best best to to to know know know the the reasons for anger to appear in order to prevent its presence. With these main reasons in mind, mind, we we we can can can evaluate evaluate evaluate our our our level level level of of of anger anger anger throughout throughout throughout the the the day day day and and and prevent prevent prevent cases cases cases of of outbursts by comprehending the reasons for our feelings. A. Our attitude and viewpoint on situations can create anger within us as well. B. But some types of situations can help us to get rid of the occurrence of anger. C. Anger is rarely looked upon as a beneficial character trait, and is usually advised to reduce it. D. Anger is a particularly strong feeling and maybe people think that they have reasons to feel angry. E. E. Having Having Having these these these personality personality personality traits traits traits implies implies implies the the the pre-anger pre-anger pre-anger state, state, state, where where where anger anger anger is is is in in in the the background of your mind. F. Understanding these reasons will control our own anger if we are willing to evaluate ourselves with a critical eye. G. Not everyone acts the same in response to events, and that is why what triggers one person may or may not trigger another. 五、书面表达(一) 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华，你的英国朋友Jim在给你的邮件中提到他对中国文化感兴趣，计划明年来北京上大学。

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语（北京卷）本试卷共14页，共120分。

考试时长100分钟。

考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。

考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第一部分：知识运用（共两节，45分）第一节单项填空（共15小题；每小题1分，共15分）从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

例：It’s so nice to hear from her again. _________, we last met mo re than thirty years ago.A. What’s moreB. That’s to sayC. In other wordsD. Believe it or not答案是D。

1. —Hi, I’m Peter. Are you new here I haven’t seen you around.—Hello, Peter. I’m Bob. I just _________ on Monday.A. startB. have startedC. startedD. had started2. _________ we don’t stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.A. AlthoughB. WhileC. IfD. Until3. _________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.A. TravelB. TravelingC. Having traveledD. Traveled4. Susan had quit her well-paid job and _________ as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.A. is workingB. was workingC. has workedD. had worked5. She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit.A. whichB. whoC. asD. that6. During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together _________a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.A. shareB. to shareC. having sharedD. shared7. China’s high-speed railways _________ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.A. are growingB. have grownC. will growD. had grown8. In any unsafe situation, simply _________ the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.A. pressB. to pressC. pressingD. pressed9. A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _________ in the mountains for two days.A. are trappingB. have been trappedC. were trappingD. had been trapped10. Ordinary soap, _________ correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.A. usedB. to useC. usingD. use11. Without his support, we wouldn’t be _________ we are now.A. howB. whenC. whereD. why12. In today’s inform ation age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems for a company.A. needB. shouldC. canD. must13. They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers.A. droveB. would driveC. were to driveD. had driven14. —Good morning, Mr. Lee’s office.—Good morning. I’d like to make an appointment _________ next Wednesday afternoon.A. forB. onC. inD. at15. This is _________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.A. howB. whichC. thatD. what第二节完形填空（共20小题；每小题分，共30分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

2018年高考英语试题(北京卷)一、单项填空21.—Hi, I'm Peter. Are you new here? I haven't seen you around?—Hello, Peter. I'm Bob. I just _________ on Monday.A. startB. have startedC. startedD. had started22. _________ we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.A. AlthoughB. WhileC. IfD. Until23. _________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewardingexperience.A. TravelB. TravelingC. Having traveledD. Traveled24. Susan had quit her well-paid job and _________ as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.A. is workingB. was workingC. has workedD. had worked25. She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit.A. whichB. who C as D. that26. During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together _________ a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.A. shareB. to shareC. having sharedD. shared27. China's high-speed railways __ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.A. are growingB. have grownC. will growD. had grown28. In any unsafe situation, simply _________ the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.A. pressB. to pressC. pressingD. pressed29. A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _________ in the mountains for two days.A. are trappingB. have been trappedC. were trappingD. had been trapped30. Ordinary soap, _________ correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.A. usedB. to useC. usingD. use31. Without his support, we wouldn't be _________ we are now.A. howB. whenC. whereD. why32. In today's information age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems for a company.A. needB. shouldC. canD. must33. They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers.A. droveB. would driveC. were to driveD. had driven34.—Good morning, Mr. Lee's office.—Good morning. I'd like to make an appointment _________ next Wednesdayafternoon .A. forB. onC. inD. at35. This is _________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hopefor the best.A. howB. whichC. thatD. what二、完形填空The Homeless HeroFor many, finding an unattended wallet filled with £400 in cash would be a source（来源）of temptation（诱惑）. But the 36 would no doubt be greater if you were living on the streets with little food and money. All of this makes the actions of the homeless Tom Smith 37 more remarkable.After spotting a 38 on the front seat inside a parked car with its window down, he stood guard in the rain for about two hours waiting for the 39 to return.After hours in the cold and wet, he 40 inside and pulled the wallet out hoping to find some ID so he could contact（联系）the driver, only to 41 it contained £400 in notes, with another £50 in spare change beside it.He then took the wallet to a nearby police station after 42 a note behind to let the owner know it was safe. When the car's owner John Anderson and his colleague Carol Lawrence returned to the car—which was itself worth £35, 000—in Glasgow city centre, they were 43 to find two policemen standing next to it. The policemen told them what Mr. Smith did and that the wallet was 44 .The pair were later able to thank Mr. Smith for his 45 .Mr. Anderson said：＂I couldn't believe that the guy never took a penny. To think he is sleeping on the streets tonight 46 he could have stolen the money and paid for a place to stay in. This guy has nothing and 47 he didn't take the wallet for himself；he thought about others 48 . It's unbelievable. It just proves there are 49 guys out there.＂Mr. Smith's act 50 much of the public's attention. He also won praise from social media users after Mr. Anderson 51 about the act of kindness on Facebook.Now Mr. Anderson has set up an online campaign to 52 money for Mr. Smith and other homeless people in the area, which by yesterday had received ￡8,000. ＂I think the faith that everyone has shown 53 him has touched him. People have been approaching him in the street; he's had job 54 and all sorts,＂Mr. Anderson commented.For Mr. Smith, this is a possible life-changing 55 . The story once again tells us that one good turn deserves another.36. A. hope B. aim C. urge D. effort37. A. still B. even C. ever D. once38. A. wallet B. bag C. box D. parcel39. A. partner B. colleague C. owner D. policeman40. A. turned B. hid C. stepped D. reached41. A. discover B. collect C. check D. believe42. A. taking B. leaving C. reading D. writing43. A. satisfied B. excited C. amused D. shocked44. A. safe B. missing C. found D. seen45. A. service B. support C. kindness D. encouragement46. A. when B. if C. where D. because47. A. rather B. yet C. already D. just48. A. too B. though C. again D. instead49. A. honest B. polite C. rich D. generous50. A. gave B. paid C. cast D. drew51. A. learned B. posted C. cared D. heard52. A. borrow B. raise C. save D. earn53. A. of B. at C. for D. in54. A. details B. changes C. offers D. applications55. A. lesson B. adventure C. chance D. challenge三、阅读理解AMy First Marathon（马拉松）A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go ahead.I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didn't do either well. He later informed me that I was ＂not athletic＂.The idea that I was ＂not athletic＂stuck with me for years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competition or whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills!The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldn't even find the finish line. I woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself.Shortly after crossing the start line, my shoe laces(鞋带) became untied. So I stopped to readjust. Not the start I wanted!At mile 3, I passed a sign: ＂GO FOR IT, RUNNERS!＂By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.By mile 21, I was starving!As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a.m. or questioned my expenses on running.I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a ＂marathon winner＂.（56）A month before the marathon, the author ____________.A. was well trainedB. felt scaredC. made up his mind to runD. lost hope（57）Why did the author mention the P.E. class in his 7th year?A. To acknowledge the support of his teacher.B. To amuse the readers with a funny story.C. To show he was not talented in sports.D. To share a precious memory.（58）How was the author's first marathon?A. He made it.B. He quit halfway.C. He got the first prize.D. He walked to the end. （59）What does the story mainly tell us?A. A man owes his success to his family support.B. A winner is one with a great effort of will.C. Failure is the mother of success.D. One is never too old to learn.BFind Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation(航空) Center If you're looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be. The Center offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with hands-on tasks and lots of fun.More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions. They come to camp, wanting to know what it is like to be an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with real-world applications for what they're studying in the classroom.For the trainees, the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges(荣誉徽章). At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying to space with the crew from all over the world. The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge. They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit(驾驶舱) of a variety of flight simulators. Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about water- and land-survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of ＂downed＂pilot.With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task.All this fun is available for ages 9 to 18. Families can enjoy the experience together, too, with Family Camp programs for families with children as young as 7.Stay an hour or stay a week — there is something here for everyone!For more details, please visit us online at .（60）Why do people come to SAC?A. To experience adventures.B. To look for jobs in aviation.C. To get a degree in engineering.D. To learn more about medicine. （61）To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to .A. fly to spaceB. get an Aviation badge firstC. study the principles of flightD. build and fire model rockets（62）What is the most important for trainees?A. Leadership.B. Team spirit.C. Task planning.D. Survival skills.CPlastic-Eating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms' chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms' stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms' ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. ＂Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ＂Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team's findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process —not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂（63）What can we learn about the worms in the study?A. They take plastics as their everyday food.B. They are newly evolved creatures.C. They can consume plastics.D. They wind up in landfills.（64）According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to . A. identify other means of the breakdown B. find out the source of the enzyme C. confirm the research findings D. increase the breakdown speed （65）It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .A. help to raise wormsB. help make plastic bagsC. be used to clean the oceansD. be produced in factories in future （66）What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To explain a study method on worms.B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.C. To present a way to break down plastics.D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.DPreparing Cities for Robot CarsThe possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found inride-hailing(叫车) services.A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacingpetrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, andmore affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.（67）According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can__________.A.help deal with transportation-related problemsB. provide better services to customersC. cause damage to our environmentD. make some people lose jobs （68）As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?A. Safety.B. Side effects.C. Affordability.D. Management. （69）What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A. Employed.B. Replaced.C. Shared.D. Reduced. （70）What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?A. Doubtful.B. Positive.C. Disapproving.D. Sympathetic.四、任务型阅读Why Do We Get Angry?Anger seems simple when we are feeling it, but the causes of anger are various. Knowing these causes can make us examine our behavior, and correct bad habits. The main reasons we get angry are triggering（触发）events, personality traits（特征）, and our assessment of situations. ___71_____Triggering events for anger are so many that to describe them all would take hundreds of pages. However, here are some examples: being cut off in traffic, a deadline approaching, experiencing physical pain, and much more.____72____ The reason why someone is triggered by something and others are not is often due to one's personal history and psychological traits.Each person, no matter who they are, has psychological imbalances. People who have personality traits that connect with competitiveness and low upset tolerance are much more likely to get angry. ___73_____ Also, sometimes pre-anger does not have to do with a lasting condition, but rather a temporary state before a triggering event has occurred.____74____Sometimes even routine occurrences become sources of pre-anger, or anger itself. Sometimes ignorance and negative (消极的) outlooks on situations can create anger.____75____However, anger can easily turn violent, and it is best to know the reasons for anger to appear in order to prevent its presence. With these main reasons in mind, we can evaluate our level of anger throughout the day and prevent cases of outbursts by comprehending the reasons for our feelings.A. Our attitude and viewpoint on situations can create anger within us as well.B. But some types of situations can help us to get rid of the occurrence of anger.C. Anger is rarely looked upon as a beneficial character trait, and is usually advised to reduce it.D. Anger is a particularly strong feeling and maybe people think that they have reasons to feel angry.E. Having these personality traits implies the pre-anger state, where anger is in thebackground of your mind.F. Understanding these reasons will control our own anger if we are willing to evaluate ourselves with a critical eye.G. Not everyone acts the same in response to events, and that is why what triggers one person may or may not trigger another.五、书面表达(一)假设你是红星中学高三学生李华，你的英国朋友Jim在给你的邮件中提到他对中国文化感兴趣，计划明年来北京上大学。

北京2018年高考英语试题答案与解析
不会的，瑞士航空一般比较准时。

【解析】根据句意可以轻松选出will，此题属于简单题。

26
【答案】C
【译】我预约了Smith大夫，但是我现在需要改变一下预约。

【解析】have an appointment with与某人预约。

27
【答案】D
【译】许多国家现在都正在建造国家园，动物和植物在里面可以得到保护。

【解析】考查定语从句，从句完整且修改的是地点，故选where。

28
【答案】B
【译】快点！Mark和Carl在等我们呢。

【解析】本题有较强的语境，Hurry up体现出别人正在等你，所以选B。

其他选项均不恰当。

29
【答案】D
【译】当我们看到路被大学封着的时候，我们决定假期待在家里。

【解析】block意思为“封阻、拦阻”，及物动词，路是被雪封阻了，所以只能D选项done的形式是被动，其他选项均为主动。

30
【答案】A
【译】当时度假的时候我随身带了驾照，以防我要租车。

【解析】in case以防，even if即使，eversince自从那时，if only如果…就好了，根据句意选A。

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语（北京卷）（本试卷共14页，共120分。

考试时长100分钟。

）考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。

考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第一部分：知识运用第一节单项填空从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

例：It’s so nice to hear from her again. _________, we last met more than thirty years ag o.A. What’s moreB. That’s to sayC. In other wordsD. Believe it or not答案是D。

1. —Hi, I’m Peter. Are you new here? I haven’t seen you around?—Hello, Peter. I’m Bob. I just _________ on Monday.A. startB. have startedC. startedD. had started【答案】C【解析】考查时态。

句意：——嗨，我是彼得。

你是新来的吗？我没有在附近见过你。

——你好，彼得。

我是鲍勃。

我周一刚刚开始住在这儿。

根据两人谈话内容可知，Bob现在在这儿，他开始(start)住在这儿是发生在周一的事情，周一是一个过去的时间，故该句应用一般过去时态，C选项正确。

点睛：一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态或过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。

一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语或从句连用，如：yesterday，last week，in the past，in 2017，once，a few days ago 等。

2. _________ we don’t stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.A. AlthoughB. WhileC. IfD. Until【答案】C点睛：条件状语从句通常由引导词if或unless引导。

2018年高考英语试题(北京卷)一、单项填空21.—Hi, I'm Peter. Are you new here? I haven't seen you around?—Hello, Peter. I'm Bob. I just _________ on Monday.A. startB. havestarted C. started D. had started22. _________ we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.A. AlthoughB. WhileC. IfD. Until23. _________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.A. TravelB. TravelingC. Having traveledD. Traveled24. Susan had quit her well-paid job and_________ as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.A. is workingB. was workingC. has workedD. had worked25. She and her family bicycle to work,_________ helps them keep fit.A. whichB. who Cas D. that26. During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together _________ a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.A. shareB. to shareC. having sharedD. shared27. China's high-speed railways __ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.A. are growingB. have grownC. will growD. had grown28. In any unsafe situation, simply _________ the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.A. pressB. to pressC. pressingD. pressed29. A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _________ in the mountains for two days.A. are trappingB. have beentrapped C. were trapping D. had been trapped30. Ordinary soap, _________ correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.A. usedB. touse C. using D. use31. Without his support, we wouldn't be_________ we are now.A. howB.when C. where D. why32. In today's information age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems for a company.A. needB. shouldC. canD. must33. They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers.A. droveB. woulddrive C. were to drive D. had driven34.—Good morning, Mr. Lee's office.—Good morning. I'd like to make anappointment _________ next Wednesdayafternoon .A. forB. onC.in D. at35. This is _________ my father has taughtme—to always face difficulties and hope forthe best.A. howB.which C.that D. what二、完形填空The Homeless Hero For many, finding an unattended wallet filled with £400 in cash would be a source（来源）of temptation（诱惑）. But the 36 would no doubt be greater if you were living on the streets with little food and money. All of this makes the actions of the homeless Tom Smith 37 more remarkable.After spotting a 38 on the front seat inside a parked car with its window down, he stood guard in the rain for about two hours waiting for the 39 to return.After hours in the cold and wet, he 40 inside and pulled the wallet out hoping to find some ID so he could contact（联系）the driver, only to 41 it contained £400 in notes, with another £50 in spare change beside it.He then took the wallet to a nearby police station after 42 a note behind to let the owner know it was safe. When the car's owner John Anderson and his colleague Carol Lawrence returned to the car—which was itself worth £35, 000—in Glasgow city centre, they were 43 to find two policemen standing next to it. The policemen told them what Mr.Smith did and that the wallet was 44 .The pair were later able to thank Mr. Smith for his 45 .Mr. Anderson said：＂I couldn't believe that the guy never took a penny. To think he is sleeping on the streets tonight 46 he could have stolen the money and paid for a place to stay in. This guy has nothing and 47 he didn't take the wallet for himself；he thought about others 48 . It's unbelievable. It just proves there are 49 guys out there.＂Mr. Smith's act 50 much of the public's attention. He also won praise from social media users after Mr. Anderson 51 about the act of kindness on Facebook.Now Mr. Anderson has set up an online campaign to 52 money for Mr. Smith and other homeless people in the area, which by yesterday had received ￡8,000. ＂I think the faith that everyone has shown 53 him has touched him. People have been approaching him in the street; he's had job 54 and all sorts,＂Mr. Anderson commented.For Mr. Smith, this is a possible life-changing 55 . The story once again tellsus that one good turn deserves another.36. A. hope B. aim C. urge D. effort37. A. still B. even C. ever D. once38. A. wallet B. bag C. box D. parcel39. A. partner B. colleague C. ownerD. policeman40. A. turned B. hid C. stepped D. reached41. A. discover B. collect C. checkD. believe42. A. taking B. leaving C. readingD. writing43. A. satisfied B. excited C. amusedD. shocked44. A. safe B. missing C. found D. seen45. A. service B. support C. kindness D. encouragement46. A. when B. if C. where D. because47. A. rather B. yet C. already D. just48. A. too B. though C. again D. instead49. A. honest B. polite C. rich D. generous50. A. gave B. paid C. cast D. drew51. A. learned B. posted C. cared D. heard52. A. borrow B. raise C. save D. earn53. A. of B. at C. for D. in54. A. details B. changes C. offers D. applications55. A. lesson B. adventure C. chanceD. challenge三、阅读理解AMy First Marathon（马拉松）A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go ahead.I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didn't do either well. He later informed me that I was ＂not athletic＂.The idea that I was ＂not athletic＂stuckwith me for years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competition or whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills!The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldn't even find the finish line. I woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself.Shortly after crossing the start line, my shoe laces(鞋带) became untied. So I stopped to readjust. Not the start I wanted!At mile 3, I passed a sign: ＂GO FOR IT, RUNNERS!＂By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.By mile 21, I was starving!As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a.m. or questioned my expenses on running.I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a ＂marathon winner＂. （56）A month before the marathon, the author ____________.A. was well trainedB. felt scaredC. made up his mind to runD. lost hope （57）Why did the author mention the P.E. class in his 7th year?A. To acknowledge the support of his teacher.B. To amuse the readers with a funny story.C. To show he was not talented insports. D. To share a precious memory. （58）How was the author's firstmarathon?A. He made it.B. He quit halfway.C. He got the first prize.D. He walked to the end. （59）What does the story mainly tell us?A. A man owes his success to his family support.B. A winner is one with a great effort of will.C. Failure is the mother ofsuccess. D. One is never too old to learn.BFind Your Adventure at theSpace and Aviation(航空) CenterIf you're looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be. The Center offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with hands-on tasks and lots of fun.More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions. They come to camp, wanting to know what it is like to be an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with real-world applications for what they're studying in the classroom.For the trainees, the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges(荣誉徽章). At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying to space with the crew from all over the world. The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge. They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit(驾驶舱) of a variety of flight simulators. Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn aboutwater- and land-survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of ＂downed＂pilot.With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task.All this fun is available for ages 9 to 18. Families can enjoy the experience together, too, with Family Camp programs for families with children as young as 7.Stay an hour or stay a week — there is something here for everyone!For more details, please visit us onlineat .（60）Why do people come to SAC? A. To experienceadventures. B. To look for jobs in aviation.C. To get a degree inengineering. D. To learn more about medicine.（61）To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to .A. fly tospace B. get an Aviation badge firstC. study the principles offlight D. build and fire model rockets（62）What is the most important for trainees?A. Leadership.B. Team spirit.C. Task planning.D. Survival skills.CPlastic-Eating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms' chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass —apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms' stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms' ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. ＂Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ＂Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team's findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind ofindustrial process —not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂（63）What can we learn about the worms in the study?A. They take plastics as their everyday food.B. They are newly evolved creatures.C. They can consume plastics.D. They wind up in landfills.（64）According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .A. identify other means of the breakdownB. find out the source of the enzymeC. confirm the research findingsD. increase the breakdown speed（65）It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .A. help to raise wormsB. help make plastic bagsC. be used to clean the oceansD. be produced in factories in future（66）What is the main purpose of thepassage?A. To explain a study method on worms.B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.C. To present a way to break down plastics.D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.DPreparing Cities for Robot CarsThe possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test trulyself-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how thetransformation is regulated.While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.Do we want to copy — or even worsen —the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individualself-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send theself-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport —an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services.A study from the University of California atDavis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.（67）According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can__________.A.help deal with transportation-related problemsB. provide better services to customersC. cause damage to ourenvironment D. make some people lose jobs（68）As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?A. Safety.B. Side effects.C. Affordability.D. Management. （69）What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂in Paragraph 4 probablymean?A. Employed.B. Replaced.C. Shared.D. Reduced.（70）What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?A. Doubtful.B. Positive.C. Disapproving.D. Sympathetic.四、任务型阅读Why Do We Get Angry?Anger seems simple when we are feeling it, but the causes of anger are various. Knowing these causes can make us examine our behavior, and correct bad habits. The mainreasons we get angry are triggering（触发）events, personality traits（特征）, and our assessment of situations. ___71_____Triggering events for anger are so many that to describe them all would take hundreds of pages. However, here are some examples: being cut off in traffic, a deadline approaching, experiencing physical pain, and much more.____72____ The reason why someone is triggered by something and others are not is often due to one's personal history and psychological traits.Each person, no matter who they are, has psychological imbalances. People who have personality traits that connect with competitiveness and low upset tolerance are much more likely to get angry. ___73_____ Also, sometimes pre-anger does not have to do with a lasting condition, but rather a temporary state before a triggering event has occurred.____74____Sometimes even routine occurrences become sources of pre-anger, or anger itself. Sometimes ignorance and negative (消极的) outlooks on situations can create anger.____75____However, anger can easily turn violent, and it is best to know the reasons foranger to appear in order to prevent its presence. With these main reasons in mind, we can evaluate our level of anger throughout the day and prevent cases of outbursts by comprehending the reasons for our feelings. A. Our attitude and viewpoint on situations can create anger within us as well.B. But some types of situations can help us to get rid of the occurrence of anger.C. Anger is rarely looked upon as a beneficial character trait, and is usually advised to reduce it.D. Anger is a particularly strong feeling and maybe people think that they have reasons to feel angry.E. Having these personality traits implies the pre-anger state, where anger is in the background of your mind.F. Understanding these reasons will control our own anger if we are willing to evaluate ourselves with a critical eye.G. Not everyone acts the same in response to events, and that is why what triggers one person may or may not trigger another. 五、书面表达(一)假设你是红星中学高三学生李华，你的英国朋友Jim在给你的邮件中提到他对中国文化感兴趣，计划明年来北京上大学。

绝密★启用前2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语（北京卷）本试卷共14页，共120分。

考试时长100分钟.考生务必将答案答在答题卡上,在试卷上作答无效。

考试结束后,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

学＆科网第一部分：知识运用（共两节,45分）第一节单项填空（共15小题;每小题1分,共15分）从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑. 例：It’s so nice to hear from her again。

_________，we last met more than thirty years ago。

A. What’s moreB. That's to sayC。

In other words D。

Believe it or not答案是D。

1。

-Hi, I’m Peter。

Are you new here？I haven’t seen you around.-Hello, Peter. I'm Bob。

I just _________ on Monday。

A. start B。

have started C。

started D. had started2。

_________ we don’t stop climate change，many animals and plants in the world will be gone.A. AlthoughB. WhileC. IfD. Until3. _________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience。

A. TravelB. TravelingC. Having traveledD. Traveled4。

Susan had quit her well-paid job and _________ as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.A. is working B。

2018年高考英语真题卷（北京卷）一、单项填空1.（2018北京）—Hi, I'm Peter. Are you new here I haven't seen you around—Hello, Peter. I'm Bob.I just _________ on Monday.A.startB.have startedC.startedD.had started2.（2018北京）_________ we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.3.（2018北京）_________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.A.TravelB.TravelingC.Having traveledD.Traveled4.（2018北京）Susan had quit her well-paid job and _________ as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.A.is workingB.was workingC.has workedD.had worked5.（2018北京）She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit.A.whichB.whoC.asD.that6.（2018北京）During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together _________a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.A.shareB.to shareC.having sharedD.shared7.（2018北京）China's high-speed railways _________ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.A.are growingB.have grownC.will growD.had grown8.（2018北京）In any unsafe situation, simply _________ the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.press9.（2018北京）A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _________ in the mountains for two days.A.are trappingB.have been trappedC.were trappingD.had been trapped10.（2018北京）Ordinary soap, _________ correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.edB.to useinge11.（2018北京）Without his support, we wouldn't be _________ we are now.A.howB.whenC.whereD.why12.（2018北京）In today's information age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems fora company.13.（2018北京）They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers.A.droveB.would driveC.were to driveD.had driven14.（2018北京）—Good morning, Mr. Lee's office.—Good morning. I'd like to make an appointment _________ next Wednesday afternoon.A.forB.onC.inD.at15.（2018北京）This is _________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.A.howB.whichC.thatD.what二、完形填空16.（2018北京）完形填空The Homeless HeroFor many, finding an unattended wallet filled with ￡400 in cash would be a source（来源）of temptation（诱惑）. But the 1 would no doubt be greater if you were living on the streets with little food and money. All of this makes the actions of the homeless Tom Smith 2 more remarkable.After spotting a 3 on the front seat inside a parked car with its window down, he stood guard in the rain for about two hours waiting for the 4 to return.After hours in the cold and wet, he 5 inside and pulled the wallet out hoping to find some ID so he could contact（联系）the driver, only to 6 it contained ￡400 in notes, with another ￡50 in spare change beside it.He then took the wallet to a nearby police station after 7 a note behind to let the owner know it was safe. When the car's owner John Anderson and his colleague Carol Lawrence returned to the car—which was itself worth ￡35, 000—in Glasgow city centre, they were 8 to find two policemen standing next to it. The policemen told them what Mr. Smith did and that the wallet was 9 .The pair were later able to thank Mr. Smith for his 10 .Mr. Anderson said：＂I couldn't believe that the guy never took a penny. To think he is sleeping on the streets tonight 11 he could have stolen the money and paid for a place to stay in. This guy has nothing and 12 he didn't take the wallet for himself；he thought about others 13 . It's unbelievable. It just proves there are 14 guys out there.＂Mr. Smith's act 15 much of the public's attention. He also won praise from social media users after Mr. Anderson 16 about the act of kindness on Facebook.Now Mr. Anderson has set up an online campaign to 17 money for Mr. Smith and other homeless people in the area, which by yesterday had received ￡8,000. ＂I think the faith that everyone has shown 18 him has touched him. People have been approaching him in the street; he's had job 19 and all sorts,＂Mr. Anderson commented.For Mr. Smith, this is a possible life-changing 20 . The story once again tells us that one good turn deserves another.1. A. hope B. aim C. urge D. effort2. A. still B. even C. ever D. once3. A. wallet B. bag C. box D. parcel4. A. partner B. colleague C. owner D. policeman5. A. turned B. hid C. stepped D. reached6. A. discover B. collect C. check D. believe7. A. taking B. leaving C. reading D. writing8. A. satisfied B. excited C. amused D. shocked9. A. safe B. missing C. found D. seen10. A. service B. support C. kindness D. encouragement11. A. when B. if C. where D. because12. A. rather B. yet C. already D. just13. A. too B. though C. again D. instead14. A. honest B. polite C. rich D. generous15. A. gave B. paid C. cast D. drew16. A. learned B. posted C. cared D. heard17. A. borrow B. raise C. save D. earn18. A. of B. at C. for D. in19. A. details B. changes C. offers D. applications20. A. lesson B. adventure C. chance D. challenge三、阅读理解17.（2018北京）阅读理解AMy First Marathon（马拉松）A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go ahead.I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first . class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didn't do either well. He later informed me that I was ＂not athletic＂. The idea that I was ＂not athletic＂stuck with me for years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competition or whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills!The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldn't even find the finish line. I woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself.Shortly after crossing the start line, my shoe laces(鞋带) became untied. So I stopped to readjust. Not the start I wanted!At mile 3, I passed a sign: ＂GO FOR IT, RUNNERS!＂By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.By mile 21, I was starving!As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 . or questioned my expenses on running.I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a ＂marathon winner＂.（1）A month before the marathon, the author ____________.A.was well trainedB.felt scaredC.made up his mind to runD.lost hope（2）Why did the author mention the . class in his 7th yearA.To acknowledge the support of his teacher.B.To amuse the readers with a funny story.C.To show he was not talented in sports.D.To share a precious memory.（3）How was the author's first marathonA.He made it.B.He quit halfway.C.He got the first prize.D.He walked to the end.（4）What does the story mainly tell usA.A man owes his success to his family support.B.A winner is one with a great effort of will.C.Failure is the mother of success.D.One is never too old to learn.18.（2018北京）阅读理解BFind Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation(航空) CenterIf you're looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be. The Center offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with hands-on tasks and lots of fun. More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions. They come to camp, wanting to know what it is like to be an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with real-world applications for what they're studying in the classroom.For the trainees, the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges(荣誉徽章). At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying to space with the crew from all over the world. The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge. They learnthe principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit(驾驶舱) of a variety of flight simulators. Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about water- and land-survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of ＂downed＂pilot.With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task.All this fun is available for ages 9 to 18. Families can enjoy the experience together, too, with Family Camp programs for families with children as young as 7.Stay an hour or stay a week — there is something here for everyone!For more details, please visit us online at（1）Why do people come to SACA.To experience adventures.B.To look for jobs in aviation.C.To get a degree in engineering.D.To learn more about medicine.（2）To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to .A.fly to spaceB.get an Aviation badge firstC.study the principles of flightD.build and fire model rockets（3）What is the most important for traineesA.Leadership.B.Team spirit.C.Task planning.D.Survival skills.19.（2018北京）阅读理解CPlastic-Eating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms' chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms' stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms' ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. ＂Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ＂Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team's findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂（1）What can we learn about the worms in the studyA.They take plastics as their everyday food.B.They are newly evolved creatures.C.They can consume plastics.D.They wind up in landfills.（2）According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .A.identify other means of the breakdownB.find out the source of the enzymeC.confirm the research findingsD.increase the breakdown speed（3）It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .A.help to raise wormsB.help make plastic bagsC.be used to clean the oceansD.be produced in factories in future（4）What is the main purpose of the passageA.To explain a study method on worms.B.To introduce the diet of a special worm.C.To present a way to break down plastics.D.To propose new means to keep eco-balance.20.（2018北京）阅读理解DPreparing Cities for Robot CarsThe possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.Do we want to copy —or even worsen —the traffic of today with driverless cars Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services.A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.（1）According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________. A.help deal with transportation-related problems B.provide better services to customersC.cause damage to our environmentD.make some people lose jobs（2）As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concernA.Safety.B.Side effects.C.Affordability.D.Management.（3）What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂in Paragraph 4 probably meanA.Employed.B.Replaced.C.Shared.D.Reduced.（4）What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving carsA.Doubtful.B.Positive.C.Disapproving.D.Sympathetic.四、任务型阅读21.（2018北京）任务型阅读Why Do We Get AngryAnger seems simple when we are feeling it, but the causes of anger are various. Knowing these causes can make us examine our behavior, and correct bad habits. The main reasons we get angry are triggering（触发）events, personality traits（特征）, and our assessment of situations. ________ Triggering events for anger are so many that to describe them all would take hundreds of pages. However, here are some examples: being cut off in traffic, a deadline approaching, experiencing physical pain, and much The reason why someone is triggered by something and others are not is often due to one's personal history and psychological traits.Each person, no matter who they are, has psychological imbalances. People who have personality traits that connect with competitiveness and low upset tolerance are much more likely to get angry. ________Also, sometimes pre-anger does not have to do with a lasting condition, but rather a temporary state before a triggering event has occurred.________Sometimes even routine occurrences become sources of pre-anger, or anger itself. Sometimes ignorance and negative (消极的) outlooks on situations can create anger.________However, anger can easily turn violent, and it is best to know the reasons for anger to appear in order to prevent its presence. With these main reasons in mind, we can evaluate our level of anger throughout the day and prevent cases of outbursts by comprehending the reasons for our feelings.A. Our attitude and viewpoint on situations can create anger within us as well.B. But some types of situations can help us to get rid of the occurrence of anger.C. Anger is rarely looked upon as a beneficial character trait, and is usually advised to reduce it.D. Anger is a particularly strong feeling and maybe people think that they have reasons to feel angry.E. Having these personality traits implies the pre-anger state, where anger is in the background ofyour mind.F. Understanding these reasons will control our own anger if we are willing to evaluate ourselveswith a critical eye.G. Not everyone acts the same in response to events, and that is why what triggers one person mayor may not trigger another.五、书面表达22.（2018北京）假设你是红星中学高三学生李华，你的英国朋友Jim在给你的邮件中提到他对中国文化感兴趣，计划明年来北京上大学。

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试题（北京卷）（考试时间：100分钟试卷满分：120分）考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。

考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第一部分：知识运用（共两节，45分）第一节单项填空（共15小题；每小题1分，共15分）从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

例： I t’s so nice to hear from her again. _________, we last met more than thirty years ago.A. W hat’s moreB. That’s to sayC. In other wordsD. Believe it or not答案是D。

1. —Hi, I’m Peter. Are you new here? I haven’t seen you around?—Hello, Peter. I’m Bob. I just _________ on Monday.A. startB. have startedC. startedD. had started2. _________ we don’t stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.A. AlthoughB. WhileC. IfD. Until3. _________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experienceA. TravelB. TravelingC. Having traveledD. Traveled4. Susan had quit her well-paid job and _________ as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.A. is workingB. was workingC. has workedD. had worked5. She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit.A. whichB. whoC.asD. that6. During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together _________ a meal, admirethe moon and enjoy moon cakes.A. shareB. to shareC. having sharedD. shared7. China’s high-speed railways _________ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.A. are growingB. have grownC. will growD. had grown8. In any unsafe situation, simply _________ the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.A. pressB. to pressC. pressingD. pressed9. A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _________ in the mountains for two days.A. are trappingB. have been trappedC. were trappingD. had been trapped10. Ordinary soap, _________ correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.A. usedB. to useC. usingD. use11. Without his support, we wouldn’t be _________ we are now.A. howB. whenC. whereD. why12. In today’s information a ge, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems for a company.A. needB. shouldC. canD. must13. They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers.A. droveB. would driveC. were to driveD. had driven14. —Good morning, Mr. L ee’s office.—Good morning. I’d like to make an appointment _________ next Wednesday afternoon.A. forB. onC. inD. at15. This is _________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.A. howB. whichC. thatD. what第二节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，共30分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语（北京卷）第一部分：知识运用(共两节，45分)第一节单项填空(共15小题：每小题1分，共15分)从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

例:It’s so nice to hear from her again.________,we last met more than thirty years ago.A.What’s moreB.That’s to sayC.In other wordsD.Believe it or not答案是D。

1.-Hi,I’m Peter.Are you new here?I haven’t seen you around.-Hello,Peter.I’m Bob.I just________on Monday.A.startB.have startedC.startedD.had started【答案】C此题考查时态。

一般过去时的用法，通过对话语境及On Monday可知答案。

属于传统考法,此题简单。

不过需要注意just这个词，部分学生会选现完。

2.________we don’t stop climate change,many animals and plants in the world will be gone.A.AlthoughB.WhileC.IfD.Until【答案】C此题考查状语从句。

考查条件状语从句if的主将从现的用法。

此题简单。

3.________along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.A.TravelB.TravelingC.Having traveledD.Traveled【答案】B此题考查动名词短语充当主语用法。

在近5年高考中首次出现此考点，不过模拟题中出现频率较高，此题难度适中。

2018 年高考英语北京卷英语答案解析第一部分：知识运用第一节单项填空1. 【答案】C【解析】句意：——你好，我是彼得，你是新来的吗？我没见过你。

——你好，彼得。

我叫鲍勃。

我星期一才来的。

根据语境以及时间状语on Monday 可知，此处叙述的是过去发生的动作，所以应用一般过去时。

【考点】动词时态。

2. 【答案】C【解析】A项意为尽管” B项意为当；尽管”；C项意为如果” D项意为直到”句意：如果我们不阻止气候变化的话，世界上的许多动植物将会消失。

【考点】连词辨析。

3. 【答案】B【解析】分析句子结构可知，谓语动词is前缺少主语，所以应用动名词作主语。

【考点】非谓语动词。

4. 【答案】 B 【解析】句意：我去年拜访苏珊时，她已经放弃了薪水丰厚的工作，在社区担任志愿者。

根据语境可知，此处动作表示过去“我”拜访苏珊时她正在进行的动作，所以应用过去进行时。

【考点】动词时态。

5. 【答案】A【解析】分析句子可知，空格处引导非限制性定语从句。

可以引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有as，which 和who，故排除that; who用于指代人” as有正如，就像"之意，均不符合语境。

所以此处应用关系代词which 引导非限制性定语从句，且在句中作主语，指代前面整个句子。

【考点】非限制性定语从句。

6. 【答案】B【解析】句意：中秋节时，家人们经常聚在一起吃团圆饭、赏月以及吃月饼。

此处用动词不定式作目的状语。

【考点】非谓语动词。

7. 【答案】B【解析】句意：在过去的几年里中国高铁总长度已从9000千米增加到25000千米。

根据时间状语in the pastfew years可知，谓语动词应用现在完成时。

【考点】动词时态。

8. 【答案】A解析】句意：在任何不安全的情况下，只需要按下这个按钮，那么一个资深的代理商就会使你得到你需要的帮助。

分析句子结构可知，此处为固定句型：祈使句+and+陈述句。

【考点】固定句型。

英语本试卷共16页，共150分。

考试时长120分钟。

考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。

考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第一部分：听力理解(共三节，30分)第一节（共5小题；每小题分，满分分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话你将听一遍。

1. When will the film startA. At 5:00.B. At 6:00.C. At 7:00.2. Which club will the man joinA. The film club.B. The travel club.C. The sports club.3. What was the weather like in the mountains yesterdayA. Sunny.B. Windy.C. Snowy.4. What does the man want to cut out of paperA. A fish.B. A bird.C. A monkey.5. Where does the conversation most probably take placeA. In a library.B. At a bookstore.C. In a museum.第二节（共10小题；每小题分，15分）听下面4段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听每段对话或独白前，你将有5秒钟的时间阅读每小题。

听完后，每小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话或独白你将听两遍。

听第6段材料，回答第6至7题。

6. Why does the woman make the callA. To make an invitation.B. To ask for information.C. To discuss a holiday plan .7. How much does the woman need to pay for the minibusA. $50.B. $150.C. $350.听第7段材料，回答第8至9题。

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语(北京卷)第一部分:知识运用(共两节,45分)第一节单项填空(共15小题;每小题1分,共15分)从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上:将该项涂黑。

例： it's so nice to hear from her again＿＿，we last met more than thirty years ago.A. what's moreB. That’s to sayC. In other wordsD. Believe it or not答案是D。

1.-Hi, I'm Peter. Are you new here? I haven't seen you around？-Hello, Peter. I'm Bob. I just＿＿on Monday.A. startB. have startedC. startedD. had started2. ＿＿we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.A. AlthoughB. WhileC. IfD. Until3. ＿＿along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experienceA. TravelB. TravelingC. Having traveledD. Traveled4. Susan had quit her well-paid job and ＿＿as a volunteer in the neighborhood. when I visited her last yearA. is workingB. was workingC. has workedD. had worked5. She and her family bicycle to work, helps them keep fitA. whichB. whoC.asD. that6. During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together＿＿a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.A. shareB. to shareC. having sharedD. shared7. China's high-speed railways from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers inthe pastfew years.A. are growingB. have grownC. will growD. had grown8. In any unsafe situation, simply＿＿the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.A. pressB. to pressC. pressingD. pressed9. A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who＿＿in the mountains for two days.A. are trappingB. have been trappedC. were trappingD. had been trapped10. Ordinary soap, ＿＿correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.A. usedB. to useC. usingD. use11. Without his support, we wouldn't be＿＿we are now.A. howB. whenC. whereD. why12. In today's information age, the loss of data＿＿cause serious problems for a company.A. needB. shouldC. canD. must13. They might have found a better hotel if they＿＿a few more kilometers.A. droveB. would driveC. were to driveD. had driven14.-Good morning, Mr. lee's office.-Good morning. I'd like to make an appointment＿＿next Wednesday afternoon.A. forB. onC. inD. at15. This is＿＿my father has taught me-to always face difficulties and hope for the best.A. howB. whichC. theD. what第二节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，共30分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

绝密★启用前2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语（北京卷）本试卷共14页，共120分。

考试时长100分钟。

考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。

考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

学&科网第一部分：知识运用（共两节，45分）第一节单项填空（共15小题；每小题1分，共15分）从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

例：I t’s so nice to hear from her again. _________, we last met more than thirty years ago.A. W hat’s moreB. That’s to sayC. In other wordsD. Believe it or not答案是D。

1. —Hi, I’m Peter. Are you new here? I haven’t seen you around.—Hello, Peter. I’m Bob. I just _________ on Monday.A. startB. have startedC. startedD. had started2. _________ we don’t stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.A. AlthoughB. WhileC. IfD. Until3. _________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.A. TravelB. TravelingC. Having traveledD. Traveled4. Susan had quit her well-paid job and _________ as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.A. is workingB. was workingC. has workedD. had worked5. She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit.A. whichB. whoC. asD. that6. During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together _________ a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.A. shareB. to shareC. having sharedD. shared7. China’s high-speed railways _________ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.A. are growingB. have grownC. will growD. had grown8. In any unsafe situation, simply _________ the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.A. pressB. to pressC. pressingD. pressed9. A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _________ in the mountains for two days.A. are trappingB. have been trappedC. were trappingD. had been trapped10. Ordinary soap, _________ correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.A. usedB. to useC. usingD. use11. Without his support, we wouldn’t be _________ we are now.A. howB. whenC. whereD. why12. In today’s information age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems for a company.A. needB. shouldC. canD. must13. They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers.A. droveB. would driveC. were to driveD. had driven14. —Good morning, Mr. L ee’s office.—Good morning. I’d like to make an appointment _________ next Wednesday afternoon.A. forB. onC. inD. at15. This is _________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.A. howB. whichC. thatD. what第二节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，共30分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。